Weight of the structure, powerplant, furnishings, systems [617548]

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-1Weight Definitions and LimitationsWeight Definitions and Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-2Operating Weight Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-3Manufacturer’s Empty Weight :
“Weight of the structure, powerplant, furnishings, systems
and other items of equipment that arean integral part of a
particular aircraft configuration. (It is essentially a “dry” weight, including only those fluids contained in closed
systems).”
Includes: – airframe, systems
– closed system fluids- seats, seat belts- fire extinguishers
Does not include: – galley structure, ovens, inserts, etc.
– escape slides
– life rafts, life vests- portable oxygen bottles- fluids like engine oil, trapped fuel, potable waterOperating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-4Standard Items :
“Equipment and fluids notconsidered an integral part of a
particular aircraft and not a variation for the same type of aircraft. These items may include, but are not limited to, the following:”
-unusable fuel, oil, and engine injection fluids
– unusable drinking and washing water
– first aid kits, flashlights, megaphone, etc- emergency oxygen equipment- galley/bar structure, inserts, ovens, etc.- electronic equipment required by the operatorOperating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-5Operating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions
Basic Empty Weight (BEW) :
• Manufacturer’s empty weight plus Standard Items
(From an equipment standpoint, the airplane is ready for operation.)
• BEW is the weight of the aircraft not including: usable fuel,
payload (cargo, checked baggage, passengers plus carry-
on items), or ‘ operational items’
Items that could vary with route length,
route type, or number of passengers carried
(not including usable fuel or payload)
• Differences exist in operator’s definitions of what is
included in BEW because the regulations are not specific as to what must be included in BEW vs. operational items

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-6Operational Items :
• The weight of all items that are not included in the BEW
and are not payload or useable fuel
• Includes items that could vary with route length, route
type or number of passengers carried (examples):
-flight and cabin crew plus their baggage
– manuals and navigation equipment
– removable service equipment:
cabin (blankets, pillows, literature, etc.)galley (food, beverages, etc.)
– usable drinking and washing water- toilet fluid and chemical- life rafts, life vests, emergency transmitters- cargo containers, pallets, and/or
cargo tiedown equipment if used.Operating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-7Operational Items (continued) :
• Operational ‘ Items ’ usually include flight crew, cabin crew,
and their baggage
• Differences between operators as to what is included in
‘operational items’ because regulations are not entirely specific as to what must be included
• Total weight of operational Items may vary from flight to
flight or airplane to airplane based on operator choices Operating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-8Dry Operating Weight (DOW):
DOW = Basic Empty Weight + Operational Items
• This is essentially the takeoff weight of the airplane,
except for usable fuel and payload.
• Some airlines will call this the Operating Empty Weight
(OEW), or some call this the “Basic Operating Weight”
• This is the weight used day-to-day as the basis for
determining the takeoff weight for the day’s flightOperating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-9“Basic Weight” = Basic Empty Weight + Standard Operating Items
(BEW) (SOI)
Dry Operating Weight = Basic Weight +Operating Item
Adjustments
(Dry Operating Weight = Basic Weight if these items are = 0)(DOW)(e.g., changes to crew,
galley provisions, potable
water relative to what is
included in SOI)(Or, “Airplane Prepared for
Service” (APS) Weight)Alternate Weight Definitions used by some airlines:Operating Weight Terms and Definitions Operating Weight Terms and Definitions

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-10WeightComponents of Taxi and Takeoff Weight
Basic
Empty
Weight
(BEW)Dry Operating Weight
(DOW)Operational ItemsHow much more
weight can be
added as payload
and fuel?Depends on
existing weight
limitationsComponents of Taxi and Takeoff Weight Components of Taxi and Takeoff Weight

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-11Weight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-12The absolute maximum weight capabilities for
any given airplane are called the airplane’s Structural Weight Limits:
• Based on airplane maximum structural capability
• Defines the “maximum envelope” for the c.g. limits –
both maximum weight and c.g. limits
• Airplane structural capability is typically a function of
when the airplane was built (what line number)
• In some cases earlier manufactured airplanes can have
their structural capability increased by changing parts of the airplane.Weight LimitationsWeight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-13The maximum allowable weights that can legally
be used by a given airline are listed in the AFM, and Weight and Balance Manual; these are called the airplane’s Certified Weight Limits:
• Maximum weights chosen by the airline
• Some airlines refer to these as the “purchased weights”• Certified weight limits are often below the structural limits• Airlines may buy a certified weight below structural
capability because many of the airport operating fees are based on the airplane's AFM maximum allowable weight value.Weight LimitationsWeight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-14Maximum Taxi Weight (MTW):
Maximum weight allowed for movement of the airplane
on the ground (either taxiing or towing).
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW):
Maximum weight allowed at the start of the takeoff run. (design for 6 fps (360 fpm) rate of sink at touchdown with no structural damage)Weight LimitationsWeight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-15Maximum Landing Weight (MLW):
• The maximum weight allowed for normal landing of the
airplane. (design for 10 fps (600 fpm) rate of sink at touch down with no structural damage).
• Overweight landings require an evaluation with
resulting possible structural inspection before the next operation regardless of the touch-down rate of sinkWeight LimitationsWeight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls
B-16Weight Limitations – MLW Weight Limitations – MLW
Video of Hard Landing With
Some Structural Damage
(time = 00:08 minutes)Result of a 12 – 13 ft/sec sink rate landing

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-17Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW):
• Maximum weight allowed before usable fuel must be
loaded in defined sections of the aircraft.
• Aircraft weight minus usable fuel cannot exceed the
MZFW (any weight added above the MZFW must be only due to usable fuel).Weight LimitationsWeight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-18Weight Limitations – MZFW Weight Limitations – MZFW
•There is a common misconception that the maximum
bending moment produced at the wing root (wing/body intersection) occurs at the MZFW loading condition; i.e., maximum allowable payload but no fuel onboard
•The MZFW is definitely a contributing factor to the
maximum bending moment at the side-of-body, but it is not usually the exact loading condition that produces either the maximum bending moment or
the bending moments required to be considered for ‘fatigue ’ reasons
•Let’s consider how the bending moment at the side-
of-body could vary with loaded payload and fuel

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-19WeightMoment at
Side of Body
DOW + PayloadLift =DOW + Payload
2
(For this illustration we are neglecting the downward
bending of the wing provided by the empty weight of
the wing and engine structure)= x *Lift
MZFW
x

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-20WeightMoment at
Side of Body
DOW + PayloadLift =DOW + Payload + Left Tank Fuel
2
(For this illustration we are neglecting the downward
bending of the wing provided by the empty weight of
the wing and engine structure)
MZFW-( y *Left Main Tank Fuel)
Lift =DOW + Payload
2
Full Main Tanks= x *Lift
Fuelyx
Fuely
Fuely
Fuely
Fuely

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-21WeightMoment at
Side of Body
DOW + Payload(For this illustration we are neglecting the downward
bending of the wing provided by the empty weight of
the wing and engine structure)
MZFW
Full Main Tanks
Full Main + Center TanksMaximum momentExample of Large Center Tank
(aircraft designed for long range )
= x *Lift
+ Center Tank Fuel-( y *Left Main Tank Fuel)
Lift =(DOW + Payload
2+ Ctr Tank Fuel )+ Left Tank Fuel‘Average’
moment for most
flights (fatigue
issues)
x
Fuely

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-22Moment at
Side of Body
DOW + Payload(For this illustration we are neglecting the downward
bending of the wing provided by the empty weight of
the wing and engine structure)
MZFW
Full Main Tanks
Full Main + Center TanksMaximum momentExample of Small Center Tank
(aircraft designed for short range )
= x *Lift
+ Center Tank Fuel-( y *Left Main Tank Fuel)‘Average’
moment for most
flights (fatigue
issues)
Lift =(DOW + Payload
2+ Ctr Tank Fuel )+ Left Tank Fuel
FuelyxWeight

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-23Weight Limitations – MZFW Weight Limitations – MZFW
•It can be seen from the previous illustrations that
while the MZFW condition does not provide the maximum bending moment at the side-of-body, increasing or decreasing MZFW will definitely affect the condition that does provide this maximum moment
•In addition, increasing MZFW will increase the
‘average’ moment at the wing root during normal operating conditions (long-term structural fatigue issues)
•We have only considered the moment at the side of
the body. The same analysis could be done at any location moving outboard on the wing.

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-24Additional Weight Limitations Additional Weight Limitations
Maximum Weight with Landing Flaps:
The maximum weight for flight with landing flaps deployed.
Only on 747 models (excluding the -8) and 737-200, and 727 where it is termed ‘Maximum Flight Weight’
Maximum Fuel Transfer Weight (MFTW):
The maximum weight for initiating fuel transfer from reserve
tanks to the main tanks. Above this weight the reserve tanks must be full to provide wing bending relief (747 models only)
Note that the maximum certified weight limits may be less as
limited by center of gravity, fuel density, and fuel loading limits.

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-25Additional Weight Limitations Additional Weight Limitations
Minimum Flight Weight (MFW):
The minimum weight allowed during flight. Established to
minimize the reaction of the aircraft to the maximum gust intensities required by the regulations to be addressed during aircraft design. Results in the maximum load factors to be considered for airplane fixed equipment.
Minimum Flight and Zero Fuel Weight (MFW & ZFW):
787-8 models only. Same as MFW for other models, but more specifically calls out that this minimum weight must be composed of ZFW. That is, the minimum weight can not be obtained via the use of fuel.

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-26Alternate Maximum Weights Alternate Maximum Weights
•Alternate Maximum Certified Taxi/Takeoff Weight and
Maximum Certified Landing Weight are available for purchase from Boeing
•Allows the airline to change Certified Weights from
flight to flight
– Reduced airport fees
– Reduced crew costs
•Available on all models
•The alternate weight limits will appear in an AFM
appendix
•To use an alternate weight, you must accomplish a
SB which installs a weight limit placard in the cockpit

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-27Alternate Maximum Weights Alternate Maximum Weights
•The airline must select specific alternate weights,
and those limitations will be added to the AFM and WBM.
737-800 Example

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-28Operational Weight LimitationsOperational Weight Limitations
The maximum allowable Operational Takeoff Weight
may be limited to a weight which is lower than the Certified Maximum Weight by the most restrictive of the following requirements:
• Airplane performance requirements for a given
altitude and temperature:
– Takeoff field length available
– Tire speed and brake energy limits- Minimum climb requirements- Obstacle clearance requirements
• Noise requirements• Tire pressure limits• Runway loading requirements• Center of gravity limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-29The Operational Landing Weight may be limited to a
weight lower than the Certified Maximum Landing Weight by the most restrictive of the following requirements:
• Airplane performance requirements for a given
altitude and temperature:
– Landing field length requirements
– Approach and landing climb requirements
• Noise requirementsOperational Weight LimitationsOperational Weight Limitations

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-30WeightReserve FuelTrip FuelTotal
Fuel
Loaded
Zero FuelLandingComponents of Taxi and Takeoff Weight
Taxi-out Fuel
TakeoffTaxi
Basic
Empty
Weight
(BEW)Dry Operating Weight
(DOW)Pass + Carry-onCargo
Total
PayloadChecked Baggage
Operational Items
TOW = DOW + (PASS & BAGGAGE) + CARGO + TOTAL FUEL LOADED – TAXI OUT FUELComponents of Takeoff Weight Components of Takeoff Weight

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-31•How do these weights affect the overall
performance of the airplane?
•The Payload-Range Curve is used to evaluate
overall mission performance of an airplane
•Let’s see how our weight limitations and
operational weights affect the Payload-Range CurvePayload-Range CurvePayload-Range Curve

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-32Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Starting with the ‘empty’ airplanePayload-Range Curve
Starting with the ‘empty’ airplane
Empty airplane: At Dry Operating Weight (DOW) = ‘zero’ payload and ‘zero’ fuelAirplane weight
0 lbDOW
ZERO FUEL = ZERO RANGE

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-33Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Maximum payload capability (zero fuel)Payload-Range Curve
Maximum payload capability (zero fuel)
Airplane weight
0 lbDOWPayloadMaximum payload: Reached when Zero-Fuel Wei ght (ZFW) = Max. Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW)
ZFWStill, ZERO FUEL = ZERO RANGE
MZFW

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-34Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Range capability with maximum payloadPayload-Range Curve
Range capability with maximum payload
Airplane weight
0 lbDOWPayloadFuel
ZFWFuel tanks partially full: Ai rplane fueled up to
Max. Takeoff Weight (MTOW)Structural Limit Payload
(Equal to MZFW Limit Payload)
MZFWMTOW

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-35Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Performance keeping takeoff weight constantPayload-Range Curve
Performance keeping takeoff weight constant
Airplane weight
0 lbDOWZFWFuelMore
Fuel
PayloadLess
PayloadMore fuel, but tanks not full:
More fuel and less payloadkeeping takeoff weight constantat Max. Takeoff Weight (MTOW)Structural Limit Payload(Equal to MZFW Limit Payload)
Less payload
More fuel
More rangeMore fuel
MZFWMTOW

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-36Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Performance keeping takeoff weight constantPayload-Range Curve
Performance keeping takeoff weight constant
Airplane weight
0 lbDOWZFWFuel tanks completely full!
Takeoff weight still
constant at MTOWStructural Limit Payload(Equal to MZFW Limit Payload)
PayloadMax.
Fuel
LoadMTOW
MZFW

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-37Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Performance keeping fuel load constantPayload-Range Curve
Performance keeping fuel load constant
Airplane weight
MZFW
0 lbDOWZFWStructural Limit Payload
(Equal to MZFW Limit Payload)
MTOW
Payload
Less payload = Lighter airplane
Lighter airplane with fu ll fuel tanks = More range More rangeMax.
Fuel
Load

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-38Payload
Range Payload-Range Curve
Performance keeping fuel load constantPayload-Range Curve
Performance keeping fuel load constant
Airplane weight
MZFW
0 lbDOWStructural Limit Payload
(Equal to MZFW Limit Payload)
Max.
Fuel
LoadMTOW
Max. FerryRange=ZFW

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-39
Payload
Range Payload-Range CurvePayload-Range Curve
Full Passenger Payload
Design RangeFuel
TanksFull
Max. FerryRangeFeasible PerformanceFeasible PerformanceNon-Feasible PerformanceNon-Feasible PerformanceFuel
Tanks
EmptyFuel TanksPartiallyFull (MTOW)
Structural Limit Payload(Equal to MZFW Limit Payload)

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-40What happens to the
Payload-Range Curve when…?What happens to the
Payload-Range Curve when…?
•Case 1 :
Increase MTOW?
•Case 2 :
Decrease Dry Operating Weight?
•Case 3 :
Increase fuel capacity?
•Case 4 :
Increase fuel efficiency?

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-41Payload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to takeoff weight Payload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to takeoff weight
Full Passenger Payload
Design RangeCase 1Payload
Range

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-42Payload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to Dry Operating Weight (DOW)Payload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to Dry Operating Weight (DOW)
Decreased Dry Operating Weight
Increased Dry Operating Weight
Full Passenger Payload
Design RangeCase 2Payload
Range

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-43Payload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to fuel capacityPayload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to fuel capacity
Full Passenger Payload
Design RangeCase 3Payload
Range

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-44Payload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to fuel efficiencyPayload-Range Design Trades
Sensitivity to fuel efficiency
Full Passenger Payload
Design RangeWhat would it look like
???Case 4Payload
Range

For training purposes only. Copyright © 2016 B oeing. May be subject to export restri ctions under EAR. See title page for detai ls B-45End of
Weight Definitions and LimitationsEnd of
Weight Definitions and Limitations