Transmission Characteristics of the Mobile ICPT System [614961]

Transmission Characteristics of the Mobile ICPT System
for Dual Transmitters and Pickups Based on PSPICE
Keywords
ICPT, mobile, high power, LCL compensation network, PSPICE
Abstract
In order to meet the application requirements of high-power mobile inductively coupled power
transmission equipment, the structure of the dual transmitters and pickups can be used to improve
the transmission power of the ICPT system. However, this structure can-not easily describe the
change of the mutual inductance parameter in the moving state, mak-ing the mathematical model
difficult to establish. And the change of load parameters during the movement will affect the current
and voltage at the transmitter and pickup coils. Aiming at these problems, this paper proposes a dual
transmitters and pickups ICPT system based on LCL compensation network, and analyzes its power
transmission efficiency. By setting the shape and size of the coils to reduce the influence of the
transmission efficiency when the mutual inductance during the movement changes. Simulation of
changes in mutual in-ductance parameters of ICPT system in moving state by changing coupling
coefficient in PSPICE software. The results show that the structure of the ICPT system used in this
pa-per can improve the output power and reduce the influence of the system when the load changes.
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ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOL. XX(Y), pp. XXX-YYY (YEAR )
DOI 10.24425 /………………………………………

Transmission Characteristics of the Mobile ICPT Sys-
tem for Dual Transmitters and Pickups Based on
PSPICE

(Received: DD.MM .YEAR , revised: DD.MM .YEAR )

Abstract: In order to meet the application requirements of high -power mobile inductive-
ly coupled pow er transmission equipment, the structure of the dual transmitters and
pickups can be used to improve the transmission power of the ICPT system. However,
this structure cannot easily describe the change of the mutual inductance parameter in the
moving state , making the mathematical model difficult to establish. And the change of
load parameters during the movement will affect the current and voltage at the transmit-
ter and pickup coils. Aiming at these problems, this paper proposes a dual transmitters
and pic kups ICPT system based on LCL compensation network, and analyzes its power
transmission efficiency. By setting the shape and size of the coils to reduce the influence
of the transmission efficiency when the mutual inductance during the movement changes.
Simulation of changes in mutual inductance parameters of ICPT system in moving state
by changing coupling coefficient in PSPICE software. The results show that the structure
of the ICPT system used in this paper can improve the output power and reduce the in-
fluence of the system when the load changes.
Key words : ICPT; mobile; high power; LCL compensation network; PSPICE

1. Introduction

Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) systems use loosely coupled transformers to
transfer energy between the transm itters and receivers contactless. Compared with the
traditional power transmission mode, ICPT system does not generate sparks, has better
insulation effect and higher security, and has lower maintenance cost. These advantages make
the ICPT system widely us ed in transportation [1], medical equipment [2] and some special
occasions. In recent years, many domestic and foreign experts, scholars and research
institutions have paid close attention to ICPT technology [3][4]. Output power and
transmission efficiency are two important performance indicators of the ICPT system, the
structure of the transmitter and the pick -up coils of the ICPT system [5][6], and the control
method [7] are the key factors affecting the performance index. It is also a hot topic for most
scholars.
The ICPT system needs to achieve stable and efficient transmission of energy when
supplying power to high -power mobile devices [8]. In order to improve the transmission 1
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pp ……………………………………. Arch. Elect. Eng .
efficiency of the system, the ICPT system has been improved in terms of comp ensation
structure , pick-up and transmitting coil etc. In the study of mobile ICPT systems, reference [9]
considered vehicle’s speed, system efficiency and power utilization, and improved system
efficiency by changing track length and edge correction. Refe rence [10] improved transmission
efficiency by changing the structure of the pickup coil. Reference [11] optimized the
compensation capacitance to improve transmission efficiency. In the study of the compensation
structure, references [12], [13] and [14] u sed the LCL compensation structure to improve the
output of active power by compensating for reactive power, among which, the reference [14]
compared the influence of LCL type compensation and S type compensation on the output
power of the system, and foun d that with the increase of load resistance, the LCL
compensation structure can effectively improve the output power.Affected by the capacity and
price of semiconductor devices, multiple pick -up coils can be used to provide energy for one
load. In referenc e [15], the structure and principle of the double pick -up coil ICPT system are
studied. The effect of mutual inductance between the pick -up coils is eliminated by adjusting
the compensation capacitance, which effectively improves the output power and trans mission
efficiency at heavy load. In reference [16], the dual -pickup magnetic coupling resonant radio
energy transmission system is studied. The mathematical model is established by the
equivalent circuit theory, and the transmission efficiency formula is derived. The chaotic
particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the transmission efficiency of the
system. Reference [17] compared the one -to-one coupling coil and the multi -receiving
coupling coil, which verifies that the multi -receiving co il can improve the transmission power.
In addition, in the multi -coupling coil mode, the single -load and multi -load conditions are
compared. Experiments show that the transmission efficiency is most obvious in single load
mode. However, the compensation st ructures of these three references are basic series
compensation structures, which can be further optimized. In terms of the structure of the
transmitting coil, reference [18] established a model of dual -transmitting coils. By changing
the coil length rati o to keep the sum of the mutual inductances when the load moves, and then,
the transmission power is kept stable, but there is no comparative experiment on the structure,
and the persuasive power is not enough. In [19], a parallel topology of the ICPT sys tem was
proposed. By connecting multiple low -power high -frequency inverters in parallel, the total
current of the primary coil is increased, thereby increasing the output power of the ICPT
system. At the same time, this topology has redundancy function and improved the reliability
of the ICPT system. In [20], an ICPT system with a primary -side multi -coil structure is
proposed. Each coil is equipped with an independent high -frequency resonant inverter. In [20],
an ICPT system with a primary -side multi -coil s tructure is proposed. By superimposing the
magnetic fields generated by the coils, the total magnetic field generated by the coil is
effectively increased, thereby increasing the output power. At the same time, the compensation
structure is also relatively basic, and more in -depth research can be done on the compensation
structure.
In this paper, a dual transmitters and pickups ICPT system based on LCL compensation is
established, and the influence of mutual inductance changes on the system under moving
conditions is considered. Finally, the simulation proves that the proposed structure can achieve 36
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constant voltage at the transmitting end, constant current at the receiving end an d can improve
the output power.

2. Constant current characteristics and constant voltage characteris-
tics of LCL circuit

Fig. 1. is a LCL compensation circuit diagram. The input impedance of the LCL
compensation circuit can be derived from Figure 1:
22
0 21 j [ (1 ) 1]
(1 ) jn n n
in
nnQZLQ       
(1)
Where ω02=1/(L2C1), ω0 is the resonant angular frequency of the system; ωn=ω/ω0, ωn is the
normalized angular frequency of the system; Q=ω0L/R, Q is the quality factor of the system;
λ=L1 /L2, λ is the ratio of the inductance in the topology circuit.
Fig. 1. LCL compensation circuit

The output current of the LCL compensation circuit is also the current on the inductor L 2
and the resistor RL:
 L 22
01 j [ (1 ) 1]R
n n nUQI
LQ
        
(2)
The output voltage of the LCL comp ensation circuit is also the voltage on the resistor RL:
221 j [ (1 ) 1]RL
n n nUUQ       
(3)
When ωn2=1/λ, the load current:
L
02jRUI
L

(4)
It can be seen from the expression of the load current that the load current has no
relationship with the magnitude of the load. At this time, the LCL circuit exhibits a constant
current characteristic.
When ωn2=1+1/λ, the load voltage:
LRUU
(5) 79
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It can be seen from the expression of the load voltage that the load volt age has no
relationship with the magnitude of the load, and the LCL circuit exhibits a constant voltage
characteristic.
In the special case of λ=1, that is, L1=L2, when ωn=1, the LCL circuit exhibits a constant
current characteristic, and when ωn=√2, the L CL circuit exhibits a constant voltage
characteristic.

3. System principle and analysis

In this paper, the mobile ICPT system with two transmitting coils and two picking coils is
taken as an example. The structure of the system is shown in Fig . 2. . The sy stem mainly
consists of two parts: transmitting coils and receiving coils. The structure of the transmitting
coils mainly includes: a voltage source, a high frequency inverter, a compensation circuit and a
transmitting coil; the structure of the picking en d mainly comprises: a picking coil, a
compensation circuit and a load.

Fig. 2. Structure of dual transmitters and
pickups ICPT system

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit diagram

In inductively coupled radio energy tran smission, the transmitting coils and pick -up coils
have a low coupling coefficient, similar to a loosely coupled transformer. The leakage induct-
ance between the two coils is large, so a compensation circuit is needed at both the transmitting
coils and the pick-up coils to reduce reactive power and reduce losses. 103
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It can be seen from the literature [21] that in the case where the inductances of both ends of
the LCL compensation circuit are equal, the power factor of the resonant circuit is 1, and the
maximum active power can be trans mitted. In the LCL structure of the transmitting end and the
picking end, let L1=L2=L3=L4, the inductance is L1, L5=L6=L7=L8, and the inductance is L =.
C1=C2, the capacitance is C1, C3=C4, and the capacitance is C = Let the internal resistance of the
transmitting coil and the receiving coil be r 1, r2, r3, and r 4, respectively, and the internal re-
sistance is R. The compensation structure at the transmitting end is the same LCL structure,
and the two pickup ends also use the compensati on structure of the same LCL, and ignore the
internal resistance of the coil at the pickup end of the transmitting end. M11, M12, M21, and M22
are mutual inductances between the transmitting coil 1, the transmitting coil 2, and the pick -up
coil 1, and the pick-up coil 2, respectively. Figure 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the
dual-transmitting coil double -pickup ICPT system. Relational expressions can be obtained
through the circuit (6) .
When the system resonates, that is, jω L1+1/jω C1=jωL2+1/jω C2=0, the coil is in a self –
resonant state. Then, the values of I 1, I3, I6, and I 8 are obtained by solving the voltage current
equations, and then the powers of the trans mitting end and the picking end are obtained, there-
by obtaining the transmission efficiency of the entire ICPT system (7).
1 1 2
11
1 3 4
11
1 1 2 11 5 12 7
11
3 1 4 21 5 22 7
11
11 2 21 4 2 5 6
22
52
2211(j )jj
11(j )jj
110 ( j ) j jjj
110 ( j ) j jjj
110 j j ( j )jj
110 (jjjU L I ICC
U L I ICC
I R L I M I M ICC
I R L I M I M ICC
M I M I R L I ICC
I L RCC  
  
     
     
     
   

  
  
  
68
12 2 22 4 2 7 8
22
6 7 2 8
22)
110 j j ( j )jj
110 (j )jjLL
LLI R I
M I M I R L I ICC
R I I L R ICC
















     

      

(6)

 
 23
11 12 21 22 1 2
L 22
L2
2 6 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
11 12 21 22 1 2 1 1 2 L
22
2L12
24
12M M M M C CRRR C
M M M M C C RC C C R R
C RR  

    



  

(7) 124
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The ICPT system studied in this paper is an ICPT system under moving conditions. Under
the mobile condition, the mutual ind uctance will change with the displacement. According to
the literature [18], the JMAG software is used to analyze the mutual inductance of the moving
ICPT system. The sum of the mutual inductance between two coils of length 1 and one coil of
length 2 is a constant value during the movement of the rectangular coil of ratio 1:2. In this
paper, we assume that the length of the transmitting coil is twice the length of the pick -up coil
and the coil is rectangular, then M 11+M 12 is a constant value and M 21+M 22 is a constant value.
The expression that brings it into the transmission efficiency shows that the transmission
efficiency is a constant value.

4. Simulation verification

Through the above analysis, the parameters are set. The series inductance L1 and L3 in the
LCL structure of the transmitting end are 50uH; the LCL coil inductances L2 and L4 of the
transmitting end are 50uH; the transmitting end LCL compensation capacitors C1 and C2 are
811nF; the pickup end LCL The coil inductances L5 and L7 are 40uH; the se ries inductances L6
and L8 in the pickup LCL structure are 40uH, and the pickup terminals LCL compensation
capacitors C3 and C4 are 1.031uF. The power supply U is 10V. The load resistance RL is a
variable parameter. The system is verified by PSPICE, where k1 is the coupling coefficient
between L2 and L5, k2 is the coupling coefficient between L2 and L7, k3 is the coupling
coefficient between L4 and L5, and k4 is the coupling coefficient between L4 and L7.

PARAMETERS:
0L2
50uH1
2
0R1
0.001R4
0.001C3
1.031uF
V2
10Vac
R2
0.001R3
{rvariable}L3
50uH1 2KK1COUPLING = 0.4
C4
1.031uFL5
40uH1
2L6
40uH1 2
0L4
50uH1
2C1
811nFV110Vac
L7
40uH1
2KK4COUPLING = 0.4
R5
0.001KK3COUPLING = 0.12
C2
811nFL1
50uH1 2
L8
40uH1 2KK2COUPLING = 0.12
Fig. 4. ICPT circuit
PSPICE simulation
diagram

The eff ects of frequency and load on power and efficiency are analyzed by AC sweep under
this simulation. At this point we select 5 load parameters, 5Ω, 10Ω, 15Ω, 20Ω, 25Ω, so that the
effect of frequency on output power and system efficiency is more clearly seen . 162
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Fig. 5. System output power versus frequency

Fig. 6. System efficiency versus frequency diagram

It can be seen from Fig. 6 . that the system resonance frequency is 25 kHz, and then the
parameters of the respective components in Fig. 4 are brought into the efficie ncy formula (9)
obtained above, where ω = 25000 Hz, M 11+ M 12+ M 21+ M 22 = 46.51*10-6 H, C 1=8.11*10-7 F,
C2=1.031*10-6 F, R=0.001 Ω, the load resistance is 15 Ω, and the transmission efficiency of the
system at the resonant frequency is: η=87.04%. The calcul ation results are similar but not
identical to the simulation results. In the process of calculation, it is found that the size of the
efficiency is also related to the size of the internal resistance. The smaller the internal
resistance, the greater the e fficiency. If the internal resistance is small enough, the transmission
efficiency at the system resonant frequency is close to 1.

Fig. 7. Load current diagram for k1=0.26, k2=0.26, k3=0.26, k4=0.26 180
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Fig. 8. Transmitting coil voltage diagram for k1=0.26, k2=0.26, k3=0.26, k4=0.26

Fig. 9. Load current diagram for k1=0.4, k2=0.12, k3=0.12, k4=0.4

Fig. 10. Transmitting coil voltage diagram for k1=0.4, k2=0.12, k3=0.12, k4=0.4
It can be seen from the comparison in Fig. 7. to Fig. 1 0. that under the premise that the
values of k1+k 2 and k3+k4 are constant, when the coupling coefficient changes, the load
current and the load voltage change little, indicating the ICPT system in this paper. In the
change of mutual inductance, the fluctuation of the load current and voltage will not be caused,
and the system can be stabilized under the condition of moving. From the voltage and current
diagrams of the load from 5 Ω to 15 Ω, it can be seen that the load current is very stable with 193
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the change of the load, and remains basically unchanged, in dicating that the system has a
constant current at the pickup end. The voltage of the transmitting coil also does not change
due to the change of the load, indicating that the system has a constant voltage at the
transmitting end. When the load changes, th e current is constant. According to the power
formula, P=I2R, it can be seen that as the load increases, the output power also increases. In
addition, if the load changes suddenly during the movement, the system output current does not
change. Can improve system stability.
In addition, under the same parameters, we simulate the ICPT system with dual trans mitter
and single pickup, and the ICPT system with single trans mitter and single pickup. As shown in
Fig. 1 1. and Fig. 1 2., the previous theory is verified by simulation.

Fig. 11. Dual -transmitted, single -picked ICPT output power diagram

Fig. 12. Single -transmitted, single -picked ICPT output power diagram

Comparing the output power map of the ICPT system with dual -transmission single pick -up
structure and the ICPT sy stem with single -transmission single pick -up structure with the output
power of the dual -transmission dual pick -up structure of the ICPT system proposed in this
paper, it can be found that the resonant frequency of different structures is also It will be
different, but also in the resonant frequency range, the dual -transmission single -pick ICPT
system has a larger output power than the single -transmission single -pick ICPT system, while
the dual transmitters and pickups structure has a larger output power th an the dual -transmission 203
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single -pick ICPT system. The proposed dual -transmission dual pick -up ICPT system can
effectively increase the output power and is suitable for some scenarios that require high
power.

5. Conclusion

This paper analyzes the constant c urrent and constant voltage characteristics of the LCL
compensation structure and the structure and compensation network of the mobile dual
transmi tters and pickup s ICPT system. The dual -emission dual pick -up ICPT system is
analyzed in a resonant state to determine the system transmission efficiency. Simplify the
change of mutual inductance in the moving state by setting the coil so that the mutual
inductance changes with certain rules. The voltage and current waveforms of different loads
under different mu tual inductance conditions are simulated by PSPICE software. The
characteristics of the constant voltage and the constant current at the pick -up end of the LCL
compensation structure are verified by simulation. Finally, by comparing the output power of
the dual-emission dual -pickup ICPT system and the dual -emission single -pickup ICPT system
and the single -shot single -pickup ICPT system, it is found that the structure of the ICPT system
proposed in this paper can effectively improve the output power.

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