Transformari Gramaticale Si Lexicale In Traducerea Specializata

Litere

Transformari Gramaticale Si Lexicale In Traducerea Specializata

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

Transformări gramaticale și lexicale în

traducerea specializată(studiu de caz)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION

I.1. Grammatical Peculiarities

I.2. Lexical Peculiarities

II. PROBLEMS ARISING IN BUSINESS- RELATED TEXTS

II.1. Grammatical Problems

II.2. Lexical Problems

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Moldova represents the place where I passed my practice in translation during November 10, 2014 till December 12, 2014, within Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation Policies Division, as a translator of the English and Chinese languages.

Essentially the Ministry of Finance is the central body of public administration that develops the unique training and management of public finances. The activity is guided by the Constitution, laws of the , Moldovan President Decrees, Parliament decisions and orders of the Government. The Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation Policies Division contribute to improve the development, coordination, monitoring and evaluation at the Ministry of Finance and subordinate institutions.

I am very lucky that I had the opportunity to work as a real translator at this institution, to translate different texts from the financial sphere, to meet new people and to gain such an experience in my life. I am also proud that I enriched my vocabulary with new words, and that I can put them into practice. From the very beginning, I was confronted with some difficulties as for the specialized terms, but I found out that if I want to do a good translation, I have to consult specific dictionaries and to keep them in mind. Being an interpreter represents an important profession nowadays, because people tend to communicate with each other, in different spheres, business, politics, music and much more. Interpreting is a special occupation that requires education and training. The real instrument of communication is the interpreter, which plays a great role in this field.

If someone wants to become the best interpreter or translator, he/she has to pass a lot of stages, from getting the right education and qualification, to gain some experience, choose an area of activity and specialization, to be effective, work hard, practice and maintain the languages, and then will succeed and provide high quality services.

The goals of my practice:

To get 100% involved into the work.

I wanted to do my best and concentrate on the work of the practice, and my chances increased in elaborating a better translation that was appreciated at the highest level.

To develop skills in translating different types of documents.

A qualified translation can only be done if we are very attentive and accurate in our work. I had to work with new terms that helped me to determine the types of the documents.

To accumulate experience and new information during the practice

The best way of gathering more experience is to put into practice all the knowledge gained, to involve in more projects and to study by heart. To become really successful, we might (and probably will) have to work nights, weekends and holidays.

The main objectives to achieve during the practice:

To get familiar with the new place, colleagues and requirements;

To operate with different acts and documents;

To bring my translation abilities to a new level;

To enlarge my vocabulary with new specialized terms;

To meet all the conditions regarding the practice work.

The practice of translation represented a chance for me to develop my skills and use them in the right way, to achieve a pleasant and beneficent experience, to improve my computer skills and to earn helpful information for my future as a translator. I hope that I will have more chances in my life to have one more time this unforgettable experience.

The goals of my project:

To determine the Grammatical and Lexical issues of the translation in Business related-texts;

To understand the ways specialized terminology is translated.

The objectives of my project:

To study the specialized concepts, terms in the established field and in daily life;

To acquire skills of qualitative and correct translation;

To find and analyze accurate examples;

To come to a conclusion that will draw a final idea and characteristic of my present work.

The structure of my project work consists of introduction, two sections, four subsections, conclusion, bibliography and annexes.

The first section is called Grammar and Lexical Peculiarities of Translation that includes two subsections: Grammar Peculiarities and Lexical Peculiarities. Here are included the theoretical points concerning terminological features.

The second section is entitled Problems Arising in Business- Related Texts and includes two subsections: Grammar Problems and Lexical Problems. This represents the practical part of the project, which deals with the texts, materials and terms translated during my practice in translation.

The Conclusion includes the results of the obtained work on the theoretical and practical aspects.

In the Bibliography I specified a list of used sources that served as a theoretical background.

The Annexes comprise additional texts, information and glossary of terms.

I. GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION

Translation (derived from the Latin translatio, that itself comes from trans- and fero, together meaning to carry across) represents a transposition of a written text, from one language into another and which communicates the same message in both languages.

With the help of the translator it is manageable to make an exchange of information between the users by producing in the target language (TL or the translating language) a text that has an equal communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST). Translation represents an activity of enormous importance in the modern world and means more than substitution of words in one language with those from another; it expresses the transfer of meaning from one language to another. It is a craft known since ancient times and it is considered to be among the most popular professions such as lawyer, economist and other more [6, p. 4].

There are known several principles for classifying translation:

Who does the translation? A translation may be done by a human translator or by a computer.

Time lapse between the source text perception and translation: consecutive and simultaneous interpreting.

The form of speech: translation as a written form, sight translation (or translation-at-sight) as the oral translation of written text, and interpreting as oral translation of oral discourse.

The perception of the source text: a translator can see or hear the text.

Number of languages in translation: one-way or two-way translation.

Direction of translation: direct translation (into the mother-tongue), and inverse translation (translation into a foreign language).

Methods of interpreting: note-taking, phrase-by-phrase interpretation.

I.1. Grammatical Peculiarities

The process of learning languages involves a lot of work and studying of a great amount of theory. The new branch of Human Sciences, Translation has its own theory concerning the grammatical rules and theoretical approaches. It presents a means of interlingual communication. By means of grammatical, syntactic and lexical transformations, in every translation, the most important thing is to reach the main meaning from one language into another. The translator has to estimate the communicative effect of TT and to take pains to ensure an adequate understanding of its message.

Translation Transformations can be classified into grammatical and lexical ones. Grammatical transformations consist of: substitution, transposition, omission and addition. It is important to notice that this classification is not strictly determinate and is rather conventional, because in some cases one or another transformation can be characterized by features which could be attributed to several different types.

Transposition

The change of the order (sequence) of linguistic elements during the process of translating is called Transposition. Such elements as words, phrases, collocations, clauses can be transferred [1, p. 182]. The most popular type of transposition is considered to be the alternation of word and collocation order. It is also inevitable to do transposition in translating English texts into Romanian or vice versa due to the different word order in the sentence of each language. Regarding Catford’s translation shift, Newmark defines transposition as: a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar going from SL to the TL [4, p. 86]. Sometimes transposition signifies the tension between grammar and meaning, and in some cases it is better to use lexical synonym instead of the transposition to maintain the meaning, moreover, some information might me even added [3, p. 73].

Addition

Addition represents to provide the meaning with the use of another words adding to a context. There are a lot of causes that lead to the addition of various lexical elements into the target text. The most frequent reason for addition is that certain components of SL collocations do not have formal expressions what is a characteristic of English phrases [1, p. 231]. Addition could be explained as the ellipsis (release) of semantic elements from the inner structure transforming it to the external structure. Such words are called appropriate words, and occur with other words in original language. The insertion of additional words can be determined by: the aim to convey the meaning, the stylistic purpose, which depends on the choice of a translator and the lexical changes of the sentence [1, p. 232]. Though, some elements of a source text might be omitted.

Omission

The Omission is an opposite process to addition [1, p. 235]. A translator, confronting with a text may omit some words that are unnecessary and the meaning of it might be understood without them. Each language carries a significant abundance of meaning or information, which allows omitting some elements and preserving the identical meaning.

A frequent case of omission appears, when words or conjunctions can be omitted in order to avoid repetition. The omission of the elements, which seem to be semantically redundant in the translated text, is called the compression of the text. It can be concluded in claiming that the translated text becomes extended because of inserted additional words and phrases necessary for accuracy. When we do translation we are certain to meet some omitted speech. That is why the translator should avoid unnecessary elements in order to obtain proper translation. The following part will be dedicated to determine one more type of Grammatical Transformation, which is the substitution.

Substitution

One of the most popular types of Grammatical Transformations is considered to be Substitution [1, p. 186].

In the process of translation, the translator may change the grammatical and lexical units. Though, lexical and grammatical substitution can be found in an interdependent way.

There are known four types of Substitution:

1. The substitution of a word form;
2. The reconstruction of the parts of a sentence;
3. The substitution of parts of speeches;
4. The substitution (of the structure) of a composite sentence [1, p. 106].

A great diversity of substitution occurrences can be found in: the changes of a predicate into other parts of a sentence, nouns substituted into pronouns or verbs, substitution of a simple sentence into composite and many other different cases.

I.2. Lexical Peculiarities

A. Shveitser singled out five types of lexical transformations in the course of translation [9, online]. His classification has been further developed by A. Burak who offered the notion of sense development as the sixth typher different cases.

I.2. Lexical Peculiarities

A. Shveitser singled out five types of lexical transformations in the course of translation [9, online]. His classification has been further developed by A. Burak who offered the notion of sense development as the sixth type of lexical transformations [2, p. 30].

1. Concretization is used when something in the TL is usually expressed using concepts with narrower meaning or when preserving the original concepts would result in an awkward translation. This is the case of the words of wide semantic volume which belong to different parts of speech, e.g. thing, matter; nice, bad; to go, to come, to involve, etc. As the meaning of such words is relatively vague they can be used in different contents, and their valence is extremely broad. A context (a micro- or a macro- context) is necessary to determine their meaning, cf.: The breakdown of the EU's financial contribution into budget headings is shown in the budget included in the Technical and Administrative Provisions.

Divizarea contribuției financiare a UE pe linii bugetare este indicată în bugetul care este inclus în Prevederile Tehnice și Administrative.

2. Generalization is the reverse of concretization.

It is used when something in the TL is usually expressed by means of concepts of broader meaning or when preserving the original concepts with narrower meaning would result in an inadequate translation. For example, in the English language the differentiation is more used, while in the Romanian language a more general word is applied, e.g. hand or arm would generally be translated as mână; leg or foot as picior; except for cases when precision is required for some basis. Generalization also may be desirable for purely stylistic reasons.

3. Antonymic translation represents a type of grammatical and lexical transformation which substitutes an affirmative construction for a negative one or vice versa using sometimes a lexical change, substituting an antonym for the original word, e.g.:

Hang on, please! / Vă rugăm, să nu închideți!

The notion of traditional word usage also is used in both the SL and the TL which may cause antonymic translation, and we may observe different approach to the phenomena of reality.

4. Metonymic translation is stylistically based on metonymy, or a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated or to which it is related. Thus, names of capitals are widely used instead of names of countries in the press, e.g.:

Chisinau government / Conducerea Moldovei.

Using a part for the whole, the whole for one of its parts, or one or two concepts for the other are typical metonymic figures of speech that need a certain degree of expansion or compression [2, p. 32].

5. Sense development otherwise defined as meaning extension is similar to metonymic translation. It involves translating a cause by its effect and vice versa. The cause is translated by its effect. Here the meaning extension is combined with an antonymic translation. Meaning extension emerges also in metonymy-related cases such as:

The Financing Agreement will not enter into force if such a notification is not received by the Commission by 31 December 2013. /

Acordul de Finanțare nu va intra în vigoare dacă această notificare nu a fost primită de către Comisie până la data de 31 decembrie 2013.

Here it is implied that the Financing agreement cannot enter into force, if a notification will not be received on time.

6. Paraphrasing is a kind of lexical transformation that is found when the meaning of some idiomatic expression in the SL is changed by a phrase in the TL consisting of some non-related lexical units.

We can notice that lexical transformations are caused primarily by the divergence in the semantic structure of the two languages. Even words are not absolutely identical, though their primary meanings coincide but their derivative meanings do not. That is why semantic CORRELATION between two languages should not be interpreted as semantic IDENTITY. The translator's task is to choose between a number of equivalents in order to keep the semantic structure of the original and convey its ideas, information and stylistic effect in the translation.

According to A. Burak, the translator has to resort to contextual constructing, generating, or engineering both denotative and connotative aspects of word-senses in the target language that would match, as closely as possible, those in the source language. Even at word level, translation is a constant process of semantic engineering [2, p. 34].

II. PROBLEMS ARISING IN BUSINESS RELATED TEXTS

II. 1. Grammatical Problems

Grammar represents a large branch of linguistics, which studies a set of rules regarding the way the form of words is combining and changing and how the sentences of a language are constructed.

Translating business-related texts implies the knowledge of all the characteristics of the documents, the text analysis, the structure of the content and the capability to succeed in making an adequate translation. In the following examples, that will be analyzed, there are some challenges that require attention and explanation:

1. Translating tense and aspect forms

Every student of English faced differences between English and Romanian tense. In the first place, in English language there are four major aspect groups (Simple, Progressive, Perfect, Perfect Progressive), showing how the action is performed, multiplied by four time indicators (Present, Past, Future, Future in the Past [5, p.53].) In Romanian there are three time indicators, called tenses (Present, Past, Future), and two aspects, gerund and participle. Chinese Language does not have any verb conjugations. All verbs have a single form. For example, the verb 吃 (chī – to eat), can be used for the past, present, and future.

ST 1: This Action Plan is a first step in this process. (Pr. Simple)

It will contribute to the further development of our strategic partnership. ()

The enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004 has brought a historical shift for the . (Pr. Perfect)

TT 1: Acest Plan de Acțiuni este un prim pas în acest proces.

Ea va contribui la o dezvoltare în continuare a parteneriatului nostru strategic.

这个行动计划是在这个过程中的第一步. / Zhège xíngdòng jìhuà shì zài zhège guòchéng zhōng de dì yī bù [8, online].

这将有助于我们的战略合作伙伴关系的进一步发展. / Zhè jiāng yǒu zhù yú wǒmen de zhànlüè hézuò huǒbàn guānxì de jìnyībù fāzhǎn.

欧盟在2004年5月1日的扩大带来了联盟历史转变. / Ōuméng zài 2004 nián 5 yuè 1 rì de kuòdà dài láile liánméng lìshǐ zhuǎnbiàn.

2. Modal verb shall

The use in the business-related texts of the modal verb shall, indicates a set of obligations that are to be done, not only the future tense and expresses an imperative tone of the business style.

ST 2: The EU shall contribute to the financing of the following programme.

The Beneficiary shall immediately inform the Commission.

The Beneficiary shall take appropriate measures to prevent irregularities and fraud.

TT 2: UE urmează să contribuie la finanțarea următorului program.

Beneficiarul urmează să informeze Comisia cu privire la orice măsură luată.

Beneficiarul urmează să întreprindă măsuri de rigoare pentru prevenirea neregulilor și a fraudei.

欧盟应有助于以下程序的融资. / Ōuméng yīng yǒu zhù yú yǐxià chéngxù de róngzī. 受益人应立即告知委员会. / Shòuyì rén yīng lìjí gàozhī wěiyuánhuì.受益人应采取适当措施，防止违规和欺诈. Shòuyì rén yīng cǎiqǔ shìdàng cuòshī, fángzhǐ wéiguī hé qīzhà.

Categories such as number (singular or plural) and verb tense are frequently not expressed by any grammatical means, although there are several particles that serve to express verbal aspect, and to some extent mood [11, online].

3. Translating the infinitive

While translating the English Infinitive, everybody can meet some challenges due to the functions and the specific forms.

The English language possesses a number of forms of the same verb: the Simple infinitive, the Continuous infinitive, the Perfect infinitive, the Perfect Continuous infinitive.

ST 3: It will furthermore help to devise and implement policies. Enlargement offers the opportunity for the EU and to develop an increasingly close relationship.

TT 3: Mai mult ca atît, el va ajuta la elaborarea și implementarea politicilor.

Extinderea oferă UE și Moldovei oportunitatea de a dezvolta o relație de continuăapropiere.
将更有利于制定和执行政策. / Jiāng gèng yǒu lìyú zhìdìng hé zhíxíng zhèngcè.
扩大提供了机会，为欧盟和摩尔多瓦发展的关系日益密切. / Kuòdà tígōngle jīhuì, wèi ōuméng hé mó'ěrduōwǎ fāzhǎn de guān jì rìyì mìqiè.

4. Translating personal pronouns

There are a lot of difficulties when translating a text, one of them being translating pronouns. According to Z. Proshina, a capricious problem is translating pronouns of the second person. The English you corresponds to the Romanian tu and voi, though Romanian tu also corresponds to the English archaic thou [5, p. 77]. The usage of pronouns in a legal or economic context can lead to certain conclusions. In business-related text there are more examples with the personal pronoun it, because the main meaning of the texts, is concerning with certain rules, articles, agreements, etc.

ST 4: Amend law on assemblies to bring it in line with the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights [7, online].
It covers a timeframe of three years. Its implementation will help fulfill the provisions in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.
TT 4: Amendarea legii privind întrunirile în scopul ajustării sale la cerințele Convenției Europene pentru Drepturile Omului.

Cadrul temporar de implementare a sa este de 3 ani. Implementarea sa va contribui la îndeplinirea prevederilor Acordului de Parteneriat și Cooperare.
在修改法律装配与欧洲人权公约的要求看齐. / Zài xiūgǎi fǎlǜ zhuāngpèi yǔ ōuzhōu rénquán gōngyuē de yāoqiú kànqí [8, online].

它涵盖了三年的时间框架。它的实施将帮助实现了合作伙伴关系与
作协定的规定。/ Tā hángàile sān nián de shíjiān kuàngjià. Tā de shíshī
jiāng bāngzhù shíxiànle hézuò huǒbàn guānxì yǔ hézuò xiédìng de guīdìng.

The Chinese personal pronouns are 我 wǒ I, me, 你 nǐ you, and 他/她/它 tā
he (him)/she (her)/it [11, online].

5. Translating the article

There are three main types of articles: indefinite, definite and zero article. The translation depends on the function the article has in the sentence. Chinese language does not have articles, so difficulties with their correct use in English are very common. But instead, they use Measure Words to determine the quantity, or to specify a noun.

ST 5: The Financing Agreement will not enter into force if such a notification is not received by the Commission by 31 December 2013.
The total cost of the programme is estimated at 60,000,000 euro.

TT 5: Acordul de Finanțare nu va intra în vigoare dacă această notificare nu a fost primită de către Comisie până la data de 31 decembrie 2013.
Costul total al programului este estimat la 60,000,000 euro.

融资协议将无法生效，如果没有收到委员会这样的通知，2013年12月31. / Róngzī xiéyì jiāng wúfǎ shēngxiào, rúguǒ méiyǒu shōu dào wěiyuánhuì zhèyàng de tōngzhī, 2013 nián 12 yuè 31.

预计该计划的总成本在60000000欧元。

Yùjì gāi jìhuà de zǒng chéngběn zài 60000000 ōuyuán.

6. Translating the Gerund

The gerund is composed from the English –ing form, that derives from verb and functions as a noun. If in English language, a verb from can change into a noun, in Chinese, verbs do not change their form in this way.

It can be translated by several means:

The noun;

The infinitive

The adverbial participle.

ST 6: Adoption of relevant legal basis and provision of training; Develop alternative means of dispute settlement, including mediation and arbitration; Strengthen law enforcement by increasing the efficiency of judiciary and the law protection bodies.

TT 6: Adoptarea bazei legale relevante și prevederilor privind instruirea; Dezvoltarea căilor alternative de soluționare a litigiilor, inclusiv medierea și arbitrajul; Consolidarea supremației legii prin sporirea eficienței puterii judecătorești și a organelor de drept.

通过相关的法律依据，并提供培训./ Tōngguò xiāngguān de fǎlǜ yījù, bìng tígōng péixùn; 制定解决争端，包括调解和仲裁的替代手段./ Zhìdìng jiějué zhēngduān, bāokuò tiáojiě hé zhòngcái de tìdài shǒuduàn; 通过提高司法并提，加强执法力度./ Tōngguò tígāo sīfǎ xiàolǜ hé fǎlǜ bǎohù jīgòu, jiāqiáng zhífǎ lìdù.

Here I presented the classifications of the gerund, and presented an example of each other: the noun gerund – including/inclusive/包括/Bāokuò; the infinitive gerund- of training/ privind instruirea/并提供培训/ bìng tígōng péixùn; the adverbial gerund- by increasing/ prin sporirea/ 加强执法力度/ jiāqiáng zhífǎ lìdù .

II. 2. Lexical Problems

The object of translation is not a list of separate lexical units but a coherent text in which the SL words make up an integral whole. Each word in the language has its own meaning, and the actual information it conveys in a text depends on its contextual environment. As J. Catford puts it, "Meaning, in our view, is a property of a language. An S.L. text has an S.L. meaning, and a T.L. text has a T.L. meaning." Therefore it follows that semantic structures of correlated words in the source language and the target language cannot be co-extensive, can never "cover" each other. A careful analysis invariably shows that semantic relationship between correlated words, especially polysemantic ones, is very complex [3, p. 35].

According to A. Shveitser, we can distinguish three types of lexical meaning:

1) Referential meaning (logical) has direct reference to things of reality.

2) Emotive meaning has reference to the feelings and emotions associated with things or phenomena of objective reality. It is created in the mind of the speaker.

3) Stylistic meaning is based on stylistic stratification of the English vocabulary and stylistic connotations [10, online].

The following few examples are selected for a detailed analysis:

S/TT 1: The European Neighborhood Policy of the European Union sets ambitious objectives. / Politica Europeană de Vecinătate a Uniunii Europene stabilește obiective ambițioase. / 欧盟欧洲睦邻政策设定雄心勃勃的目标. / Ōuméng ōuzhōu mùlín zhèngcè shè dìng xióngxīn bóbó de mùbiāo.

In this examples, the meaning reflect more real things than emotive, naming more objective notions.

S/TT 2: Continue efforts to ensure the equality of men and women in society and economic life. / Continuarea eforturilor pentru asigurarea egalității de șanse pentru bărbați și femei în societate și viața economică. /

继续努力确保男性和女性在社会和经济生活中的平等. / Jìxù nǔlì quèbǎo nánxìng hé nǚxìng zài shèhuì hé jīngjì shēnghuó zhōng de píngděng.

In the present example, the meaning reflects the emotion associated with the equality based on non-discrimination.

S/TT 3: It will contribute to the further development of our strategic partnership. / Ea va contribui la o dezvoltare în continuare a parteneriatului nostru strategic. /这将有助于我们的战略合作伙伴关系的进一步发展. / Zhè jiāng yǒu zhù yú wǒmen de zhànlüè hézuò huǒbàn guānxì de jìnyībù fāzhǎn [8, online].

Here, the meaning of development connotes prosperity and a better future.

Due to the huge differences between Chinese and Romanian language, translators working in the Chinese language department not only need to translate documents into Chinese, but also need to do translation work from Chinese language.

Another point describes the problems related to different semantic structure of words in the SL and the TL. Generally speaking, the meaning of any word in the text cannot be understood and translated without a specific. Some words, however, are less sensitive to the contextual influence than others. These are words with definite meanings which Komissarov and Koralova define as context-free while Shveitser prefers the term monosemantic [6, p. 71].

In what follows I will bring some fragments (Source Text; Target Text) from the texts that I translated during my translation practice and I will analyze some examples according to Komissarov and Koralova’ classification.

ST 4: FOR THE COMISION FOR THE BENEFICIARY

Michael A. KÖHLER Iurie LEANCA

Director Neighbourhood Prime Minister

Directorate-General for Development and Government of the Republic

Cooperation – EuropeAid of

TT 4: PENTRU COMISIE PENTRU BENEFICIAR Michael A. KÖHLER Iurie LEANCĂ

Director pentru Vecinătate Prim-ministrul Direcția Generală Dezvoltare și Cooperare Guvernul Republicii
– EuropeAid Moldova

Antroponyms are rendered by means of transcription with TL letters, e.g.:

Michael A. KÖHLER – Michael A. KÖHLER /Iurie LEANCA- Iurie LEANCĂ.

Another kind of antroponyms is the names of historical and literary figures that are rendered according to the tradition, or some telling names in fiction.

The toponym is still subject to the tradition, e.g.: / . If the name includes both a proper name and a common name, the former is transcribed while the latter is either translated or transcribed ( of / Republica ).

ST 5: To cover expenses related to protocol actions associated with the organization and the development of the Annual Meeting of the Monitoring Committee of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (June 30-July 5)

TT 5: Pentru acoperirea cheltuielilor aferente unor acțiuni protocolare legate de organizarea și desfășurarea Reuniunii anuale a Comitetului de Monitorizare a Congresului Puterilor Locale și Regionale a Consiliului Europei (30 iunie – 5 iulie)

ST 6: The expenses related to the organization protocol actions and conduct of the Meeting of Ministers of Agriculture of the member countries of the EU and the Eastern Partnership (23 January).

TT 6: Pentru acoperirea cheltuielilor acțiunilor protocolare legate de organizarea și desfășurarea Reuniunii miniștrilor agriculturii din țările membre ale Uniunii Europene și ale Parteneriatului Estic (23 ianuarie).

In this translation, names of political parties, trade unions and, what is more important nowadays, international organizations to which the post-Soviet countries have already or seek to adhere are a challenge to the translator.

In this case, word-for-word translation is needed, with or without a change in the word order. Vivid examples of word-for-word translation demanding may be cited as follows:

Annual Meeting of the Monitoring Committee of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe [9, online]/ Reuniunea anuală a Comitetului de Monitorizare a Congresului Puterilor Locale și Regionale a Consiliului Europei/ 欧洲理事会/ Ōuzhōu lǐshì huì.

EU and the Eastern Partnership/ Uniunea Europeană și Parteneriatul Estic/

欧洲联盟/ Ōuzhōu liánméng [8, online].

Other cases of similar abbreviation borrowings:

United Nations, UN / ONU, Organizația Națiunilor Unite/联合国/ Liánhéguó; CSCE, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe / OSCE, Organizația pentru Securitate și Cooperare în Europa/ 委员会安全与合作在欧洲/
Wěiyuánhuì ānquán yǔ hézuò zài ōuzhōu.

In this translation of the proper nouns, there is nothing wrong from the perspective of accuracy. The Chinese translation is in accordance with the English text. The strategy adopted here is a literal translation. According to Komissarov and Koralova, terminology is relatively context-free though the context often helps to identify the specific field to which the term belongs.

As a rule, English technical terms (as well as political ones, business and those belonging to other specific fields) have their permanent equivalents in the respective Romanian terminological systems.

ST 7: Taking full advantage of diplomatic channels between the parties including appropriate contacts in the bilateral as well as the multilateral field, such as the United Nations, CSCE meetings and elsewhere.

TT 7: Utilizarea pe deplin a canalelor diplomatice între Părți, inclusiv contactele necesare la nivel atât bilateral, cât și multilateral, de exemplu, în cadru ONU, reuniunilor OSCE, precum și cu alte ocazii;

ST 8: Provisions relating to customs clearance, transit, warehouses and transshipment;
Taxes and other internal charges of any kind applied directly or indirectly to imported goods.

TT 8: Regulile de achitare a taxelor vamale, tranzitul, depozitarea mărfurilor și transbordarea;

Taxe și alte impozite interne de orice natură aplicate direct sau indirect la mărfurile importate.

In this example, I selected some Romanian equivalents formed on the basis of transcription or loan translation of respective SL terms, e.g.:

Multilateral / multilateral; diplomatic / diplomatic; transit / tranzit;

Taxes /taxe; imported /importat, etc.

The following challenges in the next examples are:

ST 9: Continue and implement legislative work further to reform the judiciary in line with European standards; Continue collaboration with International Organizations and Civil Society on the issue;
The rules relating to the sale, purchase, transport, distribution, and use of goods on the domestic market.

TT 9: Continuarea și implementarea activității legislative pentru a reforma în continuare sistemul judecătoresc în conformitate cu standardele Europene;

Continuarea colaborării cu Organizațiile Internaționale și Societatea Civilă în problema dată;

Regulile privind vânzarea, cumpărarea, transportarea, distribuirea și folosirea mărfurilor pe piața internă.

Analyzing my examples, I found that some words belong to a group of words known as pseudo-international words or translator's false friends. As a characteristic, in comparison with the genuine international words that have a more or less similar phonetic form and carry the same meaning (e.g. collaboration/colaborare; organization/organizație; legislative.legislativ ), these words differ in meaning from language to language either completely or partially,

E.g. international/străin(internațional); line/rând ,linie, cale, etc.

As A. Burak puts it, the semantic structure and individual word senses don't often coincide and the literal translations of such words are misleading. This group of words is also termed as "misleading international vocabulary."

The origin of these words is considered to be the Latin or Greek language, and that they lead to a widely difference of semantic structure and word senses.

In the following fragments I will present a short characteristic of connotative words:

ST 10: Congress of Local and Regional Authorities in Europe;
Strengthen law enforcement by increasing the efficiency of judiciary and the law protection bodies, respect the relevant judgments of the Constitutional Court; Improve training, in particular on Human Rights issues and on judicial co- operation, of judges, prosecutors and officials in the judiciary, Ministry of Justice administration, police and prisons; Develop alternative means of disputesettlement, including mediation and arbitration; Ensure progress in implementing the recommendations of the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption;

Ensure respect of children’s rights; Implement the relevant section in (’s) National Human Rights Action Plan.

TT 10: Congresului Autorităților Locale și Regionale din Europa;

Consolidarea supremației legii prin sporirea eficienței puterii judecătorești și a organelor de drept, respectarea corespunzătoare a hotărârilor Curții Constituționale; Îmbunătățirea instruirii, în special în problematica drepturilor omului și cooperării judiciare, a judecătorilor, procurorilor și funcționarilor din sistemul judecătoresc, administrația Ministerului Justiției, poliției și închisorilor;

Dezvoltarea căilor alternative de soluționare a litigiilor, inclusiv medierea și arbitrajul. Asigurarea progresului în implementarea recomandărilor Grupului de State din cadrul Consiliului Europei împotriva Corupției;
Asigurarea respectării drepturilor copiilor; Implementarea secției relevante în Planul Național de Acțiuni (al Moldovei) în domeniul Drepturilor Omului.

In the words of A. Burak, connotative meaning or the expressive meaning is what is associated with a particular word sense. The word connote"means to suggest or imply in addition to the denotative meaning. The connotative components, or connotations, of a word sense consist of the emotional, intensive, evaluative, and dialectal components that have the capacity to evoke:

(1) Emotion (the word children/孩子们/ Háizimen has a more emotional feature than humans/人类/Rénlèi );

(2) Evaluation (police/警察/ Jǐngchá has a usual meaning if it is compared to authorities/当局/ Dāngjú );

(3) Intensity (the degree of intensity evinced in a increasing/decreasing way: to improve/改善/ Gǎishàn – to develop/开发/Kāifā – to progress/进步/Jìnbù or vice versa);

(4) Dialectal reference (differences between American and British English meaning- the word efficiency that means the state or quality of being capable and skillful; the common meaning efficiency apartment, a small apartment consisting typically of a combined living room and bedroom area, a bathroom, and a kitchenette) [9, online].

There is a difference between the emotive charge and the individual emotive implications. Emotive charge is a semantic feature of connotation, and it is perceived by members of the same speaking community. Individual emotive implications are associations and ideas that a word may acquire in the mind of a particular person.

The emotive meaning determines the translator's choice. For example, the English word differentiation is neutral in its connotations, while the Romanian diferențiere/deosebire may have negative connotation – separation.

According to A. Burak's system of terminology, words have different STYLISTIC meanings. Word senses can be referred to:

Formal- The formal vocabulary includes literary words, terminology and the vocabulary of official documents.

My work is most based on formal meaning, because I analyzed official document and different acts related to Business sphere, e.g. Financing Agreement; Technical And Administrative Provisions; Total Estimated Cost And The Eu's Financial Contribution; the Government of the .

Neutral- This is the greater part of words that are called words of general reference, and are translated into other languages with the help of words belonging to a identical list.

Informal- The informal vocabulary is subdivided into general colloquial vocabulary, general slang and vulgarisms.

The objective of my project was to find out the problems and challenges that exist in the process of translating documents and to find some solutions in achieving a better practice. Through the analysis in the Lexical Problems section and other important aspects, I can say that the main goals of my work have been partly reached. A translation can be good at any level. This depends on some important factors, such as the aim of the translator, the requirements, the perception by the receptor.

CONCLUSION

The practice of translation and the licence project have their individual impact on a future translator. Both of them provide knowledge and skills gathered in the process of working and translating. The opportunity to perform as a translator in a real office, also signifies a truly experience and a door in our maturity life. Executing my practice of translation at the Ministry of Finance, within the Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation Policies Division, made me to change my opinion about translators, because they have to work real hard to become good specialists. I understood that it is not so easy to work as a translator or interpreter.

From the very beginning, it was hard for me to get familiar with all the documents, specialized terms, because there were specific notions, which I had to translate them with the help of different types of dictionaries, some related to business/ economical vocabulary. I tried to manage the texts, documents, to understand them and learn all the details. I had to get implied 100%, if I wanted to reach my goals and objectives.

I was proud for being able to translate papers from different fields as finance, business and the legal one, that have been a real challenge for me. As in other translation works, I faced some difficulties regarding the
types of equivalences, grammar changes and lexical peculiarities, which can be found in my examples. But, due to all the knowledge that I acquired during all the three years studying at the , with the help of our wise teachers, I put into practice all the theory that I studied and I used all the available sources to do the best translation, to convey the closest meaning and to write down a corresponding project. In this regard, I would like to confirm that the translator makes a great contribution and is expected to be present at the highest level.

A professional translator has to be a muse for all the artists, to think about all the issue on changes, to bring creative energy and to have his own style. Also a very good point is to make notes in the process on translations, which serve as a solid background in the future.

The practice of translation means more than a combination of words. Knowledge is of no value unless you put it into practice and then you realize that you can forget everything that you have been learning for ages if you can’t apply them in real life. It is a chance for me and everyone to develop own abilities and use them in the right way, to achieve a pleasant and beneficent experience, and to succeed in the field of translation. I also want to say that the financial field is very interesting, and I met people that tend to do a lot of good things in our country, despite all difficulties. I am very happy that I found a friendly and polite collective, which proved to be very helpful and kind people.

To sum up, I would like to say that due to my practice work, I was able to write my licence project, to learn new things, and to improve my weak points. For me the practice and the licence project both have professional and emotive meaning and I am very accomplished that I could do more things and achieve more goals. In my opinion, every language is a world. Without translation, we would not communicate with each other like we do, and the world would probably be more separated, then united. That is why, I want to say thank you all, for your kindness, honesty, and love. I am grateful to you all, because you gave me a lesson for life.

THANK YOU! VĂ MULȚUMESC! 谢谢！Xièxiè!

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Armalyte, Olimpija; Pazusis, Lionginas. Vertimo teorijos pradmenys. : Vilniaus Universitetas, 1990. 249 p.

Burak, Alexander. Introduction to written translation. : Intrada, 2002. 320 p.

Catford, John. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay on Applied Linguistics. : Press, 1980. 103 p.

Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. : Prentice Hall, 2008. 115 p.

Proshina, Zoya. Theory of Translation (English and Russian), 3d edition, revised. : Far Eastern University Press, 2008. 276 p.

Комиссаров, Вилен Наумович; Коралова, Анна. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. Москва: Высшая Школа, 1990. 127 p.

Online Dictionaries:

The Business Dictionary online version available at http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.html

(visited on 15.02.2015)

The Chinese Dictionary online version available at

http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/chinese-dictionary.php

(visited on 03.05.2015)

The Collins English Dictionary online version available at http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/budget

(visited on 09. 04. 2015)

Online Sources:

Shveitzer, Alexander. Lectures on the theory of translation, 2004.

available at http://planeta.gramota.ru/al-23.html (visited on 23.04.2015)

Online encyclopedia available at http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia (visited on 10.03.2015)

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1

STATEMENT*

regarding the originality of the contents of the Licence’s Project

I, the undersigned …………………………………………… in my capacity of graduate of Free International University of Moldova, Faculty of …………………………, specialty………………………………………………, year of graduation……………………………………, declare on my own responsibility that the Licence’s Project entitled ……………………………………………… ……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………, which has been elaborated under the supervision of Mr. / Mrs. ………………………………… and is to be presented to a committee, is original and I am the sole author.

I hereby declare that I have not plagiarized any Licence Projects, monographs, specialized works, articles, etc.; published or posted on Internet, as well as other biographical sources consulted in the process of the thesis elaboration for awarding Licence Title.

I declare that I agree to my Licence Project being checked in any legal ways in order to assess its originality, thereof its content being introduced in a database for such purpose.

Date…………………………. Student’s signature……………………

Annex 2 GLOSSARY

Annex 3 PLANUL DE ACȚIUNI

UNIUNEA EUROPEANĂ-MOLDOVA

1. INTRODUCERE

Extinderea Uniunii Europene de la 1 mai determinat o schimbare istorică pentru Uniune în termeni politici, geografici și economici, consolidînd în continuare interdependența politică și economică dintre UE și . Extinderea oferă UE și Moldovei oportunitatea de a dezvolta o relație de continuă apropiere mergînd dincolo de cooperare, de a implica într-o măsură semnificativă integrarea economică și de a aprofunda cooperarea politică. Uniunea Europeană și sunt determinate să utilizeze această ocazie pentru a-și consolida relațiile și a promova stabilitatea, securitatea și bunăstarea. Abordarea se bazează pe parteneriat, proprietate comună și diferențiere. Ea va contribui la o dezvoltare în continuare a parteneriatului nostru strategic. Politica Europeană de Vecinătate a Uniunii Europene stabilește obiective ambițioase bazate pe angajamente pentru valorile comune și implementarea eficientă a reformelor politice, economice și instituționale. este invitată să stabilească cu UE relații politice, de securitate, economice și culturale mai intense, să intensifice cooperarea transfrontalieră și să împărtășească responsabilitatea pentru prevenirea și soluționarea conflictelor. Unul dintre obiectivele cheie al acestui Plan de Acțiuni va fi susținerea în continuare a unei soluționări viabile a conflictului Transnistrean. Nivelul de ambiție a relației va depinde de gradul de angajament al Moldovei față de valorile comune, precum și capacitatea sa de a implementa prioritățile convenite în comun. Ritmul progresului relației va recunoaște pe deplin eforturile Moldovei și realizările concrete în îndeplinirea acestor angajamente.

Acest Plan de Acțiuni este un prim pas în acest proces. Planul de Acțiuni UE este un document politic care stabilește obiectivele strategice ale cooperării dintre și UE. Cadrul temporar de implementare (a Planului de Acțiuni) este de 3 ani. Implementarea sa va contribui la îndeplinirea prevederilor Acordului de Parteneriat și Cooperare (APC) și va încuraja și susține obiectivul Moldovei vizînd integrarea de mai departe în structurile economice și sociale europene. Implementarea Planul de Acțiuni va avansa semnificativ ajustarea legislației, normelor și standardelor Moldovei la cele ale Uniunii Europene. În acest context, Planul de Acțiuni va construi o bază solidă pentru integrarea economică bazată pe adoptarea și implementarea regulilor și reglementărilor economice și comerciale avînd potențialul să sporească comerțul, investițiile și creșterea.

Annex 3

EUROPEAN UNION –

ACTION PLAN

1. INTRODUCTION

The enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004 has brought a historical shift for the Union in political, geographic and economic terms, further reinforcing the political and economic interdependence between the EU and . Enlargement offers the opportunity for the EU and Moldova to develop an increasingly close relationship, going beyond co- operation, to involve a significant measure of economic integration and a deepening of political co operation. The European Union and are determined to make use of this occasion to enhance their relations and to promote stability, security and well being. The approach is founded on partnership, joint ownership and differentiation. It will contribute to the further development of our strategic partnership.

The European Neighborhood Policy of the European Union sets ambitious objectives based on commitments to shared values and effective implementation of political, economic and institutional reforms.

is invited to enter into intensified political, security, economic and cultural relations with the EU, enhanced cross border co-operation and shared responsibility in conflict prevention and conflict resolution. One of the key objectives of this action plan will be to further support a viable solution to the Transnistria conflict.

The level of ambition of the relationship will depend on the degree of ’s commitment to common values as well as its capacity to implement jointly agreed priorities. The pace of progress of the relationship will acknowledge fully ’s efforts and concrete achievements in meeting those commitments.

This Action Plan is a first step in this process.

The EU Moldova Action Plan is a political document laying out the strategic objectives of the cooperation between and the EU.

It covers a timeframe of three years. Its implementation will help fulfill the provisions in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) and will encourage and support ’s objective of further integration into European economic and social structures. Implementation of the Action Plan will significantly advance the approximation of Moldovan legislation, norms and standards to those of the European Union. In this context, it will build solid foundations for further economic integration based on the adoption and implementation of economic and trade-related rules and regulations with the potential to enhance trade, investment and growth.

Annex 4

ACORD DE FINANȚARE

Condiții Speciale

Uniunea Europeană, denumită în continuare "UE", reprezentată de către Comisia Europeană, denumită în continuare "Comisia", pe de o parte, și Guvernul Republicii Moldova, denumit în continuare "Beneficiarul", pe de altă parte, au convenit după cum urmează:

ARTICOLUL 1 – NATURA ȘI SCOPUL ACȚIUNII

1.1. UE va contribui la finanțarea următorului program:

Numărul de decizie CRIS: ENPI/2012/023-420

Titlul: Programul de suport pentru reformele din sectorul Justiției

în continuare menționat ca "program", care este descris în Prevederile Tehnice și Administrative.

1.2 Acest program va fi implementat conform Acordului de Finanțare și anexelor prezente.

ARTICOLUL 2 – COSTUL TOTAL ESTIMAT ȘI CONTRIBUȚIA FINANCIARĂ A UE

2.1 Costul total al programului este estimat la 60,000,000 euro cu următoarele componente:

2.1.1 Sprijin bugetar: 58,200,000 euro

2.1.2 Sprijin complementar: 1,800,000 euro

2.2 UE se angajează să finanțeze cu maxim 60,000,000 euro, din care 52,000,000.00 euro din Programul anual de acțiune ENPI 2012 în favoarea Republicii Moldova (IEVP / 2012 / 023-420) și 8,000,000.00 euro din programul cu măsura specială ENPI 2012 "EaPIC" (Integrare Parteneriatul Estic și Cooperare) (IEVP / 2012 / 024-359).

Divizarea contribuției financiare a UE pe linii bugetare este indicată în bugetul care este inclus în Prevederile Tehnice și Administrative.

Annex 4

FINANCING AGREEMENT

Special Conditions

The European Union, hereinafter referred to as "the EU", represented by the European Commission, hereinafter referred to as "the Commission", of the one part, and the Government of the Republic of Moldova, hereinafter referred to as "the Beneficiary", of the other part, have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE 1 – NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE OPERATION

1.1. The EU shall contribute to the financing of the following programme:

CRIS decision number: ENPI/2012/023-420

Title: Support for Justice Sector Reforms

hereinafter referred to as "the programme", which is described in the Technical and Administrative Provisions.

1.2 This programme shall be implemented in accordance with this Financing Agreement and the annexes thereto.

ARTICLE 2 – TOTAL ESTIMATED COST AND THE EU'S FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION

2.1 The total cost of the programme is estimated at 60,000,000 euro with the following components:

Budget support: 58,200,000 euro

Complementary support: 1,800,000 euro

2.2 The EU undertakes to finance a maximum of 60,000,000 euro, of which 52,000,000.00 euro from the ENPI 2012 Annual Action Programme in favour of the (ENPI/2012/023-420) and 8,000,000.00 euro from the ENPI 2012 Special Measure "EaPIC" (Eastern Partnership Integration and Cooperation) programme (ENPI/2012/024-359).

The breakdown of the EU's financial contribution into budget headings is shown in the budget included in the Technical and Administrative Provisions.

Annex 5

ARTICOLUL 9 – INTRAREA ÎN VIGOARE A ACORDULUI DE FINANȚARE

Acordul de Finanțare intră în vigoare la data la care Comisia primește o notificare din partea Beneficiarului, confirmând îndeplinirea procedurilor interne necesare pentru intrarea în vigoare a acestuia. Acordul de Finanțare nu va intra în vigoare dacă această notificare nu a fost primită de către Comisie până la data de 31 decembrie 2013.

Întocmit în două copii originale în engleză, una fiind înmânată Comisiei și cealaltă Beneficiarului.

PENTRU COMISIE PENTRU BENEFICIAR

Michael A. KÖHLER Iurie LEANCĂ

Director pentru Vecinătate Prim-ministru

Direcția Generală Dezvoltare și Cooperare Guvernul Republicii Moldova
– EuropeAid

Data: 11.06.2013 Data: 14.06.2013

Annex 5

ARTICLE 9 – ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE FINANCING AGREEMENT

The Financing Agreement shall enter into force on the date on which the Commission receives a notification from the Beneficiary confirming the completion of the internal procedures of the Beneficiary necessary for its entry into force. The Financing Agreement will not enter into force if such a notification is not received by the Commission by 31 December 2013.

Done in two original copies in English; one copy being handed to the Commission and one to the Beneficiary.

FOR THE COMISION FOR THE BENEFICIARY

Michael A. KÖHLER Iurie LEANCĂ

Director Neighbourhood Prime Minister

Directorate-General for Development and Government of the Republic
Cooperation – EuropeAid of Moldova

Date: 11.06.2013 Date: 14.06.2013

Annex 6

– Asigurarea funcționării corecte a Parlamentului, inclusiv reforma imunității parlamentare în corespundere cu propunerile făcute de Consiliul Europei. Asigurarea desfășurării democratice a alegerilor parlamentare în 2005 în conformitate cu standardele europene și eliminarea deficiențelor rămase, identificate în cadrul recomandărilor OSCE / ODIHR.

– Continuarea reformei administrative și consolidarea autoadministrării locale în conformitate cu standardele europene, în special cele ce se conțin în Carta europeană a autoguvernării locale și acordarea unei atenții speciale expertizei și recomandărilor Congresului Autorităților Locale și Regionale din Europa, inclusiv în ceea ce privește managementul bugetelor locale de către administrațiile locale și atribuirea competențelor bugetare (resurse care să corespundă responsabilităților). Consolidarea supremației legii prin sporirea eficienței puterii judecătorești și a organelor de drept, respectarea corespunzătoare a hotărârilor Curții Constituționale.

(2) Revizuirea legislației existente în scopul asigurării independenței și imparțialității sistemului judecătoresc, inclusiv asigurarea imparțialității și eficienței procuraturii, precum și în scopul consolidării capacității justiției.

– Continuarea și implementarea activității legislative pentru a reforma în continuare sistemul judecătoresc în conformitate cu standardele Europene; Reexaminarea și completarea legii privind organizarea judecătorească în scopul asigurării independenței, imparțialității și eficienței sale, inclusiv clarificarea procedurii de numire și avansare, drepturile statutare și obligațiile judecătorilor.

– Asigurarea implementării noii legislații cu privire la procuratură în conformitate cu standardele europene.

– Îmbunătățirea instruirii, în special în problematica drepturilor omului și cooperării judiciare, a judecătorilor, procurorilor și funcționarilor din sistemul judecătoresc, administrația Ministerului Justiției, poliției și închisorilor.

– Dezvoltarea căilor alternative de soluționare a litigiilor, inclusiv medierea și arbitrajul.

(3) Asigurarea eficienței luptei împotriva corupției

– Asigurarea progresului în implementarea recomandărilor Grupului de State din cadrul Consiliului Europei împotriva Corupției (GRECO).

– Finalizarea adoptării măsurilor necesare identificate în autoevaluarea Inițiativei Anticorupție a Pactului de Stabilitate și raportul analitic de bilanț al Republicii din aprilie 2002.

– Continuarea colaborării cu Organizațiile Internaționale și Societatea Civilă în problema dată.

– Implementarea Strategiei Naționale privind prevenirea și combaterea corupției.

Annex 6

– Ensure correct functioning of Parliament, including the reform of parliamentary immunity in line with proposals made by the Council of Europe. Ensure the democratic conduct of Parliamentary Elections in accordance with European standards and addressing remaining shortcomings as identified by the

OSCE / ODIHR recommendations;

– Continue administrative reform and strengthening of local self government in line with European standards, notably those contained in the European Charter on Local Self government and drawing in particular on the expertise and recommendations of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities in Europe, including with regard to management of local budgets by local administrations and attribution of budgetary competence (resources to match responsibilities). Strengthen law enforcement by increasing the efficiency of judiciary and the law protection bodies; respect the relevant judgments of the .

(2) Review existing legislation, so as to ensure the independence and impartiality of the judiciary, including the impartiality and effectiveness of the prosecution, and to strengthen the capacity of the judiciary;

– Continue and implement legislative work further to reform the judiciary in line with European standards; Re-examine and amend the law on the organisation of the judiciary with a view to ensuring its independence, impartiality and efficiency, including clarification of the procedure for appointment and promotion, statutory rights and obligations of judges;

– Ensure implementation of the new legislation on the public prosecution in line with European standards;

– Improve training, in particular on Human Rights issues and on judicial co- operation, of judges, prosecutors and officials in the judiciary, Ministry of Justice administration, police and prisons

– Develop alternative means of dispute settlement, including mediation and arbitration

(3) Ensure the effectiveness of the fight against corruption.

– Ensure progress in implementing the recommendations of the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption (GRECO).

– Complete the adoption of the necessary measures identified in the Stability Pact Anti-corruption Initiative self evaluation and peer review report by the of April 2002.

– Continue collaboration with International Organisations and Civil Society on the issue.

– Implementation of National Strategy on prevention and combating corruption.

Annex 7

(6) Eradicarea maltratării și a torturii

– Soluționarea eficientă a cazurilor raportate de maltratare a deținuților de către funcționarii din organele de drept, în special în timpul reținerii înainte de judecată, inclusiv prin adoptarea bazei legale relevante și prevederilor privind instruirea.

– Implementarea recomandărilor Comitetului Consiliului Europei pentru prevenirea torturii;

– Sporirea instruirii în domeniul drepturilor omului a funcționarilor din poliție și

personalului penitenciarelor.

(7) Asigurarea respectării drepturilor copiilor

– Continuarea eforturilor în scopul protejării drepturilor copilului prin asigurarea implementării Declarației și Planului de Acțiuni convenite specială ONU privind copiii în mai 2002, inclusiv implementarea unui plan de acțiuni național;

– Implementarea secției relevante din Planul Național de Acțiuni în domeniul Drepturilor Omului (PNADO) a Republicii Moldova pentru perioada 2004-2008.

(8) Asigurarea tratamentului egal

– Continuarea eforturilor pentru asigurarea egalității de șanse pentru bărbați și femei în societate și viața economică, bazate pe nediscriminare.

(9) Asigurarea respectării libertății de expresie

– Asigurarea relației transparente între autorități și instituțiile media în conformitate cu recomandările Consiliului Europei; ajutor financiar din partea statului pentru mass- media acordat în baza criteriilor stricte și obiective aplicate egal pentru toată mass- media;

– Elaborarea și implementarea unui cadru legal adecvat ce garantează libertatea expresiei și a mass-mediei, în conformitate cu standardele europene și în baza recomandărilor Consiliului Europei.

(10) Asigurarea respectării libertății asocierii și susținerea dezvoltării societății civile

– Amendarea legii privind întrunirile în scopul ajustării la cerințele Convenției Europene pentru Drepturile Omului;

– Dezvoltarea unui dialog eficient între diferite forțe politice ale țării, în rezultatul

recomandărilor Consiliului Europei și utilizarea la maxim a oportunităților oferite de acestea;

– Facilitarea și susținerea dezvoltării societății civile, consolidarea dialogului și cooperării.

Annex 7

(6) Eradication of ill-treatment and torture

– Address effectively issue of reported ill-treatment of detainees by law enforcement officials, in particular in pre-trial detention, including through adoption of relevant legal basis and provision of training. Implementation of the recommendations of the Council of Europe’s Committee for the prevention of torture;

– Enhance the human rights training of staff in police and penitentiary institutions;

(7) Ensure respect of children’s rights.

– Continue efforts with a view to protecting the rights of the child by ensuring the implementation of the Declaration and Plan of Action agreed at the UN Special Session on Children in May 2002, including the implementation of a national action plan;

– Implement the relevant section in (’s) National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP) for 2004-2008;

(8) Ensure equal treatment

– Continue efforts to ensure the equality of men and women in society and economic life, based on non-discrimination

(9) Ensure respect for the freedom of expression.

– Ensure transparent relationship between the authorities and media institutions in line with Council of Europe recommendations; State financial assistance for media to abide by strict and objective criteria equally applicable to all media;

– Put in place and implement appropriate legal framework guaranteeing the freedom of expression and of the media, in line with European standards and on the basis of the recommendations of the Council of Europe.

(10) Ensure respect for the freedom of association and foster the development of civil society

– Amend law on assemblies to bring it in line with the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights;

– Effective dialogue between the different political forces of the country, following recommendations by the Council of Europe and making full use of the opportunities offered under their auspices;

– Facilitate and support civil society development, enhanced dialogue and co-operation.