Traducerea Si Revizia Lingvistica a Textelor din Domeniul Bancar

Economie

Traducerea Si Revizia Lingvistica a Textelor din Domeniul Bancar

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

Traducerea și revizia lingvistică a textelor din

domeniul bancar (studiu de caz)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. SPECIFICITY IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TEXTS

I.1. Ways of Translating Economic Terminology

I.2. Nonequivalence and Strategies Dealing With It

I.3. Peculiarities in Translating Accounting and Bank Documentation

II. PRACTICAL ASPECTS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY

II.1. Formative and Thematic Analysis of Economic Terminology

II.2. The Analysis of the Difficulties in Translation of Banking and Business Related Texts

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

The vocabulary of a language consists of a group of lexical units, divided in two major categories:

lexical units of common language

lexical units of specialized or professional language.

The specialized language represents a challenge for any foreign language user, because it requires on one hand, a good grammatical and lexical knowledge of the target language, and on the other, the concepts and terminology of a particular field. Because the terminology actually actively participates at the production, increase, congregation, combination and generalization of knowledge about the essence of things, of phenomenon and nature processes, of social, cultural things and thinking [2, p.21].

The current labor market has a growing requirement for skilled cognizants of specialized languages, that can accurately and efficiently use these languages and translate texts of different fields from the target language into the native language and vice versa.

Eugeniu Coșeriu disapproves the specialists who believe that because of the semantic and connotative language diversity, exact translation is impossible. Moreover, is not agree with those who consider that what is said in one language can be said into another, due to the universality of meaning and of the linguistic outlook. The linguist states that all this specialists, although are partially right, they are also wrong regarding the true status of the translations nature, and regarding the correlation between the “translation – language”. However, their fundamental mistake is that they place the translation at the level of the language and believe that the process of translation means to transpose the meanings from a language to the meanings of another language. The languages may not be translated, they are not the object of the translation, they are the instrument of the translation. The real object to be translated is the speech or the text, and what is translated is not the languages content, but the content of the text [3, p.17].

Translators who wish to work in the field of specialized translations are advised to spend more time and make a considerable effort in trying to assimilate specialized knowledge in the field of reference; for certain sections of the specialized field, this is essential. However, for other types of communication based on specialized translation, it is possible the development of a systematic approach of the task, that allows producing target texts, fit for purpose, in a variety of areas, which do not require formal qualification. Both translational offices and individual clients would prefer a competent specialist in one or more languages to the detriment of qualified translators with excellent translation skills, including the ability to handle specialized tasks related to translation. For a so-called translator, the problem is to convince potential customers that he is able to perform the task of the translation.

The aim regarding this work covered the attitude toward the practice of translation and difficulties met while working on documentation regarding banking field, human resources and economic fields that I fulfilled at the CB “MobiasBanca – Group Société Générale ” S.A., as a translator of English, Russian and Romanian languages, during five weeks. MobiasBanca is one of the first commercial banks in Moldova, oriented to serve both corporate and individual clients. Pursuing this aim, I can proudly mention the accomplished objectives that will help me further:

handle efficiently specific banking terminology

develop determination and teamwork spirit

take responsibility for the professionalization of the career

improve knowledge of English language at a professional level

accumulate socio-cultural and linguistic skills

develop the capacity of self-assessment and monitor the intellectual development

develop the capacity of accessibility of information for determining the difficulty degree of the content

improve the translation strategies and techniques

The actuality of the theme. As language is in an unstoppable, permanent change, the influence of English language on our society is very visible and the economic domain, within the context of a linguistic globalization, it is noticeably influenced by Anglicism. Borrowed words had always have a special attention dragged upon them, as them are actively analyzed, described and classified. The linguist S.G.Ilyenko notes that the changes that take place regarding the language, empowered by the formation of democratic states, pluralism, market economy, joining the world civilization are immediately felt in the linguistic system of specific lexemes. Therefore, there is an uncontrollably tendency to borrow [7, p.77]. The process of borrowing from the English language represents one of the main characteristics of our language development, in comparison with the words borrowed from French in the XVIIIth century [9, p.110].

Structure of the project. The given work consists of introduction, two sections that are divided into subsections, conclusion, bibliography and annexes.

The Introduction sets the topic of the work and its actuality, are formulated the main objectives and a short presentation of the actual linguistic condition

The First section encompasses the ways of translating and dealing with nonequivalent terms, and peculiarities in translating banking documentation.

The Second section is a practical one, which include thematic, structural and morphological analysis of economic terms.

The Conclusion encompasses the results and the conclusions of the work; is established that the researched terminological section proves some common characteristics between English and Romanian languages because of an active loan process, and usage of international terms in the terminological system.

The Bibliography indicates the sources of specialized literature, sorted in an alphabetical order.

The Annex comprises the Glossary with terms translated in three languages, organized also in an alphabetical order, some diagrams, which present a research of the economic terminology and tables with analyzed acronyms and morphologically changed words.

SFECIFICITY IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TEXTS

I.1. Ways of Translating Economic Terminology

Currently, in the era of a dynamic development of economic relations, the communication in the field of economy is more important than ever, and therefore, the necessity of an adequate translation of economic terminology is higher than ever.

The integration process in Europe, undoubtedly, represents one of the main reasons for the significant growth of the market of translational services, at the expenses of which fall enormous costs.

The relevance of the study of the methods and problems regarding the translation of economic orientation terminology due to the increased cooperation between foreign countries and the growing volume of communication in this professional field. A necessary condition for cross-language communication is the terms equivalent. Thus, the study of the problems of translation of banking and economic texts is a requirement of time.

Here are exposed some basic methods for translating economic terminology:

Borrowing – the phonetic and morphological reproduction of a morpheme, word or phrase in another language (a broker, a jobber).

Calques – a way of translation of the original lexical unit by replacing its component parts (morphemes or words) of their lexical correspondences in the target language.

Literal translation – a translation in which the syntactic structure of the original is converted to a similar structure of the target language while maintaining a set of notional words and their order in the original and in translation.

Transposition – a method of translation which consists in replacing one part of the speech with another one without changing the meaning of the entire message.

Description – a translation of multicomponental terms, that do not have a lexical equivalent in their native language.

Equivalence – the use of completely different stylistic and structural means to describe the same situation in two texts.

Adaptation – a method of translation applicable in cases where the situation in question in the original language, does not exist in the target language and can be transmitted by another situation that is considered equivalent [11, p.162].

For professionals, working in the field of banking, finance and economics is needed an adequate translation of documents from different languages with a using of the Dictionary. Undoubtedly, a significant role should belong to the experts themselves, which are capable to see the translation errors; to determine the accuracy of the economic meaning of the relevant foreign terms and to fix the lack of adequate translation and, in this case, to determine the need for borrowing terms.

I.2. Nonequivalence and Strategies Dealing With It

The word nonequivalence means that the target language does not have a direct equivalent for a word from the source language. Baker identifies the following common types of a word nonequivalence [1, p.21-26]:

Specific culturally concepts – totally unknown in the target culture, as the source culture reflects a specific reality: affinity card [Ro: card de membru/ apartenență/ afinitate; De: die Zugehörigkeitskarte] – “a credit card issued in the United States for a particular group (affinity group), and for the members of a club, college etc.” [7, p.23]; inland bill [Ro: proiect de lege internă; De: der Inlandswechsel] – “an issued and payable bill in the United Kingdom” [ibidem, p.349]; moonlighting [Ro: muncă la negru/ două servicii; De: die Schwarzarbeit/ die Mehrfachbeschäftigung/ die Nebenarbeit]- “having two jobs, one full-time, during the day, and one part-time, in the evening” [ibidem, p.450]; prime rate [Ro: prima rată; De: die Prime Rate]- “an interest rate, at which the US banks loan money to first category borrowers (base rate in the UK)” [ibidem, p.539]. Gradually, some of these terms can become part of reality in the target culture and can be used as loaned words.

The concept from the target culture isn’t lexicalized in the source culture – a word from the source language can express a concept that is known in the target language, but isn’t lexicalized, which means that wasn’t assigned a word from the target language: gazump [Ro: a ridica prețul unui imobil sau a accepta oferta mărită, al cărui cost s-a discutat verbal, fără a semna vreun contract; De: bei jdm. Den Preis einer Immobilie erhöhen, nachdem der Verkäufer ein Angebot eines Interessenten angenommen hat]- “to rise the price or to accept a higher offer for the land, building etc., whose sales prices have been agreed verbally, but before having an exchange of contracts” [ibidem, p.304]; gazunder [Ro: a reduce oferta unui apartament, înaintea semnării contractului, după ce a fost stabilit un preț mai mare; De: der Käufer unterbietet kurz vor Unterzeichnung des Kaufvertrags sein eigenes Angebot] – “to reduce an offer for an apartment, a house etc., right before signing the contract, after initially was set a higher price” [ibidem, p.304].

The word from the source language is semantically more complex – one word that consist of a single morpheme can sometimes express a more complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. For example, crosrii contractului, după ce a fost stabilit un preț mai mare; De: der Käufer unterbietet kurz vor Unterzeichnung des Kaufvertrags sein eigenes Angebot] – “to reduce an offer for an apartment, a house etc., right before signing the contract, after initially was set a higher price” [ibidem, p.304].

The word from the source language is semantically more complex – one word that consist of a single morpheme can sometimes express a more complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. For example, cross-selling [Ro: vânzare încrucișată; De: Cross-Selling] – the practice of selling products or services related to existing consumers” [ibidem, p.366]; spamming – the sending of unsolicited and unwanted emails in large quantities for promotional purposes” [ibidem, p.642].

The source language and the target language make different distinctions in terms of meaning – what a language consider being a distinction in terms of meaning, another language may not perceive it as relevant. For example, the English language has a set of words to describe the action of making someone lose his job: to dismiss – “to remove someone from the job he holds” [8, p.387]; to fire (especially in the American English, familiar) – “to force someone to lose their job” [ibidem, p.524]; to sack (British English, informal) – “to kick someone out of his job” [ibidem, p.1248]; to lay off – to end the employment contract of an employee, especially in the period when there is no much work to do” [ibidem, p.797].

Formal differences – certain suffixes and prefixes often have no direct equivalents in other languages. For example, the English prefix “over-” has a Romanian equivalent “supra-” and German “über-“, in such words as to overbid [überbieten] – “a supralicita” [ibidem, p.214]; to overburden [überlasten] – “a suprasolicita” [ibidem, p.214]; to overvalue [überbewerten] – “a supraevalua” [ibidem, p.214].

It is important for the translators to understand the contribution that the affixes have over the meaning of the words and expressions, especially since they are often used in English language in a creative manner to form new words for various reasons, such as coverage of temporary semantic gaps or to create humor.

f. Lent words in the source language – often used for adding a sophisticated meaning in the text or content. In the Romanian economic texts there is an increasing number of borrowed terms from English, for example: management [12, p.25], manager [ibidem, p.51], leader [ibidem, p.75], coaching, mentoring [ibidem, p.139], broker [ibidem, p.234] etc.

According to Baker, professional translators should use a number of strategies when dealing with non-equivalence at the word level [6, p.26-42]:

Translating by a more general term – is used to overcome the relative lack of specificity in the target language compared with the source language; translators must find a more general term that covers the central meaning of hyponymy lack of the target language. For example, the English term “liability” is translated in Romanian by more general terms as “răspundere, obligație” [15, p.387].

Translation by a neutral/ less expressive term – is inevitable in many cases where there is not an expressive correspondent in the target language. For example, the term moonlighter “a person who has two jobs, one during the day and one in the evening” [11, p.191] is neutrally translated as “persoană cu două servicii” [9, p.191].

Translation by cultural substitution – involves the replacing of an item or a specific cultural expression with an item from the target language that does not have the same propositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact in the target language. A Romanian term “ministru” is perfectly translated with the English equivalent minister, but there can be some translational misunderstanding when translating “Ministru de Finanțe” whose equivalent is not Minister of Finance, but the best option, Chancellor of Exchequer (Great Britain); der Finanzminister [16, p.246].

Translation using a loan word or a loan word plus the explication – is especially common in treating specific cultural items, modern concepts or invented words.

Paraphrasing using a related term – tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language, but in a different form and when the frequency with which a particular form is used in the source language is significantly higher than would be natural in the target language.

Translation by omission – if the meaning of a particular item or a certain expression is not vital for the development of the text, to justify the reader’s distraction with lengthy explanations, translators can omit the translation of the word or expression.

Translation by illustration – is a useful option if one word lacks an equivalent in the target language and refers to a physical entity that can be shown, especially if there are space restrictions and whether the text should remain short and to the point. Usually, in economic texts there is no translation by illustration, but there are many situations when are used tables, diagrams and graphics to show a certain method, strategy or system.

I.3. Peculiarities in Translating Accounting and Bank Documentation

National borders are becoming more transparent and there is a possibility of doing business with contractors and partners from all countries and territories. The international financial capital appears to be an apologist of globalization. Today, the cash flow equals with the circulatory system, calling for unity, interaction and maintaining viability. Nowadays, the presence of foreign partners is considered common practice, and the translation of banking agreements, bills, audit reports, accounting records, price lists and other documents into English and other languages is the basis of international financial relations.

The economic translation is considered a broad concept that includes a number of industries, which have their own principles of drafting laws and terminology. Therefore, for the translation of financial and banking records, it is important to find a highly specialized translator who would understand a specific sector. For example, for a bank translation are required knowledge of banking business, but for the translation of accounting reports – basic knowledge of accounting. In addition, for translating of lease agreements, loan agreements or promissory notes is sometimes necessary not so much the possession of economic terminology as knowledge of legal vocabulary.

Translation of financial and banking documents often implies:

translation of bank records

translation of the statutory and founding documents

translation of accounting and auditing documents

translation of business plans

translation of statistical documents

translation of accompanying documents

Of course, the translation of the financial and banking documents represents a very demanding area of translation, because any inaccuracies or errors could bring large financial losses.

It is important to remember that every state has its own national regulations regarding accountability and forms of analysis. In addition, the financial world is built on its unwritten rules and traditions that must be taken into consideration when obtaining a high-quality translation. This is why translators engaged in working with financial and banking documentation, should be responsible, careful and neat, and have the skills to work with graphs and figures. In addition, upon completion, the translated documentation should be carefully checked and if necessary edited.

Translation of financial and banking documents may be required not only within the limits of a company, such translations may be required by an individual and if he plans to open an account in a foreign bank or apply for a bank loan abroad (for example, when buying a property). In addition, a translation regarding the banking field may be needed when an embassy requires a statement on the current account. Taking into account the specific information to be transferred, the translator of the banking and financial documentation must ensure the confidentiality of the information needed to be translated, where usually translation agencies sign a nondisclosure agreement.

II. PRACTICAL ASPECTS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY

II.1. Formative and Thematic Analysis of Economic Terminology

The justification of the economic terminology is a complex investigation. In the last years, the study of scientific terminologies in terms of language is more developed and more important. It is necessary for the common lexicon to compel the relationship with a more limited vocabulary than the specialized interest in broader terms useful in various fields, beyond a given specialty. Under these conditions, economics, deeply involved in the social development, has a great importance. The fundamental socio-economic changes leads to lexical dynamics and extensive terminology. The transition from social economy and to a market economy cause evolutions and conceptual differences. The need for understanding of wide circulation of economic terms, of their extending in different types of communication, requires a correct decoding, the result of a proper definition. The definition of economic terms must register on certain coordinates, regardless of their use. Therefore, the analysis will focus primarily on the economic speech environment, but faced with the strictly scientific speech.

We know that the terminology of a discipline is not a state, but a process that never ends. When creating a new discipline, the lexical forms, the meanings, are fluctuating: the new terms can be used together with the archaic ones; borrowed words flow altogether with the local terms; simple terms can be used as synonyms for complicated words. Semantically, it always gives the possibility to readjust or to create something new. During the evolution or the development of a discipline, the terminology is being secured, but its stability depends on the volume of communication using this certain terminology [13, p.36].

Analyzing the terms gathered in the Glossary, the economic terms can be divided in:

one member terms

two member terms

three member terms

four member terms.

The majority of terms, composed of 94 terms, are comprised of two member terms, which represent 47% from the entire Glossary. One-member terms, are having 41% and 82 words. The terms consisting of three words, compose 11.5%, with a number of 23 words and just one term consisted of four words, 0.5% (see Annex 1, Diagram 1).

Overall, all the terms are nouns, but some two-member terms, consist of a noun and an adjective, for example: available credit, Business Day, canceled check, certified check, direct deposit, electronic banking, forged check etc.

I shall give an example from each group of terms. The first group consists of a one-member term, which is “annuity”:

“The annuity is primarily used to ensure a stable cash flow for depositors in the following years of their withdrawal from work or retirement”.

“Anuitatea este folosită in primul rând pentru a asigura un flux monetar stabil pentru deponenți în anii ulteriori retragerii din activitate sau pensionării acestora”.

Die Rente. Die Jahreszahlung, die Pension, die Annuität

Two member term, “credit report“:

“A credit report includes information on where you live, how you pay your bills, and whether you’ve been sued or have filed for bankruptcy”.

“Un raport creditor include informația despre locul tău de trai, despre cum îți achiți facturile, și conține informația dacă ai fost dat în judecată sau ați dat faliment”.

Die Kreditauskunft

Three member term, “money market fund”:

“Alegând un fond monetar, iți reduci riscul de expunere, pentru că investiția ta este diversificată pe mai multe bănci”.

“Choosing a money market fund, you reduce the risk of exposure, because your investment is diversified across several banks”.

Der Geldmarktfond

Four member term, “cease and desist letter”:

“This cease and desist template should not be used without first consulting with an experienced attorney.”

“Acest șablon de scrisoare de informare despre încetarea activității nu ar trebui utilizat fără a consulta mai întâi un avocat calificat”.

Die Unterlassungsaufforderung

The most active modality to form new terms represents the morphological one. In the theory of English language, morphological elements had always an important role. We distinguish the next morphological formative method: use of suffixes, prefixes, of suffixes + prefixes and compound words.

Changing the meaning of words, the transition of words in different lexical and grammatical category, values shifts lead to a change in the function of speech, “to create new words with the help of available funds in the derivational language” [1, p.3]. “In every living language never ceases the process of replenishment with new words. A part of them is created by derivation. Therefore, derivation more directly, than many other linguistic systems, reflects the changes in our surroundings” [10, p.18]. Consideration of the morphological structure of the term with the release of its constituent elements must begin with its relationship with the basic unit of the language – a word. The term primarily relates to the “general class lexical units, and its belonging to a special vocabulary is a secondary, specific feature” [6, p.26]. There is always a certain amount of lexical units, which “create difficulties” in the allocation of terminological lexicon from the vocabulary of the language. If we trace the etymology of the lexical unit, immediately appearing in the language as a term, we can see that in the language it was originally a common word. Therefore, the difference between the word and the term due to the fact that terms and words reflect the phenomenon of “different levels of mental activity – scientific thinking and consumer handling representations” [6, p.32].

The analysis of derived words involved in the study assumes the “compatibility with the basics of word-building elements and identifying those links that exist between production based on different semantic classes and affixes” [4, p.11]. Now, the problem of productive word-formation is relevant. A study of factors influencing the process of creating words, their combination will allow to predict the process of creating these words.

Based on the fact that the affixes are the official morphemes of the language, which “have a wide range of compatibility with certain roots or foundations and engaging with them in stereotypical semantic relationship are at the same time associated with the point of view including their regular structures” [2, p.133], is appropriate to consider productive suffixes and prefixes model nouns characteristic for the English economic terminology.

The morphological analysis conducted on 260 economic terms showed that productive in economic terms are models of nouns with suffixes:

-tion – 74 units (11,8%)

-er – 67 units (10,72%)

-ment – 37 units (5,92%)

-ing – 29 units (4,64%)

-or – 20 units (3,2%)

-ity – 12 units (1,92%)

-ee – 11 units (1,76%)

The analysis of nouns formed by prefixes in the economic terminology, showed that out of 260 units only 10 terms are formed by a prefix attached to the noun base.

From the analysis of the morphological characteristic of the economic terminology, it is clear that the suffix method is more productive compared with the prefix. The studies related to the suffixes and prefixes “favor the fact of greater gravity to the method of formation words with the suffixes and smaller with prefixes” [4, p.723 – 758].

My Glossary comprises some morphologically changed terms, formed with the help of prefixes. For example: insufficient funds, a negative adjective formed from „sufficient”, turning him into an antonym that means „lacking in what is necessary or required” [18, online]. Uncollected funds, the prefix again transforms the term into a negative one, and is explained as „not having being called for, gathered or collected”.

In the next example, bankruptcy, to the main affix was added the suffix „-cy” and transformed the affix from an adjective to a noun, meaning – „the state of being bankrupt” [ibidem, online]. The term debtor, remains a noun with and without the suffix „-or”. It just transfers the whole attention to a person who is under financial obligation to another. Garnishment is used to form a noun from verb, the sense being the result of what is denoted by the verb [19, online].

The terms composed from two or more words are generally nouns, for example: foreclosure, where fore’s explanation is – “situated at or toward the front, as compared to something else” and closure – “the act of closing; the state of being closed; conclusion”. Meanwhile, the first explication given by the dictionary for the foreclosure is – “the act of depriving a mortgagor of the right to redeem his property” [18, online]. Another example, passbook – “a small book or ledger for each customer in which a merchant keeps a record of goods sold on credit and the amounts owed and paid; a bankbook.

The interesting fact is that in German, the composed words are something natural. If in English there are terms composed out of two words, in German there can be two, three, four or more words in one. In Romanian, this phenomenon is not so popular, at least in my Glossary. Examples:

Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamten-gesellschaft [80 letters, 8 words – „Association of sub-ordinate officials of the head office management of the Danube steamboat electrical service“[20, online] etc.

Being such a wide branch within the social sciences, it is full of terms used in different domains from our lives. Analyzing the Glossary and researching the internet I counted terminologies from six areas of economy, and meaning: legal terminology [21, online], business terminology [22, online], banking terminology [23, online], accounting terminology [24, online], audit terminology [25, online], finance terminology [26, online], and economic terminology [27, online]. Even though this terms are borrowed from one field to another and can be used in the contexts of every group, I distinguished 30 terms from the legal terminology (15%), 62 terms from banking terminology (31%), 12 terms from accounting (6%), 22 terms used in business (11%), 45 terms from finance (22.5%), 26 terms from economy (13%) and 3 audit terms consisting 1.5% (See Annex 2, Diagram 2)

In Moldova, people begin more and more to use borrowed words in their daily conversations, especially borrowed from English language. In the banking sphere, employing more and more young specialist, it is mandatory their comprehension of foreign languages.

II.2. The Analysis of the Difficulties in Translation of Banking and Business Related Texts

Text 1

Source language (original):

The relationship with the competent authorities (Police, Exceptional Situations Department, etc.) and companies, which provide outsourcing services of security values transportation and guardian services (on monthly basis).

Target language (Romanian):

Outsourcing, externalizare

Target language (German):

Das Outsourcing, der Fremdbezug, die Ausgründung, die Fremdvergabe [17, online]

The difficulty that I met when translating this phrase was regarding the term “outsourcing”. Working with it, I did not find an appropriate equivalent. However, in such fields as banking and economy this word is usually not translated, but used in its initial form.

In the source text, „outsourcing” has the role of an adjective. In another context, it can be used as a verb, meaning to acquire goods or sign a contract with a company or person to do a task or an assignment for another company as a part of a major project [18, online].

Text 2:

Source language (Romanian)

Nu doar persoanele fizice, afacerile și guvernele au nevoie să depoziteze și să împrumute bani, ei au nevoie să pună banii în circulație – de exemplu, de la cumpărător la vânzător, de la angajatori la angajați sau de la contribuabili la guvern.

Target language (English):

To move funds around, to put in requisition, to give currency to something/someone, to float, to issue, to pass, to circulate;

Target language (German):

Die Gelder verbreiten, lancieren, schwanken, floaten, lassen, ausgeben.

Target language (Russian):

Bкладывать деньги

It was difficult to find the right translation for “a pune banii în circulație”, as translating it word-by-word, the result does not sound so professional. And after a day of researching on internet I found the variant “to move funds around”. I German, taking the English version, I could not find an appropriate translation, so I had to follow the Romanian version for it.

Text 3:

Source language (Romanian):

Posibilitățile de cumpărare pură a unui activ pe o piață și de vânzare imediată a unui activ identic pe o altă piață la un preț mai mare, au devenit mai rare în ultimii ani, parțial din cauza globalizării piețelor financiare.

Target language (English):

Arbitrage

Target language (German):

Die Schlichtung, die Arbitrage, die Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, das Schiedsgerichtsverfahren

Target language (Russian):

Арбитраж

In this example, we can observe that in English, German and Russian the translated term can be exposed in one word, while in Romanian the word is given by its explication within the sentence. In the Romanian explicative dictionary, I found the word “arbitraj” – soluționarea unui litigiu de către un arbitru [28, online]. According to the explication, the word is connected with the sports field, and not with the economic one.

Text 4:

Source language (English):

A subsidiary is not excluded from consolidation simply because the investor is a venture capital organization, mutual fund, unit trust or similar entity.

Target language (Romanian):

Fond comun, fond mutual, fond de investiții.

Target language (German):

Der Anlagefonds, der Investitionsfonds.

Target language (Russian):

Взаимный фонд, паевой инвестиционный фонд.

The morphologic structure of the formula “mutual fund” and “unit trust” is Adjective + Noun. In Romanian “fond comun” is Noun + Adjective, in German “der Anlagefonds” is Noun + Noun and in Russian “взаимный фонд“ is Adjective + Noun. The same thing happens with the second example. In English and in Russian, the adjective comes in front of the noun, while in Romanian after the noun. This is a natural process when translating something, the words can change their position in sentence, but the main idea must be preserved.

CONCLUSION

Y. P. Solodub claims that translation is a creative intellectual activity, denoting the transmitting of information from a source language into a target language [15, p.7].

The eternal question of translation theory is what the translator actually translates and how he does that. Despite of all scholars arguing about this issue, specialists of translation quite successful accomplish their tasks. The high number of translations that actively take part in the cultural exchange between countries and people represent an evidence [13, p.55].

Taking into account the classifications based on the content and of the domain of a translation, Gouadec distinguishes “economic translation” and “translation of documents related to economy” [5, p.11] among another types of translation. Nevertheless, it is considered that this kind of translation is unattractive. This is why it is recommended to work in specialized domains that you are familiar with.

Analyzing the issue of economic translation, I can claim that the most important methods used to translate economic terminology represent the comparative analysis between the terms from the target language and source language from the specialized texts; the questioning of cases of nonequivalence and of strategies dealing with it; the methods based on action and research that connects theory with practice. The equivalence between identity terms is a tricky process, as different languages represent different and complex linguistic systems, and the translation doesn’t take place just between this languages, but between texts embedded in complex communicational situations. A professional translator always have to be aware of the communicative value of the text from the source language and of the closest equivalent from the target language. If the sender wants to approach an economic text, there is a potential community that will belong and will understand this field and the text will be directed mainly to them. They will be the first receivers and they will understand better the content of the text.

Since the text will envisage a specialized topic, the translator needs special linguistic, communicative and textual knowledge for a better understanding of the message. After this, he must determine the ways in which the text was built in relation to his stylistic, syntactic and lexical competences, and with his semantic, pragmatic and semiotic particularities, which could have been problematic during the translation process. This is why the main difficulty of the translator in his profession is the continuous process of equivalence establishment for solving the problems.

The image of a translator is not represented any more as a person who stays in a office and works surrounded by books, dictionaries and computer. Today, Together with the high evolution of technology, of markets and affairs in the world, translators are asked to be more open-minded, flexible, adapt easily when it comes to changes and prepared to face the challenges.

The category of foreign words or words of foreign origin, the expression of borrowed words is a common expression. Foreign words are transferred from one language to another with their particular pronunciation, writing and etymology. If the social layer of the language in question shows a positive attitude toward the foreign words and grammar, then the local language makes possible their acceptance and the new terms are integrated in terms of pronunciation, form and spell.

Translation has many roles, it represents a source of knowledge about different and unknown cultures, it can have a social and political impact, and it can change the course of history. In economic field, inaccuracies in translation can bring loss of huge amount of money and unsigned contracts, that can force to make a step back regarding local or international development of the markets.

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ANNEXES

Annex 1

Diagram 1. Structural classification of terms.

Annex 2

Diagram2. Thematic Classification of Terms.

Annex 3

Table 1

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

BANKING TERMS