To further the development of knowledge, scholars require access to relevant scholarly literature. Increasingly, this lit erature is… [620216]

What Is Open Access?
ByCharles W. Bailey, Jr.
Preprint: 2/7/06
Introduction
To further the development of knowledge, scholars require access to relevant
scholarly literature. Increasingly, this lit erature is interdisciplinary, global,
expensive, digital, and hidden behind technical walls to comply with license
restrictions. It is also burgeoning.
Little wonder that even scholars at the richest universities in the world have
difficulty accessing th e specialized literature that they need, while those at the
poorest barely have any access at all.
What can be done? The open access movement believes it has an answer to this
critical question. Many of its prominent figures have little or no interest i n
reforming the existing scholarly communication system. Rather, they are
interested in transforming it so that it can function effectively in the rapidly
changing technological environment.1
"Open Access" Defined
There are a variety of definitions of " open access," and the concept is still
evolving; however, several key documents, which build upon each other,
collectively comprise the best current definition of this term.
The Budapest Open Access Initiative
In December 2001, the Open Society Institute convened a meeting of prominent
scholarly communication change agents in Budapest that strongly influenced the
nascent open access movement. The result of this meeting was the "Budapest
Open Access Initiative" (BOAI). Its definition of open access (OA) , while refined
by subsequent documents, remains the most influential one to this day:

The literature that should be freely accessible online is that which scholars
give to the world without expectation of payment. Primarily, this
category encompasses th eir peer -reviewed journal articles, but it also
includes any unreviewed preprints that they might wish to put online for
comment or to alert colleagues to important research findings. There are
many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this lit erature. By
"open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public
internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print,
search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing,
pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose,
without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable
from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on
reproduction and distribution, and the only role f or copyright in this
domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work
and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. . . .
To achieve open access to scholarly journal literature, we recommend two
complementary strategies.
I. Self -Archiving: First, scholars need the tools and assistance to deposit
their refereed journal articles in open electronic archives, a practice
commonly called, self -archiving. When these archives conform to
standards created by the Open Archive s Initiative, then search engines
and other tools can treat the separate archives as one. Users then need not
know which archives exist or where they are located in order to find and
make use of their contents.
II. Open -access Journals: Second, schol ars need the means to launch a
new generation of journals committed to open access, and to help existing
journals that elect to make the transition to open access. Because journal
articles should be disseminated as widely as possible, these new journals
will no longer invoke copyright to restrict access to and use of the material
they publish. Instead they will use copyright and other tools to ensure
permanent open access to all the articles they publish. Because price is a
barrier to access, these new j ournals will not charge subscription or access
fees, and will turn to other methods for covering their expenses.2

Examining this definition, we note several key points. First, open access works
are freely available. Second, they are "online," which woul d typically mean that
they are digital documents available on the Internet. Third, they are scholarly
worksromance novels, popular magazines, self -help books, and the like are
excluded. Fourth, the authors of these works are not paid for their efforts. Fifth,
since most (but not all) authors of peer -reviewed journal articles are not paid and
such works are scholarly, these articles are identified as the primary type of open
access material. Sixth, there are an extraordinary number of permitted uses for
open access materials. Aside from the requirements of proper attribution of the
author and the assurance of the integrity of the work, users can copy and
distribute open access works without constraint. Seventh, there are two key
open access strategies: self-archiving and open access journals (these will be
discussed in detail later).
Peter Suber characterizes the core concept of open access this way: open access
removes "price barriers" (e.g., subscription fees) and "permission barriers" (e.g.,
copyrig ht and licensing restrictions) to "royalty -free literature" (i.e., scholarly
works created for free by authors), making them available with "minimal use
restrictions" (e.g., author attribution).3
Why are open access works only digital? After the creation of the first digital
copy of a work, the cost of creating additional copies and distributing them on
the Internet is marginal. This contrasts with paper -based publishing, which not
only entails meaningful paper -copy production costs, but also physical st orage
and distribution costs.
Are all free digital documents "open access" documents? Just because a digital
document is freely available, does not mean that the copyright owner has given
consent for the types of permissive uses envisioned in the BOAI. Nor does the
absence of a copyright statement necessarily mean that a digital document is in
the public domain, and the user should assume that the document is under full
copyright until a full investigation of the copyright status of the work is
conducted . If a free digital document does not have a license or special copyright
statement that specifically grants additional rights, the user's rights are limited
by standard copyright provisions, the most relevant right being fair use (or fair
dealing in the UK).
However, it should be noted that some influential open access proponents, such
as Stevan Harnad, assert that free access alone is sufficient to constitute open
access.4

The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing
Another landmark meeting was h eld in April 2003 at the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It resulted in the "Bethesda
Statement on Open Access Publishing," which extended the definition of open
access. The key section of the Bethesda Statement says:
1. The a uthor(s) and copyright holder(s) grant(s) to all users a free,
irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy,
use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and
distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible
purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship, as well as the right to
make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use.
2. A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials,
including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard
electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at
least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution,
scholarly society, government agency, or other well -established
organization that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted distribution,
interoperability, and long -term archiving (for the biomedical sciences,
PubMed Central is such a repository).5
The Bethesda Statement builds upon the BOAI, but how does it d iffer from it?
The BOAI does not indicate how copyright owners will operationalize the open
access concept. Aside from being able to access it freely, how will users know
that a specific work is an "open access" work? By contrast, the Bethesda
Statemen t specifies that copyright owners will grant users certain rights under
licenses, and these rights shall be "free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual." A
license is a contract, with terms and conditions that describe permitted uses. As
such, it supercedes users' copyright rights if it specifies terms and conditions that
negate them.
One such right under the Bethesda Statement, which the BOAI doesn't specify, is
the right to make derivative works. For example, a work could be translated into
another langu age without requiring permission.

Certain Creative Commons licenses can be used to grant open access rights.6For
example, the Creative Commons Attribution License gives users a " worldwide,
royalty -free, non -exclusive, perpetual" license to reproduce and distribute works
and to create derivative works from them in all existing and future media,
subject to certain conditions such as author attribution, retention of the original
copyright statement, and provision of the l icense or a link to it (the license also
grants other rights). The license states that: " Nothing in this license is intended
to reduce, limit, or restrict any rights arising from fair use, first sale or other
limitations on the exclusive rights of the copyright owner under copyright law or
other applicable laws."7A variety of other "open content" licenses also exist.8
The Bethesda Statement also introduces the requirement that open access
documents be deposited in digital repositories in "well -established"
organizations, as opposed to aut hor home pages or digital archives whose long –
term prospects are in doubt. These repositories will engage in " long -term
archiving." In other words, they will digitally preserve open access documents.
Again, some open access advocates assert that these t wo broad requirements are
not necessary for open access.9
The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the
Sciences and Humanities
In October 2003, the Conference on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences
and Humanities issued the "Berlin Decl aration on Open Access to Knowledge in
the Sciences and Humanities." Although there are minor differences between the
Bethesda Statement and the Berlin Declaration, they essentially say the same
thing. The reader is urged to read the original text for de tails.10
A follow -up meeting, Berlin 3 Open Access: Progress in Implementing the Berlin
Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities,
issued the following statement in March 2005:
In order to implement the Berlin Declaration ins titutions should
implement a policy to:
1.require their researchers to deposit a copy of all their published
articles in an open access repository
and

2.encourage their researchers to publish their research articles in
open access journals where a suitable journal exists (and provide
the support to enable that to happen).11
The BBB Definition of Open Access
Peter Suber refers to the collective BOAI, Bethesda Statement, and Berlin
Declaration open access definitions as the "BBB definition of open access,"12and
he notes that this definition "removes both price and permission barriers."13
However, Suber asserts elsewhere that: "Removing price barriers alone will give
most OA proponents most of what they want and need."14
It should be noted that op en access is rooted in existing copyright law: copyright
owners permit users to freely access their works and grant them additional rights
that remove permission barriers. Open access does not require that copyright
laws change in order for it to exist.15
Other Views of Open Access
There have been numerous additional open access declarations and statements
by various groups that further contribute to our understanding of open access,
including the "Access to Research Publications: Universities UK Positio n
Statement,"16"Australian Research Information Infrastructure Committee Open
Access Statement,"17Group of Eight's "Statement on Open Access to Scholarly
Information,"18"IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and
Research Documentation,"19"Messina Declaration,"20"Scottish Declaration of
Open Access,"21" Washington D.C. Principles for Free Access to Science,"22and
World Summit on the Information Society's "Declaration of Principles"23and
"Plan of Action"24(see Peter Suber's "Timeline of the Open Access Movement" for
others25).
Peter Suber has speculated that open access will extend its scope of coverage in
three phases, with "royalty -producing literature" being included in phase two
and copyright reform that expands the public domain occurring in phase three.26
In practice, a wide range of scholarly works beyond preprints and postprints
(e.g., books, conference presentations, electronic theses and dissertations, and
technical reports) are currently freely available on the Internet, s ome of which are
under Creative Commons or similar licenses.

Self-Archiving
Self-Archiving is the first open access strategy identified by the BOAI. Stevan
Harnad refers to it as the "Green Road" to open access,27and this term has come
into common usa ge.
"Self -Archiving" Defined
When authors make their articles freely available in digital form on the Internet,
they are said to be "self -archiving" them.28These articles can be either "preprints"
or "postprints."
Preprints are draft versions of arti cles that have not undergone peer review or
editorial review and modification. Most preprints are intended for submission
to journals, but some are not. The exchange of preprints among authors,
especially scientific authors, has a long history and, prio r to the Web, was done
by postal service mail, fax, e -mail, FTP servers, Gopher servers, and other
means.29
Postprints are the final published versions of articles. They can either be the
publisher's version of the article or an updated preprint that th e author creates to
reflect any changes made during the peer review and editorial processes.
Authors can make digital postprints available because either: (1) they have
retained copyright and only granted certain nonexclusive rights to publishers, (2)
they have transferred all rights to publishers, but publishers' policies permit
authors to distribute preprints under specified terms and conditions (most
publishers now have such self -archiving policies), or (3) they have modified the
preprint using errata/ corrigenda (other less common variations are also
possible).
Publisher self -archiving policies are quite diverse. Stevan Harnad groups and
codes them as follows: "gold (provides OA to its research articles, without delay),
green (permits postprint archi ving by authors), pale green (permits, i.e. doesn't
oppose, preprint archiving by authors), gray (none of the above)."30The
SHERPA Project maintains a public database of publishers' self -archiving
policies.31
Both digital preprints and postprints are called "e -prints."

Although the open access movement focuses on peer -reviewed literature, the
term "e -print" is also widely used to refer to digital versions of articles that will
be or have been published in scholarly, but non -peer -reviewed journals and
magazines.
Moreover, other types of scholarly digital materials, such as conference
presentations (e.g., PowerPoint presentations), may be said to be "self -archived"
by their authors.
Self-Archiving Strategies
The most common ways that e -prints are mad e available on the Internet are: (1)
authors' personal Websites, (2) disciplinary archives, (3) institutional -unit
archives, or (4) institutional repositories.32
These self -archiving strategies are not mutually exclusive. An author may self –
archive the s ame e -print in a personal author Website, a disciplinary archive, an
institutional -unit archive, and an institutional repository. Doing so increases the
likelihood that it will be found by interested users. With the exception of the
personal Website, th is act of self -archiving is referred to as "depositing" the e –
print.
While helpful, the below classification of self -archiving strategies is not intended
to be comprehensive or definitive. Given the increasingly powerful capabilities
of archiving and rep ository systems and the fecund imaginations their users,
self-archiving strategies are constantly evolving.
Let’s look briefly at the main self -archiving strategies:
1.Author’s Personal Websites : These Websites are often as simple as a few
linked Web page s, with associated e -print files in HTML, PDF, Word, or
other formats; however, they can be much more elaborate. E -print links
are typically in a separate publications list or integrated into a vita.
Website files are usually indexed in major search engi nes, which is useful
if the searcher has specific information about the desired e -print, such as
its title. Since the life circumstances of authors change (e.g., they change
jobs) and they die, the stability of these e -prints is variable and their
permane nce is not assured. Example: Stevan Harnad's "Online Research
Communication and Open Access,"
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/%7Eharnad/intpub.html.

2.Disciplinary Archives : Disciplinary archives include e -prints (or e -prints
plus other types of digital works) by authors from around the world
covering one or more subjects. They are typically full -featured systems
that support author deposit and metadata creation, deposit screening by
archive moderators, fielded and keyword searching, browsing, and export
of met adata to specialized search engines using a protocol called OAI –
PMH. The stability and permanence of these archives is usually
determined by their formal affiliation with institutions or professional
organizations; informal individual or small group effor ts may be subject
to the same issues outlined for personal Websites, plus the ongoing level
of interest of participants. Disciplinary archives are often implemented
using free open source software, such as EPrints. Example: arXiv.org (a
major disciplinar y archive for computer science, mathematics, nonlinear
sciences, physics, and quantitative biology), http://arxiv.org/.
3.Institutional -Unit Archives : Institutional -unit archives include e -prints
(or e -prints plus other types of digital works) by authors in a single
academic unit (e.g., a department or school) of an institution. While
departmental (or smaller unit) archives can be simple and resemble
personal author Websites, they can also use the same free open source
software and have the same functiona l capabilities as disciplinary
archives. Since they are associated with institutional units, the stability
and permanence of these archives is generally high, although archives in
smaller units may depend on informal individual or small group effort.
Example: Duke Law Faculty Scholarship Repository,
http://eprints.law.duke.edu/.

4.Institutional Repositories : Institutional repositories include diverse types
of digital works (e.g., electronic theses and dissertations, e -prints, learning
objects, presentation s, and technical reports) by authors at one institution
or, less frequently, at multiple institutions. They are often established and
maintained by libraries or libraries working in partnership with other
major institutional entities, such as the institut ion's information
technology unit. Since they are formal institutional functions, institutional
repositories are permanent and stable. There is often a commitment to use
digital preservation techniques to ensure the continued availability and
usefulness of the digital materials that they contain. Institutional
repository systems share the capabilities described previously for
disciplinary and institutional -unit archives, but may be further optimized
to more fully support a wide range of digital materials , the autonomous
operation of institutional units, and digital preservation. They may
include electronic document publishing functions, such as e -journal
management or conference paper management systems. They typically
utilize free open source software, such as DSpace, EPrints, or Fedora, but
may be externally hosted by vendors for designed fees. Institutional
repository staff may offer a range of services, such as document deposit,
metadata creation, repository promotion, training, and user support.
(Although less common, there are also institutional e -print archives that
only contain e -prints.) Example: DSpace at MIT,
https://dspace.mit.edu/index.jsp.
Some universities, such as Queensland University of Technology33and the
Universidade do Minho,34have mandated self -archiving by their scholars. The
"Institutional Self -Archiving Policy Registry"35provides access to university self –
archiving policies.
Self-Archiving Copyright Practices
Although e -prints are freely available, their authors do not fo llow consistent
copyright notice or license practices, and, consequently, they may have: "(1) no
copyright statement (under US law they are under copyright by default); (2) a
conventional copyright statement; (3) a copyright statement that is modified by
specific use provisions (e.g., liberal use permitted for noncommercial purposes);
(4) a Creative Commons or other license, which may or may not permit
commercial use or derivative works; or (5) another variation."36

Open Access Journals
Open access journa ls are the second open access strategy identified by the BOAI.
Stevan Harnad refers to open access journals as the "Gold Road" to open access.37
"Open Access Journals" Defined
Open access journals have the following characteristics: (1) they are scholar ly, (2)
they utilize quality control mechanisms like those of conventional journals (e.g.,
editorial oversight and copy editing), (3) they are digital; (4) they are freely
available, (5) they may allow authors to retain their copyrights, and (6) they may
use Creative Commons or similar licenses.38
There is some dispute as to whether open access journals must utilize peer
review as a quality control mechanism. Most do, but there are also some high –
quality journals that don't and meet all other criteria, ye t have great impact on
their fields of study. D-Lib Magazine is an example of such a journal.39
Likewise, the question of whether the journal must use a Creative Commons or
similar license is another area of dispute. This dispute reflects the deeper,
fundamental question of whether "open access" is just free access or free access
plus a set of specified use rights that go significantly beyond normal copyright
rights.
The Directory of Open Access Journals , which is published by Lund University
Libraries, provides access to about 2,000 digital journals that have been classified
as open access journals based on stated criteria.40Open access journals may also
be included in conventional index and abstract databases.
Types of Open Access Journal Publishers
The major types of open access journal publishers are: (1) born -OA publishers,
(2) conventional publishers, and (3) non -traditional publishers.41The same
disclaimers apply to this taxonomy as were indicated for the self -archiving one.
Let’s examine th ese types of open access journal publishers in more detail:

1.Born -OA Publishers : With the establishment of the open access journal
publisher BioMed Central42in 2000, a new type of journal publishing
venture was created what I call the "born -OA" publisher. These digital
commercial or nonprofit publishers were established for the sole purpose
of publishing open access journals, and they typically utilize the Creative
Commons Attribution License (or a similar license) for their publications.
Authors usually retain their copyrights. Different funding strategies are
employed by these publishers, including advertising, author fees (these
fees may be paid by authors' grant funds or waived by the publisher in
cases of financial hardship), grants to the publisher s, library membership
fees (these fees entitle authors at the library's institution to publish articles
without paying all or part of the publisher's author fees), and
supplemental products (e.g, print copies). Example: The Public Library of
Science, http ://www.plos.org/.
2.Conventional Publishers: As the open access movement has gained
momentum, conventional commercial and nonprofit journal publishers
have begun to experiment with open access publishing programs or to
establish permanent open access progra ms. For example, the Springer
Open Choice Program43currently allows authors to publish their articles
as open access works for a fee of US $3,000. The articles are published in
both print and digital form. A license is used that is similar to the
Creat ive Commons Attribution NonCommercial License.44The author
can self -archive the digital article, and it is freely available on
SpringerLink. Once a year, Springer adjusts the library subscription price
for journals in the program in accordance with the number of open access
journal articles published (e.g., if more were published than in the prior 12
months, the cost is reduced). You'll note that, unless all authors choose
the open access option, this program results in journal issues having a mix
of op en access and restricted access articles. Example: Hindawi
Publishing Corporation, http://www.hindawi.com/oa/.

3.Non -Traditional Publishers : During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the
Internet had developed to the point that scholars began to publish fre e
digital journals utilizing existing institutional infrastructure and volunteer
labor (e.g., EJournal ,45PostModern Culture ,46and The Public -Access Computer
Systems Review47). These journals were not intended to generate income;
they were "no -profit" jo urnals. Although many of these journals allowed
authors to retain their copyrights and they had liberal copyright
statements regarding noncommercial use, they preceded by a decade or
more the Creative Commons, and, consequently, did not embody that
kind o f copyright stance. While some of these journals ceased publication
and others were transformed into non -profit ventures, they provided a
model that others followed, especially after the popularization of the
Internet began in the mid -1990s, which followe d the earlier introduction
of Web browsers. In recent years, the availability of free open source
journal management and publishing systems, such as the Open Journal
Systems,48further simplified and streamlined digital journal publishing,
fueling additio nal growth in this area. Now, a wide variety of academic
departments or schools, institutes and research centers, libraries,
professional associations, scholars, and others publish digital journals, a
subset of which comply with the strictest definition o f an open access
journal and a larger subset which comply with the looser definition of an
open access journal as a free journal. Since these diverse "publishers"
would have been unlikely to be engaged in this activity without
facilitating digital technol ogies and tools, I refer to them as "non –
traditional publishers." Many of them are also "no -profit" publishers as
well. Example: SCRIPT -ed: A Journal of Law and Technology ,
http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrb/script%2Ded/index.asp .
Open Access Journals' Copyri ght Practices
Although the ideal is for open access journals to use a Creative Commons or
similar license for their articles, the reality is that they can use a variety of
copyright strategies that mirror those described earlier for self -archived e -prints .
Learning More About Open Access
An annotated listing of a wide range of resources about open access (e.g.,
bibliographies, directories, e -journals, FAQs, mailing lists, organizations,
overviews, specialized search engines, projects, programs for develo ping
countries, and Weblogs) can be found in the Open Access Webliography .49

Notes
1. Peter Suber, "Open Access Overview: Focusing on Open Access to Peer –
Reviewed Research Articles and Their Preprints,"
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm .
2.Budapest Open Access Initiative, "Budapest Open Access Initiative," 14
February 2002, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml .
3.Suber, "Open Access Overview: Focusing on Open Access to Peer -Reviewed
Research Articles and Their Preprints."
4. Stevan Harnad, "Re: Free Access vs. Open Access," SPARC -IR, 15 December
2003, https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC -IR/Message/167.html .
5. "Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing," 20 June 2003,
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm .
6. Creativ e Commons, "Creative Commons Licenses,"
http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/meet -the-licenses .
7. Creative Commons, "Attribution 2.5,"
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ .
8. Lawrence Liang, "A Guide To Open Content Licences,"
http://pzwart.wdka.hro.nl/mdr/research/lliang/open _content_guide .
9. Harnad, "Re: Free Access vs. Open Access."
10."Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and
Humanities," 22 October 2003, http://www .zim.mpg.de/openaccess –
berlin/berlindeclaration.html .
11. "Berlin 3 Open Access: Progress in Implementing the Berlin Declaration on
Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities," 1 March 2005,
http://www.eprints.org/events/berlin3/ .
12. Peter Suber, "Praising Progress, Preserving Precision," SPARC Open Access
Newsletter , no. 77 (2004), http://www.earl ham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09 –
02-04.htm -progress .
13. Ibid.

14. Suber, "Open Access Overview: Focusing on Open Access to Peer -Reviewed
Research Articles and Their Preprints."
15. Ibid.
16. Universities UK, "Access to Research Publications: Unive rsities UK Position
Statement," 8 September 2005,
http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/mediareleases/show.asp?MR=431 .
17. Australian Research Information Infrastructure Committee, " Australian
Research Information Infrastructure Committee Open Access Statement," 17
December 2004,
http://www.caul.edu.au/scholcomm/OpenAccessARIICstatement.doc .
18. Group of E ight, "Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Information," 25 May
2004, http://www.go8.edu.au/news/2004/Go8 Statement on open access to
schola rly information May %85.pdf .
19. International Federation of Library Associations, "IFLA Statement on Open
Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation," 24 February 2004,
http:// www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open -access04.html .
20. "Messina Declaration," 5 November 2004,
http://www.aepic.it/conf/viewappendix.php?id=49&ap=1&cf=1 .
21. Scottish Science Information St rategy Working Group, "Scottish Declaration
of Open Access," 11 October 2004,
http://scurl.ac.uk/WG/OATS/declaration.htm .
22. "Washington D.C. Principles for Free Access to Science," 16 March 200 4,
http://www.dcprinciples.org/statement.htm .
23. World Summit on the Information Society, "Declaration of Principles," 12
December 2003, http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_single -en-1161.asp .
24. World Summit on the Information Society, "Plan of Action," 12 December
2003, http://www.itu.int/wsis/doc uments/doc_single -en-1160.asp .
25. Peter Suber, "Timeline of the Open Access Movement,"
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm .

26. Peter Suber, "Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access,"
http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001246/01/suberrev052804.pdf .
27. Stevan Harnad, "Fast -Forward on the Green Road to Open Access: The Case
again st Mixing Up Green and Gold," Ariadne , no. 42 (2005),
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue42/harnad/ .
28. Budapest Open Access Initiative, "Self -Archiving FAQ,"
http://www.eprints.org/self -faq/ .
29. Charles W. Bailey, Jr., Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature
with E -Prints and Open Access Journals (Washington, DC: Association of Research
Libraries, 2005), xvii, http://www.digital -scholarship.com/oab/oab.htm .
30. Suber, "Open Access Overview: Focusing on Open Access to Peer -Reviewed
Research Articles and Their Preprints."
31. Sherpa Project, "Publisher Copyright Policies & Self -Archiving,"
http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php .
32. Bailey, Jr., Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature with E -Prints
and Open Access Journals , xvii -xviii.
33. EPrints.org, "OA Self -Archiving Policy: Queensland University of
Technology,"
http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo.php?inst=Queensla
nd%20U niversity%20of%20Technology .
34. EPrints.org, "OA Self -Archiving Policy: Universidade do Minho, Portugal,"
http://www.eprints.org/ope naccess/policysignup/fullinfo.php?inst=Universid
ade%20do%20Minho%2C%20Portugal .
35. EPrints.org, Institutional Self -Archiving Policy Registry ,
http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/ .
36. Charles W. Bailey, Jr., "Open Access and Libraries," in Mark Jacobs, ed.,
Electronic Resources Librarians: The Human Element of the Digital Information Age
(Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2006), forthcoming, http://www.digital –
scholarship.com/cwb/OALibraries2.pdf .
37. Harnad, "Fast -Forward on the Green Road to Open Access: The Case against
Mixing Up Green and Gold."

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Copyright 2006 by Charles W. Bailey, Jr.
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This paper will appear in: Jacobs, Neil, ed. Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical
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