The patrimony of wooden churches, built between 1531 and 2015, in [602288]

The patrimony of wooden churches, built between 1531 and 2015, in
the Land of Maramure ș, Romania
Alexandru Ilie ș
Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, University of Oradea,
Oradea, Romania / University of Gdan sk, Poland
1 University s treet, 410087 Oradea, Bihor County, Romania, e -mail: [anonimizat]
Jan A. Wendt
Departm ent of Regional Development Geography, University of Gdansk, Gdansk , Poland
4 Bażyńskiego street, 80 -309 Gdansk, Poland, e -mail: [anonimizat]
Dorina Camelia Ilieș
Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, University of Oradea,
Oradea, Romania
1 University street, 410087 Oradea, Bihor County, Romania, e -mail:
[anonimizat]
Grigore Vasile Herman
Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, University of Oradea,
Oradea, Romania
1 University street, 410087 Oradea, Bihor County, Romania, e -mail:
[anonimizat]
Marin Ilieș
Faculty of Geography, Babe ș-Bolyai University of Cluj -Napoca, Sighetu Marma ției
Branch, Romania

6 Avram Iancu street. , Sighetu Marma ției, Maramure ș County, Romania, e -mail:
[anonimizat]
Anca Lumini ța DEAC
Doctoral School in Geography, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
1 University Stre et, 410087 Oradea, Bihor County, Romania, e -mail:
[anonimizat]

The patrimony of wooden churches , built between 1531 and 2015 , in
The Land of Maramure ș, Romania
The map and temporal scale of the territory known as ”T he Land of Maramure ș”
outlines a real heritage treasure, built in historic al time and formed of 7 4 wooden
churches. Varying in terms of architecture, dimensions and cult , the wooden
churches are indeed heritage objec ts, 33 of them being on the list of historical
monuments in Ro mania, while 5 are included in the UNESCO world heritage list.
An impressive data base, which includes t he edifices built during 1 531-2015
period , is processed, analyzed, synthesized and mapped in this project . By using
cartographic methods and specific programs (ArcGis, CorelDRAW), suggestive
pictograms are generated, expressing relevant elements for the pr oposed purpose:
spatiality, a series of technical details (height, architectural style, etc.), monument
type and oldness . Such a complex material is useful in the process of territorial
planning and organization from the urban istic and tourist ic point of v iew and for
the general public as well.
Keywords: The Land of Maramure ș, patrimony, historical monument, wooden
church , map
1. Introduction
The Land of Maramure ș is a historic al province of the Romanian political space (Figure
1), with a history which is strongly reflected through its multicultural particularities and
the material evidence of its inhabitants. In time, heterogeneity, both ethnical
(Romanians, Ukrainians, Hungarians, Germans, Jewish, etc.) and confessional
(Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants, Neo-protestants, etc.) materialized into religious
edifices. The 7 4 wooden churches belong entirely to the Orthodox and Greek -Catholic
confessions; 7 1 built by Romanians communities and 3 built by Ukrainians
communities (Poienile de sub Munte, Ruscova and Rona de Sus villages ). Being
hundreds of years old, most of them are identified with a certain mental space ( Cocean,
1997; Ilieș, 2006 ) reflecting especially through their architectural particularities a

specific cultural space (Dăncu ș, 1986; Dăncuș & Cristea, 2000; Ilieș, Ilieș, Josan, Ilieș
& Ilieș, 2010). Built of wood, they exist today thanks due to the skill of the craftsmen
and to the historic al monument status enjoyed by 3 3 of the edifices ( LMI, 2015 ).
Amongst these, there are five remarkable chu rches included into the UNESCO world
heritage list: in the villages of Bârsana, Bude ști, Dese ști, Ieud and Poienile Izei (Main
Map). Later on, during the 19th century , a single wooden church was built in the village
of Valea Stejarului (1806) , one during t he inter-war period in the village of Bogdan
Vodă (1935) and f ive more during the communist period in the second half of the 20th
century. N o less than 3 5 new wooden churches were built during the post -socialist
period, 1990 -2015.
The data base was created by using information from representative
bibliographic sources ( Godea, 1972; Man, 2005; Ilie ș, Ilie ș & Hotea, 2013; Baias,
Baias, Blaga, Buha ș, Chiriac, Ciocan & Wendt, 2014; LMI, 2015; Orthodox and Greek –
Catholic Dioceses of Mara mure ș, 2015), verified and completed by means of field
activities. By processing the data base using as tools the ArcGis and ArcMAp programs,
we accomplished a synthetic, expressive cartographic material, with quantitative and
qualitative elements, very us eful in the territorial organization and planning policies and
strategies.
The prac tical usefulness of the resulting cartographic material is also based on a
user’s target group formed of: public authorities at all levels; public and private
institutional structures focused on monument protection; local communities, especially
schools; specialists in territorial planning and organization etc. There is also the
possibility to apply the methodology support to other areas (for example, the entire
territory of Transylvania) or for the representation of other types of elements
(attractions).

Taking into consideration the fragility of these tourist attractions (age, lack of
protection), a major risk in mapping them could occur from the lack of correlation of
the information gathered from literature and media with the territorial realities. For
example, the church from Bocicoel is presented in the bibliographic sources as being
made of wood, while, in reality, it has been wrapped and covered in sheet metal. Such
modifications, without information and with the authorities’ agreement, have become a
common practice lately. Other risks that may occur are: moving the edifice in another
place; “reconstruction” by changing the architectural style; natural or anthropic
destruction caused by the lack of protection etc.
2. Study site
The Land of Maramure ș, both a historic al (Ilieș & Wendt, 2014) and a mental space
(Ilieș & Ilie ș, 1999; Cocean, 2011 ), with a medieval documentary attestation (Filipa șcu,
1940) is currently part of Maramure ș County from the administrative point of view. It is
situated on a n area of 3,351 sq uare kilometres on Romania’s northern border with
Ukraine (Main Map). The morphologic variety and the layout of the relief provide to the
studied area a natural fortress -like aspect, also emphasized by the co nvergent character
of the Tisa R iver’s tributaries. The landscape variety is also the result of its layout with
a 2,101m altitude range , this value representing the difference between the lowest point,
202 m (in the north -west on the Tisa) and the highest point, 2,303 m (Pietrosul Rodnei
Peak) in the Rodnei Mountains ( in the south -west). In latitude its extension is 21' 58'' o r
55 km arou nd the 48ș parallel (northern latitude ) and in longitude its extension is
1ș 12' 51'' or 105 km around the 24ș meridian (eastern longitude ) (Ilieș, Ilie ș & Hotea ,
2013).
Administratively, there are 36 territorial -administrative units: Sighetu Mar mației
municipium, 4 towns and 31 communes with a total of 60 settlements. Through the 55

villages situated mostly on the valleys of the main rivers (Tisa, Iza, Vi șeu, Mara and
Cosău), the landmark of the rural space is well reflected by the presence of th e monument al
wooden churches, a fact which means that this type of heritage element is still
representative for the analyzed space. The number of monument churches of centennial age
is sensitively equal to the number of new churches built during the post -socialist period. Out
of the 3 5 new churches, 1 2 were built in the urban area and 2 3 in the rural area.
Out of the 60 localities, 22 do not have wooden edifices and 18 villages have
more than two wooden churches. In this area, the oldest wooden church es are in: Breb
(1531 -1622), Moisei (monastery; 1600) and Sarasău (1600) village s, built in the 16th
century according to the list of historical monuments designated by the Romanian
Cultural Ministry (2015 ). The highest wooden church in the world (75 m) was buil t
during the period 1996 -2003 within the Săpân ța-Peri monastery (Main Map). The
smallest wooden church , built in inter -World Wars period (un clear year) , is situated in the
area of the Bârsana commune, its name is Nu țu`s Chapel and it is 5 m high (Main map) .
With an average of more than a wo oden church per locality, with its typical architectural
style, the Land of Maramure ș is a unique space in the European cultural assembly and the
map resulted from processing the data base fully reflects this patrimonial wealth.
3. Map compilation
3.1. Map structure
By analysis through comparison with other specialty paper works having resembling
topics ( Patterson, 2001; Ilieș, Ilie ș, Josan, Grama, Herman, Gozner & Stașac, 2009;
Baias, 2013; Ilieș, Wendt, Ilieș , Josan & Herman, 2011; Ilie ș, Ilie ș & Hotea, 2013;
Baias, Baias, Blaga, Buha ș, Chiriac, Ciocan & Wendt, 2014; Beyconte, Eismontaitė &
Žemaitienė, 2014; Buterez, 2016 ), we consider that our endeavor is new by structure,

design and represented elements.
The basic structure of the map is in the form of a digital elevation model ( DEM ),
as a result of combining the natural environment with technical (roads, railroads) and
administrative (Administrative Territorial Units limits) infrastructure ele ments
generate d by ESRI. O n this, the material cult ural heritage elements formed by the
wooden churches are represented , emphasizing the followings: spatial distribution,
architectural style, age, monument type, building material and some technical
parameters (height, e tc.). Besides the basic map, the o verall design included 5 pieces:
 The geographic position of the Land of Maramure ș in Romania’s political –
territorial ensemble ;
 The temporal scale for the period 1 531-2015 with pictograms representing all
the 7 4 churche s to scale;
 The first three highest churches;
 The five churches included in the UNESCO world heritage list;
 A brief description of the material.
The basic map scale with georeferencing accomplished in GIS and processed in
CorelDRAW is 1: 208 ,000 in S TEREO 1970 projection.
3.2. Mapping methods
The final cartographic material resulted from combining the digital elevation model
(DEM), photographs taken by the authors and processed under the form of pictograms,
information s and methods gathered from scientific paper based bibliographic resources
(Ilieș, 2003; Irimu ș, Vescan & Man , 2005; Beyconte & Viliuviene, 2009; Wendt, 2013 )
and maps ( Ilieș, Ilie ș & Hotea , 201 3; Baias, Baias, Blaga, Buha ș, Chiriac, Ciocan &
Wendt, 2014; Beyconte , Eismon taitė & Žemaitienė, 2014; Zupan & Franges, 2014 ;

Buterez, 201 6), all supported and completed by rich information obtained from field
mapping and documentation activity. The images gathered in the field, processed and
shown under the form of pictograms, rep resenting each and every church, were
georeferenced by points and transposed in the system of known coordinates, establishing
tie-points with geographical information system (GIS) data as well as a 20m Digital
Elevation Model (DEM).
The map is produced in ArcMap 10.2 and finalized in CorelDRAW X 7. In the
first stage a GIS data base was created, including information about the existing wooden
churches and their particularities. On a cartographic background, the localities which
have monument al churches and those which did not were identified, digitalized and
converted into dots and pictograms. For pictograms, the most representative images
were taken from the photographic data base created on the field and they were
processed in Corel PHOTO -PAINT X 7. In content, we sometimes deviated from the
generalized scheme in order to emphasize more details with carefully selected images ,
suggestively represented for the temporal component on one hand and for the spatial
component on the other. Finally, the map unfolds on an A2 format (420mm x 594 mm),
it used the National Grid with GCS Dealul_Piscului_1970, 1:208.000 scale reference,
exported in TIFF format and edited in CorelDRAW X 7 and Corel PHOTO -PAINT X 7.
The final version from CorelDRAW was exported in A2 TIFF format, RGB mode, 600
dpi.
4. Map production
Based on methods and tools tested in the special ity literature ( Cataudella, 2004; Le Fur,
2007; Beconyte, Alekna, Rociute, Adomaityte, Baikauskas & Ranonis , 2011; Ilieș, Ilieș
& Hotea , 2013; Baias, Bai as, Blaga, Buha ș, Chiriac, Ciocan & Wendt , 2014; Beconytė,
Eismontaitė & Žemaitienė , 2014; Di Gregorie, Frongia, Piras & Forresu , 2014; Zupan

& Franges, 2014; Ilieș, Ilie ș & Deac, 2015 ; Buterez, 2016 ), the structure was created
and the working stages were defined. The creation of a data base was the first step of
this endeavour . The existence of numerous hardcopy sources referring from various
points of view to wooden churches in Maramure ș (Patterson, 2001; Porumb, 2005; Ilie ș,
2007; Godea, 2012; Baias, Bai as, Blaga, Buha ș, Chiriac, Ciocan & Wendt , 2014)
allowed the creation of a motivated starting point in our endeavour . This data base was
completed by the authors’ field investigations, materialized by the identification and
localization of each old and new objective (until 2015). Each objective’s card was
updated and completed with new, precise information such as the height of these
edifices ( a particularity which is not unitarily mentioned in any of the consulted
documents).
In carrying out the map, two s tages can be distinguished:
4.1. Field activity and consultation with bibliographic sources
with activities such as:
 Identifying all wooden churches known from existent bibliographic references
and cartographic materials;
 Using the information from printed and on -line sources referring to new edifices
built after 1990. Special attention was paid to ecclesiastic sources ( Orthodox and
Greek -Catholic Dioceses of Maramure ș, 2015 ), respectively to regional
organizations for the data reliability;
 Field activity at the level of each of 60 localities when the GPS (2-5 m of
accuracy after calibration) localizatio n was carried out and completed with
technical details of the card of each edifice which was registered, photographed,
measured, mapped and included into the data base;

 For each edifice photographs were taken, as complete and relevant as possible.
The attempt was to make a unitary set of photographs for all churches, taken
from the same angle and position and showing two sides. Such an approach
facilitates a comparative, highly useful, study in order to emphasize the
differences and resemblances between them. For some churches , because of the
vegetation, the endeavour was not carried out as intended and the images present
only the most accessible facets of the church . In these cases, we suggested to the
local authorities’ solutions to better emphasize these heritage elements and to
protect them from the negative effects of the lush vegetation (humidity, lack of
light, fungi etc).
4.2. Laboratory activity
This implies processing the data base and actually creating the map.
Ever since the creation of the data base, differentiating criteria were taken into
consideration, thus facilitating the creation of a typology according to: architectural type
(Stahl & Petrescu, 1958; Bârcă & Dinescu, 1997; Ilie ș, 2007; Dăncu ș, 2010 ; Ilieș, Wendt,
Ilieș, Josan & Herman, 2011; Godea, 2012 ), monument type ( according to a list of
monuments elaborated by the Romanian Cultural Ministry, 2015 ), age, confession and
partially the height of the edifice.
The basic map ( based on the DEM) with technical infrastructure elements and
administrative lim its was created in ArcGIS. T he DEM `s hypsometric scale was used
and symbols were taken from ArcGIS. These symbols were derived from other existing
legends however, most of them being create d under the form of pictograms and
introduced in order to obtain a r epresentation as correct and suggestive as po ssible of
the mapped phenomenon. The pictograms were created by using processed images (and
adjusted to the map scale) in CorelDRAW and Corel PHOTO -PAINT.

5. Map legend and representation through pictograms
In order to represent the wooden churches pictograms were used, edited in Corel
PHOTO -PAINT X 7. The basic principle was to accurately represent the technical and
architectural particularities of each mapped edifice, without substituting it for typical
symbols. This fact facilitates ”the reading” of the entire material and implicitly provides
a synthetic and overall image of the whole cultural space defined by the wooden
churches. At the same time, the particularities of each and every edifice are accurately
presented, becoming thus easier to identify homogenous areas defined by the
characteristics of the wooden churches determined after one or several criteria (tower,
height, age, entrance position, etc).
For each wooden church there were taken sets of photograp hs at very high
resolutions (4608 x 3456 dpi) and from at least four different positions, using Nikon
Coolpix S9300 and Canon EOS600D digital cameras. For each objective there were
obtained images containing two sides (lateral and front). Each photograph was edited in
CorelDRAW X 7 and Corel PHOTO -PAINT X 7, obtaining the profile of each element
without background. After editing, each new image (RGB format) was saved at a good
resolution (600 dpi) and imported in ArcGIS for georeferencing. The final form was
exported in bmp (600 dpi) format and finalized in CorelDRAW, where the correct
position of each pictogram (georeferenced) was identified in the territorial assembly. To
a large extent, at map level and on the age scale, the proportions between edifices were
maintained. Actually, the wooden c hurches symbols represented on the map faithfully
show the morphometric and architectural particularities of each edifice.
For the representation of their age, the map was associated at base level with a
temporal multi scale where all churches were represen ted by pictograms in real form
(Main Map). Grouped on age categories with a separation of 100 years/category, the

scale reflects the periods of maximum interest in which they were built, corroborated
with the architectural style specific to the period. According to official documents , two
churches were built in the 16th century. After the 17th and 18th centuries when 3 1
churches were built, the 19th century followed with only one edifice built in 1806, then
the 20th century with one church built in 1935 and another f ive churches built during the
socialist period. The scale is completed by the 25 post-socialist years passing from the
2nd into the 3rd millennium (20th and 21st centuries), when 35 new churches were built.
On this scale, each church was position ed so as to faithfully show the construction year
and the confession it presently belongs to 2015 . On this scale, the pictograms were
dimensioned to comparatively show as faithfully as possible the edifices height.
6. Conclusions
By accomplishing this map at the level of the analyzed area, it created an image of the
spatial distribution of this type of objectives and their grouping according to the
previously mentioned particularities. The usefulness of this cartographic construction is
emphasized in the re gional and local strategies and policies of territorial planning and
organization, having as objective the localization, preservation and promotion, from a
tourist objective and as protected monument s, of an important element belonging to
mankind’s wooden built heritage, the wooden churches. Almost e qually, the new
edifices from the post -communist period are represented which, by number (3 5),
construction material (combined) and architectural style, can support or deform the
traditional architectural style represented by the 3 3 monument churches.
This type of cartographic representation also combines the morphologic al
features of the landscape (depression, valley, hill, mountain) with the location of the
wooden churches. The construction material, wood, comes from the respective space,

oak wood for the old ones and conife rous wood for the newer ones, as identified with
the vegetation l evels specific to the locali zation areas of each wooden church .
This study also highlights the value of mapping patrimony elements a s a useful
tool in emphasizing these type of elements, differentiated spatially and temporally on
one hand, and morphologica lly and culturally on the other. Equally, the target group is
highly diversified, from schools and the general public , to specialists in territorial
planning and organization, each category having easy access to the ”reading” and
understanding the role pla yed by the wooden churches in defining the cultural space of
the Land of Maramure ș.
Software
Mapping was carried out using ArcMap 10.2. In addition to the editor, we used both
georeferencing and spatial analyst toolbars. The resulting map was edited using
CorelDRAW X 7 and Corel PHOTO -PAINT X 7.
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