The Influence Of Mass Media On The Institution Of The Divadocx

=== The influence of mass media on the institution of the diva ===

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ………………………………………………..…………..4

Chapter I

Mass Media in and : A Short Overview ….………8

1.1. Mass Media in ………………………………..…..15

1.2. Mass Media in …………………………………….20

Chapter II

The Influence of Mass Media on The Institution of The Diva ………31

2.1. A Diva in ………………………………………….40

2.2. A Diva in ………………………………………….44

Chapter III

American Divas versus Romanian Divas.………………..…..………52

3.1. A Diva in The American Entertainment Field..…..….….64

3.2. A Diva in The Romanian Entertainment Field……………69

Conclusions……………………………………………………..79

Annex……………………………………………………………89

Works cited……………………………………………..…..… 98

Introduction

The media nowadays plays an important role in the economic, social, political and cultural centre of a country.

The importance of this role is directly proportional to the degree of development of the country.

The media has a negative effect on individuals because it stimulates the demand for perfection; it affects the self-esteem of young girls. Seen from another angle advertising can be considered just a waste of time, especially Romanian showbiz.

In almost every discussion about discrimination and gender stereotyping it reaches an apparent consensus: If there is a crisis of image or representation of women in Romanian society, the ‘blame’ belongs to an extent significant, the messages coming from the media.

The ability to succeed in the celebrity world, at least in , is directly proportional to the ability to not grasp how pathetic one is.

The ridiculousness uninhibited, the absence of a moment, even isolated, where you breathe a little lucidity, the inability to synchronize, even discreetly, presence with common sense. Many reaction of awe surface.

In order to understand just how ridiculous it is talking about it, taking into consideration some past breaking news: after numerous legal issues by some ‘celebrities’, others are displaying their daily routines. After all these, talk – show hosts play the moral code while they promote what it should be promoted.

Individuals are not capable to sustain a relationship with a celebrity from an intellectual level. You must be able to talk with them on the same level. Keeping abreast with the daily life of Bianca Drăgușanu gives the impression that the world is very interested in what is going on with her personal life. Here’s another picture of wasted time.

Writing about DIVAS which appeared over-night is a waste of precious time, time which could be spent in favour of in the individual.

The reason I chose this theme for my paper consists in my attempt to establish the difference between the notion of diva in American culture and European culture, focusing on Romania, and how the term is viewed in each of these countries, what it implies, if the entertainment world provides a good role model for each individual through its meaning and what it offers. By asking strangers what is a diva, all would agree on several characteristics, but definitely all would mention the fact of being famous, either actress, singer, model, television presenter, and so on and so forth, in short any activity related to the media.

By approaching an analysis upon the famous nowadays divas, I wonder if some aspects (such as having the ego overinflated, treating others unfairly, be very smart or very stupid, do a nude, wanting to be forever young, adopt radical positions of a so-called ‘feminism’ movement, practice a strange religion or starring in a scandal) are necessary?

Personally, I say no to all those attitudes because what they do is distort the image of a woman. Still, which are the qualities that really make a woman a Diva? Is it the overwhelming personality with class, elegance, security, fairness, thinking about the ‘well-being’ of others, with fashion sense, who knows what to say and how to act on occasion, without mistreating others, that inspiring energy and personality that makes many want to follow and learn from it? When where all those features lost, features which made famous women such as Sophia Loren or Marilyn Monroe (in comparison to modern day ‘divas’ such as Lindsay Lohan or Amanda Bynes, talented child actresses with a bright future turned into negative role models)? But let's not forget the common women such as our mothers, women around us because for me, we all have a ‘diva; inside that we are not aware of it.

If we act according to what a woman really should be, we find that those qualities each of us have them, linking them to a good dose of security, we will feel royalty. Still, what does the public opinion think, the viewers in front of the television set and what is a ‘diva’ nowadays?

I will try answering all these questions in my paper consisting of three main chapters:

Chapter I will focus upon the Mass media and its influence on today’s life in the two countries ,the second chapter will debate the influence of mass media on the institution of the Diva in the two worlds and the third and final chapter will focus upon the American Diva versus Romanian Diva.

The paper will end with a set of conclusions consisting in the differences found throughout the paper.

Chapter I

Mass Media in and : A Short Overview

Every day, millions of people are looking in newspapers and other media sources information and entertainment. Still, they were often controlled by various tycoons, who were accused of manipulating sources of information – and public opinion-for its own purposes.

The newspapers were the first means of informing the large audience. They appeared in the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century's most respected one, The Times in , exercised a strong influence on the educated middle class shaping the ‘public opinion’. Later, an improved education system and other advances have created the first audience of the print media. Newspapers that satisfy readers have appeared in the in 1870 and 20 years later in .

Instead of pages crammed with texts, they had big headlines, short articles and many illustrations. It contained cases of sensation, shocking events, campaigns and disclosures of exposures, wickedness and moral defects, especially among the rich, powerful and modern – to keep the audience. Although often controlled by wealthy individuals, this new means release popular considerations regarding the views of ‘ordinary man’.

The public opinion is strongly influenced while some conditions have permanent and temporary circumstances. In addition to the above there are ideas that characterized popular culture in a particular region at a particular time.

Other circumstances may be relatively permanent as race, religion, geographical location, economic status and educational level. They can influence the opinion of an individual or a particular group in many topics. In addition they can intervene in the impact of a current event, the opinion of influential or authoritative figures.

A serious process of systematic monitoring public attitudes started in the twentieth century. But occasionally surveys were done even before 1930s; these were not generally made systematic or scientific. They were performed on unrepresentative samples or methods that did not include subjects accurately in a category.

 Polls have developed remarkably in the 1930s when educational or political organizations have begun to develop methods that allow a rigorous selection of subjects and systematize effective data accumulated from a wide area of ​​subjects. By today’s standards, those polls were primitive but they were somewhat useful. Among the pioneers of surveying public in was Humbert Gallup or Elmo Roper.

By way of presenting information quality and presentation of it, mass – media in Europe and the media market in the world is unique by patterns release. USA Europe remains a serious competitor in the media field. Analysts believe that Europe is a challenge for the only as a union of states and not every European country separately. Somehow, the balance tipped in favour of the European press media Britain, where tradition and combines the classical image of the press succeeded modernism and reliable technologies for transmitting information. And this, despite the fact that in the UK there is no press law, nor document titled Constitution does not exist. There is however a set of legal rules and principles, based on which the state operates. This set of rules and legal principles include obviously some rights and obligations of the press, but they are distributed chaotically and are not gathered in one press law.

It noted that both the United States and Europe, the press is divided in quality press and tabloids or gutter press, so as well, is also referred to by readers. How strange it may seem, but statistics show that preferences of both sides of the Atlantic are in favour of the yellow press, whose circulation are millions of copies every day. The same can not be said, unfortunately, about the quality press, whose circulation is only a few hundred thousand daily and is continuously decreasing. The following example demonstrates the sad truth. London newspaper The Times, which has a tradition of more than two hundred years media market in the UK, has a daily circulation of just 100,000 copies; whiles the newspaper The Sun, which was established only in 1964, considered the newspaper with the worst reputation in the UK, has a daily circulation of 4 million copies.

Being daily in the UK and in the US, it means newspaper edited by 6-7 times a week. In Moldova, the status of newspaper publications appearing two or three times a week. So everyday status is perfectly justified only in the West.

US mass – Media is considered the freest in the world. Not least, this is due to constitutional principles stipulated in the supreme law of the state. For example, one of these principles is talking about the fact that Congress can not adopt any legislation that would limit freedom of speech or freedom of the press. As a result, US journalists are known in the world because of reports based on an enormous sincerity and comments critical of state authorities.

Unlike Britain, where newspapers enjoy a considerable popularity, USA, during the twentieth century, it evidenced by the tendency to decrease the number of dailies and weeklies and publications edit mostly weekend. The main reason is the lack of profit of the dailies. In addition to this, newspaper publishers depend to a large extent by advertising that appears in the papers, so they are sometimes forced to sacrifice terms of the collective editorial in favour of commercial interests.

United States do not have a press law, although they have a Constitution. As with the UK, rights and fewer obligations are distributed in media content throughout the Constitution without being gathered in a separate law. The American press has many constitutional provisions but because, in addition to the country's federal Constitution, each state in the fifties, which are used in the US has its own constitutional provisions, which also includes special rules for each state media.

Mass – media in Europe and the US is not concentrated in state hands but in the hands of media owners. Usually, they form large corporations press, such as the BBC in Britain and NBC, CBS or ABC in the United States. The composition of these companies enters radio, television, not only in the countries of origin but also in many countries abroad. For example, BBC (British Broadcasting Company), Media Company in the UK, comprises 18 radio stations, in addition to local stations and approximately as many TV stations, except those from abroad. The company in question remains on top in the world in the category of the most watched television stations. BBC has a radio and Moldova, represented by BBC Moldova, which enjoy popularity among those who support the right-wing political circles in the country.

Printed media in Britain belongs to only a few transnational companies, the state getting involved very little in the daily publications. But US State monopoly on the transmission signal. The dilemma about the effectiveness of state participation in the work of publications remains very current.

Despite mass – media representative is concentrated in the hands of individual owners in the UK, for example, there are some very strict provisions, which restrict people wishing to buy a newspaper for the purposes of a business. So those who want to buy a newspaper for business, whose circulation exceeds 500,000 copies, need permission from the Minister of Trade Limits are reflected not only on those who buy a newspaper trade and economic themes.

France, though, has lately lost some of its audience world the attitude offensive took her against globalization and English as a language of international communication, remains a country with traditions in the field and, not this attitude, it damages the quality of provision of information. French TV station, TV5 is broadcast on most continents of the world and is a television media weight and model for countries in South – Eastern Europe, which continues to seek an identity in mass – media.

News agencies, Reuters UK, France – Press in France, are world-renowned media outlets. In addition to quality information that is distributed in most countries of the world, agencies also represent considerable economic forces home countries.

The institutions with the same profile overseas are Associated Press, which is one of the oldest press agencies in the world, and United Press International, founded later. Both agencies in Europe and the United States all operate on the same principles and strive on pre-eminence in the world news agencies. All agencies listed above have offices in over 100 countries. Yet American news agency, Associated Press, enjoying the most international awards in various categories. It holds 47 Pulitzer Prizes, including 28 awards of this kind has obtained the photo. At the moment this news agency has the most sophisticated digital photography industry and provides diverse information with more than 1,000 Web sites. British American agency Reuters ceded primacy, but not in the category of economic information, being here in the first place.

An impaired motor skills competition is the main factor that makes the mass media to develop and strive for perfection. There is an unwritten law for countries with a market economy. Thus, companies are forced to fight hard to get success in that it professes and in most cases, the end justifies the means by which the desired result.

European and American doctrines of press freedom come from a single root – the theory of basic human rights mentioned in the Declaration on Human Rights and the French American document Bill of rights. In both cases the laws have come a long way from liberal minimalism, their recognition by society. However, the similarity that exists among law about the market economy determines, to a greater or lesser similarity between patterns of media rights in Europe and the US.

Polls are accepted as useful tools for business, political organizations, the media and government, also for academic research.

Business surveys for instance are used to test consumer preferences and discover their opinion about certain products. Survey results help to establish commercial marketing plan to establish advertising strategy and achieving certain changes to a product to increase sales.

 In politics, surveys are often used to obtain information about a voter’s attitudes on certain ideas or candidates; they also are used to determine the candidate with chances of gain and to plan specific campaigns. Most often, these polls are used in this area to determine the winner of an election long before the results are official.

Newspapers, magazines, radio and television are major users of surveys, especially those that provide information about the political, economic or social society. Public opinion about certain economic, social or international aspects are also sometimes considered to be news worthy.

Academic surveys are used mainly in social sciences, to find some data about delinquency, education, economic progress, political attitudes, etc.

 From the start there was controversy over opinion polls. If this is not done professionally it is possible that the information provided by them to be inaccurate.

 Surveys must be completed relevant samples, samples to be clearly defined so that each of the subjects belong to only a sample. Even if the samples are well defined, problems occur in analyzing the polls, their mode of interpretation. Construction surveys must be fixed; they should be designed to be clear, to the point of not influencing in any way the subject. Selected samples may vary in size, depending on the importance of the subject.

The entertainment industry is undergoing a transformation due to increasing demand for digital media and HD programs. In the past, media operators only had to support traditional value chain of production and distribution of media content to reach millions of viewers.

Thanks to new media, people can now follow and consume digital media content via multiple devices, anytime and anywhere they want. To thrive and find new opportunities for income generation, media and entertainment industry must offer more than television, namely exceptional content presented as a personalized experiences, therefore, any individual who has access to these devices can be ‘entertained’ any place and any time and watch news, movies, videos with modern day divas.

1.1. Mass Media in America

In recent decades, the term media successfully replaces the entire media expression, signifying simultaneously technique for producing and transmitting messages such sum broadcast messages and even all producers of such messages. The prestige of the term ‘media’ is due to Marshall McLuhan, who in his 1964 book, To understand the media – book that enjoyed celebrity – uses the above meanings. Today, construction linguistic composition having this word (or derivatives of) have won language specialists: multimedia, new media, Macromedia, hypermedia, media analysis, media or mediation.

The Political Dictionary drafted by Tamas, media was defined as:

the assembly means and technical procedures of modern information and influencing the masses, in other words, communication of mass achieved by press, radio, TV, movies, records and other means. Grouping them in a single category is based on the fact that all contribute to creating a culture of mass own modern civilization, culture different from public reserved trained, culture disseminated by educational institutions and books. Mass culture certain values ​​circulated priority (young, male or female beauty, comfort, consumption) and develop his own mythology (stars). Mass communication has become particularly important in politics and society to governance, because of the possibilities offered to inform and influence millions of citizens, which led to some softening of traditional forms of political communication. In these trials, a priority role of television lies (1993, p.67).

Therefore, the first sentence is highlighted the influence of the masses, not remembering than most consulted dictionaries western dissemination or transmission of information to mass audiences.

 Whereas the concepts of mass communication, media, means of mass communication does not ‘cover’ perfectly each other, there is not a synonym flawless, their use can sometimes arouse confusion. Therefore, in this page and the definitions of one of the most prestigious French thinker of the field, Jean Cazeneuve, who understands the following:

Media appoints the principle processes of mediation, means of communication and translates generally with the phrase communications table. That media = media (communication) and media = media to a wide audience, mass media was invented and used by modern civilizations which have the essential characteristic huge their power coupled with a vast field action. Without question that should be included in this category: broadcasting, television, cinema, press written book, speeches, tapes, cassettes, videocasettes, advertising posters. It can be considered as Marshall McLuhan rightly carry that word, telephone, telegraph, writing are means of communication, even if they serve rather to establish interpersonal relationships than as transmitters to the general public. (1972, p.10).

In a good approximation, mass communication can be understood as all the procedures (printed media, radio and television, cinema, new media, etc.) through which the information to a wide audience (or which communication takes place by the public opinion).

In treating the concept of mass communication, social phrases amplitude of the message, simultaneity reception, standardization of media consumption or level (high or low) of receptivity was used. Therefore, on this line, favourite expressions as collective broadcasting techniques or broadcast channels collectively. All this means a reality of mass communication i.e. mixing means a mix of socio-cultural phenomena with one another, caused by high development of technology. This mixture obviously manifested by specific characteristics have separated for decades, it seems definitive (but may be ultimately permanently?), present accents above the technical components (technological) to the detriment of traditional humanistic field.

Due to its presence, sometimes annoying, in almost all segments of daily life, the media meets an extremely rigorous critical approach, some going as far as appeal and denial. In fact, as has crystallized presence, every means of information seen in the face of unfriendly approach, since Rousseau, Diderot (who was convinced that the press is often said to be destined for ignorant people, i.e. those who read less ) or Voltaire.

Suly Proudhon says that the newspaper is a true graveyard of ideas and Desanti believes that the day will come when those who produce in thinking will become deaf to the media. Opinions who exults tremendous scope in contemporary environments are fewer still. Lucid deals with media issues required careful seriousness in addressing one of the key problems of our world:

in the complex and labyrinthine system of mass communication (which trigger huge capital, sophisticated technical equipment, human resources giant has as beneficiaries of its products billion people, occupies a vital position in political gear of any society etc.) nothing It can not be simply understood. The media have become in the modern world, a center of gravity that is positioned relative to all other segments of society – the economic, the political, ideological system, cultural system, system technology, social systems and subsystems. (Coman, 1999, p.10)

    There are even opinions that deemed approved as the first media power in a society, although until recently we used the phrase ‘the fourth estate’. But this is less important now because, nowadays, the notion of power is loaded with plenty of new meanings and perhaps unexpected, no longer able to designate political power, as did a long time, and as we find in now classical studies.

Studies on the media, without seeking good variation of media events will be related to its development, naturally. And the dominant thinking of each period, the ‘spirit of the time’ so Clam sometimes strengthened its values, present analyzes and views that take in the viewfinder media events. Francis Balle even sketches a picture of the evolution of media studies – in constant correlation with the prevailing views (with the spirit of the time), opinions who write history, primarily because it serves our interest in teaching, but also because it synthesizes, however briefly, an entire power lines and extremely laborious period of reflection on the media.

Bernard Miege (1998, p. 16), concerned its turn, the natural desire of the researcher deeply advised to comprise an area as prone numerous reformulations and changes of perspective, find a phrase generous and flexible – thinking the communication – through which manages to highlight, elegant, sinuous history research so far that have set targets in the territories of media communication. But what is communicational thinking?

As the media have become important industries in modern societies, the number of studies dedicated to them has grown tremendously and the various facets of communication are carefully analyzed by researchers better equipped today.

The number of studies about the media occurred in recent decades is almost overwhelming, and inventing new means of multiplication of messages – the Internet, new media, satellites as communication, multimedia, intranet, hypermedia – necessitated the emergence of institutions that can use and manage new technologies, communication knowing so, size, especially in the field of social relations, a thoroughly unsettling. And even if a tendency to beatify mainly technical nature and our technical communication today and future, using phrases such as ‘information theory’ or ‘information science’ overqualified researchers dare to speak further on normal media communication. Only normality now ought to be flexible and nearogant, nuances appropriate processes involving continuous analysis untouched the stresses of conflict, we know from history.

Not all are equally scared of this communication process due environments because with effort, relativist spirit and rationality, we can decode the all-powerful manifestations of techniques, docile aid communication and performance of relationships between people. We pass one next to the other, sometimes we extend our hands and we just welcome blankly, read the same newspapers or us amused same television programs, live in the same city and possibly have the same make of car, but we differ essentially in the way we relate to the needs and contradictions of contemporary communication. And if until recently the communication can be placed comfortably amongst construction intellectual seductive, social integration can be achieved in the absence of this optional ‘ideology’ and industrial production forward irresistibly together simply with raw materials and qualified labor force today suddenly nothing works, nothing more passes without a careful, detailed and energetic communicational strategy. Communication strategies are now adopted by organizations, businesses, political parties or by sports groups, with unsuspected natural, as if such was done as mankind and the earth. No one, however, no matter how bitter would spout against media system, can not conceive today, our world without this system:

The media survive as a system because it provides important functions for society as a whole. I mean, the media system has certain consequences for the population, consequences that are considered truly important. As long as the media respond to those needs of society considered important, it satisfies the system will remain the same . (De Fleur, Srokeach, 1999, p. 132).

Thus, although critics do not cease to flow on various media events, media system no signs of fatigue anywhere in the world, occupying a privileged further.

1.2. Mass Media in Romania

During the Romanian revolution of 1989 one of the main roles it played media. For the domestic press was drastically controlled, it was enough to help expedite foreign press events. Analyzing the revolution of 1989 shows that most of the media has exaggerated the transmission of events.

Among the methods used by the media, be it print, radio or TV was the realization of reports showing that the Romanian people are deprived of many rights including the right to free crossing. Not a few were those who benefit from the chance to travel abroad have not returned. Some of those attending the congress, scientific conference or sporting event abroad remained there (Scurtu, 2006, p.128).

Press freedom and freedom of expression are among the most important features of a democratic society. These fundamental rights are protected, formally by all states. It is known, however, that during all totalitarian regimes were centralized institutions, media suffered. It is well known that media in Romania was developed rapidly after the fall of communism. The number of publications has increased considerably since 1989 until now, all forms of media – radio, press and television – became accessible to all, enabling information dissemination.

At no time in history media and no country can be properly identified as one legal system assigned to a unique role to the press; on the contrary, media development proves that the relationship with ideologies, constitutions and legal systems, power structures or forms of governance has different forms.

From the perspective of communism, the press can not be anything other than a weapon of power, equipped with precise missions and tasks: educating the masses, mobilizing them to pursue political and economic objectives, such as fighting enemies, glorifying achievements and so on and so forth.

The press is designed as a form of exercise and legitimating of power, as an instrument of propaganda, meant to shape the thinking and behaviour of individuals as an arena of ideological battles against enemies, as a mythologized presentation of the superiority of the communist regimes.

The achievement of such objectives was not possible without achieving total control over media. The communist regime is characterized by centralized distribution of resources: a small group of people monopolize the control over resources and fixes various distribution criteria according to their specific interests.

The communist system focused on the most important resource regarding media, namely information. By monopolizing information, it creates and distributes power over partial truths and believable lies, reality and illusion, thus, journalists were required to write and talk about something different from what we lived and saw everyday, present a false reality of the achievements, progress, prosperity, adhesion and mobilization of the masses, to produce and reproduce a speech officially emptied of content and truth. Access to information was possible only through the courts established by power: propaganda committees, state news agencies, official documents, meetings, congresses and conferences meticulously directed. They provided reorganized data filtered in the value of propaganda, not information.

Controlling information leading to the widespread nature of the planned activity media: newspapers and magazines appear in fixed print runs, fixed in advance, regardless of the reactions or the public interest, that program grids propaganda strategy, often in contradiction with the pace of the domestic life of the population; themes are fixed according to the calendar of official events, which places the media in a depiction of a ‘campaign’ for mobilization and permanent propaganda.

Reality transfiguration affects the very essence of propaganda act of journalism, those working in the field become a court that reproduces, almost mechanically, and the official discourse denies the attributes of creativity and challenges and turned it into ‘truth bureaucrats’.

The communist press, built upon the idea of ​​exercising full control on the media system, ran from nowhere to total mastery of flows of messages circulated by the press; the existence of alternative publications and audiovisual programs, the emergence of dissenting voices in journalism and, especially, developing communication techniques based on double speech proved unable in implementing the control over the media and thus the minds of men.

In other words, the communist model complex processes must be understood in terms of negotiations that linked several areas of interest: the device power system concerned with reproduction and survival in leadership positions; media institutions, dominated by coping strategies and maintaining bureaucratic system work; journalists, oscillating between officially absent-obedient behaviour and conduct more actively in other spheres of cultural life; the audience with its techniques to escape from an official discourse and an interpretation ‘between the lines’ of all media messages.

According to the liberal conception, the rights of the individual are sacred and happiness and wellness represent supreme values ​​and ultimate ends.

The individual is considered to be the holder of ‘natural, fundamental and inalienable rights’. Power institutions are obliged to respect the rights and aspirations of the individual and to work for their satisfaction; in case of failure, they will be subject of judgment and, through the election process, changes or improvements will occur. Due to the fact that individuals can discuss and make the right decisions, they must know ‘the truth’. From the liberal perspective, the truth is obtained by free confrontation of ideas and opinions; competition fastens their ‘value’ of ideas, positions, initiatives or attitudes. Creating a ‘free market of ideas’ is inextricably linked but creates an instrument which is able to facilitate the movement of these ideas; for the supporters of this theory, the only court able to assume and to carry out such a mission is the press. But as to allow proper circulation of ideas, the press must be free from any pressure to stakeholders – primarily, representatives of political and administrative power. Therefore, the media should be a firm, strong and stable economy, placed by even its economic efficiency, away from the power and influence of politics. Thus, freedom of expression tends to become synonymous with the freedom to publish and, more specifically, the freedom to create an enterprise that broadcasts messages of general interest: media freedom now depends on private ownership of the means of communication. According to liberal doctrine, the media not only contributes to the flow of ideas and information, but also to control the courts of power. Because individuals can not pursue permanent political bodies and administrative actions, they ‘transfer’ these tasks to another court: the media. This will control the activity of power in the interests of the citizen, acting as a ‘watchdog’ noting irregularities, informing the public. Thus, the ability to inform, as well as the possibility of mobilizing the masses, the media is manifested as a ‘fourth power’.

Press action is indirect: distributing information and ideas about how other powers exercise their mandate, it creates a public opinion, mobilize citizens in favour of a cause, and they, through the pressure they exert on policy – makers and legislators, obtained changing attitudes on other powers. For this reason, the ‘fourth power’ implies more responsibilities than rights: a mistake can trigger the public media to policy responses with very serious effects. By informing the public, media exercise an inevitable action in education: it contributes to the formation of civic awareness and builds the individual-citizen, without which democratic life is impossible.

In the liberal aspect, laws of the market are regular factors of the media system. Under pressure from their media, it ends up being a product which is sold twice: once to their readers and the second time to companies that want to advertise. Moving towards a liberal system of generalized undoing risk even defined the theoretical premises of the spiritual fathers of this model: the rush for profit making disappearing resulted in the “free market of ideas” and accountability to the individual-citizen information.

Any democratic state has an obligation to support media systems oriented towards information and education, as a guarantee of maintaining the democratic foundations of that State. This support is materialized through both constitutional provisions guaranteeing freedom of expression and legislative and economic mechanisms which guarantee the existence of free and stable media. In addition, these democratic state members support and develop dialogue with various institutions concerned with the preservation and improvement of correct operation of the press.

In a modern and complex world, the press can develop fulfilling multiple roles, i.e. by embodying the scale of a historic moment or a single country, various elements of several ‘theories’. Even more so now that we are witnessing an accentuated periods of social change, it is natural that organization systems interfere media.

In post-communist Romania, the most widespread form of organization in the media is liberal. The concrete forms in which they applied and developed this model in post-communist countries have sparked numerous analyzes and comments; essentially, authorized voices argue that it is more a ‘libertarian’ model than a ‘liberal’ one, because obvious violation elements of the principles of market economy, the non-regulatory, rush blind after profit quickly and abdicate from the responsibilities in elementary media. On the other hand, the complexity of social and political transformations, various possibilities for building media outlets and myriad internal and external influences have done that in this period of transition, any organizational model of the press may not be dominant. Rather, what gives specifics of the transition period is precisely this configuration that enables a variety of media systems to operate more or less simultaneously.

The supervision of the performances obtained in different institutions or media products were generalized only in recent years and not without encountering numerous obstacles. The fact itself is a compelling evidence of stabilization in the Romanian media system, its integration even if it is not completely definitive in the operational mechanisms established by the Western media. Obvious that this process of imposing international standards and to accept the verdicts given by specialized institutions came as a need for those who buy time and space for advertisements to know if their money is invested properly.

The fall of communism in 1989 and immediately afterwards, the battles for power, street confrontations with political, social, ethnic, changes to institutions, economic crisis, educational and cultural configurations, all these complex and dramatic events generated an increase in the number of information and accelerating the speed with which they were travelling, which involved an acute need for institutional sources and institutions specializing in finding, verifying, processing and disseminating the business information. Thus, 11 press institutions called themselves ‘news agencies’ in the first decade after the Revolution. Few of them have survived, and the remaining provides information lacking reliability at extremely low prices.

Post communist media was and remains the most eloquent, palpable active evidence and freedom of expression won after the collapse of totalitarianism. But freedom of expression is neither synonymous with gaining maturity of neither professional nor responsible for exercising the mission of the ‘fourth state power’ or equalizing access rights and opportunities of all citizens and organizations to express through the media. Freedom of expression has seen many manifestations in the service of public interest, and outputs motivated by egos, interests or ignorance.

All these years, the media was the institution closest to the public, and this explains the placement near constant media platoon of the few institutions in the public trust. In an era where each of us faces often carelessly contempt and corruption from the judiciary representatives, political parties, government, and so on and so forth, that the press says and expose publicly what happens to ordinary people provide comfort and a sense of solidarity.

All media systems are a sum of different products from multiple points of view: the media, types of target audiences, the content, modes of financing, distribution areas, the political attitude etc. It is therefore not the heterogeneity of the global system composed of subsystems with sharp divisions.. In the local press, post-communism created not only this diversification, a natural right to a free media system control, planning and censorship, but a chaotic amalgamation within sub-systems and media products.

Post communist media, although have developed a system that follows democratic frameworks of the media have failed to achieve specific quality standards and responsibility of the press in democratic countries. Instead of contributing to the public space, the domestic media lead to the creation of an area dominated by uncertainty, conflicts, scandals, exaggerations, the lies in media remains at present a key factor in the confusion between the public sphere and its component policy.

Freedom of expression in the media is understood as a transition from a condoning driver in the communist regime to criticize the government, it is centred upon politicians and parties, inducing readers and viewers the feeling that they are the agents’ passive policy actions, but not part of the community life, responsible for the state of society in which they live.

The evolution of post-communist press led to another paradoxical characteristic: hypertrophy freedoms and responsibilities for the circumvent public. Nothing can be more damaging for the media than to be born in a revolution.

The press that arises from a social disorder carries high specificity both in the event and the state of crisis, violence, confusion, pathos, hope-utopian, disappointment, and stigmas ideology which gave legitimacy. Post communist media have led to a situation of positive chaos where all they want is not merely to express themselves in the written press or audiovisual one. Editors and journalists immediately stated that freedom of expression recently conquered journalism, any political party, any idea could be criticized. This philosophy has removed the Romanian media balanced reportage, orienting it towards a subjective presentation of several polemics and events, ideas or phrases which were carefully chosen. Although formulas or graphical displays of program grids different media products rarely have a post-communist identity.

The explosion of post-communist media was materialized by opening the profession to the exterior world so the media have created over the years, one of the few areas that gave employment. Newly created institutions have absorbed an impressive mass of people, and between them the majority was those who, by playing political decisions and demographic hazard, represented the most important reservoir of cheap labour.

One of the most important features of the evolution of media in these years is the shift from a militant press, an opinion, to one of the newest. This registry change occurred within a very short time, it included all the medias and was made by the amalgamation of styles, genres and formats. How to make tabloid press has come to represent a type of product and journalistic discourse independently of the others, but has become a kind of plasma that bathes all media and all forms of journalistic discourse.

In the first 2-3 years after the fall of communism, the media system was dominated by militant discourse: media institutions were showing clear policy options, the opinion prevailed, partisan judgments and colourful news, and reality was distorted presented in consensus political interests of the party claimed. The old publications have kept their audience by virtue of inertia often confusing.

As any other post-communist media, many institutions systems of the new releases, including those here and those pornographic, artistic or religious, were created to cure frustrations accumulated during years of repression. At the same time, many were created solely to make a profit on new media market, regardless of ethical considerations – and sensational contents were often the easiest way to make money (Hiebert, 1999, p. 81).

Going through a tortuous path through the history of the media system, the media, and legitimate public confidence, performing many functions, it has been a key factor in the transition to democracy. The effects of a free media influence, whether subtle or indirect, whether it is addressed to central point issues, consists in creating a public opinion well informed and responsive. As a consequence, the media became critical in building a democratic society. However, only when the media in Romania will exceed the stage of enhanced accountability, given by a company in transition, it can be said that the level of democracy has been achieved.

Chapter II

The Influence of Mass Media on The Institution of The Diva

Every day, people spend more time watching TV, listening to their favorite radio station or read the press. The media have come to have a strong impact on individuals and contribute to the process of education and literacy. Their influence, strong or limited, has been a major concern for researchers in Communication Sciences for many decades. The effects observed in individuals leads to a lot of questions: regular reading of newspapers impose the ideology of the ruling class? Repeated sightings of politicians on television causes changes of opinion or intention to vote among the electorate? Children who watch violent scenes on TV are really more inclined than others to adopt aggressive behavior? The female celebrities are role models for teenagers? These are questions that show how necessary it is today the study of the effects, real or perceived, of the media. Knowledge would begin to multiply, although sometimes the answers given by specialists in this subject are not clear, given different opinions.

Media effects were first observed during WWI. If civilian populations until then had not been involved in the war, by this time the media has managed to mobilize the population, maintain morality and convince people to join the army. Due to the emergence and formation of mass society, the need to create emotional ties between people was felt, based on solidarity. Society was seen as

a passage from one social and traditional system to a stable one, where people were closely tied to one another, one of greater complexity, in which individuals were isolated from the social point of view (DeFleur, Rokeach, 1999, p.163).

The desire to mobilize feelings and loyalty to their nation and inducing fear and hatred for enemies has triggered the propaganda through the media. Messages propaganda invaded any media product at that time. The means of mass communication have become major tools of persuasion and persuasion of citizens. They have become pathways and were orientated towards mobilization of the masses and shaping public opinion in the direction desired by the communicator.

At that time, researchers believed that media effects are direct and have immediate action. Transmitted by media stimuli they were perceived in the same manner by all citizens, causing a reaction that was more or less uniform for all members of society. This first prospect called ‘magic bullet theory’ says that messages are received uniformly by every member of the public and triggers immediate reactions. They also trigger internal desires, emotions or other processes over which individuals have little voluntary control. The result was the powerful influence of media messages by appealing to emotional awareness.

Researchers have abandoned ideas and continued research in mass communication theories in an attempt to substantiate the empirical foundations of the field. Recent theories about the media focuses more on social and cultural factors involved in the company’s relationship with the media.

In turn, society suffers continuous changes. It is not a perfect social stable system and innovations are adopted easily. For this reason, media influences on society can change from one era to another. Therefore, the process of formulation and explanations of the effects of mass communication, apply to all citizens of a society and can become difficult. At the same time, empirical evidence is needed for the effects to be demonstrated.

Besides initiating an empirical research, the researchers have made significant new conclusions about personal and social attributes of human beings. New approaches in sociology and psychology come and aim to explain the action of the individual and the collective in all respects. As we gathered as many resulting from empirical research, it became increasingly clear that the ‘magic bullet theory’ was far from reality.

New theories of mass communication shows fundamental assumptions about human behavior. They originate in basic cognitive psychological paradigm developed in the field of psychology. They are called selective influence theories, but consist of three distinct formulations: individual differences theory, theory of social differentiation and social theory.

The main goal of the relations theory was to understand why individuals react, behave and adapt according to some patterns, following mass communication stimuli.

The theory was discovered through individual differences in psychological research of the behavior. The personality of each individual was seen as unique, A a fingerprint:

Although individuals had in common patterns of behavior of their culture, each of them have a cognitive structure which requires different habits of perception, beliefs, values, attitudes, skills (DeFleur, Rokeach, 1999, p.76).

As a result, the early twentieth century sparked a dispute over the ‘nature-education’ opposition as a source of individual differences.

The researchers influenced by the prospect of evolution by Charles Darwin who believed that human beings are an animal species, and to understand their behavior, have studied animal behavior. The types of human behaviors were biologically determined and governed by instincts. Skills and trends were also inherited and modern human behaviour were transmitted through a long evolutionary process.

Those who support education, claimed that the individual cognitive structure is learned and can be learned from experience in society. They believed that human beings acquire their individual characteristics and abilities of their experiences and their environment by learning.

Perspective education becomes a starting point for studying the effects of the means of mass communication, because it is obvious that the transmission of information by the media will produce major changes both in human thinking individually and in cultural development collectively.

The researchers actually did experiments to observe the effects of the learning process. Hermann Ebbinghaus himself made experiences on memory and found that the size and number of repetitions of the material had considerable consequences in learning. Ivan Pavlov was able to observe by experiment with animals, that they can acquire patterns of behavior through learning. Edward Thorndike used food as a reward, to see how cats learn to get out of a box trap. After the experiment, he formulated the law based on the principle effects of pleasure-pain. Already convinced, psychologists compared the processes that characterizes animal patterns found in humans, the researchers felt that, as the animals, they acquire patterns of behavior, as it happens in humans. But they develop within societies. Therefore, learning principles make us understand why people are so different from the same company in their cognitive structure. The differences are the consequences of different biological endowments and social and cultural experiences, personal and diversified, after acquiring different patterns.

Attitudes are seen as ‘predispositions’ that teaches and plays an important role in shaping behavior. They underline the differences between people, acquired through, and explains different directions and intensities of preferences and unpleasantness on the one hand and the acceptances and rejections on the other.

Selective theories influence of the media have dealt with the direct effects that have a limited and immediate power. But to understand the causes and effects of the media, the focused attention and the indirect and long-term consequences of mass communication are needed. Differences in behavior of people and their traditional roles can be explained by evolution in the cultures they come from and are the product of socialization. The individual are shaped by their environment through learning and learning experiences can have long-term influences on cognitive structure of the individual.

Socialization and theories of indirect influence are based precisely on these lagged effects accumulations observed in human social activities and relationships. The researchers assume that the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are shaped by society members of sociocultural systems.

            Socialization is the phenomenon that human beings maintain a relationship with their peers in social, whereby they acquire certain principles with which interprets the world around us adapts to the environment and relate to others. Also socialization

is the label of a set of complex communication, long-term and multidimensional relations between individuals and agents of the company, resulting in preparing the individual for life in a socio-cultural environment (DeFleur, Rokeach, 1999, p.76).

Here, the mass media plays agents of socialization. They have a growing importance in educating the public. The media suggests that public behavior to adopt, how to act and what to understand from a media content. Therefore, attention is turning to the study of indirect influences on the individual and society. Socializing generates the individual and enables him to assume the aspects of culture develops.

From the perspective of psychoanalysis, one must control his inner impulses caused by behaviors so they do not contradict social norms. Through socialization, he learns definitions and rules of conduct in accordance with the acceptance of society. Moreover, through socialization, the individual learns to participate in group life and gain knowledge to take part in social activities. Also in the social context it is end and conception of itself through interaction with others.

As agents of socialization, mass media contribute to providing information about social patterns of behavior. But what is the concern to researchers is whether these models presented by the media are acceptable or not according to the moral rules of society and if they are close to reality as such. Note that such images are subjected to daily media consumers, and continue repeating them can cause serious effects on their behavior. Intentionally or accidentally, people learn from media content and information learned can develop or modify the ways of social interaction.

Modeling theory was originally formulated by Albert Bandura as part of social learning theories. The goal was to observe how people acquire new forms of behavior in the office. Learning involves, in the first instance, observing the behavioral model before it adopts and then by imitation, acquiring him. Identified herself with that model or aspiring to it, the individual can considerably realize or don 't like that model is working, and when faced with a similar situation, he remembers the model and imitating. If the time of application, the model led to solve a problem or achieve a satisfying result, arriving at strengthening the relationship between stimulus and response or gratification by getting these rewards. As a result, the chances that the model of behavior will be adopted repeatedly are rising due to the positive effects obtained. Often, however, people quit the interpretation and analysis of information coming from the media space and views submitted by them what is normal, what is good and to be accepted are taken by the public in their design without passing through -a personal meanings filter. Here’s another example that we understand the effects of a very strong impact of the media, but seen after a longer period of their action. Thus, modeling theory can be useful in explaining the indirect influences of media on the individual long term.

To understand the effects following the exposure to media must require the focused attention and the social context in which the individual interacts. For this direction. it handles the social expectations theory, seen as mutually accepted rules that define how people should behave in social interaction with their peers. Human activities are carried out according to certain rules, traditions and common laws that establish social order. The fundamental concepts are currently used for social order: rules, roles, hierarchies and sanctions.

The rules are general rules are understood and followed by all members of a group, to be known and respected by them in social behavior.

In 1970, DeFleur has developed a theory on cultural norms according to which the media can influence human conduct. This is due to prioritization of certain subjects that give people understand that the structure was made specifically to give learning some cultural norms. For a comprehensive view on the theory, DeFleur includes other components of social organization.

The roles are applied in the organization of the group. They allow people to act together in a coordinated manner to achieve goals. To do this, it requires specialized roles and their correlation with the other part of the group. Also, knowledge of the role of the other leads to a more efficient activity of the group, but also in anticipation of everyone’s reactions.

Hierarchies also have an important role because they make distinctions on the basis of authority, power, prestige, and privileges and rewards. Status in the organisational social aspect is necessary for the proper functioning of social structures.

The sanctions apply in case of deviation from social norms in order to maintain social order and to punish those who do not fulfill their roles or do not respect the hierarchy. Sanctions can be positive and for those who comply. In consequence, theories of social expectations put more emphasis on the connections between people than on their physical characteristics

Starting a parallel media is also a major source of social expectation, on the social organization of certain groups of modern society. Their content shows a set of images, ideas and values ​​that lead consumers to adopt understanding subdivisions in the social concepts order. Rules, roles, hierarchies and sanctions describing media are treated by the public as sets of social expectation. But you have to keep in mind that these may not always be accurate or belonging to the surrounding reality. Therefore, the media acts not only on the individual, providing role models that can be adopted through learning, but also affect the culture, the knowledge, values ​​and norms of a society and human social relations.

2.1. A Diva in America

When we refer to literature, sex, gender, ethnicity and sexuality are always significant character traits as a result of the significance they have for readers in the real world. In addition they can be listed by age, nationality, social class, other means of identification of the characters, as well as signifying a fictional universe in question (for example, a character who sleeps on its belly versus one who sleeps on the back) and, not least, traits that have a meaning in the universe, but are used as metaphors for various specific problems of the society and time of the author. The characterization of a specific game and various stereotypes – stereotypes often conflicting – attached to a specific category of features is very hard to gain by the author who must strike a balance to create an authentic character, perceived by readers as such.

One DIVA during the literary movement was Virginia Woolf (born Adeline Virginia Stephen) whose works examine the difficulties that writers and intellectual women meet because men exalted in a position uneven between legal power and economic power, and the future of women in education and society. Her work has been criticized because it could be summarized in the narrow world of the English intelligentsia.

Some critics consider the lack of universality and depth, without the power to communicate things through an emotional or ethical relevance of an ordinary disillusioned reader, tired of the ‘20s aestheticism. She was criticized by some as anti-Semitic, despite the fact that she was married to a male Jew. Anti-Semitism is taken of the fact that she often wrote about nationality, Hebrew characters in stereotypical archetypes and generalizations. The overwhelming anti-Semitism of the 1920s and 1930s had an inevitable influence on Virginia Woolf.

Virginia and her husband Leonard Woolf actually hated and feared ‘30s fascism with his anti-Semitism, knowing they were on Hitler's blacklist. Her book Three Guineas in 1938 was an indictment of fascism. Woolf's husband, Leonard, always at her side, was quite aware of any signs that pointed to his wife’s internal demise. He saw, as she was working on what would be her final manuscript (published posthumously), Between the Acts, she was sinking into a bottomless pit. Although her popularity decreased after World War II, her stories rang true again for readers during the feminist movement of the 1970s. Woolf remains one of the most well-known authors of the 21st century.

Often people start to become a place where we (re) find ourselves only when it is divided into groups, camps, territories, briefly … splitting! Throughout the history of writing, there were many voices in the feminist camp wanting to present their views and feelings to the world through the art word.

Feminist literature is identified by many features of the feminist movement. Authors of feminist literature understand and explain the difference between sex and gender. They believe that although the sex of a person is predetermined and natural, it is created by the society, with a special perception of gender roles, which, they believe, may change over time. Dominance of gender over another is a common concept in almost all societies, and that it is not in favour of women it is a basic characteristic of feminist literature. It argues that any society that does not provide channels for learning and development for both sexes equally, it is not a full and impartial society.

Critics say that it has not made a big difference in male and female perpetrators and that there was no need to identify a separate class called feminist literature or look for traces of feminism in literature. However, if you read any such work, you will realize how critical these oriented writers approach society and how men are trying to understand the beliefs and needs of the opposite sex through a subjective approach. If we take, for instance, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, starring Elizabeth Bennett who was a woman mistress on her mind, which, despite social pressure (exerted by her mother) to choose a partner and to lead an already established life for all women, she decided to go on the road she has solely chosen. But her decision has not been approached by writer ostensibly. There resulted a visible struggle in order to choose their path in life. The work is subtle and only clear feature of the protagonist is her determination. And this is a feature of the feminist approach to literature.

Women in feminist literature are always presented as the protagonist, who most often readily not accept traditional role of women established by the company. They are ready to make their own decisions, to express their choice, to decide alone and are prepared to face the consequences of their choices, actions and their decisions. Although it is a daughter, a mother, a sister or a wife, any work of feminist literature deals first from woman to woman.

Do these relationships, roles or stereotypes give these characters their feminine identity? Their identity is defined by the choices and beliefs, which are then associated with these roles. It is not important to note that not all works of feminist literature have happy endings, nor does neither the character nor the author. These women were ostracized by society that demanded equality and had to face many negative consequences due to their protests.

Women were treated as important issues not only in feminist literature, but also in many literary works written by men. Not all, but some works of feminist literature (especially non-fiction) shows and emphasizes women’s suffrage and the demand for equality in society, in terms of political, social and economic aspects. In modern feminist literature, the attack against a society dominated by men became more direct and honest, and women demanding a closer look at the patriarchal and capitalist approach towards feminism.

Feminism, a legitimate movement conquest respect and rights for women, entered the political arena, a space of competition and fight in the male world, where femininity has become a mental disability.

Feminists have understood the soft side of emotional women as they become weak, underestimating their role in child development and relationships, while the rational and conflict prevalent in men, was seen as strong. If, throughout history, the roles of an ‘iron hand’ were met by several queens, now these roles have become ‘popular’, with outstanding examples such Margaret Thatcher and Angela Merkel. Those are DIVAS!

2.2. A Diva in Romania

Many of the dilemmas and challenges of feminism are related with the evolution of Romanian history and political life and gender relations developments during the transition period. After 1989, Romanian feminism, both theoretically and practically had to cover a gap created by communism, to recover a huge difference compared to its developments in Western Europe and the United States, a trend which, starting from the events of XIXth century feminism and the first half of the twentieth century, would be characterized in Romania. The various types of ’communist egalitarianisms’ must be dissociated from feminism, given that communism did not pursue the empowerment of women. These recoveries involve recognizing and adapting to the needs and interests of women and men in the new contemporary Romania. If in western countries feminism has gone through various transformations, changes, domestic (re) systematizations, in Romania feminism has been able to develop a single agenda, the equal rights or the first wave in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century.

In modern day Romania, one of the dilemmas of Romanian feminism is: what new wave or what type of agenda have we developed in recent years? The metaphor for waves reflects agenda problems and distinct ways of solving what affects political practice. If the first wave was that of equality, since the 60s it developed a tide in difference, then, about 30 years later, the agenda has changed its direction in multiple reflections of differences between women or, in other words, the tide began to be outlined.

In Romania, feminist discourses were pluralized after the Revolution; therefore, it can be identified a hybrid feminism incorporating both features of second speech wave, third wave, post feminism and postmodern trends.

But the third wave of feminism in the context of indigenous heritage and development is challenging. For many feminists, problematic issues are being raised and it does not seem nothing more than a cultural mirage; for others, the prospect of multiple differences is especially attractive for making mistakes similar to those in more remote geographical areas for us. But among feminists who prefer agenda and the third wave, we can hear a voice whispering approaching: Yes, there are differences between women, but do not forget the common interests. To skip certain steps while the women have common interests, not just specific interests can only be nothing but a concrete cover of problems. In certain contexts all the waves are necessary because it addresses specific problems using separate tools. It is therefore necessary a critical reflexivity and the need to establish a delicate balance between feminism of difference and the multiple differences, because in Romania women – in addition to specific interests based on area of ​​residence, education level, age, ethnicity etc. – have common interests.

After the outbreak of the French Revolution, in 1789, women got out from the domestic space becoming equal to men fighting for the principles of the whole society, rephrasing her social status involved a long time yet. Although by the end of the nineteenth century its place and role in European society remains marginal, never ceases to evolve. Despite persistent traditional clichés, under the impact of the feminist movement, with features to specific areas and periods (some authors have stressed that there is feminism but feminisms), the insertion of women in European societies, and acquisition of rights in various fields, occurs gradually. Feminism itself is evolving from the original equality (stipulation in the constitution regarding equality rights) to the differentiation and release until radical feminism, launched in the second half of the twentieth century. The situation of women in the Romanian space has some similarities with the pan-European, but also a number of specific elements.

During the Middle Ages, representatives of high society, wives of rulers often left their boring life of chambers of to support their husbands when they were confronted with political issues. Some were involved in the struggle for the throne, or helping their husbands to (re) win or leaning on their sons in the battle for succession or even in the country’s leadership, the daughters were used, as everywhere in Europe to strengthen alliances or wealth. Among them, DIVAS such as Maria Voichița, Ruxandra Lăpușneanu or Păuna Cantacuzino can be mentioned.

Escalating barriers imposed by life in the strictly universal family life was contextualized as a phenomenon itself in the second half of the nineteenth century. Women’s empowerment as a constituent of modernizing Romanian society describes a tortuous journey, conditioned largely by the structure of mentality but also of politics or economics related mismatch. The entwining of innovative elements with the legacy of philanthropic and charitable act undertaken by representatives from the Romanian great noble families in the European context resulted in the recognition of women’s citizenship rights. Romanian women’s visibility in the public space has been claimed and promoted by elites, which makes transmission to other categories of people that are truncated, sometimes equivocal. Most experts in the field agree that the initiative Romanian feminist women can not be regarded as a mere mimetic adoption of Western public behaviour. Native flirtation capitalized equally to conduct a public exemplary behaviour of some of the main Wallachian or Moldavian female figures (for instance, Safta Brancoveanu), an active presence in local communities since the last century, and experiences to new aristocratic generations, promoters of an ideal universe incompatible with Romanian realities.

The Romanian elites’ contact with the bookish Enlightenment message was brokered by Romanian students who wanted to study in the West, as a part of the fanariote clique. The public action of women in the first half of the nineteenth century was inextricably linked to the revolutionary cause and manifest those families who have subscribed to the Romanian education in the spirit of the new times (see Zoe Golescu, Maria Rosetti or Cocuța Conachi). Reporting them to the political realities in a permanent change (the Napoleonic wars, the Holy Alliance, the Russian-Austrian-Turkish wars, legitimizing the German Empire as a powerhouse) resulted in an act of public action. Zoe Golescu shared the idea of ​​a renewed outbreak of the Russo-Turkish conflict, obliging the Great Powers to intervene and clarify the international situation of the Romanian Principalities. A merest glimpse of crafts of its post-revolution period – maintain a lively correspondence with her sons, has contacts with the secretary of the British Consulate in Bucharest, travelling in the Ottoman Empire and face the Protecting Power to Bucharest – reveals that she is well informed about their European and Romanian affairs, about the opportunities in this context. Many Romanian families with a name send their girls to study ‘abroad’ just to finalize a harmonious spiritual profile.

The Women’s League of Romania (1894) was one of the many feminist societies which have openly expressed its intention to take action in the public space, meant to reveal its small place, reserved for women. Thus, militants aimed to bring appropriate amendments to existing legislation, particularly the Civil Code, to convince the need for economic independence of a wife in the family life, to be involved in promoting women trained in hitherto positions, reserved obstinately to a manly element (lawyer, notary, and member of the Board of Directors). The program has known over time important annotations of which would be significant reference in reclaiming political rights. One way of incentives for policy makers’ league was practiced by members through petitions to the Parliament about the urgency of resolving their grievances.

In the first decade of the last century it was imposed in addition to the need for cultural emancipation of women and the recognition of its full membership at the citizen body (the first Romanian who showed the significance of obtaining the right to vote for women was Eliza Popescu).

Participation of Romania in the First World War meant sudden changes in the level of state policy, as well as irreparable damage to the traditional system of values. Romanian women came out of anonymity at the same time with the enrolment of their husbands, brother, son or father in the army. Even if they were peasants taking care of the household, nurses deployed in hospitals, working in Romanian factories and being forced to bear the war effort or wives of politicians, women have managed to assemble and prove the legitimacy of their claims. In the context of new social and political disputed order (discussions on the Constitution of 1923), women tried to impose their own interests and capitalize open horizons inherited after the war. In July 1918 the Association for Civil and Political Empowerment of Romanian Women arose and capitalized feminist traditions of the Old Kingdom, but also the civic emancipation efforts of Transylvanian women (the first Romanian feminist association appeared in Budapest), changing the legal fund offered and political equality of women to men. In this regard, the association continued to send petitions to the Parliament to organize public conferences and support a broad media campaign.

The interwar period in many fields marked an affirming feminist cause. The practice of universal suffrage was a challenge in itself for men (obviously, with the exceptions noted in the Constitution). Thus, few of those who had the right to vote and to be elected have had the time to reflect on the legitimacy of feminist demands. The new citizen was seen itself forced to re-evaluate a brisk options in the political field, or because of the action of two key factors – appearance on the political scene of new actors and mandate of the parliamentary term. The act itself forced the feminist movement to redesign public discourse and to find viable solutions in fulfilling its social mission.

Politics remained on refractory to the opportunity of a debate on women’s rights to be ’naturalized’. Despite the dismantling of prejudices or mentalities and rigid close-minded attitudes (see cases such as Ecaterina Teodoroiu, Smaranda Brăescu or Ella Negruzzi), holders of traditional-innovative state order have displayed a reserved attitude to the problem of civic discourse feminist profession sometimes using them to justify membership of left or right on the political spectrum. Fracturing the identity of Romanian society after the war was reflected in promoting the image of him to women. The war had signed the death certificate of the Romanian landowners so that many of the supporters of the feminist movement seek to save truncated identity. Even if the Romanian company allegedly circulated and changed from different angles of perception, in fact a mix of tradition and innovation is presented, which will slow down the process of modernization.

Princess Alexandrina Cantacuzino is an eloquent example. Active in various feminist organizations such as the Romanian Women, Women’s House Association, Solidarity Society, who promoted the idea of ​​women’s empowerment in terms of its materiality in a new age, crystallized after the extinction of the world conflict. Her speech sometimes takes anti-modernist forms (even xenophobic), which makes intellectual regressions to replace concrete formulations pre-feminism.

In an attempt to be vested in Bucharest, the new political order of the state had to also practice the technique of compromise. Thus, the state’s attitude towards popular democracy could detect new elements, but also traditional components. Over the image that Romanian society had built about women’s role in past centuries content, using new powers overlapped, without reflecting on the consequences, elements of feminist discourse wars, this mixture was meant to serve the social policy of the communist regime. Those were DIVAS!

Chapter III

American Diva versus Romanian Diva

The period between the 1920s and 1960s is known in film history as the Golden Age of Hollywood. At the time, the film industry has become one of the most important in America – a status which is kept until today, partly due to huge public interest for actors and actresses of Hollywood. The 20s and 60s have seen the emergence of many successful films, some considered today among the best in film history and actresses since, still famous, are seen as examples of refinement and elegance, what a DIVA should be by definition, divas such as Ava Gardner , Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, Ingrid Bergman, Marlene Dietrich, Vivien Leigh, features such as the cool air of Grace Kelly, Audrey Hepburn’s little of cheerfulness, sensuality or stature of Lauren Bacall, the courage of Joan Crawford make a DIVA. How many of you have admired the sex appeal of Marilyn Monroe or Garbo’s unwavering innocence? Real life divas that wowed over the seas entertainment with their talent, grace, manners, beauty (some of them turning into real life princesses or being given the title of ‘the most beautiful woman’ throughout a time period).

For centuries now, we have had the good fortune to admire strong women, beautiful and unique in their way to celebrity. Their roles in films of reference were devoted by each one with their strengths. They are examples of feminism and mentors of feminine elegance and seduction. Somehow, the legacy they left behind is dedicated for women who are fighting to get into the big world cities, never ceasing to dream and who just need a little polishing to be noticed. These are the heroines of femininity and style of the movies old and powerful women today!

Marlene Dietrich exuded charm even being dressed as a man in tuxedo. A perpetual changing creature, which was reinvented over time, because of the exotic look, striking voice and acting talent. It became one of the highest paid actresses of all time devoted to the androgynous allure caused by male clothing.

Marilyn Monroe? There’s no point to tell what the diva is recognized for. In short, she is the ultimate symbol of voluptuous forms that stirs the imagination of men everywhere. The blonde still stirs the White House with scandals, posthumously, due to her sexual history with important men from the past in opposition with another legendary heroine, Audrey Hepburn.

Audrey Hepburn was a dreamer, a trademark of classic femininity. With her image of a child, but with a sharp acting and dance talent (she took ballet lessons), she was appreciated for her intelligence, charm and compassion – has left her career in the end, for the sake of family and humanitarian action. She claimed that she was thinking that maybe with time, instead there is a politicization of humanitarian aid, to be a humanizing policy. We are still waiting.

Image 1 – AUDREY HEPBURN

Recognized for her unique laughter, Elizabeth Taylor was a popular actress (ever since she was 12 years old), reaching to be one of the biggest stars of the Golden Age, starring in classics. But above all, one of the most beautiful women of the world who inspired to follow their hearts. Maybe that’s why she was married eight times, including Richard Burton (twice), with whom she starred in 11 films! Liz won two Oscars and numerous other awards for her films, but was also a social activist and a dedicated supporter of the humanitarian cause involving HIV.

Image 2 – ELIZABETH TAYLOR

Those are role models, public figures who chose the right path and built their careers based on their brains and not look, as what makes a DIVA nowadays.

In the Romanian entertainment field, popular folklore female singers I would call divas, public female figures present in the industry for the past twenty or thirty years I would call divas, women in politics who have made changes I would call divas, not television hosts ‘upgraded’ by Botox and silicone in their bodies. Those are not role models. Those are unknown girls who became overnight sensations due to their enhanced physical features, or after being seen with a famous man, they are given the status of DIVA. For what? Their negative impact on teenage girls? What would they learn? Get a fake body, get involved with a famous football player and that’s it? DIVAS must gain this status through hard work, by making a change, using their brains and learning and working hard.

Sadly enough, showbiz, anywhere in the world is not made from public figures that had something to say, something that would change the world. Hopefully, the world would have the cure for deadly disease, a solution to stop world hunger, more female billionaires than male. Hopefully, all these will be accomplished by research made by female figures.

Still, what about modern day divas in the American entertainment industry?

Questions of class are fundamental to nineteenth-century American history. Class was an important part of contemporaries’ world-view and class distinctions were deeply incorporated in the social fabric. For much of the century class was not only the one most important form of social categorization, but also the foundation of understandings of political and social change and of the narratives which were constructed around them. For contemporaries, the history of the nineteenth century was written above all in the turning fortunes of the classes, the eclipse of the aristocracy, the victory of the middle class and the challenge of the working class.

The 19th century’s political historiography discovered no position for women’s or gender history. Focusing on the progress of political institutions and on masculine politicians it was assumed that the politics in the nineteenth century owed little to women, separately from a few exceptional examples. Assessments of nineteenth-century gender and politics have endured a series of paradigm turns since the 1970s and the subject is now characterized by contradictory narratives about the model of women in public life in that period. This has tended to similar discussions about identity, men and politics a domain that until now had been viewed as unproblematic. The effect of these theoretical discussions has been to construct a different vision, of the lives of women, men and the entire panorama of nineteenth-century political history.

In 1960, the progress of social history did little to counteract the supposition that political history was written without mention to women or gender. The centre remained on political establishments and masculine political actors, although centred in working-class than elite communities.

In 1970, the rise of women’s history, characterized by Rowbotham’s Hidden from History, contributed to foreground women’s model in the politics of the nation. Although pioneer women’s historians had various objectives, there was an underlying feminist agenda that distinguished their work as they searched both to reveal the roots of the ideology of patriarchal oppression and to follow the origins of women’s political action as a means of explaining the contemporary fighting for women’s liberation. This conducted to a search to recover past heroines of women’s movements that imitated the men approach of many traditional political historians. There was also a concentration on the early-twentieth-century campaigns of female vote campaigners that concentrated on women’s struggle to obtain the franchise and centred on women’s penetration of the high political territory. A consequence of this research was that many of the early writers assumed there was little female political agency either outside the campaign for the vote or for much of the nineteenth century.

A second theoretical current appeared in the 1970s and 1980s, influenced by the application of social scientific, literary and cultural methodologies to history. This supposed the categories of gender, race and class as central to any social structure. The most influential and innovative example of this conceptual progress was Davidoff and Hall’s Family Fortunes. They underlined their intentions thus:

In particular, our concern has been to give the neglected dimension of gender its full weight and complexity in the shaping and structuring of middle-class social life in this period (Davidoff and Hall, 2002, p. 29).

In a thesis, they tried to demonstrate the crucial impact of changing gender roles on the formation of a different middle-class identity in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They recognized the important nineteenth-century rhetoric of separate territories in establishing boundaries between the public and private worlds of the English middle class. While public life was seen as an exclusively male territory characterized by the virtues of action, determination and resolution, the domestic setting was where women’s moral virtues of gentleness, tenderness, piety and faith developed.

These ideals were originally expressed in England by a group of evangelicals and being suited to the values of the appearing middle class, they became central to the bourgeois identity of the nineteenth century, absorbed by government policy-makers and social commentators.

The use of ‘separate spheres’ ideologies to characterize gender relations mainly in this period has been contested by historians who have sustained that the discourse of domesticity was neither novel to the nineteenth century nor restricted to a unique social class. There was separation of responsibilities, mainly among the middle class but these did not necessarily take place along public/private boundaries and were permanently negotiated. In special fields, such as philanthropy, the boundaries between the public and private domains intersected. Historians have continued to consider the use of the language of separate domains. A recent contributor to the debate has sustained that ‘several spheres’ is a more adequate term to describe the ways in which middle-class women interpreted their public and political identity and that it is difficult to establish one definition of such a complex term. These multiple interpretations of ‘separate spheres’ reflect the mentalities of nineteenth-century commentators themselves. Although many conduct manuals and social-policy makers glorified the virtues of the bourgeois culture of domesticity, some radicals and early feminists embraced the idea of the home as an activating site for specifically female political agency. Thus the notion of public and private were ideological composes utilized in different ways rather than fixed, unchanging entities.

Davidoff and Hall contributed to a chronology of women and politics that had been based by the early women’s historians. The nineteenth century was showed as a period of closure, excluding the women and the working class from specific types of political activity. The rising of the bourgeoisie, the ideology of domesticity and economic trends separating the home from the workplace, confirmed the political arena as a middle-class men world from which women and the poor were excluded.

This world was only broken through by women in the second half of the century when new opportunities for participation were opened in the emergent domain of local government and extra-governmental organizations such as school boards. This Whiggish interpretation considered the 1860s and 1870s as the guide of campaigns for women’s civil and political rights. Recently, this chronology has been challenged by a range of historians, who have underlined the richness of women’s political culture earlier in the century and have argued for a more complex evaluation of nineteenth-century politics which does not privilege women’s campaigns for the vote over other domains of political engagement.

Davidoff and Hall’s work described one theoretical approach to the centre on gender and its use as a category of historical analysis. A second response appeared in the 1980s from historians influenced by French post-structuralism. Scott discussed for the primary role of language in the construction of gendered identity. Gender should be used as an analytical category for historical investigation recognizing its turning and unstable nature. Many feminist historians had used the terms ‘gender’ and ‘woman’ as alternative, but Scott wanted to displace from the identification with the biological categories of male and female and explore the cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity. Scott’s argument was summarized by Bock:

Gender is a category, not in the sense of a universal statement but . . . in the sense of public objection and indictment, of debate, protest, process and trial ( Bock, 1989. p. 10).

For historians it was considered that such theoretical methods would initiate new domains of historical enquiry, mainly in the area of political history where power relations between and within the sexes were continually contested. Scott’s contribution was subject to challenge from women’s historians who considered that they had been responsive to issues concerning women’s multiple cultural identities and sustained that her approach would lead to the experiences of women in the past being reduced to ‘subjective stories’. The discussions were mingled with the wider debate in the historical profession about the contribution of postmodernism and its concentration on the construction of meaning through language.

The emphasis on discussed gender identities and a more cultural approach to political history has conducted women’s historians to revise their focus. Discussions on the endurance of the patriarchal setting have moved on to a consideration of the limit of women’s political agency within cultural, societal and economic constraints. The emphasis is on the variety of women’s experiences within the complex political culture of the nineteenth century. Recent work has concentrated on the variety of women’s political practice and the continually turning contexts in which they operated. This has conducted to a revival of interest in elites, the traditional domain of study by political historians, to discover some methods by which women undermined institutional, legal and political constraints on their civic role, their property rights and their interaction with the political nation.

A further consequence of the discussion between gender and women’s historians has been led new research on competing versions of masculinity in the

nineteenth century and the implications for political activity. Men and power have been seen as synonymous and these explorations offer new ways for interpretations and explanations of political activity. Notions of nineteenth-century masculinity are beginning to be discussed as historians consider that the contested versions of manhood signify wider debates about the structure of power.

Clark (1995) considers the impact between working-class, bourgeois and aristocratic concepts of masculinity in its domestic context and gender connections within the industrial and manufacturing communities. She takes the same approach to women’s historians, viewing the family as a site for public discussion, rather than as a private space. She argues that Chartists, for instance, used the rhetoric of domesticity for many purposes: to support manhood, to appeal to women and to extract concessions from the state. For working-class men, fighting to come to terms with the demands of industrialization, a feminized workforce and bourgeois notions of respectability and the patriarchal family, developing the concept of domesticity allowed them to reaffirm their control. Although some Chartists sustained for a more egalitarian family structure, others used the language of domesticity to justify their superiority over working-class women, saying that they wished to protect and support them.

In Britain for instance, the sign of the endependence of women in the nineteenth century was that the female collaboration to literature began to be very important. No longer was women‘s writing regarded as disgraceful and inconvenient for their place in society. Jane Austen started to speak about morality and social organization, her novels marked the start of the progress of social analysis implemented to the novel, a period during which female writers became equal to male. But women‘s way towards literary independence and celebrity was not that easy. As well as other domains of life, writing was dominated by men in the Victorian period. Accordingly, some female authors used masculine pseudonyms to make certain that their works were accepted by public and publishers. They were frightened that if they signed with their real names, readers would not take them as seriously as their male. For this reason, Mary Ann Evans used the pen name George Eliot and the Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne, signed with the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. In spite of these hardships women succeeded in the domain of literature and the reasons for their success is the fact that women‘s writing was very particular. As Margaret Drabble declares, a century later:

Women‘s novels are not just novels that happen to be written by women, but are novels that express a certain woman's view of the universe that can be appreciated by any careful reader. This is the point of view that women writers write for everyone, but have a special and individual voice that reflects the same values as men, but in uniquelly, different ways (Drabble, 1965, p.103).

The turn in literary themes was also considerable. Fiction overtaken non-fiction literature and novels commonly described the doubts and judgements of the main characters in social context. The most usual themes, like marriage and lives of people were described in the novels starting up in the nineteenth century, contemporary and historical. Chesterton mentions in his work The Victorian Age in Literature, that the key trait of Victorian fiction is sympathy, which centres on the differentiations and life reverses women had to deal with:

And sympathy does not mean so much feeling with all who feel, but rather suffering with all who suffer. (Gilbert, 1913, p. 94).

3.1. A Diva in The American Entertainment Field

Actress and singer, Michelle Pfeiffer won us with her blue eyes and blonde curls since the 80’s, when she starred in The Hollywood Knights, and the iconic interpretation in Scarface. Since then she has remained a sex symbol in the film culture, as now, at 55 years. Her talent was rewarded immeasurably with Golden Globes, BAFTA and Oscar nominations.

Charlize Theron is our contemporary heroine who has played only in important roles such as those in The Devil's Advocate, The Cider House Rules in the 90s, independent mother (has an adopted African – American baby boy) and a blonde who at almost 42 years old looks terribly beautiful. Her mother was the one who convinced her to go to Los Angeles, where Charlize was noticed by an agent, and after a few months, she received an acting role. She took acting lessons and her role in The Devil's Advocate drew the attention of everyone in the film industry.

She is also kind being involved in humanitarian work and is considering initiating a project to support young African individuals fight against HIV, but Charlize is also involved in feminist organizations dedicated to women’s rights in the supporting homosexuality and organizations to protect animal rights.

Image 3 CHARLIZE THERON

What about Mia Farrow? Now we see only a spark of what was once the former partner of Woody Allen and former wife of Frank Sinatra. But decades ago, her pixie haircut and big crystalline eyes, consecrated as an androgynous rebel, but perfect for great roles such as those in Rosemary’s Baby and Roman Polanski’s The Great Gatsby, an adaption after Francis Scott Fitzgerald remarkable novel. She starred in over 50 films throughout her career.

Salma Hayek is a symbol of sensuality, exoticism and fearless women, an actress of Mexican origin who went from soap operas to movies such countries as Desperado, Wild Wild West and the much-acclaimed Frida, a colorful role for which she was nominated for several awards. Now she lives in France with her husband and her child, but also deals occasionally with directing and film production.

Sophia Loren was the woman all men fell in love with at least once in life, due to t her Italian flair and talent in acting internationally. Sophia was a beauty contest participant since she was 14 years old, so it’s no wonder why she remained a symbol of beauty until today. She was the first one to receive an Oscar for a role in a foreign language, but also special five Golden Globes, a BAFTA and a Grammy.

Image 4 – SOPHIA LOREN

Nowadays, Kim Kardashian became famous due to unorthodox ways and is called a diva. Heidi Montag became famous during a reality show, had her entire body ‘reconstructed’ and is called a diva. Sweet Hannah Montana star, Miley Cyrus brought to the media attention and introduced ‘twerking’ in the dictionary, a work describing a wreckles and sexual type of dance. Despite the fact she had a notable contribution in the music industry and pop culture, the manner in which she gained the status of a diva is not appropriate: sticking her tongue non stop and being seen in public mostly naked than dressed does not represent a path and an inspiration for young and naïve girls, looking for a role model.

One of the most obvious properties of media news, ignored or neglected in both traditional and more recent approaches to media reporting, is that news reports, whether in the press or on TV, constitutes a particular type of discourse.

The prevailing influence of the social sciences in the study of mass communication has led to a nearly exclusive focus on the economic, political, social, or psychological aspects of news processing. This orientation provided important insights into the (macro) conditions of news production and into the uses or effects of mass media reporting.

The message itself in such studies tended to receive attention only as far as it could provide information about the factors of its various contexts. Traditional, as well as more recent, forms of content analysis aimed at a methodologically adequate description of selected properties of such media messages with t he primary goal to be able to make contextual inferences.

The adequacy of this approach resided more in the reliability of scoring categories and in the sophisticated nature of the statistical treatment of the results than in the systematic analysis and understanding of the media messages in their own right.

Against the background of current developments in the new interdisciplinary study of discourse, we are now able to take a different approach.

Central to this new orientation is its perspective on the very core of the process of mass communication, via the mediated discourses themselves. No longer are these discourses merely analyzed in terms of practical, while observable and countable, intermediate variables between properties of sources or production conditions and characteristics of media users or effects. What makes a DIVA in Romania?

3.2. A Diva in The Romanian Entertainment Field

The Romanian showbiz changed much from the early ‘90s, when this term had not been invented.

Looking in the past, however, valuable people in showbiz today were relevant then and one could easily see that most of them were also popular then and still are today, moreover, many of them were stars ever since the 80s. Here is how local divas have managed to stay on top today, they are not as young as then, but they have resisted in time and are valuable role models!

Andreea Marin’s career for instance is related to television, namely the Public Television, which started when she was 19 years old as a presenter of the children’s show Land of Piticot.

Andreea Marin began her career in the media young and apparently has chosen the right path in her life when TVR Iasi happen, because then, she become newscaster in Bucharest.

The television shows Surprise, Surprise brought her national fame, influence, popularity and money.

Andreea left the world of television, but her name has the same notoriety as in the past. The TV star has earned the respect of others through work and seriousness.

Image 5 – ANDREEA MARIN

Loredana Groza is the national Madonna according to some; she is undoubtedly the most popular artist in Romania, with a career behind for 32 years. It all began in 1984 when she won at 14 years old the talent competition Star without name, as in 1985 and 1986. Also in 1986 she won the trophy from Mamaia for interpretation.

From that culminant point, she started a career containing 20 albums out on the market and dozens of singles that have reached the status of super-hits. Loredana has the great quality to reinvent herself and remain current today. In addition to her musical career, Lori has starred in eight films and five soap operas, and is currently a judge on The Voice of Romania, on Pro TV.

The singer surprises her fans every time she appears on stage to choose the outfits that attracts everyone’s attention.

One of the most successful television stars of the past 20 years, Mihaela Răduleascu presented several programs that have made her famous. She made her debut at Tele 7Abc in Nights in 16 mm, followed by Weekend Abc, then for almost a year as editor-reporter of Pro TV, she co-hosted the morning show presented by Florin Călinescu. Then came Sunday in the family, broadcasted on Antena 1 that she presented it for seven years and who has brought her true consecration.

She returned on the screen in 2012 with the show Mihaela’s elections on reality TV, and since 2013, she is a jury on Romanians have talent on Pro TV. Her love affair with Austrian Felix Baumgartner, the first man who jumped from the stratosphere, made her known outside Romania.

Gabriela Cristea debuted at TVR in 1994 as a presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest. By February 1996 she presented various entertainment morning shows on Tele 7abc. She moved then on Pache Protopopescu at Pro TV, where she was a PR Manager and presenter for the ProNato campaign. Between 2000 – 2005, she was a newsreader sports and co-host of a morning show on B1 TV. Since 2007, she started working with Kanal D, where she presented several shows such as: A New Beginning, Sister in law for my mother, My dear friend and since 2013, she hosts the show I want you near me.

Successful without getting naked without having to undergo surgery, here’re some of them. Dida Dragan has a strong voice is not easy to forget those who have heard it once, our Romanian rock lady sang on the stages of the world's largest music festivals and won on several prizes on several continents.

Today, the singer carries her age with elegance and good taste, her voice has remained almost unchanged.

Even though times have changed and the younger generation prefers another kind of music, Corina Chiriac still has success both as an artist and as a TV host, her fans still love her and are as faithful as before.

Who can forget her songs, Hope Street, Waves of the Danube or Train of happiness? And who can forget the unmistakable voice that brought her awards at national festivals and concerts all around the world?

The powerful voice, sincere smile and gentle eyes have been enough for Angela Simile to conquer the world. She did not need any plastic surgery, no tiny costumes that leave everything in sight – many of the singers are loved today as before.

Angela Similea´s songs on love and are loved by generations, and many women have stated Dying from injured love is one of the most beautiful Romanian songs ever written.

Image 6 – ANGELA SIMILEA

Mirabela Dauer is now a pleasant presence, lively and cheerful on TV shows, but true success was experienced in the '80s, she was one of the main divas on the Romanian scene. Probably any Romanian, regardless of age has heard at least once the song entitled I expect you, known as Chair in the room, one of the best known and popular Romanian songs, sung by one of the best voices. Also in the 80s, Mirabela Dauer had a role in a movie, Bucharest identification card, along with Mircea Diaconu and Catrinel Dumitrescu.

One of the most popular jazz singers in Romania, Aura Urziceanu grew up singing and was only 13 when she started on stage.

Her versatile and powerful voice has allowed her to sing both pop music and popular Muzi music. But she is known as the jazz artist with the most collaboration with famous orchestras around the world Her ingénue voice and versatility brought her awards both in Romania and other countries, and countless fans. However, few know that Elena Cârstea began her career at only 16 years old when she founded a band alongside Ioan Gyuri Pascu. But the real success it has known since 1989, when she released her first album. Also little known is that the artist is not only a singer but also a poet, having a volume of poetry to her credit.

Monica Anghel started her music career in 1986, when at 14 years old she won the first major award at the Festival of pop music Bucharest 1986 and ten years later, she won the Golden Stag with the song Tell me. In the same year she participated at the Mamaia Festival where she won a prize in the Performance section. She has worked with many composers, including Cornel Fugaru, with which she has obtained all international trophies. She was awarded twice with trophies in Australia; she was awarded in Macedonia, Finland, and Germany. She was noted in the group Divertis both as a comedian and as an actress with songs interpreted in humorous style. In addition to her musical career and a successful television one, in 2008 she became Monica Anghel radio man, entering the Europa FM team, where she performed for many years, on the morning show Awakening.

Andreea Esca is certainly the most popular newscaster in Romania. Andreea Esca’s debut took place in 1992 when, on the advice of a friend, she presented herself on an interview for the post of SOTI station’s newsreader. For almost 21 years she presents the main news on Pro TV, at 19.00 hours, becoming an emblem of the station in Pache Protopopescu. Andreea smiles for us for 24 years with the same naturalness and presents the most important news of the day in her unmistakable style. Part of the team of CNN World Report reporters, such activity for the TV presenter stopped not only in Romania, Andreea had live broadcasts from France, USA, Spain, etc.

Image 7 – ANDREEA ESCA

Teo Trandafir is one of the most popular TV presenters. Radio woman since the early 90s, Teo started in television in 1994 as presenter of the morning show Good morning, Romania from Tele 7Abc, together with Mircea Badea. In 1997, she moved on Antena 1, where she presented Early morning and in 2001, she moved to Pro TV where her notoriety exploded as the host of the show Teo. In 2006, she left ProTV television station for Romantica station, where she became director and producer of her own show. In 2007 she ended her collaboration with Romantica, went to the station Prima TV, where she had a brief show called Teo Live Show in 2008. Since September 2013, she rebounded strongly as a presenter of Teo show on Kanal D, where she is today, strong worthy female figures to be followed young girls.

Sadly, the most famous figures nowadays are not them. The most visible female characters in the media in recent years are women who have distinguished themselves not through what they can do through their job, but rather by what they do not know. A list of names, more than half entered the national showbiz because they had plastic surgery, they got naked for tabloids or had relations with known men.

Dragusanu had the most appearances in the press over the last decade, to the detriment of serious celebrities. Dan Capatos’s assistance was more publicized than Mihaela Radulescu, Andreea Raicu and Andreea Marin combined.

Some of them – because they are not good at anything – were ‘inspiration’ for a new job: the TV assistant. In this guild Andreea Mantea, ‘mother nature’ Roxana Ionescu ,Andreea Tonciu, Ramona Gabor, Adelina Pestrițu (formerly known as Vârciu), Daniela Crudu have ‘evolved’ and more recently Dragusanu.

Dragusanu said that she doesn’t brag about her performance. A walk in the footsteps of Dragusanu has reached an ‘ideal’ for many young women. Her rise in the Romanian showbiz was  swift and superficial, it could be considered by some a ‘recipe’ for success. But to make the difference between an icon and a role model. Bianca is not and will never be a role model.

In second place in the ranking is a woman who captured the media’s attention for her soap opera story: beautiful young provincial girl marries an old man full of money. Monica Columbeanu continues to be the subject of news long before her marriage and divorce from Irinel. Seeing all the perfect photoshoped divas in the magazines results in brainwashed young girls and offering them a negative role model, not fine in their own skin. That is what our national divas’ impact on young girls.

The title ‘diva’ should refer to personality and is associated with a person who is a pioneer or an inventor or refers to someone who has a very high level of charisma that comes from the divine, from what one can not achieve, can not explain.

Media, and magazines in particular, have a negative impact on women’s body satisfaction. However, that relationship is a complex one. Several theories, including socio-cultural and social comparison theories, have been used to better understand the relationship. Furthermore, with advances in technology, magazine images of women are now fictional portrayals rather than reflections of reality. Perceived reality as it relates to magazine images is an area that has been relatively neglected by researchers, so the present study investigated the issue in an exploratory manner.

Before elaborating this paper, I planned to realise a research upon two local teaching institutions by using the questionnaire in this paper. The results sustained the fact that the children from Dragoș-Vodă Nation College from Sighetu Marmației gave appropriate answers meaning that they do not follow the so-called role models seen on TV while the children from the Marmația Technological High school spend less time studying and more time watching late night reality TV shows filled with inappropriate role models (See Annex).

Conclusions

Over time, the public image played a very important role in interpersonal relationships, being present at both the macro and micro level. The social image and self-image are the consequences of relations between people, between people and institutions, between institutions or between states.

Whether we are talking about the image of a person, an institution or a State, it is an important pawn for ensuring the optimum functioning of a society. It would be better to say that we should dispense with images and work only with reality. But this would be the utopian image.

The reality is more complex to be understood by every mind once. The images are as maps that guide us through a jungle of complexity. Stunning picture is our way of perceiving how the world works.

The social image is formed both on the basis of direct perception as a result of living together in the same historical, economic relations, political, cultural, technical, scientific, military and otherwise, or on the basis of perceptions indirect, mediated, which can lead sometimes visions superficial prejudices the defining elements of social communities. However, perceptions can be indirect and positive, so depending on who mediates. In other words, an institution may have a potentially positive image, but the mediator to create a negative image and vice versa. Why are we talking about public image? Because we live in a world of fierce competition for market logic that has invaded and communication, as political bodies and social work today as actors in a public space that reconfigures.

We live in an era of visual, in a culture of self-image. Individuals are placed, classified by roles and statuses according to their own image.

We can not give an infallible recipe for building public image, contexts and situations are specific interlocutors intrinsic peculiarities, different communication objectives; however, there are steps that we can follow them are rules that we must follow are techniques that we use. Professionalism is required in this area. Public image is the result of all phenomena of communication. Image and communication are two inseparable concepts. Study of communication can not, however, offer a self-sufficient area without immediate social purpose.

Any public or private institution communicates with its environment internally or externally, must therefore set up their own comprehensive communication policy, through communication to create a relational frame beneficial for its operation.

The evolution of modern society tends towards an informatics society, a society based on knowledge and strategy. Nowadays, the concept of public image is of as high as in the past, but has become more fragile for that submission of information is done at a much faster and accurate information can be made doubt. In the current context, social media represents the dominant means of communication, which proposes a continuous flow of data reception, facts and ideas and, together with information submitted through the meanings of which configures a picture of the world.

To define reality media through news, commentary and fiction, and natural processes of selection and ranking determines what is included and what is exclusive of, impose certain events and omit other events. Globalization, with complex historical meanings process the informational, political, economic and social development held in close contact with international society has experienced since the end of the Cold War, pronounced accent acceleration. Underlying causes of globalization are multiple and can be technological, political, economic, informational, ecological, cultural, etc. Although theorists analyzing these issues using concepts and meanings different globalization refers to all those processes by which peoples of the world are incorporated into a single global society, global society and can be defined as the process whereby geographical distance is a factor increasingly less important in establishing and developing cross-border economic relations, political and socio-cultural. Networks of relationships and dependencies acquire a growing potential to become international and global.

In recent years, mankind has entered a new stage of unprecedented transformation in its history. People have access to lots of information, communication no longer dependent on geographical boundaries, however, most analyze situations with a high degree of superficiality, form their opinions based on assumptions implausible, and these judgments wrong can affect public image any reference level (individual, organization, institution, state). This superficial analysis of people realized due to the continuous flow of information, due to consideration, news which is of particular importance. It also aims at promoting news causing outrage for the public, but have a very high impact on society, diverting it, so attention from the news that a much higher relevance to the nation.

Accelerated evolution towards the information society is accompanied by growth and increasing international flows of communication and enhancing cross-cultural influences. Most poignant role in the process of internationalization, new technologies have played electronic communication, by means of which it can influence, public opinion.

The importance of the image is given by her ability to contribute to social communication behaviours and orientation in different ways: diffusion, propagation and propaganda; change order is a clear one – to change views (flexible part), attitudes and finally changing their beliefs / faiths (central or core node). Phenomenological theories lay image within personal experiences and individual behaviour. As a result, experience in deployment, immediate, experienced people is fundamental, essential in the formation of images. In light of this representational meanings man builds models of the world, succeeding on this basis to give it meaning. Thus, the internal mechanisms implied generated in man's own experience, enable the formation and at the same time, crystallization self-image and images about the world he lives. In conclusion, social images depend on the horizon where the information is. An important problem facing modern society, affecting directly and immediately, and indirectly term indefinite life for individuals, communities and society as a whole, is the issue of communication and hence the difficulty in finding the balance between image desirable and image perceived.

A young girl or boy, when they form the future, they are influenced by everything around them In general, a person's personality and behaviour is the result of influences from the environment, but also the model chosen.

My guess is that a youngster forms depending on what he or she sees around her or him, so it is very important to choose a role model.

First, choosing a model in life is not the same at all ages and all people. For example, a child will choose a model in life superhero like Batman or Superman, while a teenager is more attracted to the personality fashionable at the time. It is good for young people to choose their role models in life, because they can learn how to be persistent, as sometimes requires sacrifices, like everything that you want to obtain through work etc.

Secondly, when a young relates only to a model, it can hurt because it may lose its identity. One such example is the girls who admired Hannah Montana or Violetta. Not a bad thing to admire someone but it often reaches certain extreme admiration, these girls giving up their identity and adopting the one character admired.

The fact that people are social beings (not necessarily sociable) is no more a secret. That phrase was uttered yet in antiquity. The question arises whether or not we need role models in life, or we are able to succeed without other people observe the evolution and take it as a benchmark for our evolution?

The complexity of our world, might lead us to we can not say that one person is the only model we want to follow. With age the models that we want to follow are always different, or arrive at certain knowledge of things we consider, rightly, that our models are far from perfect. Otherwise one person can not have all the skills required for all activities they carry out. An example: Nicolae Iorga was a brilliant scientist, but a politician with modest achievements.

Another issue that arises is whether a model is a factor for the development of our personality or inhibiting factor? This is where the personality of each individual. As not all stories (even those models) are just success stories, behold, sometimes reaching a certain desired level is difficult. In other news, if the model we want to follow operating in an area where we do not have the skills necessary to make clear that we could not follow the model, but that does not mean we can not follow dream dreams!

The biggest problem of Romanian society remains lack of role models for the younger generation and their wrong choice! Found guilty for this situation can be found very easily. But that does not solve anything! Solutions can not be global but individual for each couple individually. Therefore it is the duty of everyone would feel responsible to explain to them that success or failure is only a temporary situation, and leave something behind, to create should be the aim of every individual.

The only models in life are the parents, that's clear, they  come first, they inspire us best, they give us advice that we need at any time of day or night, they teach the young what is right and Why not, can we rely on them anytime. They do not need to choose the criteria by which a model, they are there for us, but this article is about those to whom we attribute this label of role model. We tend to choose a person made, both financially and socially, a person who has struggled through much in life through work, vision and a brilliant mind. An actor, an actress, an artist, a businessman, a visionary, rather they should be models that people choose them. Humans are influenced. Admit it or not, our life is a construct.

We guide our behaviour and personality following a model, admiring a great man and we choose to believe in the same cause and we like him. We want to be the best observing a multitude of qualities in others. But how would you turn yourself into an example to others?

There are no limits in what we do. Therefore it is important to realize wonderful patterns in our lives, but we should not limit ourselves just to that. We have a duty to our turn to try every day to become models for others. Family, friends, strangers. But primarily for us.

The existence of people in one's life pattern is a priceless opportunity to learn. You might think that role models in life examples are given for the elderly. Despite the fact that most mentors are indeed older, anyone can develop this possibility, regardless of age, race or gender!

The model is the man who shows as possible, even in difficult situations, it's necessary impetus for success and desire to be better every day!

Each of us has had at one time a role model. Whether it's about dad, math teacher, or family doctor whom we admired. Since childhood, you know what to do when you want to become great. The most common answers were: “I want to be like Dad 'or' I want to be a doctor.” As the years have grown in every moment of life you wanted to be somebody. In every person I saw and admired, I saw a role model.

  When you're little, what you want is to have the largest next to you. Others copy them and you can do what they do. Once you dressed in the costumes of your father because you wanted to get him or even once you wore your mother's heels. As you grow and get to see life with different eyes. Passing through several life stages to help you choose the path in life.

It's easy to create your own model in life. Depending on what you love to do, you pick the right person. Let's say you like more wonderful music and play the drums. Do you want to do even a career of it? Automatically you choose an artist known in the music world and want to end up like him. This happens no matter what you choose to do.

Your father is a sailor when you were little and take you away and shows you the ships and will explain everything related to the field. He tried to transmit a part of his passion and the work they do with pleasure. Even if you're small and do not understand very much, you grow up if you maintain the same passion and admiration, you can get your father.

For girls mom is the best role model. This happens most often because it is easy to notice his concerns. The mother can be a lawyer or public figure, namely newsreader. Then the professional side of your mother gets interesting for you and wants to be like her.

It is good to admire all people who are in your life and take a little of each. Listen to all the advice and choose what suits you best. This way you can form your own path in life. The people you see every day, the lifestyle you follow, how to speak and act in certain situations, are more easily analyzed. 

A model in life helps to have a vision of what you want to do in life. Even if your parents are doctors or lawyers and want to follow them, it's good to let you to choose your model even if it's her or someone else. I'm sure whatever choice they will be happy for you and will support you in everything you do.

I believe that a person could be a role model, stands out because of the values ​​they wear.

First, since small children or adolescents there was one thing that one appreciate and that is a common highlighted feature, beyond professional appearance. General culture and professional benefits obtained are regarded as a secondary necessity. On the other hand, what stands out is the intelligence that constantly leads his /her life. People are equal, as you move more elderly, the more necessary to develop a role model. It can be seen as: an imaginary model, a common model, nearest and one with a model in life. The term even refers to the daily life of the individual, to his way of behaving, thinking, then most likely to life and personal and professional development. They understand implicitly and try to overcome a certain plan. A model is imaginary, with advantages and disadvantages, where both models posses them as a child, a person creates something. Once is drawn so mature, it no longer has the choice whether or not but they choose the ones that match his or her interests.

When we choose a role model from showbiz, it must be a DIVA in the right sense, not one as we see nowadays on TV. A DIVA from the right standards can be a role model due to her right way to succeed: through hard work and by never stopping to believe.

In conclusion, it is important to choose our models in life, whether they represent good examples, but at the same time, fundamental is to have its own identity, we seek your own path in life using potential, so we become in our turn models for others to follow.

Annex

As said before, the questionnaire below was taken in order to find out the influence mass media has upon children through what they see, read or hear, and the role school has in choosing a role model.

The questionnaire applied to 40 students in total consists of 20 questions distributed in such a way as to provide information both about their views and about their concrete actions they are taking about the issues proposed offering respondents the opportunity to freely express their opinion or knowledge, especially in relation to local showbiz.

The purpose of this questionnaire was to observe if children knew who they are and what they to be, if somehow what they see on TV influences them .

The relative majority of students (38%) believe that showbiz impacting their peers, among many possible factors as the main factor that generates change, especially negative, observed in the behavior of colleagues: loss of motivation for learning in the discipline, lack of respect for teachers and school; lack of a system of values and respect for values.

Analyzing the results showed statistically, we must note some characteristic traits for the percentage of students who make up the characteristics for the target group that are significant only in the schools where the questionnaire was applied.

Analyzing the results we find that 90.88%, a very high percentage, considering the age of the students surveyed (15- 17 years), know, realize, what they want to do in life, making reference to the profession they aim. Only a percentage of 8,12% do not know, do not realize and are not oriented regarding their professional future although they have good results in school activities.

How are the answers relevant? Results are recorded as follows: 60% of the surveyed students learn, prepare (intensly, persevering, do extra worketc.) to fulfill his/her dream.

A percentage of 26% of students get informed about the subject matter or desired profession. A percentage of 10% of the students surveyed considered it important to participate in contests for personal development and achieve the goal. 4% mentioned other approaches that are less relevant, steps taken after watching late TV shows.

It is significant that the study and performances by most of the students that make up the target group is based on intrinsic motivation (curiosity, pleasure, eagerness to study to be somebody and to have a true profession.) These features are found in creative people, passionate on certain fields, which can be observed in the research, people who represent the mainstay of progress of a society.

A small portion, 16.2% of the surveyed students, stated in their responses extrinsic motivation (visibility status, ambition to do well in the classroom, the desire to achieve the goal). Although these students’ answers are not always appropriate, we take into consideration because they do well, based on a different type of motivation, the extrinsic one (which generate less satisfaction rather than an incentive intense creativity).

How to distribute the answers to this question allows us to observe the frequency of personal qualities that are found in most of the student respondents, characteristics specific to the profile of those with creative curiosity, ingenuity, passion, perseverance. It is surprising that students in the target group identify these qualities and know that they can rely on them in their endeavors their future career, although 10% of the students included in the target group come from rural areas and are aged between 15-17 years. The psychological type in the research highlights the correlation between performance and a psychological profile (characteristic of people with creative potential) of those who perform well in different fields.

Profiles of individual students find that a significant number of students have professional options that confound their concerns, preferences and performance expressed during the questionnaires. It is recommended that children could benefit from counseling services to clarify their professional options, awareness of their potential and promote it.

Given the professional paths taken by our national female public figures, our divas, this questionnaire was undoubtedly needed in order to know what future generations aspire to.

Questionnaire: Role models

During the process of choosing my role model, I was influenced by:

Below, please mention an individual you consider to be a role model:

I would like to be as_________________________________________

Motivate your choice_______________________________________

Below, please mention an individual you DO NOT consider it to be a role model:

I would NOT like to be as________________________________________

Motivate your choice__________________________________________

As detailed as possible, please describe the reasons why you wish to be as your previously mentioned role model:

In five or ten years:

I wish to be more ________________

I wish to have more ______________

I wish to accomplish more_________

6) The educational system helps me become as my previously mentioned role model:

Yes, through__________________________

No, due to____________________________

On a scale from one to ten, school helps me be successful in life with help from the:

The counseling and orientation given by the school was accomplished by:

Please, write down a short description about the impact the school had upon the ‘construction’ of the moral set of values and the decisions you have taken:

I believe that the success my role model has is due to school:

I do believe that my role model has become successful due to___________________

What magazines / newspapers do you usually read?____________________________

What TV shows do you watch?

If you were able to know your role model for one hour, what would you ask her/him? __________________________________________

What qualities do you think a role model must have?____________________________

Do your role model’s beliefs influence you in any manner?______________________

Is there anything you would like to ‘improve’ on your role model?________________

From the list below, on a scale from one to five, as a public figure, what type of career path would you pursue? Name one public figure for the career path you have chosen.

From the list below, which of the names have you heard of in any given manner?

20) What do you think makes a DIVA?

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