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ICPESK 2018
International Congress of Physical Education, Sports and
Kinetotherapy. Education and Sports Science in the 21st
Century, Edition dedicated to the 95th anniversary of UNEFS

BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOVEMENT
RADIUS IN YURCHENKO HANDSPRING VAULT

Potop Vladimir (a)*, Crețu Marian (b), Boloban Victor (c), Buftea Victor (d), Jurat Valeriu (e)
*Corresponding author

(a) Ecologic alUniversity of Bucharest, 1G VasileMilea Street, Bucharest, Romania, [anonimizat]
(b) University of Pitesti, Romania , [anonimizat]
c) NationalUniversity of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Fizculturi Street, Kiev, Ukraine, wboloban@ukr. net
(d), e)State University of Physical Education and Sport, 22Andrei Doga Street , Chisinau, Moldova,
[anonimizat] ; [anonimizat]

Abstract

This study highlights the relationship of the biomechanical characteristics and the movement
radius of body segments during the execution of Yurchenko handspring vault by the female gymnasts of
14-16 years old. Thus a n experimental study was conducted in 2014, at the ”Sidney 20 00” Olympic
Centre of Izvorani, with a group of 7 gymnasts aged 14 to 16, belonging to the national women’s artistic
gymnastics team. Research m ethods: review of the specialized literature; pedagogical observation;
experimental study method ; computerized v ideo method using Kinovea and Physics ToolKit specialized
programs; method of postural orientation movement for sports technique analysis ; statistical –
mathematical method and data graphical representation with KyPlot program. The results of the study
show the relationship of the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of sports technique key elements and
the body segments movement radius during the Yurchenko vault. It alsosho ws the influence of arm
movement radius related to the other body segments on the tec hnical execution depending on the vault
difficulty and type and the performances achieved in competition. Regarding the correlation of the
biomechanical characteristics indicators with the performances in handspring vaults, we notice significant
difference s at P<0.05 ,P<0.01 and P<0.0 01, which confirm the influence of arm radius and body segment
movement on the technical execution of the handspring vaults in the gymnasts of 14 -16 years old.

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Keywords : ”Handspring vaults ”, ”biomechanics ”, ”movement radius ”, ”correlation ”, ”performance ”

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1. Introduction
Nowadays the artistic gymnastics develops in accordance with the regulations and trends of the
sport worldwide (Arkaev, & Suchilin, 2004) . Women’s artistic gymnastics reached a very high level in
terms of difficulty and content of the exercises on apparatus . The changes of the Code of Points (FIG,
2017) regarding the technical elements on each apparatus entailed mainly the diminution of the s pecific
technical requirements (dismounts off apparatus ) and decrease of the difficulty valuein handspring vaults .
The handspring vaults is the most dynamic and athletic event in the gymnastics polyathlon, but
also the shorter one (Vieru, 1997 ), where the exercises are executed throug h handstand position . They
belong to the basic technical structural group of the handspring vaults with variants (forward rollover ,
Tsukahara, Yurchenko etc).
The analysis of the specialized literature regarding the current concerns in the scientific research
on biomechanics applied to women’s artistic gymnastics, particularly to handspring vaults (Prassas,
Kwon, Sands, 2006; Knudson, 2007) , reveals the presence of numerous studi es advocating the use of the
modern technology which helps to understand more thoroughly the phasic structure of the key elements
of sports technique , the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the exercises, the inner mechanisms of
movements – namely the inertia of rotation and the radius of moveme nt.
It is also highly important to know the influence of arms work on thetechnical execution in the
phasic structure of Yurchenko vault, boththe relationship of the inertia of rotation and the radius of
movementof the entire body segments and also of the a rms separately .

2. Problem Statement
The general issues of biomechanical analysis of current sports technique , the decisive factors for
technical training and the content of training improvement in gymnastics are insufficiently addressed and
known in the spe cialized literature (Smolevskij ,&Gaverdovskij ,1999; Grigore, 2001; Readhead ,2011;
Gaverdovskij, 2014 ).Under the present circumstances, the sport and the potential for performance
undergo deep mutations with major implica tions not only in the strategies of selection and sports training
(Manolachi, 2018) , but also in terms of training methods based on multiple information about the
technique of movements execution (Crețu, Simăn, & Bărbuceanu, 2004) .
A practical methodology (macro -methods) of gymnastics exercises learning was created to this
end. It involves a functional unityof the element s of long -term program s for learning the exercises in the
movement school, basic level, specialization, competitive exercises on apparatus by integrating the motor ,
biomec hanical, didactic al and technologic alstructures of the gymnastics with different complexity and
difficulty of coordination (Boloban ,&Potop ,2015 ;Potop , 2015).
In elite artistic gymnastics, a particular attention is givento acrobati c vaults and to their
combination because the vaults difficulty and value are judged with respect to both height and length of
the flights, especially the second one, and depending on the twists performed in different axes during the
flights (Filipe nco, Tomșa ,&Buftea ,2014 ).

3. Research Questions
In order to conduct our research, we have proposed the following questions:
-Will the computeriz edvideo analysis of Yurchenko vault highlight the biomechanical indicators
necessary for the analysis of sports te chnique in female gymnasts aged 14-16 years, in conformity with
the method of movement postural orientation ?

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-Will the exemplification of the individual valuesof the biomechanical characteristicsof the
technical key elements in Yurchenko vault 360ș twisting back salto stretched , depending on the axis of
rotation , highlight the relationship of the values in the execution of the phasic structure ?
-Will the correlative analysis of the biomechanical characteristics indicators of technical key
elements and the movement radius of body segments in Yurchenko vault reveal the level of connection
between indicators and their influence on the performances achieved in competitions?

4. Purpose of the Study
This study intends to reveal the relationship of the biome chanical characteristics and the
movement radius of body segments during the execution of Yurchenko handspring vault by the female
gymnasts of 14 -16 years old.

5. Research Methods
Methods of research: review of the specialized literature; method of pedagogic al observation;
method of experimental study; computerized video method using the Kinovea and Physics ToolKit
specialized programs; method of postural orientation movement for the analysis of sports technique
(Boloban, 2013) ; statistical -mathematical metho d (Thomas, & Nelson, 1996) – KyPlot program for
parametric (Pearson) and graphical representation of data by means of excel software .
Thus a n experimental study was conducted in 2014, at the ”Sidney 2000” Olympic Centre of
Izvorani, with a group of 7 gymnast s aged 14 to 16, belonging to the national women’s artistic gymnastics
team. To show the relationship of the biomechanical characteristics and the radius of body segments
movement during the execution of Yurchenko handspring vault by the female gymnastsof 14-16 years
old in competition conditions , a number of 10 Yurchenko type handspring vaults( namely 3 – salto
stretched YSS, 4 – 360ș twisting salto stretched YSS 360° and 4 – YSS 720°) were ana lyzed in terms of
biomechanics during the Romania n National Champ ionship s, Bucharest 2014.
The phasic structure of the control routines within the research focused on the biomechanical
analysis of key elements of Yurch enko round -off vault with back salto stretched , taking into account the
functional structure and the causes as a whole ;it is characteristic of the translation and rotation movement
of body segments around the GCG axis (figure01).

Note: in preparatory phase – launching posture of the body (LP1), flip off of the springboard (preparatory movement)
and mu ltiplication of posture of the body – the 1st flight, half back rollover (MP1) and handspring on apparatus, flip off of the table
(LP2); in basic phase – multiplication of posture of the body (MP2), the 2nd flight that highlights the shape of salto and t he
momentum of maximum height of GCG (1 ½ stretched salto backwards, 1 ½ stretched salto backwards with 360° and 720° turn);
and in final phase – concluding posture (CP) of the body, moment of landing damping and freezing(standstill landing)
Figure 01. [Key e lement s of sports technique in Yurchenko vault ]

In order to show the biomechanical characteristicsof movement radius of body segments (toes,
shoulder and arms) around the axis of rotation of GCG and of movement radius of arms -axis of rotation

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of shoulder joints, we made a correlative analysis of the studied indicators using the ”KyPlot” program of
statistic al calculation Parametric test Linear Correlation – Pearson. The indicators are listed below :
– Biomec hanical indicators neces sary for the analysis of : inertia of rotation (IR, kg∙m2) of the body
(½ position arms up standing ) and arms * (3.4% of the body weight a nd length of arms – mean 0.45 m),
radius of movement (RM, m) of body segment s (toes, shoulder and arms) and RM of arms *withshoulder
rotation axis.
– Angular characteristics of key element s of sports technique (fig. 1): LP1 – launching body
posture 1 – angle between joints of ankle – shoulders; MP1 – multiplication of body posture 1 – angle
between toes – shoulders; LP2 – launching body posture 2 – angle between hand joint – foot 2; MP2 –
multiplication body posture 2 – angle between hip – torso; CP – concluding body posture, landing – angle
between hip – torso.
– Spatial characteristics of the trajectory of body segments movement (m): LP1 – shoulders, MP1 –
maxim um height of GCG flight , LP2 – toes, MP2 – maxim um height of GCG flightand CP – shoulders .
– Kinematic characteristics of the angular speed (rad/s): LP1 – shoulders, MP1 – arms and toes,
LP2 – toes, MP2 – arms, shoulders and toes și CP – arms, s houlders and toes.
– Dynamic characteristics of the resultant of the forceof GCG movement (N) in all key elemen tsof
vaults phases .
– Performan ces achieved in the handspring vaults event during the Romani an National
Championships of Women’ s Artistic Gymnastics , Buc harest, 2014, regarding the difficulty, execution
and final score on this apparatus .

6. Findings
As for the Yurchenko vaults, most authors [ Bruggmann , 1994; Kashuba , Khmelnitska ,
&Krupenya ,2012; Koh, Jenning , Elliot ,&Lioyd ,2003; Penitente , Merni , Fantozzi ,&Perretta ,2007;
Penitente , Sands , McNeal , Smith ,&Kimmel ,2010 ; Potop, 2013; Potop , Mihailă ,&Urichianu ,2015 ) address
the biomechanical comparison of this type of vault and two associated teaching drills, the optimization of
sports technique k ey elements based on the biomechanical analysis, the kinematics of springboard phase,
the e -learning by computer video analysis, the use of e -training in mathematics modeling of the
biomechanical characteristics etc.
Table 01 highlights the results of the b iomechanical indicator s necessary for the analysis
ofYurchenko vault sports technique , regarding the inertia of rotation of body and arms , radius of
movement of body segments –GCG axis of rotation (toes, shoulder and arms) and radius of movement of
arms – axis of rotation of shoulders joint .

Table 01. [Results of biomechanical indicator snecessaryfor Yurchenko vault sports technique analysis ]
Ind.
statistics IR (kg·m2)
body IR (kg·m2)
arms Radius movement (m)
toes should ers arms arms*
Mean 17.39 0.26 0.69 0.39 0.48 0.36
S.E.D. 1.05 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02
S.D. 3.33 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.06
Cv% 19.12 10.09 8.07 7.57 10.01 17.82
Note: IR – inertia of rotation, GCG – general centre of gravity , *arms –radius of arms movement with the rotation axis in
shoulder joint, S.E.D. – standard error deviation, S .D. – standard deviation, Cv % – coefficient of variation .

The results of the statistical calculations reveal the following data: (mean; ±SD , n=10 ) 17.39;±3.33
kg·m2of body inertia of rotation (IR), de 0.26; ±0.03 kg·m2of arms IR around shoulders axis , radius
ofmovement (RM) of body segments: toes 0.69; ±0.06 m, shoulder – 0.39; ±0.03 m, arms – 0.48; ±0.05 m

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and RM – arms – rotation axis of shoulders – 0.36; ±0.06 m. Regarding the coefficient of variation (Cv%)
we notice a highh omogen eity at IR of arms and RM toes, shoulder and arms –GCG rotation axis șiand
poor homogeneity of body IR and RM of arms – shoulders axis of rotation .
We shall present hereby some individualized examples meant to highlight the biomechanica l
characteristics in the phasic structure of the sports technique key elements of Yurchenko vault regarding
the radius of movement of body segments and arms as well , related to the axis of rotation of GCG and
shoulders.
Figure 02 shows the trajectories of body segments – hip (GCG), shoulders and arms , in terms of
technical key elements ofthe Yurchenko vault execut ed by the gymnast O.A.-M., 16 years old, in the
National Championships of Bucharest , 2014.

Figure 02. [Trajectory of body segments in Yurchenko vault 360ș twisting back salto stretched , gymnast
– O.A. -M., 16 years old ]

Figure 03 highlights the results of the angular velocity of arms related to the axis of rotation of the
GCG and shoulders in Yurchenko vault w ith 360° twisting back salto stretched execut ed by the gymnast
OAM, 16 years old, in the National Championships of Bucharest , 2014.

Figure 03. [Relationship of arms angular velocity related to the axis of rotation of GCG and shoulders
inYurchenko vault with 360° twisting back salto stretched , gymnast – O.A. -M., 16 years old ]

The analysisof the individual values concerning the relation of the angular velocity of arms –GCG
and arms – shoulders reveals, in the launching posture of the body (LP1)a value of 31.23 rad/s of the
relation arms – GCG compared to 28.55 rad/s arms – shoulders ,multiplication of body posture (MP1-flight
1) of 26.58 rad/s and 15.53 rad/s, launching posture of the body (LP2)of 8.63 rad/s and 3.07 rad/s, 00,511,522,53m
key elementsGCG shoulder arms
-20-1001020304050rad/s
key ekementsarms -GCG arms -shoulder

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multiplication of body posture of (MP2 flight 2 –maximum height of GCG ) of37.49 rad/s and 23.23 rad/s
and the concluding posture (CP) – landing, 12.83 rad/s and 6.62 rad/s.
Infigur e 04 are shown the results of the relationof the resultant of force of GCG and shoulders
movement inthe Yurchenko vault with 360° twisting back salto stretched execut ed by the gymnast OAM,
aged 16,in the National Championships of Bucharest , 2014.
The individual results of the resultant of force (F, N) of GCG and shoulders movement highlight in
MP1 – flight 1 a value of 4270 N at GCG and 7630 N at shoulders , in MP2 – flight 2, the value F,
shoulders – oscil lates between 3200 – 6670 N andincreas es up to the value of 12700 N before damping
and sticking the landing; in exchange, F of shoulders decreases from 11800 – 5670 N.

Figure 04. [Relation of the resultant of force related to the axis ofrotation of GCG and shoulders in
Yurchenko vault with 360° twisting back salto stretched, gymnast – O.A. -M., 16 years old ]

Table 03 includes the results of the linear correaltive analysis between the inertia of rotation, the
movement radius of arms, the biomechanical indicators of Yurchenko vault and the performances
achieved in the handspring vaults event .

Table 02. [Results of the linear c orrelative analysis between the ine rtia of rotation, radius of arms
movement and the biomechanical indicators of Yurchenko vault and the performances
achieved in handspring vaults event ]
№ r, Pearson IR (kg•m2)
arms* RM, (m)
arms* Biomechanicalindicators
1 IR (kg•m2) -body 0.991*** -0.305
2 RM,
(m)
toes 0.585 0.438
3 should ers 0.304 0.698*
4 arms 0.439 0.654*
5
KE,
(deg)
LP1 0.447 -0.322
6 MP1 -0.238 0.882***
7 LP2 0.272 -0.353
8 MP2 0.158 -0.661*
9 CP -0.237 0.796**
10
LP1

should er, m x -0.498 0.177
11 y 0.942 *** -0.307
12 MP1 x -0.200 -0.092 02000400060008000100001200014000N
key elementsGCG shoulder

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13 GCG, m y 0.491 0.226
14
LP2

toes, m x -0.559 0.303
15 y 0.896*** -0.423
16
MP2

GCG, m x -0.022 0.335
17 y 0.833 *** -0.475
18
CP

should er, m x 0.488 -0.096
19 y -0.237 0.778**
20 LP1 should ers rad/s -0.242 -0.602
21
MP1
arms rad/s 0.041 -0.836**
22 toes rad/s 0.011 0.174
23 LP2 toes rad/s -0.391 0.498
24
MP2

arms rad/s 0.293 -0.033
25 should ers rad/s -0.106 0.392
26 toes rad/s -0.319 0.628
27

CP arms rad/s -0.307 -0.042
28 should ers rad/s 0.227 0.425
29 toes rad/s -0.319 0.628
30 LP1

GCG N 0.354 -0.601
31 MP1 N 0.598 0.521
32 LP2 N 0.341 -0.649*
33 MP2 N -0.020 0.796**
34 CP N 0.750* -0.459
35
Performances Difficulty points 0.354 -0.844**
36 Execution points 0.262 -0.126
37 Final score points 0.400 -0.721*
Note: IR arms* and RM arms* – are explained in the chapter “M ethods of research ”,table 01, figure 01;
*** – p˂0.001 ; *** – p˂0.01;*** – p˂0.05
During the correlative analysis we select ed 36 biomechanical indicator s considered as more
importan t for highlighting the influence of the correct technical executionof Yurchenko handspring vault .
The data of the indicators of the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault
were processed by means of the video compute rized programs Physics Toolkit and Kinovea in
accordance with the method of analysis of movement postural orientation sports technique (Boloban,
2013 ).
The results of the correlative analysis bet ween the inertia of rotation and movement radius
indicators and the biomechanical indicators of Yurchenko handspring vault reveal the following elements
(table 2):
Inertia of rotation of arms (IR, kg•m2) has stron g connections at p<0.001 with IR of the body
r=.942, tra jector y of shoulders in LP1, (Y, m) r=.942 ,with the trajectory of toes in LP2 (Y, m) r=.896 and
with the trajectoryof GCG in MP2 ( Y, m) r=.833; strong connections at p<0.05 with the resultant of force
GCG in CP (F, N) – landing r=.750. Moderate connections with RM, toes (m) r=.585, with the trajectory
of the toes in LP2 (X, m) r= -.559 and with the resultant of force GCG in MP1 (F, N) r=.598. while the
other indicators show insignificant poor connections or even inexistent ones at p>0.05.

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Radius of arms movement in the axis of rotation of shoulders (IR, kg•m2) has strong connections
atp<0.001 with hip -torso angle in MP1 (grade) r=.882; strong connections at p<0.01 with hip -torso angle
inCP – landing (degrees ) r=.7 96, with shoulders trajectory in CP – landing (X, m) r= .778, with angular
velocity of arms in MP1 (rad/s) r= -.836, with resultant of force of GCG in MP2 (F, N) r=.796, with the
difficulty of vault (points) r= -.844; strong connections at p<0.05 with RM of shoulders (m) r=.698, RM of
arms (m) r=.654, with hip -torso anglei n MP2 ( degrees ) r=-.661, with the resultant of force of GCG in LP2
(F, N) r= -.649 and with the final score (points) r= -.721. Moderate connections with the angular velocity
of shoulders in LP1 (rad/s) r= -.602, with the angular velocity of toes in MP2 (rad/s) r=.628, with the
angular velocity of toes in CP – landing (rad/s) r=.6 28, with the resultant of force of GCG in LP1 (F, N)
r=-.601 and with the resultant of force of GCG in MP1 (F, N) r=.521 while the othe r indicator s have
insignificant poor or even inexistent connections at p>0.05.
The results of the correlative analysisbetween the inertia of rotation and the biomechanical
indicators of Yurchenko vault reveal strong connections and positive influences on the technical
execution in the phasic structur eregarding the hurdle onto springboard (LP1) , handstand on apparatus
while making theC orbet t (LP2) , maximum heightof GCG (MP2 ) and sticking the landing (CP).
The results of the correlative analysisbetween the radius of arms movement and the biomechanical
indicators of Yurchenko vault prove the existence of strong connenctions and positive influences on the
technical execution in the phasic structur eregarding the radius of movement of the shoulders and arms,
trajectory of GCG and angular velocity of arms in MP1 – flight 1, resultant of force in the execution of
Corbettfrom handstand on apparatus (LP2), posture of the body , resultant of the force of movement of
GCG and the length of flight 2 depending on the diff iculty of the vault (stretched salto , with 360șand
720ștwisting ) and angular posture in CP – at landing that influence the final score .

7. Conclusion
The computerized video analysis of Yurchenko vault executed by the female gymnasts of 14 -16
years old, consistent with the method of movement postural orientation, identified the biomechanical
indicators needed by the analysis of sports technique .
The resu lts of the individual values of the biomechanical characteristicsof the key elements of
sports technique in Yurchenko vault with 360° twisting back salto stretched , depe nding on the axis of
rotation, highlighted the relation of the values on the execution o f the phasic structure.
Regarding the correlation the indicators of biomechanical characteristics with the performances
obtained in handspring vaults, we notice significant differences at P<0.05 , P<0.01and P<0.01, which
confirm the influence of the radius of arm and body segment movement on the technical execution of the
handspring vaults in the gymnasts of 14 -16 years old .

Acknowledgments [if any]
This case study is an advanced stage of the pedagogical experiment of the first author post –
doctoralstudies; it is included in the research plan of National University of Physical Education and Sport
ofUkraine, with the subject matters: 2.32 (Technical training of skilled athletes based on
competitiveexercises technique rationalization) and in the plan of resear ch for 201 7-2018 of the Faculty
of PhysicalEducation and Sport, Ecological University of Bucharest. We express our gratitude to the
RomanianGymnastics Federation and especially to M rs. AncaGrigorasMihailescu – federal coach and to
thecoaches of the Olympic Team at the time who helped us to conduct this research.

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