Textele din Domeniul Turismului Traducerea și Interpretarea Lor

Economie

Textele din Domeniul Turismului Traducerea și Interpretarea Lor

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

PROIECT DE LICENȚĂ

Textele din domeniul turismului: traducerea și interpretarea lor

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. PECULIARITIES OF TOURISM- RELATED TEXTS

I.1. Lexical Aspects of Tourism- Related Texts

I.2. Grammatical Aspects of Tourism- Related Texts

I.3. Textual Organization of Tourism- Related Texts

II. DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING TOURISM – RELATED TEXTS

II.1. Translation of Touristic Terms

II.2. Analysis of a Tourism-Related Text

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEX

INTRODUCTION

Over recent years, tourism has undergone some of the greatest development, employing thousands of people, as well as the most up-to-date technologies and means of communication. The spread of tourism all over the world has encouraged the use of English in foreign countries where, due to historical, cultural and economic factors, it actually acts as a lingua franca. This great diffusion of the English language has affected the other languages, which have started borrowing a huge number of terms from it. For instance, words such as camping, check-in, and booking are commonly used in a number of languages, including Romanian.

The language of tourism actually combines together elements taken from everyday language along with components referring to specialized concepts. According to this perspective, it could be argued that the language of tourism should be considered as specialized discourse because the latter presents the lexical, phonetic, morphosyntactic and textual resources of general language, which are usually employed in the construction of specialized texts, including those dealing with tourism promotion.

The language of tourism has mainly two different levels of expression: on the one hand, it can be considered as a highly specialized discourse adopted by experts who share knowledge and standard procedures. As a consequence, this kind of language consists in specific expressions and codified textual genres. On the other hand, when the language of tourism is used in interactions between specialists and non-specialists – such as in tourism promotion – it tends to be similar to everyday language. It cannot be said that the language of tourism has its own “restricted code” because it adopts the language in a more creative and original way. Tourism Related Texts

The theme of my project is: Tourism Related Texts Their Translation and Interpretation. It includes two parts that reveal theory on English as a language of tourism, case study and conclusion. The research for my project is done on the basis of my translation practice that I performed from November 10th, 2014 till December 12th, 2014 at the Tour Agency “Nelea-tur” SRL, Chisinau.

My work was to translate different tour contracts, documents and articles from Romanian into English and from English into Romanian. “Nelea-tur” SRL is one of the most important tour agencies from . This agency organizes tours in many countries as , , and .

During this time I have learned a lot of new things for me. I have learned new words, word combinations and facts about different countries that I didn’t know before. Also, I saw how a contract is written and what the main points of a Tour Contract are. There were very kind people that explained me all the things I didn’t understand. The objectives of translation practice were:

To improve my competences in translation;

To experience translation of more difficult texts than those translated at the University;

To improve the speed of translation and quality;

To acquire knowledge in terminology of different fields;

To find optimal way of making a quick and qualitative translation of documents.

I learned that to be a translator is not such an easy thing, you must have knowledge not only in one field, being a translator comprises a lot of different domains. For example, I used my knowledge from Geography when translating articles about tour destinations. It is very important to expose the meaning of the sentences not only the words transferred from Source Language into Target Language, because some expressions from English are not available in Romanian and vice-versa. A good translator must be loyal in his or her translations and to take into consideration a number of factors while translating contracts and advertisements, for example. So, it is very important to choose the right style and approach (transformational, denotative or communicational). I learned to fit my translations to the “situation” and it was quite interesting. It took a pleasure to work in this company; I met new people who taught me new things. I developed my communicative skills and I have learned how to behave in a team. I hope that in future all the achieved knowledge and skills will be helpful for my career.

But there is no learning without difficult moments. The difficulties that I have faced during the practice were while transforming Romanian expressions into English ones or vice-versa. Another difficulty was to give the names of cities, countries or other geographical terms in English or Romanian, because not all the names are identical, they have equivalents. Texts related to tourism contain a lot of economic terms as well as technical terms; proper names and words or idioms from other languages. The purpose of my project is to reveal difficulties arisen during the translation or interpretation of texts related to tourism. I also have some objectives for my project work:

to use specialized literature in tourism;

to use my knowledge gained during the translation practice;

to achieve new theoretical knowledge regarding translation of text related to tourism;

to improve my skills in translation and to develop them;

to do an interesting and useful work.

Another aspect that I will reveal in my project is that translation and interpretation is not the same thing as someone can think. Interpreting occurs in real time, so there is no time to extend and you should express the main idea or message. Translations are done after a text is published, so, the translator has more time for consulting specialized dictionaries or other sources. Interpreters should rephrase the source text and turn it into a message to be understood by the audience.

Translation is not as easy as someone can imagine. It needs a scrupulous choosing of the right words to make the equivalent translation. Studying courses specialized in translation was also an important factor in developing translation skills, but the practical part was more productive. This is because, in theory things are a little bit far from us, but when you are translating a real text and struggle with real difficulties is more useful and productive. In moment when we meet difficulties, we are working more efficiently and we find the right way of solving it. While doing this practice I found out that translation is not a boring occupation but it is a very interesting process, when we have to find right solutions and words, when we have to adjust texts according to some criteria and to keep the message integral. In my project I will deal with examples of the texts I had and the terminology used during the translation practice and I will explain their usage and meanings.

I structured my project in sections. In the first section is named Peculiarities of Tourism- Related Texts. The section is divided into subgroups. It includes three subgroups. The first and the second subgroup include theoretical material on lexical and grammatical aspects of tourism- related texts. The third subgroup includes information about textual organization of tourism- related texts.

The second section is named Difficulties in Translating Tourism- Related Texts contain information about the problems and difficulties I met during my translation practice. The first subgroup will expose semantic analysis of the terms and their translation in Romanian and German languages. The second subgroup contains the analysis of difficulties I met in a text that I had to translate during my translation practice.

I. PECULIARITIES OF TOURISM- RELATED TEXTS

The language of tourism has different levels of expressions. One level is when this language is spoken among experts in the field of tourism; this is a highly specialized discourse. Another level of expression is when this language is spoken among specialists and non-specialists; then, the language tends to be similar same to a general discourse. Specialized communication may get various forms, for example professional meetings, documents, conversations on telephone, conferences. The communication with non-experts in the field of tourism takes usually place in travel agencies, hotels, newspaper articles, tourist guides, tourism exhibitions, faxes or communicative events.

I.1. Lexical Features

“Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, formation, meaning and application” [2, p. 25].

There are some lexical features of the language of tourism and of the tourism related texts such as: monoreferentiality, conciseness, the relationship with general language, the relationship with specialized languages and the use of emphatic language.

Generally, monoreferentiality is used to indicate that each of the terms has only one referent, but in the language of tourism, it is used to emphasize that in the given context, there can be no more than one meaning. There is a special terminology in tourism, which is used to express new concepts, for example new services or new tasks for people from this field. Examples: package tour, voucher or tour operator [10, p.81].

Conciseness implies the expression in brief form. The necessity for conciseness drives to the shortening on the textual surface. An example is blending (the process of fusing two words into a single locution). Examples: Campsite (camping + site); Ecotourism (ecological + tourism); Motel (motor + hotel). Another case of conciseness is when a term itself is shortened. Example: representative – rep. Acronyms and abbreviations is also a sort of conciseness: GMT (Greenwich Mean Time); ID (identity card) [10, p.82].

As the semantic evolution usually is originated from the specialization of word connotations in the general language, it is very important to take into account this aspect when doing a specialized speech. Metaphorisation is one of the ways of making terms pulled from general language. It is a regular characteristic for our day-by-day life and for specialized texts too [10, p.84].

The relationship of the tourism lexicon and specialized languages is very close to the semantic fields of other specialized languages. For example, terms from economy are used in contracts, as regards payments or financial proceedings. Geographical terms are used in pamphlets, guides and advertisements, where are described locations and hotels. The lexis from the History of Art is needed to characterize various monuments or other view of great importance. The names of typical dishes and artisanship are terms from Cuisine and Craftsmanship used in the language of tourism. Means of transport noticed in files, description of the tours, are terms from Transport [7, p. 16].

Specialized language has a peculiarity – absence of emotive meaning, as the expression of discourse is normally a neutral one. But this absence is prevailing in an informative type of text because it derives from logical ordering of concepts and promoting evidence. If the pragmatic intention is convincing (for example, advertising), then the emphasis on emotions cover specialized texts too. Texts that have more a persuasive than an informative function are tour brochures, pamphlets or other publicity materials. The lexis practiced in these cases is very emphatic and highly evaluative. Adjectives used are like: unique, welcoming, breathtaking, luxurious and picturesque. Also there are used superlative forms to emphasize diffhe emphasis on emotions cover specialized texts too. Texts that have more a persuasive than an informative function are tour brochures, pamphlets or other publicity materials. The lexis practiced in these cases is very emphatic and highly evaluative. Adjectives used are like: unique, welcoming, breathtaking, luxurious and picturesque. Also there are used superlative forms to emphasize different facts: most attractive, biggest, greatest, most beautiful etc.

In order to comply client’s expectations about the destination and vacation, in touristic texts are used keywords as: adventure, pleasure, escape or dream.

The use of cultural references, called realia (words that do not have equivalents in the target language), improve the “exotic characteristics” of the destination, making tourists feel the unique chance to “taste” the cultural environment of the host-country.

I.2. Grammatical Features

As a particular type of English, English used in Tourism has its own grammatical characteristics as the structure of sentences, tenses, voices and the moods.

The structure of the sentence is generally simple and compact. That is because of dialogue between the tourists and the people who provide different services are also simple and does not involve any special terminology. Another reason of the simplicity of the language is that in most of cases, English is spoken not by natives of this language. In order to make the communication clear and effectivesimple form is used. More complex structures are used in touristic contracts or in the description of destinations. There are some linguistic strategies involved in Tourism English to avoid relative clauses and to make sentences simpler. Such mean is affixation or omitting auxiliary. Affixation involves prefixes and suffixes to “shorten” long phrases. That is because suffixes and prefixes have precise semantic values. For example: Self-catering accommodation (accommodation where you have to cook your own meals) [1, p.112].

Omitting the agent and auxiliary of a relative clause that contains a passive form gives the possibility to make clearer the message. For example: Pre-arranged car rental (car rental that has been arranged). Sometimes, compounds consisting of two nouns may become a single term after a period of use (e.g. airline, timetable).

Adjectivation can originate not only from nouns but also from phrases containing other elements such as adjectives and past participles, which can be pre-modified by an adverb (daily maid service, experienced personal trainer).The use of adjectivation obeys the criteria of conciseness and in addition to this sentences have a richer concept and become syntactically shorter [3, online].

These processes add conciseness and transparency to the text, as the expressions are shorter than the original ones and they are also clear, as the omitted parts can be easily deduced by the reader. Sometimes this process needs various instances of simplification, and the result may be a noun specified by an expression.

One of the main language functions of tourism English is to deliver information and when the information is rendered as a fact of truth, the present tense is often used. Past Tense is also used, when explaining the cultural background information. Another function is the persuasive or vocative one. That is, because tourism texts must “attract” potential clients. The secondary functions are expressive and poetic functions that also have the aim to persuade clients in the way of describing places and destinations in an artistic way.

Despite other varieties of English language tend to use Passive Voice; in tourism English they use mostly active voice. Generally speaking, the passive voice is objective and it is used to express the object viewed. It can make the message of the text clearer and not confused. Unlike the passive voice, the active voice is more flexible and subjective in communication. Tourism English is often used for its directive or evocative function, that’s why active voice is better to use.

I.3.Textual organization

The type of specialized text and its structure are usually closely linked because text genre does not only have an overall pragmatic function, but also influences all textual features and their conceptual and rhetorical development, which in turn affects the linguistic choices. In the field of tourism, the main genres are: tourist guides, articles in journals and magazines, brochures and advertising materials in general, itineraries and professional correspondence [3, online].

Types of texts generally used in tourism discourse are extremely codified. This consequential codification extends semantic- conceptual coherence and transparency. Texts contain parts that are standard for the genres themselves.

For example, an itinerary can generally contain the following sections: an easily understandable title; an indication of the geographical location; directions on how to reach this place; a mention of the climate; a description of any scenic beauty; a mention of nay archaeological, historical or artistic features; cuisine; accommodation options; sports and entertainment facilities; attractive illustrations; shopping hints; special events; address for obtaining further information.

In professional correspondence, the main types of letter/email are generally grouped into categories according to their pragmatic function: enquiries, offers, orders, complaints, reminders, etc. Each category follows a standard pattern with certain sections arranged in a set sequence. These texts do not normally require much creative effort on the writer’s part, because the sender tends to use standardized letter formulae, which will then be customized by adding details of the transaction concerned [3, online].

II. DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING TOURISM- RELATED TEXTS

II.1. Translation of Touristic Terms

Tourism is an entertaining, cultural and economic phenomenon that involves the transit of people to lands or places outside their natural environment for individual or commercial/professional aims. This kind of people, called visitors (that can be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenses.

As it was mentioned before, the inferences that tourism has, are on the economy, on the natural and building context, on the local people at the location and on the tourists themselves. Because of these multiple effects, the wide spectrum and variety of production factors required providing those goods and services received by visitors, and the wide spectrum of stakeholders involved or affected by tourism, it is needed a holistic strategy to tourism development, management and monitoring. This strategy is firmly recommended so as to express and put into forcepolicies of national and local tourism including the necessary international arrangements or other procedures regarding tourism.

Tourism has its own terminology beginning with tour contracts, air travels and finishing with specific words and names of different countries. There is a wide variety of words that can be categorized by the field of use or by origins. During my translation practice I have met many terms that are used with another, unusual for us meaning. I have seen that national items of different countries keep their original name. Also I have met new words used in tourism industry; some of them, in our habitual life have no sense.Here I will present some of them.

1. Transaction /trænˈzækʃən/ n

Ro Tranzacție Dedie Durchführung

something that is transacted, esp a business deal or negotiation

(plural) the published records of the proceedings of a society, conference, etc

Psychology. an interaction of an individual with one or more other persons, especially as influenced by their assumed relational roles of parent, child, or adult.

In my translation I used the first meaning, because the lexeme was used in a touristic contract in the clause of payments.

English:

“This outline of tour conditions represents part of the terms of transaction stipulated in Article 12-4 of the Travel Agency Law”

Romanian:

“Această schemă a condițiillor turului reprezintă o parte din condițiile tranzacției stipulate în Articolul 14- Legii cu privire la agențiile de turism”

German:

“Dieser Tour Bedingung Umriss vorstellt den Teil, die Durchführung Bezeichnung, die im 12.4 Artikel des Tour Gesetz festsetzt ist.”

2. To stipulate /ˈstɪpjʊˌleɪt/vb

Ro A Stipula De Festsetzen

(tr; may take a clause as object) to specify, often as a condition of an agreement

(intransitive) followed by for: to insist (on) as a term of an agreement

to make (an oral contract) in the form of question and answer necessary to render it legally valid

(tr; may take a clause as object) to guarantee or promise

I used the fourth sense owing to the context of the paragraph. In the text the verb is in the Past Tense.

English:

“This outline of tour conditions represents part of the terms of transaction stipulated in Article 12-4 of the Travel Agency Law”

Romanian:

“Această schemă a condițiillor turului reprezintă o parte din condițiile tranzacșiei stipulate în Articolul 14- Legii cu privire la agențiile de turism”

German:

“Dieser Tour Bedingung Umriss vorstellt den Teil, die Durchführung Bezeichnung, die im 12.4 Artikel des Tour Gesetz festsetzt ist.”

In this case we meet a difficulty in translation into German language: the predicate is situated at the end of the sentence. It is difference of word order between English and German languages.

3. Management /mænɪdʒmənt/n

Ro Conducere/Management De die Verwaltung

the members of the executive or administration of an organization or business

managers or employers collectively

the technique, practice, or science of managing, controlling or dealing with

the skilful or resourceful use of materials, time, etc

the specific treatment of a disease, disorder, etc

The meaning I used in this case is the third one; owing to the context it is involved.

English:

“GMT shall provide tour arrangements and itinerary management so that the client receives tour services”

Romanian:

“GMT trebuie să asigure aranjarea tururilor și coordonareaitinerarelor astfel încît clientul să beneficieze de serviciile turistice “

German:

„GMT wird versehen die Tour Einteilung und die Verwaltung der Reisroute so der Kunde der Tour Dienst bekommt“

4. Accommodation /əkɒmədeɪʃən/n

Ro Găzduire De die Unterkunft

lodging or board and lodging

adjustment, as of differences or to new circumstances; adaptation, settlement, or reconciliation

something fulfilling a need, want, etc.; convenience or facility

the automatic or voluntary adjustment of the shape of the lens of the eye for far or near vision

willingness to help or oblige

a loan, usually made as an act of favour by a bank before formal credit arrangements are agreed

The meaning of this term is that of lodging or board and lodging, because in the context is the accommodation in a hotel.

English:

“The receiving party of the contract states that reception, accommodation and rendering tourist services are made according to current applications”

Romanian:

“Partea primitoare a contractului își asumă aranjarea primirii, găzduirii și prestării serviciilor turistice conform aplicațiilor curente”

German:

“ Die Gastpartei des Vertrags aufstellt dass, der Empfang, die Unterkunft und die Wiedergabe des Tours Dienst, nach der laufend Anmeldung”

Express /ɪkspres/N, Adj

Ro Expres De Schnellzug

. A rapid, efficient system for the delivery of goods and mail.

b. Goods and mail conveyed by such a system.

means of transport, such as a train, that travels rapidly and makes few or no stops before its destination.

3. Chiefly British

a. A special messenger.

b. A message delivered by special courier.

In the context, is the second meaning, that of a means of transport (train).

English:

“In case we use Limited Express, reserved seats on tourist class are provided unless specified “non-reserved seat”.”

Romanian:

“În caz că folosim Limited Express, locurile rezervate în clasa turiștilor sunt asigurate dacă nu este specificat ”loc nerezervat”.”

German:

“ Im Fall wir ein Schnellzug mit Platzkarten brauchen, die Notsitzen im Tourist Klasse ausgestatten sind sofern “Nicht- Notsitzen“ nicht bestimmen”

Among the words analyzed previously, there are a lot of words specific to the “tourism language”. Some of them, at the first sight make no sense for us or a wrong perception; for example “redcap”. For people that are not natives of English language it is unknown the meaning of this word. During my translation practice I had to deal with words connected with transport and hotels. Further I will present some examples with their definitions.

Transport terms:

Adult fare /ædʌlt fɛəʳ / Adj+N

Ro Costul călătoriei pentru adulți De Erwachsene Fahrpreis

transportation charge for adults, as for a bus or airplane.

2. An adult passenger transported for a fee.

2. Business class /bɪznɪs klɑs/ N+N

Ro Clasa Business De Businessclass

A class of passenger accommodations on a commercial airplane or other conveyance that is intermediate in expense and service between first and coach class, typically offering more space than coach class and less luxurious service than first class.

Domestic flight /dəˈmestɪk flaɪt/ Adj +N

Ro Zbor interior De Innen Flucht

A flight that begins and ends in the same country.

Redcap /ˈredkæp/ N

Ro Hamal De Gepäckträger

A porter, usually in a railroad station.

Redcap fee /ˈredkæp fiː/ N +N

Ro Taxă pentru hamal De Gepäckträger Taxe

A gratuity; tip for a porter.

Limited baggage capacity /ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈbægɪdʒ kəˈpæsɪtɪ/ Adj+ N+ N

Ro Capacitate de bagaj limitată De Begrenzt

Amount of baggage permitted in airplane or bus.

Hotel Terms:

Booking status /bʊkɪŋ steɪtəs/ Adj+ N

Ro Statut de rezervare De Buchungstellung

The characteristic of a room, for example, reserved or not.

Twin room /twɪn rʊm/ N+N

Ro Cameră dublă De Zweibettzimmer

A room with two beds.

Upgrade plan /ʌpgreɪd plæn/ N+N

Ro Plan de îmbunătățire De Steigungsplan

Plan of upgrading the class of rooms or seat in airplane.

Liability /laɪəbɪlɪtɪ/ N

Ro Răspundere De Verpflichtung

a.Something for which one is liable; an obligation, responsibility, or debt.

b. liabilities The financial obligations entered in the balance sheet of a business enterprise.

5. Reception /rɪsepʃən/ N

Ro Recepție De Empfang

An area in an office, hotel, etc., where visitors or guests are received and appointments or reservations dealt with.

II.2. The Analysis of a Tourism- Related Text

In this part I will analyse a tourism- related text named “Grand Tour of Spain”. This text is about cities of with a brief presentation, done in the manner of touristic texts.

Generally, the text can be analysed at the first sight. Firstly, we can see a lot of positive adjectives used to give more expression to the text. This method is used for tourists to be persuaded in the beautiful and incomparable features of the destination. The same aims have also the superlative forms of adjectives used in the texts. I will analyse the text “Grand Tour of Spain” on two different levels: Lexical level and Syntactic level.

Lexical level analysis

The use of positive adjectives:

Vibrant capital Adj+ N

Ro Capitală dinamică

De Pulsierende Hauptstadt

Magnificent buildings Adj+ N

Ro Clădiri nemaipomenite

De Großartige Bauen

Gorgeous buildings Adj+ N

Ro Clădiri splendide

De Wunderbare Bauen

Handsome city Adj+ N

Ro Oraș frumos

De Hübsche Stadt

While using positive adjectives, a translator must take into account the meaning of the lexeme. The purpose of these lexemes is to express “lyrically” the description of the place. As it was mentioned before, touristic texts have a mainly persuasive purpose and these adjectives are a means of persuading the clients.

The use of superlative form:

The most beautiful city Adj+ N

Ro Cel mai frumos oraș

De Die schönste Stadt

Superb tapas Adj+ N

Ro Tapas superbe

De Herrlich Tapas

The use of keywords:

Taster N

Ro Degustător

De Koster

Cultural hub Adj+ N

Ro Centru cultural

De Mittelpunkt der Kultur

Spiritual home Adj+ N

Ro Patria spirituală

De Seelenheim

The use of cultural references (that have no equivalents in the target language).

Flamenco – a form of Spanish folk music and dance from the region of Andalusia in southern . It includes cante (singing), toque (guitar playing), baile (dance) and jaleo, which refers to the vocalizations and rhythmic sounds of palmas (handclapping) and pitos (finger snapping) that encourage performers to excel.

Tapas – a wide variety of appetizers, or snacks, in Spanish cuisine. They may be cold (such as mixed olives and cheese) or hot (such as chopitos, which are battered, fried baby squid). In select bars in , tapas have evolved into an entire, and sometimes sophisticated, cuisine. In , patrons of tapas can order many different tapas and combine them to make a full meal.

Paella – a Valencian rice dish with ancient roots that originated in its modern form in the mid-nineteenth century near Albufera lagoon, a coastal lagoon in , on the east coast of . The dish is widely regarded as 's national dish, as well as a regional Valencian dish; Valencians regard paella as one of their identifying symbols. Spanish food historian March notes that the dish "symbolizes the union and heritage of two important cultures, the Roman, which gives us the utensil and the Arab which brought us the basic food of humanity for centuries."

So, in the target language these words remain unchanged: Flamenco, Tapas and Paella.

Syntactic level analysis

We can detect one syntactic feature: the use of Present Simple Tense. This method is used to keep the time of the vacation everlasting and still.

The capitalisat the heart

Subject+ Predicate+ Object

Ro Capitala este situată în inima

De Die Hauptstadt ist in den Herz

Sevillecombinesgorgeousbuildings

Subject+ Predicate+ Attribute+ Object

Ro Sevilia combină clădiri splendide

De Seville verbindet wunderbare Bauen

The city sitsat the heartof Rioja region

Subject+ Predicate+ Object+ Attribute

Ro Orașul este situat în inima regiunii Rioja

De Die Stadt ist in den Herz des Rioja Landstrich

Here we can see that in Romanian the word „sits” is translated as „este situat”.In case we translate word-for- word, will be „stă”, but it will have incorrect meaning. So, I translated „este situat” to maintain the meaaning of the word „sits”.

Translation of proper names

Another aspect of touristic texts that can cause some difficulties are proper names. We have learned that culture specific terms are not translated because they have no equivalents in other languages. Names of cities ar often translated and it implies work with different sources if you are not sure in your variant of translation. I will give some examples from the text „Grand Tour of Spain”.

English> ; Romanian> Sevilia; German> Sevilla

English> ; Romanian> Mediteraneană;

German> Mittelmeer

But there are also proper names that cannot be translated, such as:

El Greco, Plaza Mayor or Teatre-Museu Dalí. There can be a breakdown in communication, because the target reader may not have knowledge about these notions. This is one of the difficulties in translation of touristic texts.

A translator should take attention to the source text and its transition into target text. Sometimes, it is needed a more explicit translation. For example, people who are natives of the country described understand better about their land. That is thanks to natural background knowledge, but a foreigner doesn’t know as good the specific of the place and translator should give more information or to extend the information given.

The main difficulties in translation of touristic texts are those related to realia, the translator must have a rich cultural background to be able not only to transfer a Source Text into a Target Text but also to maintain the “original influence” of the text. Often, there are words or word- combinations that just do not have equivalents in TT and translator must give a very appropriate translation or brief explanation of the term. To avoid difficulties regarding cultural aspects, a translator needs a good cultural background.

CONCLUSION

Translation is a hard work, and it doesn’t depend on the field of translation. I have learned it during my translation practice and working on my license project. While translating or interpreting, a translator/ interpreter should take into account specific terms and expressions. Also, a translator must render the translation to the target reader or listener in the best way.

It is very important for young specialists to have practice in translation. It gives the possibility to use theoretical knowledge achieved during three years of study and to achieve new, practical knowledge. They can develop new skills in translating and to discover new and easier methods of doing a good translation.

I had the chance to be attended to my practice of translation at the travel agency “Nelea- Tur” SRL. I had to translate different types of texts, including tour contracts, brochures, articles, etc. It was very interesting and cognitive for me to do the translations because I have learned new terms and new information.

During my translation practice I have learned that a good translator must have not only good knowledge on theoretical level, but also have practice in translating/ interpreting. Working as a translator in a travel agency during my practice I gained experience in translating tourism related texts. It was very useful for me, because I gained new skills in translation. I discovered new dictionaries and databases, I learned to do fast and qualitative translations.

I tried to illustrate in my project all the difficulties I encountered in translating tourism- related texts. The most of the difficulties are from the cultural field: some specific names, traditions or dishes were very difficult to understand and translate. I needed additional information to give the best translation. A translator must look for suitable words to the target audience/ readers. An example is texts about countries with description of national food and customs; the translator shall give additional information if it is needed.

Working with texts from the field of tourism is very good to have a good geographical and historical background, because often you have to deal with names that sound somehow strange but are part of the history of one or another country.

Also, during my work on translation practice and license project I convinced myself one more time that translation performed by people are much better than the one performed by machine. That is because people do their translation not only with the help of dictionaries but also according to logical constructions.

It was a very good chance for me to have translation practice at a travel agency. I have learned a lot of new words and terms. Now I know better what the work of a translator / interpreter is. Also, I have seen that only with theoretical knowledge you cannot do a good work; only in time you can improve your skills and have the name of a real translator.

In conclusion I can say that I significantly improved my level of English. I met new people that taught me new things and I am thankful for the chance I had. I believe that in future this work will play an important role in my profession and the knowledge I achieved will help me to open new doors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Duff, Alan. The Third Language: Recurrent Problems of Translation into English. : Pergamon, 1984. 138 p.

Durán Muñoz, Isabel. Analysing common mistakes in translations of tourist texts (Spanish, English and German) (2012), available at http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=134525391012(visited on 07.05.2015)

Encyclopaedia Wikipedia available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco (visited on 06.05.2015)

Encyclopaedia Wikipedia available on http://www.wordreference.com/definition/flamenco (accessed on 06.05.2015)

Encyclopaedia Wikipedia available onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella (accessed on 06.05.2015)

Galperin, Ivan. Stylistics of the English language. Moscow: Vyschaia Schkola, 1981. 295 p.

Gotti, Maurizio. The language of tourism as specialized discourse. In O. Palusci & (eds.), Translating Tourism. Linguistic/cultural Representations, : Editrice Università degli Studi di Trento, 2006. pp. 15-34.

House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment. A Model Revisited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1997. 207p.

Jones, Leo. Welcome! English for travel and tourism. : Press, 2005. 126 p.

Márquez, Miguel Fuster. Working with Words: An Introduction to English Linguistics. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, 2008. 314 p.

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Annex 1

Glossary of Terms

Annex 2

TOUR CONDITIONS for Agent Organized

This outline of tour conditions represents part of the terms of transaction stipulated in Article 12-4 of the Travel Agency　Law, and the contract specifying services rendered for travel and other matters as stated in Article 12-5 of the law.

1. Contract for Agent-Organized
1. Responsibility rests with the company operating Agent-Organized Tours (hereinafter referred to as GMT) whose name in full appears below and in its tour pamphlets. Clients joining such tours shall conclude an Agent-Organized Tour Contract (hereinafter referred to as the Travel Contract) with GMT. JTB Global Marketing & Travel Inc. (GMT) Address 2-3-11 Higashi-shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, 140-8604
Commissioner of Japan Tourism Agency Registered Travel Agent No.1723
2. GMT shall provide tour arrangements and itinerary management so that the client receives tour services including transport/accommodations (hereinafter referred to as “tour services”) provided by transportation/accommodation operators during the tour itinerary set by GMT
3. The content and conditions of the contract shall conform to those specified for each tour itinerary, conditions as specified hereunder, the final itinerary handed to clients before departure (hereinafter referred to as the “Final Tour Itinerary”), and Agent-Organized Tours as described in GMT’s general terms and conditions as based on the Travel Agency Law (hereinafter referred to as “General Terms and Conditions of Agent Organized Tours”).

2. Application for Agent-Organized Tour Contracts and their Conclusion
1. The client shall provide information on the GMT application form as required by GMT and submit the form together with the necessary reservation deposit. Paid deposit shall be applied to the tour fare, cancellation charges or penalties.
2. GMT may accept applications for travel contracts by telephone, mail, facsimile and other means of communication. In such cases, the client shall submit the application form and reservation deposit to GMT within 3 days counting from the day when acceptance of application is confirmed. If the client fails to supply the required application form and deposit within 3 days, the reservation shall be voided.
3. The Travel Contract shall become valid upon GMT’s consent to the conclusion of the contract and receipt of the reservation deposit. If tour arrangements are made by phone, the Tour Contract shall become valid upon GMT’s acceptance of the tour deposit as specified in the Clause 2. When clients request tour arrangements by mail, facsimile or other communication methods, the tour contract shall become valid upon payment of the Tour Deposit and GMT’s notification of acceptance of the tour contract.

The contract for any tour request by any communication including telephone, mail, facsimile or other shall become valid as specified in Article 23-2.
4. When applying for group tour arrangements (more than 2 people), the tour contract including conclusion and cancellation of the contract shall be exchanged between GMT and the group representative.
5. The group representative responsible for the contract shall provide GMT with the name list of members by the date specified by GMT.
6. GMT shall not be responsible for any responsibility or obligation committed by the group representative for the contract in the past or in the future.
7. In case the group representative does not accompany the group, we shall consider one of the members who have been selected by the representative as the group representative who is responsible for the contract after tour starting day.
8. If the tour contract cannot be finalized due to full occupancy in seats or rooms or other reasons at booking, GMT may ask the client to wait until the specified date with his/her consent.
(This booking status shall be referred as “waiting” hereinafter. In this case, the client shall be registered as “waiting client” and GMT shall do our efforts to make it bookable. Even in this case, we shall charge the client the reservation deposit ( “Waiting” does not guarantee confirmation of booking). However, If the client requests GMT to release the waiting, or if the booking is not confirmed until the specified day, GMT shall return a full of the reservation deposit.
9. Even in case of the Clause 8, the tour contract shall be finalized at the day when GMT informs the guest of the confirmation.
10. Deposit (per person) The reservation deposit shall be 10 percent of the tour fare.
11. The client shall notify GMT when submitting application if requiring special consideration during tour period, GMT shall comply with such requests when feasible.