Termenii Juridici Si Specificul Traducerii Terminologiei Juridice

Termenii juridici și specificul traducerii terminologiei juridice (studiu de caz)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

The period of the practice unfolded at the JV “Moldcell” JSC was an experience of strengthening my knowledges aquired at the faculty and also ilustrating of the activities performed by its staff. It was an opportunity to improve my theoretical knowledge, but also to gain practical experience.

I had to translate different legal and commercial documents and offers. Translating documents was not easy because I had to search the translation and definition of terms I did not know.

I had also used online dictionaries, such as:

www.dictionary.sensagent.com,

www.oxforddictionaries.com ,

www.bab.la,

I had to study well and attentively Moldcell offers and services. Regarding the work carried out by me in this period, I can say that all the 120 hours were spent at the computer, translating various texts to and from English.

Generally, I can not say that I have encountered major difficulties in practice. From the very beginning I had the opportunity to observe tasks and missions of the company.

I had the opportunity to meet many people, to hear directly their points of views and to ask any questions for satisfying my curiosity. It also was a time when I had to handle new concepts and my opinions were drafted differently or changed radically in a more careful way because of the information taken directly from the source. The most important thing is that I learned how to make a good translation and I studied the differences between specialized terminologies, such as the terms from the commercial and legal fields.

In conclusion, I understood that English for lawyers has a special importance for the society, as it is in the vanguard of research in the field of specialized languages or languages for professional purposes. The harmonious progress of a state, internal order and the scale of external image through harmonizing with other international legal systems depend on the progress of the legal domain, on prompt and adequate answers that it offers to the society requirements. Legal language is recognized as one of the most difficult specialized languages that require sustained methodical effort, attention and concentration from the teacher both on legal concepts and how to define them and to contextualize. Translation of legal texts is at the crossroads between the linguistic domain, the domain of the technics of translation and the legal field, being strongly influenced by changes such as world globalization, cross-border movement of labor force and unified economic market.

Legal terminology presents an interest to the linguists because it evolves and changes beyond some agreed standards, under the influence of the changing socio-economic reality.

My licence project is a retrospection on my practice in translation. It contains a description of the most important problems in translating legal terminology and its features. Section I – Theoretical consideration on the translation and strategies in translating legal terminology – contains all the definitions, theories and problems that I had to deal with in translating legal terminology, from the linguistic point of view. Section II – Morphological and lexical aspects in the translation of legal terminology – contains the practical work in regard to the morphological and lexical aspects in the translation of legal terminology, based on examples from the texts translated by me during my practice of translation. My goal was to show how important the legal terminology is in our life.

The Conclusion is a summary of the findings and ideas that I managed to formulate upon the completion of my work on this licence project. The Bibliography consists of all the sources that helped me in the translation of legal terminology, as well as in elaborating this licence project. The Annexes contain some texts from which I took the examples illustrating the theoretical research and practical work related to my licence project.

I. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE TRANSLATION AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING LEGAL TERMINOLOGY

I.1. The concept of translation and the essence of the translation techniques

Translation is a communicative and cognitive activity which is influenced, in all aspects of cultural factors. According to linguists A.R. Meeth and Richard A. Hudson, the famous authors of Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Information and Control, quoted by the English linguist Roger T. Bell, who is a professor of linguistics, “translation means replacing a text representation in a language through a representation of an equivalent text in a second language” [3, p. 24].

The purpose of translation, as stated by the above-mentioned linguists, is to replicate as closely as possible all the original grammatical and lexical features of the “source language” by searching for equivalent terms in the “target language” [ibidem, p. 31]. A similar idea is also specified by Roger T. Bell, who has established the following objectives of the translation: “(…) the transformation of a text written in one language into an equivalent text written in another language, preserving as much as possible, message content, form and characteristics of the original functional roles” [ibidem, p. 11].

The term translation specifically involves linguistic, semantic and pragmatic aspects, which are added to complex social and cultural processes (anthropological, ethnic, historical, philosophical and even gestures).

The translation techniques are the tools that a translator uses in the process of conveying the meaning of the Source Text (ST) into the Target Text (TT). The following are the translation techniques applied in the process of translation:

adaptation consists in replacing the reality in a language with equivalent reality in another language. It can not be realized with the same words, but in a way that is more understandable for the reader or listener. The ST is adjusted based on criteria of the form and / or content to meet the desired goal in the TT;

extension consists in amplifying the text because of the structural reasons or when it needs to solve the ambiguity of the ST. This usually happens in translating from English to Spanish, because many English words have no gender, while in Spanish the translator needs to know whether they are male or female;

summary is the opposite of the preceding process;

lexical loan is to use words from the SL in the TT, usually by writing in italics;

compensation is used in cases where translators do not find a good match. It consists in both expanding and summarizing, depending on what is more convenient, on a case by case;

linguistic calque is a mixed process (internal and external) of enrichment of a language, especially in vocabulary and phraseology, which consists in imitating the structure of a word or a phrase from another language;

modulation is about changing the form after a semantic modification, giving a different perspective to the TT;

transposition involves the change of the grammatical category, but without changing the meaning of the message;

equivalence: the meaning of a word corresponds in both the ST and the TT, the two words being equivalent, that is, having the same meaning.

Legal translations includes the translation of texts from the legal field. Legal translation can only be achieved through a good knowledge of legal terminology domain. The documents belonging to the legal field are the following:

court decisions;

notarized power of attorney;

authorizations;

injunctions;

judgments of divorce;

writs of execution;

attestations;

acts of cession;

legislative texts;

statements;

European standards.

In completing an efficient translation of legal texts, the following principles should be taken into account:

parallelism;

entity: translation + original;

completeness;

accuracy;

correctness.

Parallelism. The translated official document shall correspond exactly and formally to the original from of the SL, so that the reader of this translation can easily identify any original position. In the legal relationship within a language, translation replaces the SL with the TL, but in no case, the TT makes the ST superfluous; in the legal context, the translation of a document can only be used in a close contact with the original. Only when the source text and target text are identified as a unit and remain correlated, equivocal interpretations can be avoided. The unity between the ST and the TT is best ensured when combining both variants in an official document.

Completeness. When it comes to official acts, the translator’s omissions, even if they are insignificant, may cause, in certain circumstances of a legal conflict, serious consequences. In the formula of legalization the confirmation of completeness is permitted only when the the original document was translated, de facto and de jure, without gaps.

Accuracy (correctness). The translator should avoid, in all cases, quasi equivalence (positioning to the same level) of the legal concepts from the source language to the target language. Linguistic calques create the same distortions that may create translation through a functional equivalent by culture-purpose. For this reason, the motto accuracy of a translation aims, often, at a periphrastic translation.

From the ethical point of view, translators, being loyal to the professional ethics, must maintain the confidentiality and the professional secrecy.

I.2. Basic approaches to the legal linguistics

A legal text is an informational and structural-functional unit, which carries a dual status:

1. legal text as an informational (logico-semantic) unit;

2. legal text as a structural-functional sequence of text.

From a theoretical perspective, the study of the legal terminology is based on three approaches:

1. linguistic approach;

2. legal approach; and

3. interdisciplinary approach.

The linguistic approach describes legal terminology in terms of diachronic and synchronic aspects.

The legal approach describes legal terminology as a practical one, for example, the improvement of the legislative technique, drafting of various types of legal texts, interpreting of legal texts by specialists.

The interdisciplinary approach of the legal language has led to the shaping of two new research domains – legal linguistics and legal semiotics.

The field of legal semiotics concerns – from the perspective of the linguist – the description of the discourse / legal text by reference to a grammar and a specialized dictionary.

Legal linguistics involves examining of the two essential components of the legal language: legal vocabulary and legal discourse; its scope is defined by reference to the general linguistics and the science of law.

Although compared to other stylistic variants of the literary language, legal style seems to be the most homogeneous; some differences occur due to either the specifics of the sociocultural domain, which it reflects linguistically, either carry out the relationship between the citizen and the public institution. We distinguish at least three internal linguistic variants, of which the first two are strongly connected with the use of legal terminology:

Conservative variant is specific to the language of legal texts: its impersonal character is because the relationship public institution- citizen has a one-way, being directed towards the individual;

Oratorical variant: the relationship citizen – public institution has a double meaning. This version is the most open to individual stylistic manifestations because the organization of the discourse is directed essentially to the recipient. In this process there is a persuasive component that keeps to the transmitter personality that stands and tends to get out from the crowd;

The variant of the legal-administrative style is determined by the socio-administrative relations developed in two directions. It is less t is less rigid in terms of organization relatively open to individual stylistic variants of the recipient, and also of the transmitter at a less important level.

The structure of the normative legal acts (laws, decrees, judgments, decisions, etc.) is determined by the nature and content of these texts. In this respect, a valuable distinction for the translator is the one between official public acts and private acts. The first group includes the judicature acts (court rulings, notices of summons, judgments, writs of executions etc.), while the second one comprises the notarial acts (contracts, powers of attorney, incorporation documents, certificates, statements, etc.). In specialized translation the equivalence is a priority. It refers to the same phenomena expressed differently or similarly in two or more languages.

I.3. Specific aspects related to legal terminology

Under the influence of the extralinguistic factors, terminologies know a faster pace of creation than the general lexis. The reasons that favor the emergence of new legal concepts are the social needs, the harmonization of the legislation with the community and international legal system. For example, the implementation of a bill entails the creation of new legal concepts, nonexistent to date, to which TT terms has to correspond. The emergence of new terms is unpredictable. Therefore, legal terminology is not in a stable condition, as one might think because of its conservatism; it is in a continuous process of change.

Legal terminology is, par excellence, an explanatory science. Its fundamental intentions are those of integration, trying to correlate, to order, to uncover mechanisms of linguistic functioning, through the angle of law. The vast repertoire of legal definitions, in their entirety, constitute the terminology of one of the oldest sciences, that is law.

The word ‘terminology’ has two meanings. On one hand, it names all the technical terms used in a particular field of knowledge; on the other hand, it means the study of specialized terms; so, it is a branch of linguistics. The concept of terminology is used with several interrelated meanings, not always clearly defined. The most commonly values attributed to the concept of ‘terminology’ are:

a system of terms representing knowledge in a particular field of an activity. In this case, the following remarks are required: “The terms are obtained by applying a name to a particular concept and by a natural or artificial procedure of lexicalization (the term verbalises knowledge). The relationship between the name and the notion is reflective and bi-univocal for a given period. A term is characterized, therefore, by unequivocally monoreferentiality and precision” [6, p. 38].

“a transdisciplinary field of interdisciplinary knowledge studying its concepts and representations (words, symbols etc.)” [ibidem, p. 39].

Expanding the scope of use of some terms beyond a strictly specialized domain is a phenomenon that causes a new approach to the border between the scientific knowledge and the common knowledge that can not be conceived as rigid but rather as permeable (in both directions). This trend of migration of terminologies for common lexis is a manifestation of progressive secularization of knowledge in the context of the informational age.

The emergence of the legal terminology is closely related to the evolution of the human society. Age, evolution, complexity and character of this terminology also inter-, multi- and transdisciplinary even make it almost impossible for an observer to all its facets. To the difficulties of analyzing contribute both the huge amount of conceptual and linguistic elements and the continuously passing of this terminology through various layers (journalistic, administrative, common language) with a great permeability for everything related to the legal domain.

Legal terms are intentioned (conscious) creations: an authority (as institution or professional association) recommends or prescribes standardized terms, representing, in this way, the optimal correspondence between the concept and rgw referent. To create terminologies, this authority makes use of internal equipment (derivation, compounding, and terminologization), of external means (neological loans) or mixed means (calculation). Unlike other areas of activity, in the domain of law, the existing terminology imposes rules of forming of new terms which need to integrate the judicial system.

Linguists are concerned with the social impact of the legal terminology on users, about the understanding and the correct use of terms.

Legal terminology is official but the general public must have access to it. The investigation of legal terminology and its implications in legislative work or study of the legal effects produced through performative speech acts has been the subject of research in the field of legal terminology.

Significant changes occur in the legal terminology with the promulgation and implementation of some laws that impose and adopt new terms. Thanks to the continuous inflow of terms in the Germanic and Romanic languages, the problem of terminologies is of paramount importance, and the language policy has become a strategic element. In principle, the terminology interventions have the aim of improving communication by creating an appropriate vocabulary, by elaborating glossaries and standardizing the terms.

There are some linguistic phenomena related to the updating of the legal vocabulary. By terminologization we understand “the process of circulation of some words from common (general) vocabulary in specialized (referential) language” [4, p. 3]. A divergent evolution of a language occurs in the process of the local terminologization.

A feature of the legal language is that it abounds in rules, sayings and adages (arguments) expressed in Latin:

sayings (or rules) are brief definitions that show principles applicable to various types of cases. Valuable rules in general cases lose their force in front of exceptions;

adages (which are also called aphorisms or arguments) are sentences, general formulas, suited with their brevity to be remembered. They are true oracles of jurisprudence offering a direction when the law is obscure or insufficient. Most of the adages have been formulated by Latin jurisconsults. Learning Latin sayings makes the sentence to keep its exact form thus eliminating the risk of impairing the original meaning by using synonyms from TL or polysemic words.

The comparison of texts in different languages inevitably involves a theory of equivalence. Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years.

Taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of the field, its examination should take into account principles of translation technique, relating to the editing, preparation and presentation of performed translations according to current regulations. The structure of acts (laws, decrees, judgments ruling, decisions etc.) depends on the nature and content of those texts. In terms of linguistic expression, methodology and technique of translation provides requirements to which the text must respond: clarity, accuracy, brevity and accessibility.

Theoretically, by the principle of formation of the terms, the following forms of equivalence are possible: total equivalence, partial equivalence, equivalence in absentiae. Most often, for the determination of equivalence, the translator makes use of two methods:

1. focusing on formal equivalence (which “will keep the semantic meaning of the independent of context text, to the detriment of communicative value provided by this”) [1, p. 86];

2. focusing on functional equivalence (which ,,will keep the communicative value that gives the context to the detriment of semantic meaning independent of context”) [ibidem].

Legal terminology crystallises in its current form the most important linguistic events that occurred earlier, its study being connected with the history of language. Also, the current state of the legal terminology is part of a phase determined by evolution, being the expression of synchronous research, while the history keeps to the diachronic.

In light of the above, it is worth noting that there are two different methodological approaches. Also, in the studies established to these terms, it is observed the intention of not remaining in strictly linguistic perspective, but to associate terms, whenever it is possible, with social, cultural and political phenomena. At the same time, attention is directed toward the close link established, on the one hand, between the language sciences and the linguistic reality, as well as between law and its terminology.

II. PECULIARITIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND LEXICAL ASPECTS IN THE TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY

II.1.Dificulties and aspects in the translation of legal terminology

In the process of translation of the legal terminology, it is essential to take into consideration the morphological and lexical aspects specified hereinafter.

In Legal English the modal verb ‘shall’ is very often used because it expresses an obligation:

ST: “Orice persoană autorizată sau altă persoană fizică sau juridică este obligată, la cererea Furnizorului, să prezinte dovezi ale identității și statutului său, precum și ale autorizației de reprezentare a terței părți. [15, online].”

TT1: Any authorized person or other legal or natural person shall be ordered at the request of the provider, to provide the proof of his identity and status, and the authorization of the third party representation.

TT2: Jede autorisierte Person oder andere Einzelne/ juristische Person, soll auf Antrag des Providers der Beweis für seine Identität und Status, und die Genehmigung des Dritten Person Darstellung bieten.

As it appears from the above examples, the Romanian verb ‘este obligată’ will be translated as ‘shall’ (TT1) and ‘soll’ (TT2).

Another difficulty that arises in the translation of texts from the legal field is the handling of the loanwords. The Latin terms persist in the legal vocabulary. Oftentimes, these terms are untranslatable. The Latin legal terminology has its roots in a time when Latin was the language with the largest circulation, the lingua franca. There is an accentuated tendency to retain the legal terms in their Latin wording, especially when their translation in the TT is likely to create confusion in legal documents.

Keeping the Latin sayings ensures a high level of accuracy of the TT. Thus, the translators opt for eliminating the risk of impairing the original meaning by using synonyms from TL or polysemic words. As an example, I would like to cite the following legal Latin sayings:

‘Idem est non esse et non probari’, which means that a statement without required evidences in civil codes of penal procedure has no legal relevance.

‘Testis unus testis nullus’ which expresses the idea that only statements of at least two witnesses, that can be confronted between each other, constitute a conclusive evidence.

The influence of the French language on the English legal terminology is also well known. There are French loanwords in most of the legal collocations:

e.g. Fr.authentique / En. authentic/ Ro. autentic/ De. authentisch;

Fr. autorisation/ En. authorization/ Ro. autorizație/ De. Die Ermächtigung;

Fr. reservation/ En. reservation/ Ro. rezervație/ De. die Reservierung.

As we can see, there are very few differences between them. Most of the terms from the English legal collocations are Latin-Roman neologisms. The presence of massive loans in modern English legal terminology help at shaping of the international character of the vocabulary.

When translating the legal texts for my translation practice, I paid a lot of attention and took a special interest in handling the Legal terms having the shape of compound words. While in the general lexicon the process of derivation is more productive than composition, in the specialized legal vocabulary words formed through composition have a privileged place. When translating the legal texts,I have noticed that legal terms can take the following shapes in English and Romanian: simple (mono-member) words, compound (two or more members) words, and collocations. Let us consider the following examples:

1. Mono-member words:

En. Contingencies / Ro. Cheltuieli diverse / De. Haftungsverhältnisse;

En. Violation / Ro. Abatere Judiciară / De. der Haftungsverhältnisse;

En. Fine / Ro. Amendă / De. die Geldbuße;

En. Certificate / Ro. Certificat / De. das Zertifikat;

En. Clause / Ro. Clauză / De. die Klausel; etc.

2. Words formed of two or more components:

En. Undertaking / Ro. Angajament / De. die Verpflichtung;

En. Foregoing / Ro. Anterior menționat / De. vorangehend;

En. Turnover / Ro. Cifră de afaceri / De. der Umsatz;

En. Prerequisite / Ro. Condiție necesară / De. die Voraussetzung;

En. Counterpart / Ro. Duplicat / De das Gegenstück;

En. Lawsuit / Ro. Proces Civil / De der Rechtsstreit.

3. Collocations:

En. timely enforcement of a law / Ro. aplicarea oportună a unei legi/ De rechtzeitige Durchsetzung des Gesetzes;

En. illegal arresting / Ro. arestare ilegală / De illegale Verhaftung;

En. hearing of a witness / Ro. audierea unui martor / De Vernehmung eines Zeugen.

Based on the above-listed indicative examples of simple words, compound words and collocations, I can conclude that English legal terms in the form of simple words are mostly translated based on the calque and equivalence techniques, in the form of simple words in TT1 and TT2, though there a frequent cases of translation in the form of compound words in TT1 and TT2. As for the English legal terms in the form of compound words, it should be noted that they are mainly translated based on the paraphrase, equivalence and calque techniques as compound words in TT1 and TT2, though there are few cases of translation in the form of simple words in TT1 and TT2. And, finally, the English legal collocations are mainly translated based on the equivalence technique in the TT1 and TT2, in the form of equivalent collocations.

With reference to the semantic relations established between the legal terms, I have come to the conclusion that one of the basic features of legal terms is polysemy. There are common words, generally polysemantic, that developed a legal sense and thus became legal terms. On the other hand, there are legal terms that have been used so widely that they entered current language by extension of meaning or through developing a figurative sense (e.g. En. alibi / Ro. Alibi / De. das Alibi).

A relevant example of an English polysemantic term is the term ‘law’, which has the following meanings:

1. System of rules;

2. Statement of fact;

3. Justice;

4. Science [14, online].

In Romanian, the term has even more meanings, because it presents an interference with the common language and gradually loses the sense of the term.

Linie dreaptă;

Poziție verticală;

Termen militar (Drepți!);

Echivalentul termenului corect;

Devotat;

Termen legal: Drept Civil, Drept Penal, Drept Public, Drept Internațional. [11, online]

Given the appearance and creation of new branches of science, innovative technology, a wide range of new concepts – neologisms – keep making their appearance in the vocabulary. New Legal terms appear owing to the fact that new social, economic, political reality needs to be harmonized with the existing legal system. Here are some examples of English neologisms in the field of law and their translation in TT1 and TT2:

ST: Adherence/ TT1: Accesiune/ TT2: Die Einhaltung;

ST: Accomplices/ TT1: Coautori TT2: der Komplize;

ST: Contradictiliness/ TT1: Contradictorialitate/ TT2: die

Widersprüchlichkeit;

ST: Custody / TT1: Custodie/ TT2: der Gewahrsam;

ST: Extortion / TT1: Extorcare de fonduri / TT2: die Erpressung;

When translating the English neologisms, I made use of the following translation techniques: equivalence and transposition.

Notwithstanding, many lawyers use archaisms instead of neologisms. Numerous archaisms that are found in the judicial language, especially in the branch of civil law, constitute another challenging feature for the people uninitiated in this field. Some branches of law, precisely normative acts which constitute the main source, enjoyed more attention from Contemporary Legislature than others. For example, the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure dates from 1968, but Civil Code, even with its successive modifications, dates from 1864, the situation being similar in the Romanian Civil Procedure Code, the only one from Europe which dates from 1865. In relation to this situation, it is understandable the abundance of archaisms in Civil Legal Language. Here are some examples that I had to handle during my translation practice:

ST. emoluments of inheritance (which means” the profit or advantage that inheritance brings to the heirs”) [14, online]

TT1: emolumentele moștenirii

TT2: bezüge der Vererbung

ST: Emphyteusis (which means “rental agreement for a long period”) [ibidem]

TT1: Emfiteoză

TT2: die Erbpacht

ST: Anatocism (which means “operation of capitalization of the interest rate”) [ibidem]

TT1: Anatocism

TT2: die Zinseszins

It appears from the above examples, that the translation of the archasms from ST to TT1 is based on the techniques of borrowing and calque.

Abbreviation is a very productive way in the formation of legal terms. It is important to mention that legal terms can take the shape either of a proper abbreviation (to abbreviate a word or title) or acronym (a word formed of the first letter or letters of a word, of a phrase or a title [14, online]). Here is a list of abbreviations from the legal texts that I translated during the practice:

ST: EAW (European Arrest Warrant)

TT1: MEA (Mandat European de Arestare)

TT2: EuHB (Der Europäische Haftbefehl)

ST: EE (Employee)

TT1: Ang. (Angajat)

TT2: Ma. (Mitarbeiter)

ST: c. (Chapter)

TT1: c. (Capitol)

TT2: K. (das Kapitel)

As it appears from the above examples, I have translated the abbreviations using the calque technique.

Some of the acronyms that I encountered in the legal texts from my translation practice are the following:

ST: Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization)

TT1: Interpol (Organizația Internațională a Poliției Criminale)

TT2: IKPO (die Internationale Kriminalpoli-zeiliche Organisation)

ST: GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

TT1: AGTC (Acordul General pentru Tarife și Comerț)

TT2: GATT (Das Allgemeinen Zoll- und Handelsabkommens)

ST: CC (Commerce Clause)

TT1: CC (Clauză Comercială

TT2: HK (Handelsklause)

When translating the acronyms, I came to the conclusion that the proper technique to use is the calque as it is efficient and therefore widely used in legal documents.

II.2. Methods used in the translation of legal acts. Equivalence

The structure of the normative legal acts (laws, decrees, judgments, decisions, etc.) is determined by the nature and content of these texts. In this respect, a valuable distinction for the translator is the one between official public acts and private acts. the first group includes judicature acts (laws, resolutions, decrees, orders, court rulings, notices of summons, etc.), while the second one covers the notarial acts (marriage contracts, lease agreements, sale contracts, powers of attorney, statements, certificates etc.). During my practice of translation I had to translate offers of Moldcell company. Here are some examples:

ST: Semnătura mobilă este identitatea ta digitală, ești chiar tu și lucrurile pe care ai nevoie să le faci. Aceasta îți permite să semnezi electronic acte, declarații etc. sau să întocmești cereri de la distanță pentru anumite servicii care, în mod obișnuit, îți sunt accesibile doar prin prezența fizică și actul de identitate.

TT1: Mobile signature is your digital identity, is just you and the things you need to do. This allows you to sign electronic documents, statements, etc., or to draw up from distance requests for certain services, which, typically, are accessible to you only through the physical presence and identity card.

TT2: Die Mobile ID ist Ihre digitale Identität, ist nur Sie und die Dinge, die Sie tun müssen. Dadurch können Sie elektronische Dokumente, Aussagen, etc., unterschreiben, oder aus Distanz Anfragen für bestimmte Leistungen zu erarbeiten, die typischerweise nur durch die physische Präsenz und Personalausweis sind für Sie zugänglich.

ST: Acest serviciu este disponibil pentru persoanele fizice, abonați Moldcell și funcționează în baza câtorva condiții.

TT1: This service is available for Moldcell individual subscribers and operates under several conditions.

TT2: Dieser Service ist für Moldcell einzelnen Teilnehmern verfügbar und betreibt unter verschiedenen Bedingungen.

ST: Ai pierdut șirul punctelor de penalizare? Nu ești sigur dacă ai amenzi înregistrate? De acum, poți afla toată informația solicitată și personalizată, direct de pe telefonul tău mobil, prin intermediul unui SMS! Acum, nu mai e necesar să te deplasezi undeva pentru a obține informația despre încălcările săvârșite și accidentele rutiere cu implicarea mijloacelor de transport și alte încălcări înregistrate în baza de date a Poliției Rutiere.

TT1: You've lost count of penalty points? Not sure if you have fines registered? For now, you can find all the information requested and customized directly from your mobile phone via SMS! Now, there's no need to go somewhere to get information about violations perpetrated and car accidents involving means of transport and other violations recorded in the database of Traffic Police.

TT2: Haben Sie Zählung der Strafpunkte verloren? Nicht sicher, ob Sie registriert Geldbußen haben? Denn jetzt können Sie alle gewünschten Informationen finden und direkt von Ihrem Handy über SMS angefertigt! Jetzt gibt es keine Notwendigkeit, irgendwohin zu gehen, um Informationen zu erhalten auf Verstöße begangen und Autounfälle beteiligung Beförderungsmittel und andere Verletzungen in der Datenbank der Verkehrspolizei erfasst.

In specialized translation the equivalence is a priority. It refers to the same phenomena expressed in two or more languages. Most often, for the determination of equivalence, the translator makes use of two methods:

1. formal equivalence;

2. functional equivalence;

Thus, the English noun ‘investigator’ must not be translated in Romanian as ‘investigator’or ‘cercetător’, but as ‘anchetator’. That is also the case of the following examples:

En: ‘violation’ / Ro. ‘încălcare’ / De. der Verstoß;

En. ‘writ of subpoena’ / Ro. ‘citație’/ De. Gerichtsurkunde der Vorladung;

En. ‘accomplices’ / Ro. ‘complici’ / De. der Komplize;

En. ‘guardianship’ / Ro. ‘curatelă / De. die

Vormundschaft;

En. ‘fine’ / Ro. ‘amendă’ / De. die Geldbuße.

Examples of equivalence are shown in the below:

ST: Utilizatorul este responsabil pentru utilizarea cu rea credință sau abuzivă a ofertelor/opțiunilor promoționale. Vor fi considerate cu rea credință sau abuzive următoarele acțiuni ale utilizatorului: folosirea în scopuri comerciale (cu sau fără plată) a serviciilor către terți, inclusiv în scopul redirecționării traficului generat către terți; efectuarea apelurilor cu ajutorul unor echipamente/sisteme automate; utilizarea ofertei/opțiunii în scopul obținerii de avantaje materiale și/sau provocării de daune companiei Moldcell sau unor terțe persoane, precum și alte activități ce contravin legislației în vigoare.

TT1: The user is responsible for using with bad faith or abuse of tenders/promotional options. Will be considered in bad faith or abusive the following actions of user: use for commercial purposes (with or without charge) of services to the third parties, including the purpose of forwarding traffic generated to third parties; making calls with the help of equipment/automated systems; using the offer/option in order to obtain material advantages and/or causing damages to the Moldcell company or third parties, as well as other activities that contravene the legislation in force.

TT2: Der Benutzer ist für die Nutzung mit Bösgläubigkeit oder Missbrauch der Angebote / fördernde verantwortlich. Wird in böser Absicht oder missbräuchliche folgenden Aktionen von Benutzer zu berücksichtigen: Nutzung für kommerzielle Zwecke (mit oder ohne Ladung) von Dienstleistungen den dritten Personen, einschließlich dem Zweck an Dritte generierten Verkehrsweiterleitung; Anrufe mit Hilfe von Geräten / automatisierten Systemen; Verwendung der Angebot / Option, um materielle Vorteile und / oder zu erhalten, was zu Schäden an der Moldcell Gesellschaft oder Dritten, sowie andere Aktivitäten, die die geltenden Rechtsvorschriften verstoßen.

The translator’s ability to return a legal concept is determined by the understanding of the concept (thematic (knowledge) and knowledge of the implications the legal consequences have. Some terms may be considered equivalent, even if legally they are different from legal systems whose legal languages are in the relation of translation.

In conclusion, I may say that the concept of equivalence does not prescribe what should be or not to be in the TT. A very important aspect that to some extent dispels confusions about the terminology variety specific to phenomenon is the location of equivalence at various levels. Thus, the linguistic equivalence is carried out on a semantic plan, the paradigmatic equivalence manifests itself grammatically, the pragmatic equivalence is updated and identifies on a extra-linguistic plan. As for the process of translation, I have come to the conclusion that the linguistic equivalence and the functional equivalence are obtained by translating word by word, term by term, or literally, while the paradigmatic equivalence is characterized by imposing a certain correspondence between ST and TT, i.e. by substituting grammatical elements without affecting the meaning, and the functional equivalence characterizes the non-literal translation.

The trend of internationalization of the science and technology gave a rise to common principles for the creation of the terms of all specialized areas. The legal vocabulary is formed by the same methods as other specialized vocabularies.

I have noticed that the process of syntagmatic composing is more productive in legal terminology than in other terminologies. Terminological phrases are more numerous than the derived terms. Consequently, I am enclined to think that in the legal language, there are more simple terms than compound ones, including bi-members terminological expressions.

I have also noticed that many terms having a neological basis are loans from Latin and French. The influence of French and Latin favoured the development of the legal terminology through derivation, an inventory of neologisms and affixes being adapted from the classical languages.

Legal terms can be classified not only according to their hierarchical system of the concepts, but also on forming processes.

CONCLUSION

Legal terminology serves as a communication tool in all areas of human activity, maintaining its individuality and independence. Law can not be realized without language, the oral or written language being the only tool in editing a rule, a punishment of irresponsibility or conviction of a judge. In other words, language is the only mean of expressing the legal reality.

The importance of studying terminology in the modern world is undeniable, because terminology is a link between various fields of knowledge. In connection with the rapid scientific and technological progress, it seems necessary to give due attention to terminological system of various sciences. Terminology is not static; it is constantly evolving, expanding its borders. Its investigation is carried out by linguists and terminologists – representatives from relevant fields of science and technology. The actuality of the study of my licence project is determined by the fact that the legal terminology is considered one of the most significant of the terminological systems.

The main problems in the legal translation arise from the need to translate the message from the one legal system to another, definitions, historical origins, institutions, procedures, etc. being different for these systems. As a result of the extension of the legal reports, the terms from various fields of human activity became legal terms. The update of the legal vocabulary is not uniformly and homogeneously conducted and varies depending on the field. At the same time, we can observe the difference in the spelling of the names of international organizations when using them with their abbreviation. If technical sciences, in specific situations, use schemes and non-linguistic symbols, the law cannot be expressed without the linguistic means. The legal field does not operate with all the elements of the natural language but only with their subset. The crowd of legal terms and the natural language, used in a legal discourse constitute the universe of the legal terminology. The correct determination of this universe may result in the removing of the main disadvantages of a natural language: homonymy and polysemy terms.

The ambiguity of the terms can be removed by placing them in a context which will illuminate the meaning of that expression. Sometimes, the mere presence of a term in a legal text reveals that it is used in a legal sense. Any division of the legal terminology is largely conditioned by the fact that in practice is very difficult to draw a clear distinction between terms and bring them under some classification base.

I should mention that the legal terminology is widely used not only in the professional environment, but also in other areas of linguistic communication; so there is a great demand for learning the language of law for special purposes. The legal terminology is a unique object of study, as it is characterized by a wide variety of applications.

In light of the above, I can conclude that the legal terminology is subject to some strict wording rules, these acts containing clauses edited earlier, standardized expressions, solemn numerous figures of speech, clichés, sometimes banal due to excessive but mandatory repetition. Legal vocabulary contains predominantly purely legal elements (which may have originally belonged to a different field). In my opinion, tackling problems related to the translation of legal vocabulary involves, firstly, basic knowledge of the law, because legal translation is a confrontation of different branches of law, even if they belong to the same legal system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routlege, 2011. 332 p.

Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies, Third Edition. London: Routlege, 2014. 170 p.

Bell, Roger T. Teoria și practica traducerii. Iași: Polirom, 2000. 312 p.

Fawcett, Peter. Translation and Language. London: Routlege, 1997. 170 p.

Gozdz- Roszkowski Stanislaw and Witczak- Plisieck Iwona. Special Issue on Legal Terminology: Approaches and Applications. Łódź: University Press, 2011. 197 p.

Marshall, Morris. Translation and the Law. Binghampton: Binghampton University, 1995. 319 p.

Комиссаров В. Н.; Коралова А. Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. Москва: Высшая школа, 1990. 127 p.

Dictionaries

Bejuc, V.L. Dicționar german-român și român-german. Kiev: Калита, 2005. 719 p.

Bejuc, V.L. Dicționar român-englez/englez-român. Chișinău: Editura „Știința”, 2003. 541 p.

Martin, Elizabeth A. Oxford dictionary of Law. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 551 p.

Internet Resources

Compendiu de termeni juridici, available at http://www.mpublic.ro/biblioteca/2013/compendiu.pdf (visited on 10.04.2015).

Dicționare ale limbii române, available at http://dexonline.ro/ (visited on 16.04.2015).

Glossary of Translation & Interpreting Terms & Definition, available at http://babel-linguistics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Glossary-Translation.pdf (visited on 14.04.2015).

Hometkovski, Ludmila. Elemente de terminologie și terminografie. Informatizarea metalimbajului juridic comunitaravailable at http://ulim.md/digilib/assets/files/Filologie/hometkovski%202012/A5%20culegere%20articole%20Hometkovski.pdf (visited on 23.04.2015).

Oxford Dictionaries, available at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (visited on 16.04.2015).

The official site of Moldcell company, available at http://moldcell.md/ (visited on 23.04.2015).

Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword (visited on 28.04.2015).

ANNEX 1. Linguistic clasification of the loan words.

The loan influence scheme by Werner Betz [17, online]

ANNEX 2. The regulation of Moldcell benefit program for subscribers with high service usage

(original)

1. General provisions

1.1. The present regulation is approved by the Organizer and is aimed at strengthening the loyalty of Moldcell subscribers, individuals, who meet the conditions for participation in the program organized from July 1st, 2011.

1.2. The participants of Moldcell benefit program are obliged to respect the terms and conditions of the present regulation of the benefit program (hereinafter referred to as “Official Regulation”).

1.3. The Official Regulation is at the disposal of every participant of the program, for consultations at Moldcell Centers and on the site www.moldcell.md.

1.4. Any Moldcell subscriber, an individual, resident or non-resident of the Republic of Moldova, who signed a subscription agreement with the Organizer and is over 18 years old, has a status “active” for incoming calls, spent over 500 lei during 12 consecutive calendar months (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) for GSM services offered by the Organizer and has no debts to Moldcell, can be a participant of the program.

1.5. Legal entities and authorized individuals, foundations, associations and other forms of collective organization cannot participate in the program.

1.6. The Organizer reserves the right to modify the present regulation unilaterally, without preliminary notification, through publication of modifications and/or new regulation on the site www.moldcell.md.

2. Duration of the benefit program

2.1. The benefit program starts on July 1st, 2011 and has no fixed duration.

2.2. The present Official regulation was elaborated according to the current legislation of the Republic of Moldova.

2.3. The Organizer has a right to terminate at any moment, unilaterally, the benefit program. The information about the termination of the program will be published by the Organizer at least 14 days before the effective date of program termination on www.moldcell.md.

2.4. The program will take place in accordance with the provisions of the present Official Regulation.

3. Description of the program

3.1. Moldcell benefit program has no participation fee. There were created two exclusive options: Platinum and Gold that have different benefits.

Platinum is an option of the benefit program aimed at subscribers with the total sum of invoices for the last 12 consecutive months (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) over 1500 lei monthly and without debts to other Moldcell numbers. Gold is an option of the benefit program aimed at subscribers with the total sum of invoices for the last 12 consecutive months (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) from 500 to 1500 lei monthly and without debts to other Moldcell numbers.

3.2. The Organizer will determine the participants of the benefit program, as well as their belonging to one of the options given in p. 3.1. The Organizer will announce the results according to the provisions of the present regulation.

3.3. Every subscriber participating in the benefit program (both options – Platinum and Gold) will be offered a personalized card indicating his/her belonging to one of the above-mentioned options. The card will be valid during one year (till December 31st, 2013). When the card expires, the Operator will automatically prolong the validity of the card, if the subscriber meets the conditions stipulated in p. 3.1. Otherwise, the card is automatically considered invalid.

3.4. The subscriber with the Platinum card will have the following benefits:

– Personalized Platinum card;

– The possibility to activate or deactivate in a simple way any service through a call to 500;

– The priority in service in the office at 139, Decebal St. and by phone 500.

Regulamentul programului de beneficii pentru abonații Moldcell cu consum mare de servicii

(translation from English)

1. Dispoziții generale

1.1. Prezentul regulament este aprobat de către Organizator în vederea sporirii nivelului de fidelitate a abonaților companiei Moldcell, persoane fizice, ce vor întruni condițiile de participare la program organizat începând cu data de 01.01.2013.

1.2. Participanții la programul de beneficii Moldcell sunt obligați să respecte termenii și condițiile prezentului regulament de desfășurare a programului de beneficii (denumit în continuare „Regulament Oficial”).

1.3. Regulamentul Oficial stă la dispoziția oricărui participant la program, pentru consultare la centrele de deservire Moldcell și la adresa web www.moldcell.md.

1.4. Poate fi participant la program orice abonat Moldcell, persoană fizică, rezident sau nerezident al Republicii Moldova, care a semnat cu Organizatorul un contract de abonament, a împlinit vârsta de 18 ani, are statutul „activ” al apelurilor de ieșire, care în decurs de 12 luni calendaristice consecutive (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) a generat cheltuieli mai mari de 500 lei lunar, pentru orice servicii GSM oferite de către Organizator și nu are datorii pe alte numere Moldcell.

1.5. Nu pot participa persoanele juridice și nici persoanele fizice autorizate, fundațiile, asociațiile sau alte forme de organizare colectivă.

1.6. Organizatorul își rezervă dreptul de a modifica prezentul regulament unilateral, fără notificare prealabilă, prin publicarea modificărilor și/sau a noului regulament pe siteul www.moldcell.md.

2. Durata programului de beneficii

2.1. Programul de beneficii intră în vigoare la data de 01.07.2011 și are durată nedeterminată.

2.2. Prezentul Regulament Oficial a fost elaborat în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare a Republicii Moldova.

2.3. Organizatorul are dreptul să hotărască în orice moment, unilateral încetarea programului de beneficii. Înștiințarea referitoare la încetarea programului va fi afișată de către Organizator cu cel puțin 15 zile înainte de data efectivă de încetare a programului pe web la adresa www.moldcell.md.

2.4. Programul se va desfășura în conformitate cu prevederile prezentului Regulament Oficial.

3. Descrierea programului

3.1. Programul de beneficii Moldcell nu prevede taxă de participare. Sunt create două opțiuni exclusive: Platinum și Gold, în cadrul cărora beneficiile oferite vor fi diferențiate.

Platinum – este opțiunea programului de beneficii, destinată abonaților a căror valoare a ultimilor 12 facturi lunare, consecutive (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) depășesc suma de 1500 lei lunar și nu au datorii pe alte numere.
Gold – este opțiunea programului de beneficii destinată abonaților a căror valoarea a ultimilor 12 facturi lunare, consecutive (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) valorează între suma de 500 – 1500 lei lunar și nu au datorii pe alte numere Moldcell.

3.2. Organizatorul va determina de sinestătător participanții la programul de beneficii, precum și apartenența la una din opțiunile enumerate în art. 3.1., și îi va anunța cu privire la aceasta conform prevederilor prezentului regulament.

3.3. Fiecărui abonat al programului de beneficii (pentru ambele opțiuni – Platinum și Gold) îi va fi oferit un card personalizat cu indicarea apartenenței la unul din cele două menționate. Cardul va fi valabil pentru un an (pînă pe 31.12.2013). La expirarea termenului de valabilitate a cardului, Operatorul va prelungi automat valabilitatea cardului, în cazul în care abonatul va întuni condițiile stipulate în p. 3.1. În caz contrar, cardul se considera automat nevalabil.

3.4. Abonatul care deține cardul Platinum va dispune de următoarele beneficii:

– Card Platinum personalizat;

– Posibilitatea de a activa sau dezactiva simplu orice serviciu doar prin-un apel la 500;

– Prioritate în deservire la oficiul situat de str. Decebal 139 și la 500.

ANNEX4. Glossary of terms

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routlege, 2011. 332 p.

Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies, Third Edition. London: Routlege, 2014. 170 p.

Bell, Roger T. Teoria și practica traducerii. Iași: Polirom, 2000. 312 p.

Fawcett, Peter. Translation and Language. London: Routlege, 1997. 170 p.

Gozdz- Roszkowski Stanislaw and Witczak- Plisieck Iwona. Special Issue on Legal Terminology: Approaches and Applications. Łódź: University Press, 2011. 197 p.

Marshall, Morris. Translation and the Law. Binghampton: Binghampton University, 1995. 319 p.

Комиссаров В. Н.; Коралова А. Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. Москва: Высшая школа, 1990. 127 p.

Dictionaries

Bejuc, V.L. Dicționar german-român și român-german. Kiev: Калита, 2005. 719 p.

Bejuc, V.L. Dicționar român-englez/englez-român. Chișinău: Editura „Știința”, 2003. 541 p.

Martin, Elizabeth A. Oxford dictionary of Law. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 551 p.

Internet Resources

Compendiu de termeni juridici, available at http://www.mpublic.ro/biblioteca/2013/compendiu.pdf (visited on 10.04.2015).

Dicționare ale limbii române, available at http://dexonline.ro/ (visited on 16.04.2015).

Glossary of Translation & Interpreting Terms & Definition, available at http://babel-linguistics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Glossary-Translation.pdf (visited on 14.04.2015).

Hometkovski, Ludmila. Elemente de terminologie și terminografie. Informatizarea metalimbajului juridic comunitaravailable at http://ulim.md/digilib/assets/files/Filologie/hometkovski%202012/A5%20culegere%20articole%20Hometkovski.pdf (visited on 23.04.2015).

Oxford Dictionaries, available at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (visited on 16.04.2015).

The official site of Moldcell company, available at http://moldcell.md/ (visited on 23.04.2015).

Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword (visited on 28.04.2015).

ANNEX 1. Linguistic clasification of the loan words.

The loan influence scheme by Werner Betz [17, online]

ANNEX 2. The regulation of Moldcell benefit program for subscribers with high service usage

(original)

1. General provisions

1.1. The present regulation is approved by the Organizer and is aimed at strengthening the loyalty of Moldcell subscribers, individuals, who meet the conditions for participation in the program organized from July 1st, 2011.

1.2. The participants of Moldcell benefit program are obliged to respect the terms and conditions of the present regulation of the benefit program (hereinafter referred to as “Official Regulation”).

1.3. The Official Regulation is at the disposal of every participant of the program, for consultations at Moldcell Centers and on the site www.moldcell.md.

1.4. Any Moldcell subscriber, an individual, resident or non-resident of the Republic of Moldova, who signed a subscription agreement with the Organizer and is over 18 years old, has a status “active” for incoming calls, spent over 500 lei during 12 consecutive calendar months (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) for GSM services offered by the Organizer and has no debts to Moldcell, can be a participant of the program.

1.5. Legal entities and authorized individuals, foundations, associations and other forms of collective organization cannot participate in the program.

1.6. The Organizer reserves the right to modify the present regulation unilaterally, without preliminary notification, through publication of modifications and/or new regulation on the site www.moldcell.md.

2. Duration of the benefit program

2.1. The benefit program starts on July 1st, 2011 and has no fixed duration.

2.2. The present Official regulation was elaborated according to the current legislation of the Republic of Moldova.

2.3. The Organizer has a right to terminate at any moment, unilaterally, the benefit program. The information about the termination of the program will be published by the Organizer at least 14 days before the effective date of program termination on www.moldcell.md.

2.4. The program will take place in accordance with the provisions of the present Official Regulation.

3. Description of the program

3.1. Moldcell benefit program has no participation fee. There were created two exclusive options: Platinum and Gold that have different benefits.

Platinum is an option of the benefit program aimed at subscribers with the total sum of invoices for the last 12 consecutive months (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) over 1500 lei monthly and without debts to other Moldcell numbers. Gold is an option of the benefit program aimed at subscribers with the total sum of invoices for the last 12 consecutive months (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) from 500 to 1500 lei monthly and without debts to other Moldcell numbers.

3.2. The Organizer will determine the participants of the benefit program, as well as their belonging to one of the options given in p. 3.1. The Organizer will announce the results according to the provisions of the present regulation.

3.3. Every subscriber participating in the benefit program (both options – Platinum and Gold) will be offered a personalized card indicating his/her belonging to one of the above-mentioned options. The card will be valid during one year (till December 31st, 2013). When the card expires, the Operator will automatically prolong the validity of the card, if the subscriber meets the conditions stipulated in p. 3.1. Otherwise, the card is automatically considered invalid.

3.4. The subscriber with the Platinum card will have the following benefits:

– Personalized Platinum card;

– The possibility to activate or deactivate in a simple way any service through a call to 500;

– The priority in service in the office at 139, Decebal St. and by phone 500.

Regulamentul programului de beneficii pentru abonații Moldcell cu consum mare de servicii

(translation from English)

1. Dispoziții generale

1.1. Prezentul regulament este aprobat de către Organizator în vederea sporirii nivelului de fidelitate a abonaților companiei Moldcell, persoane fizice, ce vor întruni condițiile de participare la program organizat începând cu data de 01.01.2013.

1.2. Participanții la programul de beneficii Moldcell sunt obligați să respecte termenii și condițiile prezentului regulament de desfășurare a programului de beneficii (denumit în continuare „Regulament Oficial”).

1.3. Regulamentul Oficial stă la dispoziția oricărui participant la program, pentru consultare la centrele de deservire Moldcell și la adresa web www.moldcell.md.

1.4. Poate fi participant la program orice abonat Moldcell, persoană fizică, rezident sau nerezident al Republicii Moldova, care a semnat cu Organizatorul un contract de abonament, a împlinit vârsta de 18 ani, are statutul „activ” al apelurilor de ieșire, care în decurs de 12 luni calendaristice consecutive (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) a generat cheltuieli mai mari de 500 lei lunar, pentru orice servicii GSM oferite de către Organizator și nu are datorii pe alte numere Moldcell.

1.5. Nu pot participa persoanele juridice și nici persoanele fizice autorizate, fundațiile, asociațiile sau alte forme de organizare colectivă.

1.6. Organizatorul își rezervă dreptul de a modifica prezentul regulament unilateral, fără notificare prealabilă, prin publicarea modificărilor și/sau a noului regulament pe siteul www.moldcell.md.

2. Durata programului de beneficii

2.1. Programul de beneficii intră în vigoare la data de 01.07.2011 și are durată nedeterminată.

2.2. Prezentul Regulament Oficial a fost elaborat în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare a Republicii Moldova.

2.3. Organizatorul are dreptul să hotărască în orice moment, unilateral încetarea programului de beneficii. Înștiințarea referitoare la încetarea programului va fi afișată de către Organizator cu cel puțin 15 zile înainte de data efectivă de încetare a programului pe web la adresa www.moldcell.md.

2.4. Programul se va desfășura în conformitate cu prevederile prezentului Regulament Oficial.

3. Descrierea programului

3.1. Programul de beneficii Moldcell nu prevede taxă de participare. Sunt create două opțiuni exclusive: Platinum și Gold, în cadrul cărora beneficiile oferite vor fi diferențiate.

Platinum – este opțiunea programului de beneficii, destinată abonaților a căror valoare a ultimilor 12 facturi lunare, consecutive (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) depășesc suma de 1500 lei lunar și nu au datorii pe alte numere.
Gold – este opțiunea programului de beneficii destinată abonaților a căror valoarea a ultimilor 12 facturi lunare, consecutive (01.01.2012 – 01.01.2013) valorează între suma de 500 – 1500 lei lunar și nu au datorii pe alte numere Moldcell.

3.2. Organizatorul va determina de sinestătător participanții la programul de beneficii, precum și apartenența la una din opțiunile enumerate în art. 3.1., și îi va anunța cu privire la aceasta conform prevederilor prezentului regulament.

3.3. Fiecărui abonat al programului de beneficii (pentru ambele opțiuni – Platinum și Gold) îi va fi oferit un card personalizat cu indicarea apartenenței la unul din cele două menționate. Cardul va fi valabil pentru un an (pînă pe 31.12.2013). La expirarea termenului de valabilitate a cardului, Operatorul va prelungi automat valabilitatea cardului, în cazul în care abonatul va întuni condițiile stipulate în p. 3.1. În caz contrar, cardul se considera automat nevalabil.

3.4. Abonatul care deține cardul Platinum va dispune de următoarele beneficii:

– Card Platinum personalizat;

– Posibilitatea de a activa sau dezactiva simplu orice serviciu doar prin-un apel la 500;

– Prioritate în deservire la oficiul situat de str. Decebal 139 și la 500.

ANNEX4. Glossary of terms