Table of Contents [600649]

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ….. 3
INTRODUCTION ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. .. 3
1.1 Background o f the study ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 3
1.1.1 Residential segregation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………… 3
1.1.2 Residential segregation and Settlement development ………………………….. ………………………….. . 6
1.2 Research gaps ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 10
1.3 Statement of the problem ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………. 13
1.5 Purpose of the study ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………… 13
CHAPTER TWO ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. .. 15
LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………… 15
2.0 Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………. 15
2.1 Nature a nd original of residential segregation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………. 15
2.2 Residential segregation and the urban quality of life ………………………….. ………………………….. 18
2.3 Residential segregation in provision of public services ………………………….. ………………………. 20
2.4 Spatial segregation and social exclusion in urbanized cities ………………………….. ………………… 21
2.5 Segregation and space ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 24
2.6 Quality of life and urban Environmental ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………… 28
2.7 Testing and measuring residential segregation at a neighbourhood ………………………….. ……… 30
CHAPTER THREE ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 32
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ………………………….. ………………………….. … 32
3.0 Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………. 32
3.1 Theoretical framework ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………….. 32
3.1.1 Urban segregation: a theoretical approach ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 32
3.1.2 Social Inclusion/exclusion theory ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………….. 32
3.2 Conceptual frameworks for the investigation ………………………….. ………………………….. ……….. 34
CHAPTER FOUR ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. . 36
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 36
4.0 Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………. 36
4.1 Research strategy: choice and justification ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 36
4.2 Case selection process ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 38
4.2.1 A brief explanation of each criterion ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………… 39
4.3 Research process ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 42
4.4 Unit of analysis ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………. 44

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4.5 Data collection process ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 44
4.5.1 Literature review ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 44
4.5.2 Consultations ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………….. 44
4.5.3 Observation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………. 44
4.5.4 Hous ehold interviews ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 45
4.5.5 Key informant interviews ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………. 45
4.5.6 Mapping and photographing ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 45
4.6 Why mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative approach) ………………………….. ……………… 45
4.7 Data analysis ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. … 46
4.8 Validity and reliability ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 46
REFERENCE ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 47

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.1.1 Residential segregation
Residential segregation is a widely researched urban phenomenon in both developed and
developing countries (Davids et al, 2015). The research exercise has led to a prolific body of
literature including the development of scientific measures of segregation (K‟Akumu &
Olima, 2007, Davids et al, 2015). Residential segregation is a form of segregation that sorts
population groups into various neighbourhood contexts and shapes the living environment
and social space at the neighbourhood level (Davids et al, 201 5). The residential
neighbourhoods are often classified and segregated based on a variety of peculiarities. These
include classification based on race/ethnicity, religion and economic/social status of
individuals and groups within the population (Ifesanya & Nwokoro, 2002, Davids et al,
2015).
Also different economic theories suggests that residential segregation by race and ethnic
groups can impact the economic performance of minorities both in negative and positive
ways (Piedade et al,2005 ), although the great majority of the researchers agrees that spatial
and social segregation can be damaging because it curtails informational connections with the
larger community or because the spatial concentration of the poor can prevent human capital
accumulation and encourage crime. In a very real way, barriers to spatial mobility are barriers
to social mobility and a racially segregated society cannot logically claim to be color blind.
The way a group is spatially incorporated into society is as impo rtant to its socioeconomic
well-being as the manner in which it is incorporated into the labor force (Massey, 2001).
That phenomenon is most prevalent In the United States where the, the African Americans

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are segregated in different neighbourhoods away fr om the whites. Cundiff & Hudson (1999)
noted that residential segregation in the United States is often associated with the income
level of the racial or ethnic group. Although many minority groups are segregated, the
segregation levels of Blacks are signi ficantly higher than those of other groups. Moreover,
Blacks are more likely than other minorities to be hyper -segregated in the country (Landrine
& Corral, 2009, Davids et al, 2015), also the segregation observed in different services like
housing service s where the Africa American pay high housing fee than white( Piadade et al,
2005), on the other hand the low -income population are typically black and that the
residential patterns are highly segregated by race, with income and family structure alone
expla ining only a small portion of the existing spatial segregation. Piadade et al, (2001)
comment that suburbanization of housing and employment sources reduces the employment,
housing and educational prospects for minority groups, who are concentrated in cent ral cities.
The incidence of poverty in many central city neighbourhoods have increased over time
because of hyper -social and spatial segregation.
In furtherance Clark, W.A.V, 1991 noted that some residential segregation in some part of
America and Europe influenced by residential preference, that is choice of living to the
neighbourhood which individual prefer to live, then some people with the same characters
like high income and similar ethnic group tend to live in one neighbourhood and people with
low i ncome in other neighbourhood, also according to Schelling, T.C, 2010 report that
European and American People get separated along many lines and in many ways. There is
segregation by sex, age, income, language, religion, color, taste, comparative advantag e and
the accidents of historical location. Some segregation results from the practices of
organizations; some is deliberately organized; and some results from the interplay of
individual choices that discriminate. Some of it results from specialized commu nication

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systems, like different languages. And some segregation is a corollary of other modes of
segregation: residence is correlated with job location and transport.
However, residential segregation in different part of the world mostly emphasised by
colonialist in different colonials through putting colour and racial segregation in different
services and facilities good example in housing and in labour division(Smiley, 2009),
however this scenario took place in Malaysia, Brazil, Sir -Lanka(Thong 1978, He tige, S.T,
1992, Piadade et al, 2005,Muhammed et al, 2015). Basing on Malaysia where the colonial
administrators isolated themselves from the Asians by residing on the hilly west bank of the
river Klang which have presently become the residence of the uppe r echelons of society
(Davids et al, 2015). In furtherance of this, the colonial policies have led to residential
segregation among the lower income Malays and Chinese on the east bank, thus leading to
the perpetuation of Chinatown and Malay settlements. T his brings to light residential
segregation along ethnic and income lines. In a related report by Ramli & Jamaludin (2012)
from Davids et al, 2015, the British colonial “divide and rule” policy was said to be the
reason why, the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians were never integrated as one
community. The policy geographically segregated these individual communities into three
different areas; the Chinese were concentrated in urban areas, the Malays were mainly in
rural areas and the Indians were in rubbe r plantations.
In other side, the colonial administrative policies and ordinance affect the African countries
especially British and Germany colonial, refer to central African countries and Nigeria where
residential segregation cannot be discussed without referring to the colonial period (Davids et
al, 2015). The British colonialist separated their quarters from those of the natives. Edewor
(2011) reported that prior to the colonial era there was co -habitation in Nigerian cities among
people of various nati ons, social and ethnic origins. He opined however that the British put an
end to that pattern of residence by imposing spatial, legal and psychological boundaries

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between social, ethnic, or racial categories to enforce a clear division between so -called ra ces
and ethnic groups to make these categories visible in everyday life (Hetige, S.T, 1992).
In furtherance K‟Akumu & Olima (2007) report that residential segregation in settler colonies
originated as racial segregation policies of the state. Reside ntial segregation of the colonial
regimes was instituted and implemented through land policy thereby giving it a spatial
dimension; this gave rise to segregation by the state (Davids et al, 2015). Several legislations
were passed in South Africa but the Gr oup Areas Act of 1950 was reported to be the most
systematically applied. It gave the government power to demarcate where each racial group
could live and own property and control all property transactions between different racial
groups (South Africa Hist ory Online, SAHO, 2015).
Also residential segregation influenced by the government themselves especially after the
colonial period, example in different countries there various policy which form line of
separation, that policy include building policy in some countries and housing services
ordinance in some countries, those policies create image of socio -spatial division of
households by income then formulate high density , medium density and low density, also the
segregation come from inaccessibility of t he poor to affordable housing, inadequate provision
of infrastructure in the high density residential areas, good example African countries, like
Nigeria, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya, and west Africa countries ( Thong 1978, Hetige,
S.T, 1992, Ifesanya & N wokoro, 2002, Smiley, 2009).
1.1.2 Residential segregation and Settlement development
Development of settlement in both developed and developing countries flourished by the
colonialism ( Smiley, 2009), basing on different colonies owned by British, differ ent rules
were put so as to create defence from the colonies, hence through that there was developing
settlement based to their rules which was segregated in nature( Hetige, S.T, 1992), then there

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were settlement for whites and for segregated group, mainly the settlement of whites were
planned but for segregated group were not planned and grow informally. Good example, both
Germany and British segregate the African and through that segregation; formal and informal
settlement take place, in sense that all pl anned area was for whites and all important services
provided unlike in the African settlement where grow without plan and insufficient services
were provided (Smiley, 2009).
However, the residential segregation, in both ethnic and income terms, are consi dered an
undesirable phenomenon which impacts the opportunities, prospects and quality of life of the
residents, especially in urban areas. In general, terms, selective migration and segregation are
expected to disconnect poor residents from mainstream soc iety (Kleinhans, Van der Land &
Doff, 2010, Hetige, S.T, 1992). The spread of impoverished urban areas is said to lead to the
physical and social deterioration of neighbourhoods. High residential turnover and the
increased concentration of poverty resulted in housing disinvestment and deteriorated
physical conditions, a reduction in the capacity of formal and informal institutions to
maintain public order. It also leads to a decline in the ability of informal networks to circulate
information (e.g., about e mployment opportunities and health resources) and to promote
healthy behaviours and positive life choices (Anderson et al., 2003; Ellen &Turner, Hetige,
S.T, 1992,1997; MacDonald et al., 2005; Greenstein, Sabatini & Smolka, 2000; Bayer,
McMillan & Reuben, 2001; Edwards, 1970; and Surge, 2008). While Leeuw et al. (2007)
posited that racial discrimination and segregation in public housing affects women to a
greater degree than men.
Other authors such as Sugrue (2008) reported that persistent racial segregatio n has created
racial homogeneity in school districts and racial polarisation of politics. Many segregated
neighbourhoods are served by failing public schools with high dropout rates, low
instructional quality, and poor test scores (O‟Regan & Quigley, 1996) . Turner and Fortuny

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(2009) reported that higher levels of segregation were closely related to high level of school
dropout rates among blacks, lower employment rates and a wider gap between the black and
whites (see Cutler & Glaeser, 1997). A study by Nur u-Jetter & LaVeist (2011) showed that
there was a positive relationship between income inequality and mortality rate among poor
African -Americans. Racially segregated areas, particularly lower income areas, are associated
with lower quality schools, fewer employment and economic opportunities, exposure to
crime, substandard housing, exposure to toxins and pollutants, and isolation from broader
social networks, all of which have been associated with poorer health.
The advent of residential segregation has be en the main cause of the development of squatter
and informal settlements, and slums in many parts of Africa (SAHO, Dung -Gwom, 2008).
For instance in Cape Town, South Africa,the shanty and informal settlements are because of
the segregation of Africans and non-white people from the white neighbourhoods. The
inability of the government to adequately provide housing for the displaced African
population led to the people taking up residence in outside areas of the white settlements (see
SAHO,). Similarly, in N airobi, Kenya, the economic segregation of blacks has made access
to land and housing difficult because they belong to the lowest income group. These low –
income groups are confined to informal settlements along the Eastland areas and around
high-income res idential areas, thereby enabling the inhabitants to work as agricultural
labourers or domestic servants, while others were employed in industrial and commercial
concerns (K‟Akumu and Olima, 2007). K‟Akumu and Olima (2007) stated these squatter and
informal settlements are the consequence of the colonial capitalist development imposed by
the British who alienated the local people from control over their land in order to provide
surplus labour for the settler farms and emerging urban centres. They further sta ted that the
combination of racial and income residential segregation has resulted into systematic and
uneven spatial distribution of public services including schools, access to transportation,

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health care, and water and sanitation. In the low -income area s, that the lower income group,
that is, Africans live is characterised by rented accommodation, poor nutrition, expensive
food and cooking fuel, high level of disease, high infant mortality, poor family planning and
teenage pregnancy, poor health care, an d low school enrolment. In addition, persons residing
in neighbourhoods with high concentrations of low -income and minority households face
higher crime rates. These neighbourhoods also have higher rates of unemployment, and lack
of access to job networks and transportation, which hinders households from fully accessing
employment opportunities (Hetige, S.T, 1992).
Generally, the development of urban and peri -urban settlements in African countries were
stimulated during the colonial period where the whites settlement were situated adjacent to
traditional cities to avoid direct contact with the indigenous people based on the policy of
indirect rule and residential segregation, also the government policies of locating institutions
and industries away from cit ies, have reinforced the processes of spatial de -concentration and
peri-urban growth. Asiyanbola (2003) reported that the post -colonial era witnessed the socio –
spatial division of households by income (high, medium and low density), because of the
adoption of the modern town planning. This division of housing into three groups led to a
distinction in the quality of houses (Edewor, 2011) with the high density areas being the most
deplorable in terms of urban safety, security and neighbourhood conditions (Asi yanbola,
2003) and women were found to be most distressed psychologically because of
neighbourhood and housing conditions in these segregated areas.
According to Nwaka (1999) residential segregation inhibits the access of the poor to
affordable housing and tenure security, the inadequate provision of water, sanitation and
waste management which have led to the spread of disease such as cholera, typhoid,
diarrhoea and malaria among others. While these problems are most evident in poor
neighbourhoods, for ins tance, Ademiluyi & Aluko -Arowolo (2009) reported that the

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distribution of health care facilities is lop -sided with the affluent people in Nigeria receiving
the lion‟s share.
1.2 Research gaps
From the different books and articles, different authors wrote d ifferent aspect concerned
social segregation in different countries in the world; the following are some of selected
authors together with their research objectives and findings then identified gaps, so as to
show the important of conducting this study in our country especially in Dar es Salaam city
Table 1.0 Research gape matrix
S/N RESEARCH
TITTLE MAJOR
OBJECTIVES MAJOR FINDINGS RESEARCH GAP

1 The city of three
colour: segregation in
colonial Dar es
salaam 1891 -1961 (
Smiley, S.L, 2009)
The evolution of
social
segregation in
Dar es salaam
from 1891 -1961 Historical background
of the colour
segregation in the city

-The consequences of colour segregation
in the city especially on the life
opportunities

2

Social segregation,
the urban poor and
the macro -urban
system; the case of a
community urban
poor in Colombo Sri –
lanker ( Hattige, S.T,
1992) To examine the
social
segregation in
the squatter
settlement in
Colombo city Empirical evidence of
social and spatial
segregation and its
impact on the Bazaar
economy – Based on the squatter settlement
only and did not show how the
gated community in formal
settlement affect the life chances
of the community

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3

A Review of
Residential
Segregation and Its
Consequences in
Nigeria
(David et al ,2015)

To review some
literature
concerned
residential
segregation in
Nigeria

residential segregation
by ethnic and
religious grounds in
Nigeria is a factor
which has led to the
present inaccessibility
of the poor to
affordable housing,
security, inadequate
provision of
infrastructure in the
high density residential
areas, and most
importantly the cause of
Ethno -religious
conflicts in across
Nigeria.

– Based on housing infrastructures
only and forget to show how the
social segregation affect the land
delivery system in the city and its
impact to the quality of life

4 African American:
from segregation to
modern institutional
discrimination and
modern
racism(Koltwatz,
1991)
To examine the
reasons for
transforming the
Africa American
from the
segregation to
the modern
institutional
discrimination
and modern
racism
The residential
segregation is the key
to understand the urban
black poverty – Based on one segregation
variable; that is colour only, while
African segregated themselves
from the different settlement and
the life opportunities. Example
Dar es salaam have area with high
income and others for low income
5 Ethnic diversity, To examine the Ethnic diversity and – It consider one variable of

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segregation and the
social
cohesion of
neighbourhoods in
London(Patrick et al,
2015) impact of ethnic
segregation to
the social
cohesion in the
city ethnic segregation drive
community cohesion
down and have both
positive and negative
impact on the life
chance s segregation such as Ethnicity and
did not consider the income,
colour, racial, religious and
education as variables which can
create segregation in the city and
affect the community cohesion
also
6 Urban and social
segregation: An
analysis of the
methods used in
urban regeneration
projects(Christophe,
F, 2010) -To improve the
quality of the
housing stock,
‐mixing housing
types,
‐renovating
buildings Basing on
-decision‐making
processes,
– the project
management,
– the financial
contributions,
-the partnership
engaged as well as the
role of the participation
of inhabitants in the
process – It consider the social segregation in
decision making, project planning and
housing provision only and forget the
other factors wh ich affect the quality of
life such as infrastructures services, land
delivery system, commercial facilities
provision and social services provision
7 Social and Spatial
Ethnic Segregation:
A Framework for
Analysing
Segregation With
Large -Scale Spatial
Network Data
(Joshua&Fratamico,
2013) To establish the
quantitative
methods for
measuring both
social and spatial
segregation

Measuring and
analytical tools for the
social and spatial
segregation in the city – They did not show any impact of
both social and spatial segregation
to the life chances
– They did not show if the tools
used specifically in either formal
or informal settlement
Source; authors construction

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1.3 Statement of the problem
Current research report about historical background and the trend of residential segregation
before colonial, dur ing colonial and post -colonial , however till to day the magnitude of the
residential segregation still is big in different urbanized cities, also the residential segregation
affect the urban quality of life both physically and socially, example development of squatter
settlement around the planned settlement and unequal services provision in the two
settlement, while various current literature show different causes of squatter settlement
development but they did not mention the segregation as source of squatter development in
city. Therefore this study is going first to test the residential segregation as source of squatter
(informal) settlement in the city and second to investigate the impact of residential
segregation on the urban quality of life, those information when accomplished and
documented will be used for literature review and to look for the solution in order to reduce
the impact of residential segregation, mushrooming of informal settl ement and improving the
urban quality of life .
1.5 Purpose of the study
This research focuses mainly on testing the residential segregation as factor of rising of
informal settlement in the city and its impact on the Urban quality of life that aims to red uce
residential segregation in the neighbourhood, Mixing the neighbourhood in order to create
good environmental urban quality of life physical urban quality of life, economical urban
quality of life and social urban quality of life in the neighbourhood, i nformal operators. It
draws on a Schelling model of residential segregation in order to measure the segregation in
the city. Table 1.1 outline objectives and research questions of this study.
Table 1.1 The objective of this study categorised and discussed broad sense and narrow sense
as follows; –

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Broad objective : To study the residential segregation as a cause of growing of informal settlement
in the city and to investigate its impact to the urban quality of life at neighbourhood level
Specific Objectives Research question
i. To map residential segregation at a
neighbourhood level 1. How residential segregation measured at
a neighbourhood?
2. How residential segregation raised in the
city?
3. How the residential segregation cause
growing of informal settlem ent?
ii. To examine the impact of residential
segregation on the urban quality of
life 1. What is the impact of residential
segregation on the urban quality of life?
2. What is the urban quality of life and state
its principles?
iii. To examine the advantage of mixing
neighbourhood unity to the life
chance 1. What are the advantages of mixing the
neighbourhood to the life chances?
Source; author construct

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to review different document pertaining to two main issues for
this study such as residential segregation at neighbourhood level and the urban quality of life.
This is in order to review the existing research findings on this subject, the methodologies
that have been used to explore t hese subjects, and the theoretical issues identified. Despite
being widely recognized as an important contemporary issue for urban and development
studies, further research is still needed in these areas. As the research questions are
fundamentally cross d isciplinary, literature from a number of fields has been reviewed in an
attempt to form an understanding of the concepts of residential segregation including spatial
segregation and social exclusion and the urban quality of life.
Section one provides the n ature and original of residential segregation based on different
perspective like preference and economic perspective. Section two focuses on the residential
segregation on the urban quality of life, which link the urban life, physically and socially with
the residential segregation and how it affected. Section three provides a review and
evaluation of the residential segregation to provision of public services and employment
opportunities. Section four provides explanation on spatial segregation and socia l exclusion
mostly in urbanized cities. Section five based on relationship between segregation and space,
it show how the segregation affect the settlement development and how the squatter
settlement rising due to the segregation. The last section of this chapter provide explanations
on the quality of life to the urban environment and also show the relationship between land
use, proximity of built environment, residential neighbourhood, natural resource and the
brownfield site in the cities .
2.1 Nature and original of residential segregation
The residential segregation in different part of the world starting when t he Minority ethnic
groups are found to be more likely than others to move to ethnic minority concentration
neighbourhoods (Brama, 2006; Clark and Ledwith, 2007; Doff, 2010; South and Crowder,
1998) and less likely to leave these neighbourhoods (Bolt and Van Kempen, 2010; Feijten
and Van Ham, 2009; Pais et al, 2009; Van Ham and Clark, 2009).

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These patterns of selective movement create residential seg regation. The residential
segregation traced back from several possible perspectives like preference view, human
satisfaction view and economic view which discussed in some detail below by different
authors;
First; preferences perspective; from this persp ective the residential segregation influenced by
ethnic differences in preferences regarding wh o to share a neighbourhood with, i t is argued
that ethnic minority groups have preferences to live close to their own ethnic group and
therefore select minority concentration neighbourhoods (Bolt et al, 2008). Current researches
identify many advantages of a particular community to live in an ethnic enclave
neighbourhood . Especially for new immigrants living in an ethnic enclave can have positive
effects (Beckers, 2011; Musterd et al, 2008; Philips, 2007). It can provide opportunities for
housing, employment opportunities or free from evils (Logan et al , 2002; Zorlu and Mulder,
2008, Van Gent and Musterd, 2012). In ethnic enclave‟s neighbourhood , immig rants can fin d
familiar culture, social support and a sense of security or belonging (Philips, 2007 , Logan et
al, 2002). Also family ties and ethnic facilities and shops , so it can be a reason for ethnic
minorities to select into concentration neighbourhoods of the own ethnic group, then the
segregation begun on that way ( Boschman and Marteen, 2013 , Zorlu, 2009; Hedman, 2013 ,
Logan et al, 2002).
Second; the human capital perspective , from the point of view of the current research identify
that the residential segregati on can be explained by ethnic differences in socio -economic
status and other personal characteristics (Logan and Alba, 1993; Crowder, 2001). Ethnic
minori ty households have on average lower incomes than indigenous and therefore fewer life
chances on the ho using market (Bolt, 2001). Households who are dependent on the public
housing sector can only select into neighbourhoods where public houses rented dwellings are
exist . Neighbourhoods with high shares of public rented dwellings will often be ethnic
minority concentration neighbourhoods and ethnic minorities will more often move into these
neighbourhoods. However, they select into these neighbourhood not because of the ethnic
composition, but because of housing m arket constraints. Hence the residential segregation
might be created from the differences of income and social -economic of the household
(Crowder, 2001 , Bolt, 2001 )
Third; stratification perspective , in some research this view is known as human satisfacti on
perspective which focus to the discrimination on the land market limits the options for the
mobility of ethnic minorities into more desirable neighbourhoods, especially for groups who
are separated (Alba and Logan, 1992). Therefore the most desirable ne ighbourhoods will be

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indigenous majority concentration neighbourhoods and ethnic minorities will be less likely to
move into such neighbourhoods (Philips, 2007). The land market institutions such as housing
institutions can have discriminatory effects, and reduce the opportunities of ethnic minorities
to own either land or house (Alba and Logan, 1991; South and Crowder, 1998). For example,
lending institutions might have less trust in those belonging to ethnic minority groups
compared to the majority , who a s a result might have problems getting a mortgage (A lbers,
2006) also Philips, (2007) noted that private landlords might prefer households from the
majority ethnic group rather than from the ethnic minority group.
In addition; different researchers pose a question on why ethnic minority households might
select into minority concentration neighbourhoods . To answer that question, the minority
ethnic group fear the discrimination in majority concentration neighbourhoods. Various
researchers show that fear for discrimination or harassment prevented ethnic or racial
minorities from moving to better neighbourhoods (Bowes et al, 1997; Hanhӧrster, 2013;
Philips et al, 2007). For example in Netherlands noted that that minorities do not want to live
in neighbourhoods with only native Dutch inhabitants; b ecause they are afraid they will no t
be accepted there or will not be able to get in touch with their neighbours (Kullberg et al,
2009). Also experiences of others with discrimination or avoidance in majority concentrat ion
neighbourhoods can prevent mobility of such minorities from moving into such
neighbourhoods (Hanhӧrster, 2013; Kullberg et al, 2009).
Stratification or fear of discrimination can especially affect neighbourhood choices of higher
income minorities. Whil e this group can afford to move to better neighbourhoods they will
more often select into minority concentration neighbourhoods than could be expected based
on their human capital (Logan and Alba, 1993). The preferences perspective expects
minorities to wa nt to live close to their own group with the same characteristics , higher
income households will be more successful on the housing and land market , hence , if the
preferences perspective applies, most often end up in neighbourhoods with own group
concentra tions. According to the human capital theory, minorities select into minority
concentration neighbourhoods because of their on average lower income. Generally thus
expects especially low income minorities to select into minority concentration
neighbourhood s (Boschman and Marteen, 2013).

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2.2 Residential segregation and the urban quality of life
Residential segregation affect the urban planning especially intervene the principles of urban
quality of life at a neighbourhood (El Din et al, 2012), also different squatter settlement arose
at the potential areas so as the community to get satisfaction in services available and the life
chances available at that area.
El Din et al, (2012) as cited in different authors e laborate the concept of urban quality of life
as a multi -disciplinary concept in which on the other words it is a multi -dimensional conce pt
which also affected by residential segregation in different part of the world like United states
of America, Latin America and some European countries( Hetige,1992) . However, the
concept urban quality of life can be measured in different dimension such as environmental
urban quality of life, physical urban quality of life, mobility urban quality of life, social urban
quality of life, psychological urban quality of life, economical urban quality of life, political
urban quality of life and these dimension s are interrelated and dependent on each other and
affected by the residential segregation at a neighbourhood, for example the physical urban
quality of life which include the neighbourhood compactness and the hierarchy of complete
street network such as v ehicle and pedestrian ways may affect by the residential segregation
in sense that, through segregation, minority group may move to the minority concentrated
neighbourhood from majority concentration and during that movement, they cause the urban
sprawling which affect the compactness of the urban areas. Also for those who have higher
income in the neighbourhood use the pedestrian walkways to path with their cars then create
conflict between road users then the urban quality of life denied, this situation i s mostly
proved in Sir Lanka and Brazil (El Din et al, 2012 , Hetige, 1992) . Another example on the
environmental urban quality of life, the residential segregation may lead to the separation of
wastes management, where some neighbourhood are well managed f rom wastes while others
suffer from poor wastes management, then affect the quality of life environmentally among
neighbourhood, example in South Africa as well explained in the history of South Africa
(SAHO).
However, improving the quality of life in citi es the human need to be satisfied in different
urban attributes such as transportation, quality of public spaces, recreational opportunities,
land use patterns, population and building densities, and ease access to all basic goods,
services and public amen ities. As well as social attributes such as protecting public health,
safety and security, education and social integration, promoting equality and respect for
diversity and cultural identities, increased accessibility for persons with disabilities,

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preser vation of historic, spiritual, religious and culturally significant buildings and districts,
promoting spatial diversification and mixed use of housing and services at the local level in
order to meet the diversity of needs and expectations. These are in a ddition to physical and
environmental attributes of urban quality of life such as respecting local landscapes and
treating the local environment with respect and care , also those attributes have get challenges
from the minority ethnic whose always move fro m minority segregated area and it happen in
squatter neighbourhood, example in Egypt – Cairo city (El Din et al, 2012).
Furthermore, t he urban quality of life concept interpreted and measured by different authors
as cited in El Din et al, (2012): McCrea et al, (2005) examined different geographic levels of
subjective urban quality of life. Regional satisfaction was best predicted by evaluations of
regional services such as health and education and the cost of living, while evaluations of
environmental and u rban growth problems were significant predictors of regional satisfaction
for younger persons. Neighbourhood satisfaction was best predicted by evaluations of social
interactions, neighbourhood crime and public facilities like parks, libraries and recreati on
zone, while housing satisfaction was predicted best by age of home and home ownership,
however, that are the factors that are most important in improving the quality of life of
residents in informal housing as well as the main obstacles to a better qual ity of life (Richards
et al, 2007, El Din et al, 2012).
Clark and Kahn, (1988) as cited in El Din et al, (2012) in different cities the services like
urban cultural amenities such as museums, theatre, dance, instrumental music and zoos are
accessible by pa ying fee, then create kind of residential segregation based on income level, it
means the few residence with high income will access the services and other who have low
income might not access the services .
In furtherance the relationship between the acce ssibility to prestigious schools and the value
of housing properties in Singapore and other Latin America countries, affect the residential
property price, and it significantly explains the variation in housing prices. However, these
are not valued as high ly as other attributes, such as neighbourhood prestige and tenure of the
property. Sensitivity studies of housing prices show that the extent of the influence varies
with distances to the Central Business District, school enrolment, and performance ranking
(El Din et al, 2012, Chor Chin and Foog, 2006) .
In additional to that, in some countries like United States and European countries, the prices
of single detached houses when mixed land uses are included in their neighbourhoods that

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housing prices increase with their proximity to neighbourhood centers where all facilities and
services are available . However, housing prices are higher in neighbourhoods dominated by
residential land use, where non -residential uses were evenly distribute d and where more
service jobs are available (Song and Knaap, 2004)
Generally Lora et al, (2010) the quality of life in the region‟s rapidly growing cities can be
studied through producing quality of life indices to compare neighbourhoods and assess the
potential impact of improved public amenities and services on housing prices and quality of
life for different socioeconomic groups.
Taking into consideration the residential segregation and urban quality of life, the residential
segregation can affect the ur ban quality of life during services provided and opportunities
allocation (Zaami, 2012, El Din et al, 2012).
2.3 Residential segregation in provision of public services
Public services provided in the neighbourhood include health services, water supply se rvices,
power supply services, transportation services, education services, waste management
services; all of them are related to the opportunities available in the neighbourhood for the
residence to get employment (Zaami, M, 2012), however the provision o f those services and
its opportunities affected by the presence of different life style of residence at a particular
neighbourhood (Williams, et al, 2001), good example residential segregation is one among of
the life style in the neighbourhood, which af fect both services provision and employment
opportunities to the residence all over the world including United states of America, Canada,
Netherland, London, Philippine, Spain, Brazil, Malaysia, India, China, Mexico, Nigeria,
South Africa, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Egypt and Japan (Piadade et al, 2005, Zaami, M, 2012,
Williams, et al, 2001, Clark, 1965, Bolt et al., 1998, Wilson ,1987, Hetige, S.T, 1992,
Muhammad et al, 2015, Massey and Denton, 1993, Smiley, 2009, Iceland, J. 2014). In
additional some cities in bot h developed and developing countries classify the services and
opportunities allocation depending on enclave neighbourhood ( gated community) or open
neighbourhood, the services provided in the enclave neighbourhood are very good compared
to the services provided to the open neighbourhood also the opportunities of life chance in the
gated community are more strong than in open neighbourhood (Williams, et al, 2001, Zaami,
2012), example the Bores neighbourhood in south Africa and whites neighbourhood in
United State of America are quite different compared to the blacks neighbourhood in terms of

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services like health, education, sanitation, electricity and road as well and the opportunities of
life chances also are differ (Wilson ,1987, Piadade at al., 2005, s outh Africa history, SAHO)
According to Zaami, M (2012) as cited in Peach‟s (1996) study, noted that good and bad
segregation have both positive and negative effects. In terms of positive impacts, segregation
promotes ethnic values and solidarity. On the o ther hand, it prevents dispersal of ethnic
minorities, and keeps the underprivileged ethnic populations out of the residential areas of the
dominant group. For example, neighbourhoods such as Harlem and Bronx neighbourhood in
New York, Brixton neighbourhoo d in London, Kreuzberg neighbourhood in Berlin, Goutte
neighbourhood in Paris, and Shankill neighbourhood and the fall in Belfast have negative
images among the general public services provided . Peach (1996) contends that ethnic
segregation is divisive, as it reduces social interaction between groups and individuals. Bolt,
Burgers and Kempen (1998) explain that neighbourhoods play an important role in the
everyday lives of the inhabitants. The assumption is that living in a specific local setting, or
being located on a specific spot, affects the life choices and opportunities of people and
institutions (Bolt et al., 1998). They argue that neighbourhoods can create the conditions that
produce social exclusion. Segregation and concentration limit the opportuni ties of people to
participate in civil society, and reduce the likelihood of having even limited contacts with
relevant individuals and institutions. It is also argued that the residents of segregated districts
may have a negative image among the urban pop ulace that could lead to exclusion from other
social services (Bolt et al., 1998). Wilson (1987) writes that neighbourhoods that are heavily
populated by minorities are usually perceived as poor. Additionally, residents of such
neighbourhoods are more like ly to experience isolation from community facilities , such as
libraries, parks, clinics, schools, and community and business organizations (Zaami, 2012).
2.4 Spatial segregation and social exclusion in urbanized cities
Spatial segregation and social exclusion together known as residential segregation which
have elaborated differently by different school of thought, but the economi cs school of
thought shown in their economic theory, they suggests that spatial segregation b y race and
ethnic groups can impact the economic performance of minorities group both in negative and
positive ways, although the great majority of the current researches agrees that spatial
segregation can be damaging because it curtails informational con nections with the larger
community or because the spatial concentration of the poor can prevent human capital
accumulation and encourage crime. Wilson (1987) thi nk that racial segregation can be

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positive, because it might ensure that minorities have middle class role models and, thus,
promote good outcomes in segregated areas (Piadade et al, 2005).
Furthermore, the recently economic researches have been interested in residential segregation
to raise different studies because of their outcomes on economic pe rformance. Benabou
(1993) studies the outcomes of spatial segregation on the economic performance of
minorities. Argues that the existence of a more qualified neighbourhood, with a larger formal
education, would result in positive externalities for that c ommunity's residents, basically for
three reasons: peer effects, social network and local public goods.
The Peer effect is due to the fact that interacting with more educated people generates a
positive impact on that community's residents' behaviour. For instance, Crane
(1991) shows, by using longitudinal data for some American cities, that the probability of
pregnancy in adolescence is larger in low -income neighbourhoods and among children and
adolescents of substandard areas . Marry and Katz (1991) also shows that the probabilities of
criminal condemnation, drugs use, and engaging in criminal activities are also larger for
people segregated in substandard areas .
A second impact raised by Benabo u (1993) is the existence of a social network of contacts
that would allow the residents of a more qualified area to find employment more easily or
higher qualification jobs.
Finally, there are the impacts caused by access to local public goods. Neighbourhoods or
subnormal communities tend to have smaller capacity t o finance local public goods, which
generates a negative externality for its members. Such fact is particularly important in the
United State America , where basic education is financed through taxes collected directly
from the beneficiary community. Given these externalities, the model proposed by Benabou
(1993) assumes that the agents possess identical initial endowments and the same innate
characteristics. These agents should decide which educational level they want (high, low or
even stay out of the job market) and choose their place of residence. However, given the
existence of externalities, an area where highly educated people predominate would imply in
a reduction of educational costs for people with high or low educational levels. The
externality is modelled as a reduction in the cost of achieving education: so that the “good
neighbours” impacts would be the reduction in the private cost of obtaining education. The
author shows that spatial segregation can be a result generated by the decentralized ma rket
mechanism and is not socially efficient. This result is obtained due to the fact that the agents
that opt for the higher educational level, just consider the benefits of moving for a more

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qualified area, disregarding the costs they cause to society, t hat is, the elevation of the
educational cost of the residents of the less favoured areas
Nevertheless, Benabou (1996), go further and showed that, the life chances in neighbourhood
with segregation tend to be very expensive because different services prov ided depend on the
both private sectors and public sectors but the services provided by the public sectors
sometimes are not well to satisfy the human wants, so in order to get all needs must follow
private sectors which their services are very expensive c ompared to the services provided by
the public sector and sometime their system of services provision may create segregation ,
however that is due to the existing system of price determination which is market force
system, means that sometime the residentia l segregation caused by the price determination
mechanism, also Piadade et al, (2005) argues that because of the existing market system in
the provision of services different government of different countries tend to intervene the
system so as to reduce t he price externalities to the residence, however most effected group is
low income earners.
Other authors as cited in Piadade et al, (2005), introduced the hypothesis of financing the
local public goods directly, and showed that the result of Benabou (1993 ) is just a specific
case of the so -called “impact on the fiscal side”. The most important point of this line of
research is that spatial segregation is inefficient even if we consider agents with the same
initial endowments and without credit restrictions . Introducing distortions such as credit
market imperfections and unequal distribution of wealth, it seems clear that spatial
segregation will be even more inefficient. It‟s important to point out that these models just
consider the aspect of economic effi ciency, and that the agents' decentralized action generates
a socially inefficient outcome. So, there is clearly a justification, from a theoretical point of
view, for the Government to intervene in market results, in order to reduce spatial
segregation, w ithout using any argument in favour of justice and fairness.
One of the main challenges in Urban Economics is the study of the locational decisions of the
households, such as to explain the choice of the households regarding the residence and work
places ( Piadade et al, 2005, Benabou, 1993). That situation raises the question of the waste of
time in commuting to work. For example it observed that American households with higher
purchasing power spent more time commuting to work, what seems to be irrational, once
these families possess a larger opportunity cost. However the Benabou, (1993) explained
such irrationality in household‟s behaviour. One of the possible explanations is that
households with higher levels of formal education look for more specific typ e of employment
that would probably be located away from their residence. Once residence changes have

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significant transaction and financial costs, the agents would choose to incur in higher
commuting costs.
On the other hand, following the theoretical trad ition of job search, it is suggested that higher
income households have larger conditions of waiting for higher wage jobs, which would not
be located necessarily close to their homes. Furthermore, there would be decreasing returns in
job search away from p laces of residence, so that the families living in substandard areas
would have to seek employment in areas close to their home. (Crampton, 1999, Benabou,
1993, Piadade et al, 2005) then start to affect the housing markets because the residence will
go to start looking for new dwellings to those areas close to their jobs.
Generally the Spatial segregation and social exclusion emphasizes the positive correlation
between the mushrooming of slums and poor areas in major cities with a set of attributes of
the h ead of the household, such as: unemployed or underemployed in informal sectors,
migrants, large families with high dependency ratios, low educational levels, single parents,
women -headed households and other minority groups, welfare dependents and young pe ople,
among others (Piadade et all, 2005).
2.5 Segregation and space
Residential segregation, at its most basic level, refers to the physical separation of different
population groups in different geographical areas. Within the urbanized cities this separation
is characterized by isolated zones of wealth and modernization; vast poorly serviced working
class areas, and pockets of extreme poverty. The physical structure of the city as hinted at this
separation of social groups, where the interaction bet ween them influences and is influenced
by the ecological structure of the cities. Confounding this relationship is a complex
environment of social, economic, and political factors. This environment is built on the strong
history of urban colonialism and de pendence. Example within Latin American urban research
shows segregation as a spatial outcome of other socio -economic processes (Sabatini 2003a).
Also segregation is viewed as part of a complex system of urban change, whereby the factors
influencing social and spatial processes of segregation are themselves complex in nature
(Peters 2007). However the segregation and space can be studied in different themes such as
informality, inequality, urban structure, and gated community, land markets of segregation
A prominent research area where segregation figures prominently is within the investigation
of historical evolution of cities, urban structure, and gated communities. The grounding for
these discussions is generally based on urban structure. Where view segre gation as a spatial
outcome of rational urbanization processes. Importantly, these authors displayed a difference

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between the processes and patterns of urbanization in Asian and Latin America cities as
compared to North American or European counterparts (D ear 2003). Contradicting this
argument are those scholars aligned with the Los Angeles school that counter with a non –
linear, chaotic urban environment with widespread social and spatial fragmentation (Dear and
Flusty 1998) and those from a Tel -Aviv school that see segregation as an important process
within a complex, dynamic system (Peters 2007; Portugali 1997, 2006; Schnell and
Benjamini 2005). Early understanding of the linkages between urban structure and spatial
segregation began with research undertak en after Second World War with the growth of
modernization theories (Schnore 1965; Violich 1944). This understanding led to further
research in the 1970s on urban structure and the development of generalized models of
American urban structure (Ford 1996; G riffin and Ford 1980, 1993). Also they were
recognizing the changing patterns of urban development and spatial segregation (Borsdorf
2003; Janoschka 2002). Historical examinations highlight new forms of urban restructuring,
whereby cities that were once po larized at a macro scale are slowly shifting towards a
reduction in the scale of segregation. Current research noted that at the macro -level processes
of social integration are evident, while at the micro -scale segregation remains dominant
(Borsdorf, Bahr and Janoschka 2002; Sabatini et al. 2001b). While these descriptions provide
a clear and relevant view into the spatial construction of the city, in additional spatial
segregation is viewed as a reflection of social inequalities, with symmetry between soci al
inequality and spatial difference. As such, space becomes a causal factor in social change.
Gated communities have been well documented by American scholars and are widely noted
to be sources of segregation, social inequality, and the disintegration of society (Blakely and
Snyder 1997; Davis 1990; Low 2003; Marcuse 1997a, 1997b). Building from this tradition,
other scholars have documented similar cases of gated communities, condominiums, and
private recreation parks in Latin America, tracing the evolut ion of this new form of urban
development alongside neo -liberal shifts and globalization (Amato 1970; Borsdorf 2002;
Borsdorf and Hidalgo 2004; Cáceres and Sabatini 2004; Caldeira 1996a, 2001; Cárdenas
Jirón 2006; Coy and Pohler 2002; Hidalgo and Arenas 20 04; Sabatini et al. 2001b; Salcedo
and Torres 2004; Svampa 2001, Peter, P.A, 2009).
Blakely and Snyder define gated communities as “residential areas with restricted entrance in
which, normally, public spaces have been privatized. They include new develop ments and
old reconverted areas; they exist in the cities and suburbs, in wealthy and poor
neighbourhoods” (Peter, P.A, 2009). Unlike in the American case, gated communities in

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Latin America and African countries are not usually located in remote suburbs, but are rather
located within urban areas alongside poorer neighbourhoods, and also in slum settlement
(Rasmussen, 2012), separated by a wall and street. The birth of gated communities in most
urbanized cities like in Europe are attributed to a desire for elite and upper -income groups to
physically isolate themselves within self -sufficient enclaves. As within the United States,
gated communities in Latin America started with neighbourhoods for the rich, expanding to
the middle classes, and even the poor. To day, the gating of neighbourhoods in Latin America
has become commonplace and is viewed as a response to insecurity and fear, as well as an
attempt to define neighbourhoods culturally and socially (Roberts and Portes 2006b; Sabatini
et al. 2001b; Salcedo a nd Torres 2004). While several studies in America and Latin America
suggest that these isolated neighborhoods do not develop a strong sense of internal
community, this is perhaps not surprising given the relatively young age of these
neighbourhoods and cu ltural differences within their own groups (Cáceres and Sabatini 2004;
Salcedo and Torres 2004). However, contrary to literature emanating from the United States,
the arrival of gated communities within lower -income neighbourhoods of some cities is not
necessarily a source of negativity, but are rather credited with bringing positive
improvements in infrastructure, transportation, commercial activity, employment
opportunities, and social services to otherwise forgotten communities (Salcedo and Torres
2004). The walls therefore do not preclude a creation of social links between groups, with
individuals inside having a positive view of those immediately outside, distinguishing closer
low-income neighbourhoods from those in other areas of the city. As such, it is argued that
the decreasing scale of segregation allows for both functional and subjective integration
between social groups (Sabatini 2004; Sabatini et al. 2001, Peter, P.A, 2009).
Coy and Pohler (2002) argue the opposite, whereby gated communities are seen as structural
forms of social isolation within the urban environment. However, their research focuses on
structure and amenities within communities and does not qualitatively examine these
deve lopments within their local spatial context.
Land markets within in various mega cities in the world affected much by the segregation
characteristics, which are representative of how the complex relationships between social,
economic, and political facto rs influence processes of spatial development within rapidly
changing cities (Lungo and Ramos 2003; Violich 1987; Ward 2003). Indeed, this area of
research has been at the forefront of the charge to understand the functioning Asian and
American cities. How ever, at a broad scale take example of Latin America as a single,

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homogeneous entity with shared land policy issues is misleading at best (Smolka and
Mullahy 2007). Large differences are visible between metropolitan areas and smaller urban
centers, and eve n within metropolitan areas where policies may differ between the
jurisdictions of local municipalities. Differences are evident in the form of policy institutions,
the regulation of titling, private rights over land value, the limits for public -private
partnerships, and the requirements for the formalization of property transactions. At the very
least, these differences pose considerable methodological issues for the study of land markets
and policy, made even more complex when related to processes of spat ial segregation
(Smolka and Mullahy 2007).
The most cities grown in the third world countries characterised by slums and irregular
settlements across different part of their area (Peter, P.A, 2009,Rasmussen, 2012) also
currently research suggest a commona lity of powerful structural determinants in the
functioning of urban land markets. However, public officials and private developers across
the region attest to the uniqueness of urban land markets between world regions, nations,
metropolitan areas, cities, and local municipalities (Smolka and Mullahy 2007). Statements
claim that land prices are rising all over the world, land use patterns are unique, and local
stakeholders have illogical motives for action.
However, long -standing research in the different cities noted that urban land markets are
commonly affected by macro -structural forces, which have resulted in high land prices for
serviced land, persistent informality, strong internal residential segregation, significant land
speculation, and widespread regulatory delinquency (Peter, P.A, 2009,Smolka and Mullahy
2007). Recognizing these commonalities however, does not advocate the creation of uniform
public policy across the region; ignoring important cultural, historical, and institutional
determinants w ithin urban land markets that contribute to the reproduction and expansion of
undesirable land use outcomes. Some authors have characterized segregation as a product of
the differential attractiveness of land for speculation and real estate development (Wa rd
1981). This characterization stresses the importance of spatial structure such as transportation
and infrastructure in conjunction with urban management through zoning and regulation and
economic forces that is land markets. The separation of the wealth y and the poor is thus
increased via changes in these structural factors. However, when issues of public policy,
urban governance, and spatial planning are introduced, the complex nature of the segregation
process becomes increasingly evident, as evident b y experiences of land regularization (Ward
2003). While the process of land title regularization may reduce marked spatial polarization

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within cities (Ward 1998, Peter, P.A, 2009), it may also strengthen the difference between
legalized settlements and tho se deemed to be part of the illegal sector (Ward 2003).
An additional view of land markets and segregation is promoted by Alan Gilbert, whereby
the patterns of residential segregation are seen to result from different modes of housing
provision land acqui sition between social groups (Gilbert 1993, Peter, P.A, 2009; Gilbert and
Ward 1982, 1985), variation between and within cities in the manner that, the poor to acquire
land and housing is very difficult to afford in each city (Gilbert and Varley 1991, Pete r, P.A,
2009). These differentials in affordability have led to the poor exercising informal housing
options in unused, environmentally degraded, or available land at the periphery. Gilbert
(1996) identifies five processes that influence patterns of segreg ation. First, the physical
expansion of the urban area has put affluent areas into contact with lower -income areas.
Second, the growth of the middle class has led to the incursion of these groups near to low –
income areas. Third, the physical topography of Latin American mega -cities has blurred neat
patterns of segregation. Fourth, polarization of social groups is increasing with the growth of
elite enclaves and gated communities. Finally, urban planning has had little influence on
segregation patterns, with the exception of some social cleansing policies. However, despite
the detailed description of spatial patterns, little is done to link segregation to the
complexities of social structures and social relations. Additionally, the role of government
(local a nd national) in setting social policies and urban regulation is not explored (Peter, P.A,
2009).
2.6 Quality of life and urban Environmental
The quality of life is concerned with places ranging in size or scale from the individual
dwelling to the local are a or neighbourhood, to the city, to the broader region, or even to the
state or nation and it has been documented that where people live will influence their lives
(Marans and Kweon, 2011). As such, a fundamental assumption underlying many approaches
to pl anning and design is that places may be designed to enhance the quality of people‟s
lives. As we noted, most people are expected to live in cities and metropolitan areas and
therefore, it seems important to examine the relationships between the characteris tics of these
places and the perceived Quality of life of residence (Marans and Stimson, 2011), however
according to the El Din, et al.,(2012) noted that the quality of life is the human satisfaction in
the environmental of living, furthermore the quality of life, particularly in the context of
people who live in cities and metropolitan areas; indicated by level of household income,

29 | P a g e
crime rates, pollution levels, housing costs and satisfaction on the services provided weather
by the government or private se ctors.
In furtherance the quality of life has relationships between characteristics of the urban
environment and people, including their satisfaction with specific phenomena and with life as
a whole.
Also the importance of the different attributes of urb an environments is to contribute to the
level of satisfaction of individuals with urban living.
Nelson and Schwirian (1995) have identified an „urbanism‟ construct which consists of four
related dimensions, such as demographic characteristics, economic str ess, social stress,
Environmental stress those contribute to affect the quality of life (Marans R. W, 2011)..
The urban environmental which required to influence the good quality of life to the
community has featured by land uses, proximity, residential neighbourhood, natural
resources, brownfield site, and greenfield site, all attribute have strong relationship with the
quality of life as well postulated by El Din et al, (2012)

In additional, the quality of life have measured by the level of satisfacti on of human life on
the urban environment( Marans, R.W, 2011) also the quality of life in urban domain
influenced by a range of individual characteristics and individual standards of comparison.
The environmental approach proposed by Campbell, et al. (1976 ) suggested that satisfaction
with living could be viewed at multiple levels of analysis. As suggested by Marans and
Rodgers (1975) that might include, satisfaction with housing, satisfaction with
neighbourhood, satisfaction with the community (or broader region). In furtherance the urban
characteristics such as the actual amount of crime might influence perceptions of crime
which, in turn, might contribute to the satisfaction in a specific domain for example,
neighbourhood satisfaction, together with other domain satisfactions might influence to
overall satisfaction with life (Campbell, et al. 1976, Marans, R.W, 2011)
Nevertheless , Marans, R.W (2011) measure human satisfaction in the urban geographical
area like neighbourhood as demonstrated below; –

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Source; Marans, R.W, (2011)
Figure 2.0 human satisfactions (quality of life) in in neighbourhood level
From the model above show assessment of different activities in the neighbourhood towards
quality of life in the urban environment, Marans (2011) conclude that the residential
satisfaction in neighbourhood influenced by level of noise, crowding level, traffic level,
services quality level, friendship level in which all of them can bring the urban quality of life
good, furthermore that satisfactions sometime s faced by segregation (social exclusion)
challenges in the neighbourhood then tend to be difficult to meet that level of satisfaction
Peter, P.A, 2009,Smolka and Mullahy, 2007, Marans, R.W, 2011).
2.7 Testing and measuring residential segregation at a ne ighbourhood
The residential segregation at neighbourhood tested measured by different models depending
on the type of segregation dealing with such as religious segregation, racial segregation,
ethnic segregation, income segregation, preference segregatio n as well as spatial segregation.
However those model are used in different countries in the world such as Schelling model of
residential segregation used in united states of America to test racial and ethnic segregation,
also its concept used in Nigeria t o test and to determine the magnitude of racial and religious

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segregation, in south Africa to test the racial segregation, the second model is logit model of
segregation which also called condition logit model of segregation it is very famers in
Brazil, Sir Lanka, China, Hispania, France, Malaysia, London, Indonesia, Asian countries
and East African countries like Kenya, that model used to test the residential preference and
neighbourhood assimilation. Also the third model of testing residential and spat ial
segregation is Agent -based model which almost used to test the residential preference to live
in informal settlement vis -à-vis informal settlement, it used in the developing countries like
Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Egypt, and central Afri can countries. The fourth
model of segregation is mathematical model which include both discrete and continuum
segregation model and fifth model of segregation is mental or cognitive model of segregation
which used by Smiley in her different study of socio -economic segregation, geographical
segregation and residential preference especially in east African countries on 2000‟s.
However, from those models, the residential segregation of this study will go to employ
mental mapping to measure the magnitude of th e segregation in Tanzania, also the mental
mapping model is elaborated to the methodological part of this study.
2.8 Concluding remark: residential segregation and urban quality of life

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CHAPTER THREE
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
3.0 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to develop a theoretical framework pertaining to two main
issues which is segregation and the urban quality of life then conceptual framework for the
investigation process
3.1 Theoretical framework
3.1.1 Urban se gregation: a theoretical approach
Different studies have reviewed concerned the residential segregation at the urban
neighbourhood and its impact to the quality of life based on the different countries like
United States, Latin America, Asia and European countries. According to those studies from
those countries suggest that in order to study the urban segregation and its impact must use
different testing model as used by Thomas Schelling, Hetige, Massey, Smiley, Clark and
Zaami. Therefore basing to this s tudy the following model are going to use in the studying
the urban segregation, th at is ; mental/ cognitive mapping model of residential segregation
together with the social inclusion and exclusion theories in solving its impact to the urban
quality of li fe.
3.1.2 Social Inclusion/exclusion theory
Social inclusion theory or social exclusion theory is inseparable sides of the same coin
(Rawal, 2008). As a reactionary concept, it is difficult to conceive inclusion as a stand -alone
or pre -emptive idea. Nonetheless, social inclusion/exclusion theories represent a conceptual
sophist ication over social capital and social cohesion (Labonte, 2004 ). In realizing the
connection between exclusion and inclusion, it becomes easier to accept the reality that socia l
exclusion is never completely mitigated. Society is held together by the stratifications and t he
tensions between dimensions, thus exclusion will continue to exist. The important question is:
to what degree will a society be inclusive? Perhaps a more effective way to answer this query
is with another qu estion: what level of exclusion is tolerable within our society? The answer

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to these questions will undoubtedly vary from society to society. The accepted norms of
exclu sive/inclusive pra ctices in one community will differ f rom those of another community.
The term social inclusion is ofte n affixed to political, econ omic, and cultural initiatives. As
society tackles exclusion for any particular group of exclu ded persons, inclusive measures
must be made on multiple fronts. In order to improve the conditions o f those excluded living
in low -income housing; inclusive measures must go beyond the phys ical repair of homes.
Inclusive steps may include: changes in education; changes in job opportunit ies; greater
access to medical facilities; and better public transportation. Social inclusion takes i nto
account that deprivation is more than just poverty. (Coleman, 2010),

Social exclusion
Social exclusion is a complex and multi -dimensional process. It involves the lack of denial of
resources, employment, rights, goods and services, and the inability to participate in the
normal relationships and activities, available to the majority of peop le in a society, whether in
economic, social, c ultural or political arenas (Johoel, 2007)
In other words, the theory of social exclusion attempts to capture the complexity of
powerlessness in modern society rather than simply focusing on one of its outcome s. Thus, in
practical terms, the UK government Social Exclusion Unit defines exclusion in terms of a
combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor
housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown , ” (Social Exclusion
Unit, 1998). In furtherance, social exclusion theory , encompassing not only low material
means but the inability to participate effectively in economic, social, political and cultural life
and in some characterisations alienation and distance from mainstream society , inadequate,
inadequate to government liker social rights, in access of health care, social services,
employment, social insecurity, and in access to commercial services and facilities , also
social – culture exclusion which fall into insufficient social integration including lack of
participation in informal and formal social network , inadequate social support and social
isolation and housing problems ” (Duffy, 1995).
Generally, the theory of social exclusion is very importan t in the study of residential
segregation and its impact to the urban quality of life, because the residential segregation, as
reviewed in various current researches have direct impact to the urban quality of life in the
various ways such as Resources include Material or economic resources Access to public
and private services , Social resources including Participation such as Economic participation,

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Social participation, Culture, education and skills, Political and civic participation and
Quality of life which include , Health and well -being, Living environment, Crime, harm and
criminalisatio n, also those of them are the result of residential segregation on the urban
quality of life . However those result identified from various countries reviewed and throug h
this study which seek to investigate those result in Dar es Salaam city
3.2 Conceptual frameworks for the investigation
As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, this study focuses on residential segregation at
the neighbourhood and its impact to the urban quality of life in urbanized cities . It is a
detailed discussion on the models, theories and full concept of social inclusion/exclusion
which have close relations with the study . Therefore bodies of literature from various
disciplines which addre ss such issues are applied as background knowledge and guidance for
fieldwor k investigation. That theories can be divided into two groups, the following are the
lesson from those as summarised below
The social inclusion and social exclusion as well explain ed are two side of the coin , both
theories indicate how the residential segregation can affect the living standard at the
neighbourhood in different ways such as social exclusion and isolation in public matters,
inadequate social interaction which sometime s caused by the presence of gated community
and open community within the same, also the theories show the impact of residential
segregation to the formation of squatter settlement which grow beside of the planned
settlement that is because of social exclu sion in provision of services and in public meeting.
Therefore to solve those challenges of residential segregation at the n eighbourhood level in
relation to the urban quality of life, the following conceptual shall be applied so as to meet
the specific ob jective of the study and the study goal as well shown on the figure below ;-

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Conceptualizing the residential segregation at a neighbourhood and its impact to the
urban quality of life

Source; author construct ; Figure 2.1 .b: Conceptual Framework for investigation

2. Social Interaction
Public space
Compact
neighbourhood
Social interaction
1. Residential segregation
Ethnic
Income
Spatial preference
3. Social inclusion
Mixing
neighbourhood
Compact
neighbourhood

4. Map for residential
segregation
Mental mapping
Arc GIS
5. Urban quality of life
(social inclusion)
 Physical dimension
 Environmental
dimension

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CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the bases and processes within which this study was conceived and
executed. This study is going to employ both qualitative and quantitative methodological
approach, however, it points out various instruments such as literature reviews, in terviews,
consultations and observations. However, household and key informant interviews were also
conducted. Mapping and photographing was also one of the techniques. Furthermore, the
discussion on unit of analysis, validity and reliability and generaliz ation are also presented in
this chapter.
4.1 Research strategy: choice and justification
The choice of research strategy depends largely on the nature of the problem which studied.
Research questions are amongst the yardsticks used in making a choice of the strategy. When
the main research question are „how‟ and „why‟, case studies and experiments are likely to be
the most appropriate strategies. Surveys are the best when the main questions are „who‟,
„what‟ and „where‟ while archival and historical anal yses are used for „whom‟, „what‟,
„when‟ and „where‟ (Ka‟Bange 2007; Heinrichs 2004; Yin 1994:6)
Strategies could also be differentiated based on the type of phenomena under study whether it
is contemporary or past phenomena. Experiments, survey and case s tudies are applicable for
contemporary phenomena while archival and historical analysis are relevant to the studies
involving both contemporary and past phenomena (Ka‟Bange, 2007)

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Table 4.1: Research strategies in relevant situations
Strategy Type of
studied
phenomena Control
over studied
event Type of questions
addressed Advantage/disadvantag
es
Experiment contemporary Full control How, why Repeatable, not flexible
Survey Contemporary No control Who, what, where,
how many, how
much Neutral analysis, well
prepared, not flexible
Archival
analysis Contemporary
and past
phenomena No control Who, what, when
where, how many,
how much. Secondary data collection
and analysis, availability
of data
Historical
analysis Past
phen omena No control Who, what, when,
where, how many,
how much, Secondary data collection
and analysis, availability
of data
Case study Contemporary No control Who, what, when,
where, how many,
how much, how, why Preparation takes long
flexible not neutral
Source: Ka‟Bange, 2007; Heinrichs, (2004); Yin, (19940)

From Table 4.1 gives a researcher a chance to find explanation regarding specific events in a
contemporary issue, their processes, the way the occur and why they occur the way they do in
a given context(Ka‟Bange,2007; Bacho,2001:81)
The issue for this research is a cont emporary one and a case study method would be the
preferred one this is because it strived to answer, „what‟, „why‟ and „who‟ questions with the

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combination of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research seeks to explore to
map the areas aff ected by the residential segregation and its impact to the urban quality of
life; hence the information on the ethnicity, income and spatial preference are collected and
mapped then indicating its impact to the quality of life to the selected neighbourhood due to
that, the case study strategy is suitable for the residential segregation as a contemporary
issues.
Since the research is intended to map the residential segregation on the selected
ward/neighbourhood and investigate its impact to the urban quality of life, the challenges that
they face and the opportunity will involve problem definitions, developing a concept
framework, identifying data sources, developing data collection techniques, data collection
and analysis processes, deriving conclusion and r ecommendations and finally report writing
4.2 Case selection process
In selecting a case the issue of time and resource among other issues were highly considered.
Due to limited time and resources, therefore, the decision was made and the single case study
were selected where concrete information could be sought and analys ed bearing in mind that
a multiple case could require resources in terms of finance and logistics, however, the study
will be conducted in Dar es salaam city. In Dar es salaam city there are three municipalities
which is Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke and fro m those municipalities there is tendency of
residential segregation which caused by the major three variables such as ethnic, income and
spatial preference, however that issue brought from the colonial error by Germany and then
British, whose separate the city into three zone and all zone fall on the wards such as upanga,
Kariakoo, Oysterbay, Msasani, Massaki, Magomeni, Ilala, Keko, Mbagala, and Temeke.
Among of those ward still have minority segregation up day such as Upanga is characterised
fully by whit es, Mbagala by real African and the rest ward have mixer of Arabs, Indians, and
Africans.. In doing this selection criteria were then developed and applied to select a suitable
settlement for the case study area. Then all settlement mentioned seems very cr ucial to the
study. But due to the reason of time and resource limited, it will be selecting only two ward
which representing the others in conclusion, therefor the selected ward must be very
competent to the case selection criteria, such as the existence of residential
segregation(ethnic, income and spatial preference), the status of social inclusion/exclusion,
the status of urban quality of life, the case settlement being information rich, the settlement

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being accessed by author, and the residence not hav e suffered research fatigue and also each
criteria given specific ranking weight which will help in ranking the case.
Furthermore, the ranking weights were given to each criterion depending on its important
starting with the most important to the least one . existence of residential segregation(ethnic,
income and spatial preference) given 18 score, the status of social inclusion/exclusion given
15 score, the status of urban quality of life given 12 score, the case settlement being
information rich given 9 sc ores, the settlement being accessed by author given 6 scores, and
the residence not have suffered research fatigue given 3 scores. The Table below shows the
criteria, their respective points and how they were used to select a case study settlement
Table 4. 0 Criteria used to select the case study settlement
S/N CRITERIA RANKING
SCORES
1 The status of residential segregation(ethnic, income
level, spatial preference) 18
2 the status of social inclusion/exclusion 15
3 The status of urban quality of life 12
4 The case settlement being an information rich 9
5 The residence not have suffered research fatigue 6
6 The settlement being easily accessed by the author 3

Source: own construct
4.2.1 A brief explanation of each cr iterion
The status of residential segregation
In conducting research it is important to choose an area where the study variables are very
close relation, through that it will be easier to get the required information, so depending on
this study the variables are ethnic, income level and spatial prefer ence which those can affect
the residential segregation and then result either positive or negative impact to the urban

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quality of life. Therefore because this criterion looks like its backbone of the study it ranked
high score such as 18 scores.

The stat us of social inclusion/exclusion
That means the level of social interaction or separation in the built environment and in the
services provision, so that in the carrying social science research especially those falling in
the category of residential segreg ation of gender discrimination, the status of social
inclusion/exclusion must be considered, as explained in the theoretical framework, therefore
due to its important in this study, it given 15 score
The status of urban quality of life
In carrying research which focus on the improving the sustainability of urban quality of life
should focus on the status of quality of life of people living in the selected areas, according to
this study, regardless of many dimension of quality of life but it based on environ mental and
physical quality of life in the selected neighbourhood, also due to its important also it given
high score such as 12 scores
The residence not have suffered research fatigue
In doing a feasibility study or data collection in any settlement it involve the residents among
other stakeholders, in some cases residents become tired of responding to questions asked by
the researchers, because they have been contacted with number of researchers asking mos tly
similar questions and most of the findings are not implemented so the residents keep on
asking for the feedback of the research conducted but no proper answers to them, so when
doing a research in their area they feel as if they are wasting their time responding to the
questions as it has been done for several times but no results.
This situation can greatly affect the reliability of data and information obtained as residents
either refuse to give the information or give a wrong one. So settlements wit h this situation
were given a lower weigh in the selection criteria.
The settlement being easily accessed by the author
In doing a research, it is important that to select an area where it is easily accessible at least
by car or on foot so as to get the entire information and reality, the area should be also out of

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risks such as wild animals, also it should not be a prohibited area for external researchers like
in Amy barracks where it is difficult to access. In selection of the site the area with these
drawbacks were given a least weight in the selection and those criteria are provided interms
of number as given in table 4.0 above.
Table 4.1 selection of the case study settlement

CASE SETTLEMENT
SELECTION CRITERIA

1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTA
L
UPANGA 18 15 12 9 6 3 63
MASSAKI 12 0 3 6 9 0 30
MSASANI 18 12 9 9 6 3 57
KARIAKOO 12 12 9 6 3 0 39
OYSTERBAY 18 0 0 0 9 3 30
MAGOMENI 18 12 9 9 6 3 57
KEKO 18 9 9 3 0 3 41
ILALA 6 0 0 0 0 6 12
MBAGALA 18 15 12 9 6 3 63
Source: own construct
As it can be seen in table above there is intensive residential segregation in some settlements
such as Upanga Massaki, Oysterbay ward and Mbagala ward and in the rest part there partial
residential segregation where mainly characterised by m ixed people that is both whites and
African. hence Upanga ward Mbagala ward score higher rank than other ward then the need
of conducting research on that settlement come because of inadequate information concerned
the problem which led to inadequacy measu res toward the social exclusion in the city and
poverty as well, so through this research will help the government and the community
developers to raise strategies for poverty and deprivation fighting in the city then sustainable
urban quality of life achi eved. The informal land development was still taking place though
the settlement has not undergone a saturation stage while people where in need to have a nice
planned settlement, furthermore, the residents had not suffered any research fatigue similar to

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the study. Therefore, all these had evidenced that Upanga and Mbagala ward were a good
case to study the residential segregation at a neighbourhood level and its impact on the urban
quality of life

4.3 Research process
In doing a research there must be c lear design and process that to be followed so as to achieve
the objective of the research, here are process that will be applied so as to collect enough
information that will then answer the specific objectives of the research;
The research process is a step -by-step process of developing a research paper. The research
process itself involves identifying, locating, assessing, analysing, and then developing and
expressing the ideas.
The research process of this study will have ba ckward and forward relationships as it explain
the series of activities performed from the start to the end of the research.

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Figure 4.1 The research process

Research methodology

Problem identification
And research objectives
Literature
review
Theory and Concept
Conceptual framework
Research design: Choice of research strategy:
Choice of unit of analysis: Selection of the case
study area
Field work data collection
Data collection procedures
Literature review, consultations, observations,
house hold interview key informant interview
mapping and photographing.
Data analysis and presentation
Use of different analytical tools
graphs, charts, diagrams, tables etc.
Major findings and discussion
Conclusion & Recommendation

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Source; Author‟s construction
4.4 Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis is the major entity that is being analysed in the study. It is the 'what' or
'whom' that is being studied, It has been argued that, the unit of analysis of a particular study
can be a n individual, group of people, program participants or institutions. It is further argued
that, the key issue in determining the unit of analysis is to decide what one wants to say at the
end of the study (Patton, 1987). In order to accomplish this study, the units of analysis chosen
were spatial segregation and social exclusion on the urban quality of life, so as to come up
with sustainable urban quality of life in full social inclusion
4.5 Data collection pro cess
Data collection involves both primary and secondary data on the research issue. In this study
both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. And it has involved six data collection
methods. They included Literature review, Consultations, Observation, Household interview,
Key informant int erviews, Mapping and photographing.
4.5.1 Literature review
Literature review related to the study was done, and this was done in both global and local
literature from dissertations, different school of thoughts, websites, journals, report papers
and also some data will still collected from the document like colonial housing ordinance and
the existing policies dealing with human settlement and the social inclusion as well.
4.5.2 Consultations
Consultations with various resource persons who have ground knowledge of the case
settlement and various Municipal and local leaders will be considered in order to acquire
general qualitative and quantitative data on the specific issue related to the resea rch issue.
4.5.3 Observation
Physical observation of the settlement will be conducted in order to assess the current
situation in comparison to the former one. During this reconnaissance survey various features

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were observed like the extent of the gated housing, type of houses, new development taking
place in the settlement and this helped the author to get a quick impression on how people
live in their settlement.
4.5.4 Household interviews
Random and unstructured interview will conducted, the interviews with the Municipal social
welfare officials and also the interviews with the residents will also conducted in their
respective households so as to add value to the provided qualitative information which then
combined together with the qualitative informat ion from other sources which helped to get
the right answers to the research questions.
4.5.5 Key informant interviews
Elders in the settlement always found to have relevant information about social exclusion and
spatial segregation also the formation of that settlement, so people who were available and
have much knowledge about the development of the selected ward were identified and
interviewed as key informant, and these included the elders, retired public officials, and the
land developers. This helpe d the author to get information on the previous and current
process of land development taking place in the settlement and the way it affect the
settlement.
4.5.6 Mapping and photographing
The relevant base map for the area were taken for conducting a men tal mapping so as to map
the segregated settlement and photos of the relevant information shall also take including the
oblique photo showing the densification of the houses in part of the settlement and enclave
housing also will be captured so as to ident ify the social inclusivity/exclusivity of the
settlement.
4.6 Why mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative approach)
The role of mixed method research is not to invalidate qualitative and quantitative research
but rather to utilize the strength of the two methods whilst minimizing their individual
weaknesses. Elaborating on this, Abowitz and Toole, 2010, Babele, 2012) noted that using
multiple methods on a single study enhances the “recurrence and consistency relationship
between variables”. As stated b y Cresswell (2003, 2008) and Feilzer, (2010) both approaches
have limitations; therefore, using mixed methods allows minimization of the disadvantages of

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any individual method. Although there are epistemological and ontological differences
between the qual itative and quantitative methods, that does not prevent a researcher
combining different data collection techniques in a single study. Elaborating on this issue,
Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, (2004) argue that the difference in epistemological belief should
not restrict the methods of data collection which are associated with either qualitative or
quantitative research. These research approaches should be mixed whenever it is desirable, to
offer the best way of addressing research issues and questions. Therefore basing toin this
study the investigation will be carried into both way of doing research so as to fulfil the need
of the study
4.7 Data analysis
After collection of the data from different sources which included both qualitative and
quantities data sourc es, the use of different analytical tools like charts, Maps, diagrams
tabulation and graphs shall be highly employed. However to assess the progress of the
research there were presentations to shape the research work clearly
4.8 Validity and reliability
Mental mapping and observation will be applied so as to enrich the data and information, and
increase objectivity of the research. Mental mapping helps to check validity and reliability of
the information .

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