Swimming Start by [631678]

Learning the
Swimming Start by
Students in Higher
Education of other
Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA1,
Vladimir POTOP2*
1 „Carol Davila” University of
Medicine and Pharmacy of
Buchares t, Romania,
dianasima@yahoo. com
2 Faculty of Physical Education
and Sport, Ecological University
of Bucharest, Romania,
[anonimizat] Abstract: This paper aims to highlight how to use the
computerized video analysis for learning the sports
technique key elements of the start in swimming in the case
of the students in higher education of other profiles. This
scientific approach entailed the organization of an
ascertaining experimental study, using the following
research me thods: bibliographic study of the specialized
literature, video computerized method by means of Pinnacle
Studio, Kinovea and Physics ToolKit programs, method of
movement postural orientation, statistical -mathematical
method which uses the KyPlot program an d the method of
graphical representation of results. The research was
conducted from October 2017 to January 2018 and included
12 students (second -year – series no. 2) of the Faculty of
General Medicine. The results of the study show the muscle
strength de velopment of arms, abdomen and legs of the
students under research. The use of the video computerized
method highlights and identifies the kinematic and dynamic
characteristics of sports technique key elements used in
swimming start regarding the launching posture,
multiplication of body posture (flying through the air) and
concluding body posture (entering the water). The
propulsion and going out of water will be studied depending
on the specific swimming style chosen by the students. The
effective use of the computerized video analysis that deepens
the understanding of sports technique phasic structure will
allow the processing of the modern didactical programs for
swimming learning. The modern research methods used in
the video computerized analysis of sp orts technique of the
start in swimming are an important help for the
measurement, analysis and evaluation of the kinematic and
dynamic structure of all swimming styles .

Keywords: Swimming; biomechanics; key elements;
physical training; performance .

How to cite: Paunescu, M., Grigore, V., Mitrache, G.,
Predoiu, A., & Predoiu, R. (2018). Learning the
Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of
other Profiles . Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie
Multidimensionala, 10 (1), 107-120.
https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/22 Revista Românească pentru Educație Multidimensională
ISSN: 2066 -7329 | e -ISSN: 2067 -9270
Covered in: Web of Sciences (WOS); EBSCO; ERIH+; Google Scholar; Index Copernicus; Ideas RePeC;
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repositories; KVK; WorldCat; CrossRef; CrossCheck

2018, Volume 10, Issue 1, pages: 107-120 | doi: https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/22

©2018 The Authors &
LUMEN Publishing House.

Learning the Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA, Vladimir POTOP

108 1. Introduction
People generally are interested in swimming practice, thus in the
academic environment too more and more students choose the swimming
for the ir physical education classes. It was found out that a revision of
physical education concept is needed (Urichianu -Toma, 2004) .
In thi s respect E. Lupu (Lupu, 2009) proposes the necessity to revise
the concept on physical education and test ev ents in the higher education of
other profiles in order to practice swimming in university environment and
at different ages as well; its multiple influences upon the body, especially in
the growth period, and its utilitarian -applicative character are the main
arguments that give this branch of sport a special place in the concept of
training of the young gen eration (Urichianu -Toma, 2003) , (Sima, 2011) .
The p ractic e of physical education in th e higher education of other
profiles is essentially connected with the examin ation of the objectives and
competencies provided by this field , the quality of students’ motiva tion, the
diversit y of practicing forms and also the evaluation strategies of the t raining
activity from the perspective of the roles and competencies of the teaching
staff (Ionescu, 2 009).
The specialized methods -scientific literature focuses especially on the
learning of swimming and of other elements of swimming technical
procedures, such as the starts and turns. These important elements of
swimmers’ competitive activity are consol idated and governed by the
Fédération Internationale de Natation – FINA (International Swimming
Federation) . The theory and methods of swimming teaching in the faculties
of physical education and sport and in the departments of physical education
and sport belonging to the faculties of other profiles still lack of enough
teaching aids well substantiated and scientifically processed, meant to
support the physical education and sport subject matter or even the
swimming (Ganchar, 2006) .
The activity of physical education and sport in higher education is an
integral part of the instructive -educational program which has as main goal
the harmonious physical and mental development and the education of the
personality traits of the individual. This activity is carried out through several
forms of organization. If the students practice a program of physical
exercises systemat ically, they will get to know the benefic effects of sports
and will be interested in sport generally or in different branches of sport
(Voinea, Iacobini, & Iacobini, 2013) .

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109 During the training process, in addition to the exercises for
strengthening and improvement of the motor skills and abilities which are
domina nt in the swimming styles accessible to the students (front crawl,
breaststroke and backstroke), there will be also used exercises for learning
the starts and the returns (Marinescu & Balan, 2007) .
There are also many studies on the biomechanical analysis in
swimming that contribute to the deeper knowledge of the procedures
(styles) technique regarding the musculoskeletal modelling in sports –
evaluation of different software tools with focus on swimming; front crawl
swimming analysis using accelerometers: a preliminary comparison betwee n
pool and flume; improvement of crawl stroke for the swimming humanoid
robot to establish an experimental platform for swimming research; Inter –
analyst variability in swimming competition analysis; the effect of swimsuit
resistance on freestyle swimming r ace time etc. (Hudson, 2014) , (Nakashima
& Tsunoda, 2015; Nordsborg, Espinosa, David, & Thiel, 2014; Webb,
Taunton, Hudson, Forrester, & Turnock, 2014) ,(Langholza, Westmana, &
Karlsteen, 2016) , (Espinosa, Nordsborg, & Thiel, 2015; Hunea et al., 2017;
Platonov, Absaljamov, Bulatova, & Bulgakova, 2000) .
This paper aims to highlight how to us e the computerized video
analysis for learning the sports technique key elements of the start in
swimming in the case of the students in higher education of other profiles.
Hypothesis of the research : we believe that by applying the computerized
video meth od in learning the start in swimming for the higher education
students in accordance with their physical training level will highlight the
kinematic and dynamic characteristics of sports technique key elements
necessary for a more efficient development of the modern didactical
programs of learning and improving the movement in aquatic environment
in the chosen swimming styles .
2. M ethodology
This scientific approach entailed the organization of an ascertaining
experimental study, using the following rese arch methods: video
computerized method based on the following programs (Pinnacle Studio,
Kinovea and Physics ToolKit ), method of movement postural orientation
(Boloban, 2013) , (Potop, 2015) , statistical -mathematical method o f data
analysis using KyPlot program and the method of graphical representation
of the results.

Learning the Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA, Vladimir POTOP

110 The research was carried out from October 2017 to January 2018
and involved the participation of 12 students of second -year (1st semester,
series 2) of the Fac ulty of General Medicine.
A number of three test events were applied during the swimming
lessons : 1) abdominal strength evaluated by torso raises from supine position
in 30 sec. (n o of reps); 2) arms strength evaluated by push -ups executed
continuously (no of reps) and 3) legs strength evaluated by jumping squats in
30 sec. (n o of reps).
With regard to the structure of the swimming lesson in the off -water
training, we used exercises for the selective influence of the loco-motor
system (warm -up exerc ises) and exercises for the development of the muscle
power (test events ). The on -water training included exercises for learning
and improving the start.
The following experimental variables were used in this study: tests
events for physical training evaluation; anthropometrical and biomechanical
indicators necessary for the biomechanical analysis; angular characteristics of
the start technique key elements; performances achieved in competitions.
The analysis was based on the phasic structure of the start key
elements in swimming and used the method of postural orien tation of the
movement in space :
1) Preparatory phase – launching posture (start) – LP – before
beginning the movement of diving off the starting block;
2) Basic phase – multiplication of body posture (MP) – flying
phase;
3) Final phase – concluding posture for entering the water (CP).
The biomechanical analysis was made by means of Kinovea program
for measuring the angular characteristics of the technique key elements in
the phasic structure of the start (fig. 1) and also the Physics ToolKit
program for the assessment of the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of
the start at swimming (fig. 2).

Fig. 1. Program for measuring the angular characteristics of the key elements of the
standing start technique i n swimming (Kinovea)

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111

Fig. 2. Program of video biomechanical analysis of the start in swimming
(Physics ToolKit)
3. Results
The level of physical training of the subjects of the study was
evaluated by means of the test events included in the university c urriculum
of the higher education of other profiles within the „Carol Davila”
University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest.
Table 1 shows the results of the test events of second -year students
regarding abdominal strength, arms strength, legs strength and performances
during the examination lesson.
Table 1. Results of students’ test events (n=12)
Statistical
indicators Abd.F Br F Pic F. Perf.
Torso raise,
NO pushups
NO Jump squats,
NO crawl,
sec
Mean 25.75 22.08 23.75 42.80
S.E.M. 0.96 1.14 0.73 1.96
S.D. 3.33 3.94 2.53 6.79
Cv% 12.95 17.85 10.64 15.88
Note: S.E.M. – standard error mean, S.D. – standard deviation, Cv – coefficient of variation; F. –
strength, abd. – abdomen, Br. – arms (upper limbs), Pic. – legs (lower limbs), Perf. – performance,
NO – reps number.

Learning the Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA, Vladimir POTOP

112 In table 2 are listed the results of the anthropometrical and
biomechanical indicators necessary for the analysis of the kinematic and
dynamic characteristics of swimming start technique. The indicators present
the subjects’ height and w eight, the inertia of the specific rotation of the
translation movement with rotation around GCG and the movement radius
of body segments (foot, shoulder and palm).
Table 2. Results of anthropometric and biomechanical indicators
necessary for technique an alysis (n=12)
Statistical
indicators Height,
m Weight,
m IR, kg·m2 RM, m
Foot shoulders palm
Mean 1.78
1 69.50 27.68 0.82 0.511 0.716
S.E.M. 0.02 2.35 1.37 0.03 0.01 0.03
S.D. 0.06 8.13 4.75 0.09 0.05 0.09
Cv% 3.41 11.69 17.15 11.02 10.07 13.59
Note: table 1; IR – inertia of rotation, RM – radius of movement

Table 3 presents the results of the angular characteristics of the key
elements of standing start technique on the standing block for the swimming
styles (freestyle, breaststroke and butterfl y) measured with Kinovea program
in terms of angle between shank and hip and the angle between hip and
torso in the launching posture (start) – LP; angle between hip and torso and
angle between torso and arms in the multiplication of the posture (MP) in
the flight phase and the angle between water horizontal line and body
longitudinal line.
Table 3. Results of angular characteristics of the key elements of
start technique in swimming (n=12)
Statistical
indicators LP, degrees MP, degrees CP, degrees
Gb-Cs Cs-Tr Cs-Tr Tr- B horiz. -foot
Mean 127 62 125 143.92 36.92
S.E.M. 4.28 7.41 5.44 4.74 2.28
S.D. 14.84 25.67 18.84 16.42 7.89
Cv% 11.68 41.41 15.07 11.41 21.37
Note: table 1; LP – launching posture (start position) – angle between shank and hip (Gb -Cs) and
between hip and torso (Cs -Tr), MP – multiplication of body posture – angle between hip and torso,
CP – concluding posture (entering the water) – angle between the water horizontal line (horiz.) and
the longitudinal line of the body

Figure 3 shows th e spatial characteristics of body segments in the
subject stud4 (results archives), regarding the trajectories of the foot, GCG,

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113 shoulder and palm of each key element within the phasic structure of this
one.
-1-0.500.511.5
LP MP CPmFoot GCG Shoulder Palm

Fig. 3. Trajectories of body segments in standing start (example – stud4 )
Figure 4 shows the results of the angular velocity of body segments
during the execution of the standing start by the subject stud4 , regarding the
values of the relation between the translation movement with rotation
around GCG and foot, shoulder and palm.
-15-10-50510
LP MP CPrad/s
Key elementsFoot Shoulder Palm

Fig. 4. Angular velocity of body segments while executing the standing start
(example – stud4 )
Figure 5 presents the results of displacement force of GCG in the
execution of t he standing start by the subject stud4 , regarding the horizontal
force (Fx), vertical force (Fy) and the resultant of force (F) during the phasic
structure of this one.

Learning the Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA, Vladimir POTOP

114
-1,00E+04-8,00E+03-6,00E+03-4,00E+03-2,00E+030,00E+002,00E+034,00E+036,00E+038,00E+031,00E+04
LP MP CPNFx Fy F
Fig. 5. Force of GCG displacement in the execution of the standing start
(example – stud4 )
Table 4 shows the results of the correlation between the angular
characteristics of the key elements of start technique in swimming, the level
of physical training and the performances achieved in the lesson of
verificatio n.
Table 4. Results of the correlation between the angular characteristics of the key
elements of start technique in swimming, the level of physical training and the
performances achieved in the verification lesson
r – Pearson LP, degrees MP, degrees CP, degrees
Gb-Cs Cs-Tr Cs-Tr Tr- B horiz. -foot
Abd.F -.107 .294 -.292 -.366 *-.637
Br. F .101 .296 -.246 -.312 **-.742
Pic F. .262 -.101 -.017 .484 -.448
Perf. .398 .055 **.734 -.497 .266
Notes: tables 1 and 3, r – Pearson’s parametric linear correlatio n test, * – p<0.05, ** – p<0.01
4. Discussions
After the analysis of the specialized literature we noticed the
following particularities of the swimming start: more efficient technique of
start execution ( (Parfenov, Pasichnichenko, Ivanchenko, & Parfenova,
1990) ), increase of initial ve locity and flight (Nyvandi, 1963) , different
variants of positions used in the initial posture (Polevoj & Ruvinskij,
1972) ,(Schramm, 1987) , improvement of the start 2 or 3 months ahead the
official competitions (Bazhanov & Melkonov, 1979) use of arms circular
swing by the swimmers with good spring while the swimmers with poor

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115 spring grasp the e dge of the starting block with their hands (N. Z. Bulgakova
et al., 2001) ; (N. Z Bulgakova, Salomatin, & Zhuravik, 1996) mechanics of
the start (Bazhanov & Melkonov, 1979) , initial posture of the swimmer on
the starting block during the execution of the different variants of start with
edge grasping and the traditional variant and the execution phases of the
start from the starting b lock (N. Z Bulgakova et al., 1996) , execution of the
“tucked” start (Men'shutkina, Silant'eva, & Mosunov , 1989) , (Men'shutkina
& Kozlov, 1 987), variants of the start with legs bending in coxo -femoral
joint and in tucked position (Schramm, 1987) , quality of the jump – spring
(Parfenov et al., 1990) , integrity of the physical skills and coordinative
capacities (Nazarenko, 2000) , insufficient knowledge of the start used in
light athletics (Rahmanova, 1987) , (N. N. Chaplinskij, 1981; N. N.
Chaplinskij, 1981) , trajectory of the flight and particu larities of water load
after the start (N. Z. Bulgakova et al., 2001) , importance of the start in the
relay phas e of the swimming relay race (Vajcovskij, 1981) and review –
during the warm -up phase – of partner’s spatial orientation at arrival
(Mosunov, 1981) .
The analysis of the test events results of the subjects under study
highlight the level of the their physical training (mean; ±S.E.M.), concerning
the abdominal strength with a value of 25.75; ±0.96 number of reps in 30
sec, arms strength – 22.08; ±1.14 number of reps in 30 sec, legs str ength –
23.75; ±0.73 number of reps in 30 sec and performance achieved in freestyle
– 42.80; ±1.96 sec, with a moderate homogeneity in all cases (table 1).
The results of the anthropometric and biomechanical indicators
required by the analysis of standing start technique(mean; ±S.E.M.) point
out the data of the height anthropometric measurements with a value of
1.78; ±0.02 m and the weight anthropometric measurements – with 69.50;
±2.35 kg; inertia of rotation (IR, kg•m2) specific to the movement of
trans lation with rotation around GCG – 27.68; ±1.37 kg•m2 and a poor
homogeneity (17.15%); radius of body segments movement (RM, m) foot –
0.82; ±0.03 m, shoulder – 0.511; ±0.01 m, palm – 0.716; ±0.03 m, in the
other cases the homogeneity is moderate (table 2) .
The analysis of the angular characteristics of the key elements of
standing start execution (mean; ±S.E.M.) highlights the following elements:
in the preparatory phase, launching posture (start) – LP the angle between
shank and hip is equal to 127; ±4.28 degrees and the angle between hip and
torso – 62; ±7.41 degrees; in the basic phase regarding the multiplication of
posture (MP) the angle between hip and torso – 125; ±5.44 degrees and the
angle between torso and arm – 143.92; ±4.74 degrees; in final p hase –
concluding posture (CP) for diving into water – 36.92; ±2.28 degrees, with

Learning the Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA, Vladimir POTOP

116 moderate homogeneity excepting the angle between hip and torso in LP
(41.41%) and CP (21.37%) – a poor even inexistent homogeneity, which
confirms that the subjects are maste ring different starting postures (variants)
with different angles of diving into water as result of the erroneous
execution of the previous stages (table 3).
The analysis of the spatial characteristics of the standing start
execution shows the GCG trajec tory (mean; ±S.E.M.) and exemplifies the
individual values of the subject stud4 (fig.3) as follows: in LP launching
posture, Xm has a mean of 0.159; ±0.14 m and Ym – 0.753; ±0.06 m; in MP
– flight phase, Xm – 0.958; ±0.09 m and Ym – 0.554; ±0.06 m ( flight length
and height); in CP – concluding posture – entering the water, Xm – 1.509;
±0.08 m and Ym – 0.07; ±0.65 m. All values are related to the origin of the
starting block according to the subjects’ heels in launching posture.
The analysis of the kinema tic characteristics of the standing start in
terms of angular velocity of body segments related to GCG (mean; ±S.E.M.)
and the exemplification of the individual values of the subject stud4 (fig.4)
highlight that the foot in LP has values of – 1.717; ±0.28 rad/s, in MP – (-
11.887); ±0.93 rad/s and in CP – (-13.375); ±1.37 rad/s; the shoulder in LP
– (5.164); ±1.21 rad/s, in MP – (-1.629); ±0.71 rad/s and in CP – (-1.084);
±0.52 rad/s; the arm (palm) – (-1.865); ±0.73 rad/s, in MP – 0.253; ±0.52
and in CP – 2.69; ±0.58 rad/s.
The analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the standing start as
for the resultant of the displacement force of GCG (mean; ±S.E.M.) and the
exemplification of the individual values of the subject stud4 (fig.5) highlight
in LP the valu es of – 1998.58; ±289.6 N, in MP – 6327.5; ±500.9 N and in
CP – 5123.3; ±676.14 N.
The correlative analysis was made by means of Pearson’s parametric
linear correlation coefficient which highlights strong connections at p<0.01
between the development of a rms force and the angle of entering the water
in the concluding posture (CP), r= -.742 and between performance (sec) and
the hip -torso angle in the flight phase – the body posture multiplication (MP)
at the maximum height of GCG, r=.734; strong connections a t p<0.05
between the level of abdominal force and the angle of entering the water in
the concluding posture (CP), r= -.637 while the connections between the
other indicators are weak which warns us that improvements are needed
both at the level of physical training and at the level of learning the key
elements of the start technique in swimming.
The biomechanical analysis of the start executed by the studied
subjects, using the video computerized method, in conformity with the
results of the linear correla tive analysis, allowed to create a modern learning

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117 program meant to improve the launching posture (LP), to correct the body
posture (MP) during flight phase and to optimize the angle of body posture
(CP) at the moment of entering the water.
The effectiven ess of using the computerized video technique for
learning how to make the start in swimming races in the case of the students
under study consists in developing an algorithmic program that takes into
account the results of the biomechanical characteristic s of sports technique
key elements and the level of physical training. The comparative analysis will
be carried out based on the evaluation performed in the final tests by the
end of the 2nd semester, in June 2018. The results will be published in
another study.
5. Conclusions
The results of this paper prove that the students -subjects of the
research developed their muscle strength of arms, abdomen and legs.
The video computerized method used in this research identifies and
highlights the kinematic and dyna mic characteristics of sports technique key
elements of the swimming start, in terms of launching posture,
multiplication of body posture (flying through the air) and concluding body
posture (entering the water).
The application of the computerized video m ethod in learning the
swim start by the higher education students in accordance with their physical
training level showed the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of sports
technique key elements required for a more effective development of the
modern did actical programs of learning and improving the movement in
aquatic environment in the chosen swimming styles . Thus the hypothesis
proposed for this paper was confirmed.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the second -year – series no. 2 students of the
academic year 2017 -2018, of the Faculty of General Medicine, in the 9th
Department – Medical Recovery, discipline of Physical Education and Sport,
from “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest, for
their agreement to participate in the study conducted.
We specify that this paper is part of a wider research on the learning
of swimming by the students of other faculties than the physical education
ones. Other papers included in this project: “Swimming Lesson in Physical
Education and Spor t Discipline for First -Year Students in the Higher
Education of other Profiles” – published previously and „Learning of

Learning the Swimming Start by Students in Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena – Diana SIMA, Vladimir POTOP

118 Breaststroke Swimming Style at Physical Education and Sport Subject in the
Higher Education of other Profiles” – in course of publicati on.
I hereby declare under my own responsibility that the subjects
participating in the research have been informed of the voluntary nature of
participation in the research, of the understanding of the information
received and of the understanding that wi thdrawal can be done at any time,
without any negative consequences on the participant.
The research respected the ethical standards of the research, the
participants / the next of kin of the participants gave their consent to take
part in the research.
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