Studii Asupra Situatiei Postconflict

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Abstract

The title of this paper is ”Post-conflict Situation Studies”.

The structure of this paper is:

Introduction

Exposure and actual analysis of the chosen subject.

Methodology of research

Conclusions

Bibliography

The research objectives are:

We will try to see if:

„In post-conflict situations we don't just need Doctors Without Borders, we need Bricklayers Without Borders, to rebuild the skill set”.

„Governments in post-conflict situation often respond by puffing up the civil service”.

The underlying hypothesis of research is:

The more foreign governments come to the aid of a country in a post-conflict situation, the economic recovery of the country will take place in a short time.

The research question is: In post-conflict situations, is it possible to take all necessary steps to stabilize the situation during the transition in order to facilitate the return to a situation of non-violence, stability and democracy?

Introduction

Current conflicts and post-conflict situations are increasingly complex. Their management requires the creation of integrated missions with a military dimension and civilian dimension, or civilian and military missions operating in the same theater of operations at the same time.

The structural weaknesses of failed states and their ability to undermine international order has led state society to conceive a series of actions to put an end to these processes and to re-establish state institutions where they were eroded or eliminated by conflicts. The efforts of the international society to restore statehood after the end of the conflicts, but also the need to support the reconstruction of the state's infrastructure in the conflict zones (whether or not in the rest of the territory, whether or not prior to the moment of the conflict, Statehood and institutions prior to the conflict) determined the genesis of new practices and a new field: post-conflict reconstruction.

Although the origin of this field is related to recent historical situations, its underlying ideas and principles are rooted in early concepts and beliefs. Post-conflict reconstruction is a complex and multi-dimensional area, or as expressed by former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "a multifaceted approach covering diplomatic, political and economic factors." A state reconstruction project involves many social spheres that are often in a relationship of interdependence.

Exposure and actual analysis of the chosen subject

Unfortunately, the history of mankind is eminently confrontational. Concepts such as "conflict" and "crisis" are among the most used in the world of international relations. It is believed that conflicts have been the engine of history. Thus, obviously, it means that proto-concepts of post-conflict reconstruction should have existed from immeasurable times. Relevant, however, are the attempts that have led to the formation of schools of thought, respectively of state policies in this field.

Moreover, as we will continue to argue, "theorists" and "practitioners" think and propose solutions to the problems of reconstruction, unfortunately independent and with the margin of mutual influence quite limited compared to the existing potential and necessities.

Nowadays, both civilian and military, whether current or exceptional, the conflict concept, post-conflict reconstruction / rehabilitation is widely used. Almost every "speaker" has a definition, an own approach to the concept and the reconstruction process.

Along with traditional approaches, we are currently witnessing, especially in the Anglo Saxon world, a rethinking of the reconstruction process, not only conceptually but also from the perspective of practical approaches. Thus, at the level of the NATO community, the concept of "Effect Based Operations" and the newer Effect Based Approach to Operations was in vogue.

Not only peacekeeping or peace-making operations are viewed from this perspective but soon the new philosophy will be expanded to post-conflict reconstruction. We are the contemporaries of the emergence of a new system of thinking about war and military operations, respectively military-civilian, a system generated by the profound technological, informational and communicative developments that have taken place in human society over the last decades.

Crises and armed conflicts that occurred in the post-war era testify to all these developments. The conflicts in the former Yugoslav space, followed by those in Iraq and Afghanistan, have provided the ground for the materialization and experimentation of new concepts, of course each with its own peculiarities.

Certainly, crises and current armed conflicts differ from those in earlier periods not only through the high-performance military technology used, the asymmetric character of the confrontations, but also the attempts to demilitarize the processes and post-conflict operations.

As proposed in the philosophy of action-based operations, civilian component is important and should be involved in the very planning phase of a military operation. The military component has lost the monopoly over these operations, and civilian analysts are sometimes those who make a significant difference compared to the slower pace of change in the practical component (multinational organizations).

Conflict is the confrontation between various social groups, societies, states in the tendency to achieve contradictory interests.

Conflict is defined as a situation where the coexistence of beings with incompatible or mutually exclusive purposes and guidance is inevitable. This instrumental notion of the conflict involves the strategy.

The object of the conflict can be any element of the material world and social reality. In order to become the object of the conflict, this element must be at the intersection of the interests of different social subjects, ie individuals, professional groups, national, age groups or any other groups, associations, associations, including nations, states and interstate unions.

Sociologist L. Coser determines the conflict as "a struggle for values ​​and the right to hold the status, power and resources, in which the aim of the rivals is to neutralize, cause prejudice or liquidate the opponent."

American researcher A. Rapoport argues that "the creation of a general theory of conflict is unlikely because the very notion of" conflict "reflects the existence of completely different manifestations that are subject to different principles."

Conflict originates essentially from the nature of political relations as relationships of power, which presuppose the supremacy of some and the subordination of others, which generates clashes and confrontations. We can not exclude confrontation, conflict and struggle from history, as we can not undo supremacy and subordination in human relations.

The conflict, generated by the clash of such interests, does not always turn into armed conflict. It can be quite peaceful, it can combine collaboration on other issues.

Political conflicts are generated not only by the conflicting parties' interests in gaining, consolidating or changing power, but also by the clash of any interests that affect political relations. At the same time, political conflicts do not exclude collaboration between conflicting parties.

International political conflicts are also part of international relations, as international relations are part of human history.

Without clearly defining international conflict and inter-state conflict, K. Wright broadly determines the meaning of the international conflict as "relations between states that can exist at all levels and in different proportions." In this respect, the scholar distinguishes four stages of the conflict:

1) awareness of incompatibility;

2) increasing the level of tension;

3) pressure without the use of armed force;

4) the war. The international conflict in the narrow sense refers to situations in which "countries take action against each other."

Speaking of the categorical apparatus of conflict, it is necessary to mention the state of battle, the clash of interests and the goals of the participants, the international interactions. Conflict has always been the natural state and in flies the inevitable condition in the development of the system in international relations.

The conflict and its manifestations (the structure and types of conflictual behavior of the participants) is analyzed by all sciences that investigate man, social groups, society, the problem is to highlight the specificity of the international conflict, to show the segments of this phenomenon and to show how within this conflict is the complex interaction of the various factors that form the common vector in the development of the international system.

The conflict must be seen as a socio-political phenomenon and as a process, respectively. In both cases, conflicts have special functions and regulate the relationships between the participants. Conflict can also be seen as a way to move from a form of political reality to the condition of transformation of the relationship system.

The diversity of notions of conflict has given rise to various approaches to research. One of these, most traditional paradigms, attempts to detach the essence of the "human nature" conflict, of its own love and innate aggression, characteristic of this human nature. This approach is distinguished by an increased interest in the analysis of the emotional, psycho-physiological state of the participants in the conflict, the desire to explain their actions through natural motions: fear, hatred, exalted state of spirit.

Such visions of the nature and causes of conflicts, contemporary scholars find, for example, in Tucidid's "History" written in the 5th century before Christ. The adepts of this vision explain the sustainability and legitimacy of beliefs through "the steadiness of human nature over the millennia."

US Senator GU Fullbright, who influenced the United States' foreign policy over a long period of time, emerged from the fact that "the causes and consequences of war are more of a pathological than a political one: they are directly linked to the uncontrollable feeling of self-esteem, rather than the tremendous calculation of benefits and gains. " According to him, "reconciliation between the East and the West is primarily a psychological problem in developing collaborative relationships and cultivating a sense of partnership in achieving practical goals."

Another approach to the causes of social conflicts is based on the traditions of dialectics, resulting from the need to "identify contradictions in the essence of phenomena" and to examine these contradictions as a catalyst for movements and changes in society. Most scholars who follow this approach, following Karl Marx, believe that universal social contradiction is the contradiction between productive forces and production relationships.

On the basis of these contradictions, in their opinion, the rest of the contradictions developed, materialized in the class struggle between the dominant class and the oppressed class.

In short, the logic of applying the class approach can be presented as follows: the goods, the resources and the values ​​in society are distributed unevenly, so the conflict between the dominant class and the oppressed class is more pronounced; as the oppressed classes are aware of the real situation, the more they understand social injustice in the distribution and use of social patrimony; the more socially injustice is aware, the more inevitable is the political organization of the oppressed classes and the polarization of society; the more polarizing the society, the greater the possibility of using violence in the conflicts between them.

As a conclusion, in post-conflict situations, the Parties shall take all suitable action to stabilise the situation during the transition in order to facilitate the return to a non-violent, stable and democratic situation.

Methodology of research

To accomplish this research, we have developed several questions; I tried to answer these questions using the information obtained from the study of the specialized literature.

The set questions are:

– In post-conflict situations we don't just need Doctors Without Borders, we need Bricklayers Without Borders, to rebuild the skill set?

– Governments in post-conflict situation often respond by puffing up the civil service?

– When a country is in a post-conflict situation, if other governments come to rebuild the country concerned, will the situation of that country be quickly remedied?

My personal response to these questions was a positive one, that is, yes.

I think the post-conflict situation is often overwhelming. A state in a post-conflict situation must be helped by allied states to easily recover their economic situation.

Conclusion

At present, there are several concepts that make up a family of terms associated with the conflict: armed conflict, violent or deadly conflict, contemporary conflict, refractory, insoluble conflict, deep-rooted conflict, and protracted conflict ").

Armed conflict is the conflict in which both sides use force.

The violent conflict or deadly conflict is similar to armed, but it also includes

unilateral violence. Violence can be physical (genocide against unarmed civilians), or structural (the result of unnecessary relationships).

The contemporary conflict brings together political and violent post-Cold War conflicts: this is the generic meaning. There is also the syntagma of contemporary armed conflicts, which only signify conflicts involving force.

The refractory or insoluble conflict. It is a conflict that resists attempts to resolve it because it is not centered on interests that are relatively easy to satisfy but on basic human needs, values, identity. The insoluble conflict can be managed in the direction of attenuation to be easier to support. "Second Track Diplomacy" is the most effective form of management of this type of conflict.

Prolonged conflict is a lasting conflict, alternating the periods of maximum intensity (war), with the relative lull.

There are practical methods and processes that can be used in our approach from theory to practice. These processes are what is known as double diplomacy. Double diplomacy can be used successfully in post-conflict situations. Double diplomacy is an informal, informal interaction between members of opposing groups or nations, which aims at developing strategies, influencing public opinion and organizing human and material resources in ways that can help resolve the conflict. It should be understood that double diplomacy is in no way a substitute for official, formal "formal" relations, from government to government or from leader (leader) to leader. One of the key phenomena the double diplomacy has developed to deal with it is the Prolonged Social Conflict (CSP). Prolonged social conflict is a type of conflict that is not based on material interests, but on needs, in particular identities needs of ethno-national or communal groups.

Double diplomacy is a three-phase process that enables group representatives to turn to resolve the intergroup conflict in a non-threatening, non-coercive and nonconflict environment. As mentioned, it is not designed to replace official diplomacy, but it can often pave the way for formal negotiations by initiating a change of attitude of public opinion and decision-makers. There are three phases or processes.

Bibliography

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