Stoichita Edit@yahoo.com 767 Drumul Ceramicii Disertatie 2017 Nou 1 Text

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81,9(56,7$7($7(+1,&’,1&/8- – NAPOCA CENTRUL UNIVERSITAR NORD DIN BAIA MARE FACULTATEA DE LITERE MASTERAT: ETNOTURISM Drumul ceramicii pe trei continente Coordonator: Conf. univ. dr. 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Bucata de lut era aH]DW SH URDWD GH RODU XQGH Fmâinilor L D XQHOWHORU VSHFLDOH RODUXO GGHD IRUP obiectului. ˛n timpul lucrului, RODUXOvœLvQPXLDPHUHXPkLQLOHvQDSSHQWUXFDGHJWRWRGDWSHQWUXDœOHIXLVXSUDID DYDVXOXL0H WHUXOIRORVHDSLHSWHQHOH – XQHDOWFX IRUP WULXQJKLXODU FX FRO  XULOH URWXQMLWH FRQIH c LRQDW GLQ OHPQ GH SU VDX – XQHODWFXFDUHGGHDIRUPYDVXOXL ’HFRUDUHDYDVHORUQHVPO  XLWHVHIFHDvQFGHSHURDWDGHRunei pensule sau cu un col DOSLHSWHQHOXLSHFkQGYDVHOHVPO XL prima ardere, cu ajutoUXOFRUQXOXLVDXSHQVXOHL&RUQXOHVWHX vQ FDSWXO DVFX  LW SULQV R SDQ GH JkVF &RUQXO HVWH XPSOX SUDFWLFIRORVLWFDRSDQGHVFULV8QIHQRPHQDUKDLîn tehnica lustruirii cu SLDWUD2UQDPHQWDUHDvQDFHDVWWHKQLF XœRUMLODYHvQDLQWHGHDUGHUHFXRSLDWUGHUkX Pentru a lua vasele de pe roata de olar meWHUXOIRORVHDRVIRDUVDXFXDMXWRUXOFURUDD H]DYDVHOHODXVFDWSHSROL HDIODWHvQDW ier. ˜8VFDUHD DUH PDL PXOWH ID]H  FHD GLQWkL ]EkUFLUDWHOLHUXO RODUXOXL GXS FH YDVXO D IRVW OXDW GH L WUHFXW SH R SROLFLRD Umezeala L WHPSHUDWXUH GLQ DWHOLHU DVLJXU R XVFDUH suprafa «’XSFkWHYDRUHYDVHOHV unt aH]DWHSHDOWHSROLFLRDUHODDG LGHVRDUHDVWIHOFDHYDSRUDUHDDSHLGLQSDVWDYD-un ritm lent”. 6 ’XSXVFDUHRELHFWHOHHUDXDUVHvQFXSWRDUHVS LHGHFXSWRUXO folosit la ardere, obiectele ceramice puteau avea culoarea roLH VDX QHDJU ’H DVHPHQHDRELHFWHOHFHUDPLFHSXWHDXILQHVPO  XLWH – DGLFDUVHRVLQJXUGDW 5 %DUEX6OWLQHDQX3DXO +6WDKO3DXO3HWUHVFX $UWD3RSXODUGLQ5HSXEOLFD3RSXODU Ceramica, EGLWXUDSHQWUX/LWHUDWXU L$UW%XFXUHWL S 6 Idem, pp. 43-44. 8 VPO  XLWH – DGLF DUVH GH GRX RUL 3HQWUX D RE  LQH XQ RELHFW VPO XLW DFHV EJDWVDXVH WRDUQSHVWHHOXQDPHVWHFGHR[LGGHSOXPE – GXSSULPDDUGHUH/DFHD de-a doua ardere, smal XO RE LQXW GLQ R[LGXO GH SOXPE VH YLW 7, devenind transparent L OXFLRV 6PDO XO SXWHD IL  LQFRORU VDX FRORU– verde, albastru, brun, negru, roXHWF DiQ FHUFHWULOH UHDOL]DWH GH VSHFLDOL WL D UH]XOWDW IDSWXO F FXSW nordul  ULLHUDXPDLVLPSOH$YHDXRIRUPGHWUXQFKLG DYkQGYDWUDGLUHFWSHSPkQWÌQWUHFXWSHQWUXDV folosea o roaWPDUHGHFDU$FHDVWDHUDD H]DWSHSPkQWLDUvQWUHVSL Hscânduri. ˛n jurul ro  LL vQH[WHULRU VHIFHDXQJDUGGHQXLHOH gard LVFkQGXULHUDXPSOXWFXSPkQWEWWRULWÌQFHSkQ -au realizaWGLQFKLUSLFLVDXGLQFUPLGDUV/DED]DFXSWR XQD SHQWUX vQFUFDUHD FX PDWHULDO OHPQRV L XQD XQGH VH IFHD IRFXO ÌQ LQIHULRDU D FXSWRUXOXL GH MXU vPSUHMXU VH VSDX DQ XUL FDUH traversau baza cXSWRUXOXLXQLQGFHOHGRXJXUL LvQDFHODLWLPSSHUPL kQGFDOGVFLUFXOHSULQFXSWRU 8 $UDQMDUHD YDVHORU vQ FXSWRU HUD XQ SURFHV LPSR H]DWH FRUHFWDFHVWHDULVFDXVVHVSDUJVDXVVHGHIRUPH din FXSWRUWUHEXLDVFLUFXOHFkWPDLXQLIRUPvQWUHYDV PDULDFHVWHDHUDXSXVHFXVSDWHOHFWUHIRFSHQWUX -a lungul ORU/DSULPDDUGHUHVWUFKLQLOH LIDUIXULLOHHUDXSXVHGHUHJXOvQWLFDO una cu fa DDOWDFXVSDWHOHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHFOGXULL 9 La cea de-a doua DUGHUH GDF YDVHOH QX HUDX D H]DWH FRUHFW ULVFDX V VH OLSHDVF smal XOXL Procesul de ardere presupunea trei etape care trebuiau respectate cu stricte H ˛ntr-RSULPID]WHPSHUDWXUDWUHEXLDVDLE -150 de grade pentru ca apa din lut VILHHOLPLQDW$GRXDID]SUHVXSXQHDFDWHPSHUDWSHQWUXHOLPLQDUHDDSHLFRORLGDOH LDU ODDWUHLD I Vfie între 7 VITRIFIC` , vitrific, vb. 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Pentru o tempeUDWXUPDLVF]XWVHIRORVHDX  H de lemn slab (salcie sau plop) iar pentru ridicarea temperaturii se folosea lemn de EUDG FDUHGGHDUHSHGHRWHPSHUDWXUPDUH VDXGH FDUHGGHDGHDVHPHQHDRWHPSHUDWXUPDUH 2ODUL i WLDXGXSFXORDUHDIOFU VDX GXS FOGXUD SH FDUH R HOLPLQDX SHUH  LL FXSWRUXOXL FDUH HUD WHPSH cuptor. )RUPHGHFHUDPLFSRSXODU ÌQFHUDPLFDURPkQHDVFIRUPHOHGHFHUDPLFHUDXdin sec I î.H, forme noi DSUkQGvQ QXPUIRDUWHPDUHvQVHF; -XII precum LvQ secolele XIX-XX.11 )RUPD HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD GHWHUPLQDQW v WH destina LD YDVXOXL 9DVHOH GHVWLQDWH JWLWXOXL VDX S bombate (pentru a putea înmagazina o cantitate mai mare) LDYHDXJXUDPDLvQJXVW Vasele pentru mâncat aveau forme întinse – blidele L IDUIXULLOH FHOH SHQWUX DYHDXRIRUPvQDOWFXFRUSXOERPEDWFXJXUDvQJXVW LFXXQ k  – un orificiu din care se putea bea. Potrivit lui %DUEX 6OWLQHDQX SXWHP YRUEL GH WUHL PDU forme întinse, forme de capacitate LIRUPHQHUHJXODWH Formele întinse: – 6WUFKLQLOH DX IRVW SRDWH FHOH PDL IRORVLWH YDVH  UDQLL URPkQL $FHVWHD DYHDXPULPLGLIHULWH – Farfuriile DXPULPLGLHIHULWHÌQ0DUDPXUH VXQWIRDUWHPDULLvQWLQVH Bihor sau la Hurez sunt mici LPDLDGkQFL0DUJLQLOHORUVXQWXQH IRDUWH ODWH XQHOH DX EX]D H[WHUQ SX  LQ vQGRLW vQ DIDU LDU DOWHOH vQXQWUX 10 Ibidem, pag. 50. 11 7DQFUHG %Q  HDQX Prolegomene la o teorie a esteticii artei populare , Editura Minerva, BucureWL S 10 – Crati ele au fundul plat, pere LL ODWHUDOL GUHS L L GRX PLFL WRDVPO  XLWHQXPDLSHGLQXQWUX – &LXUXOVWUHFXUWRDUHDDUHGLIHULWHIRUPHGDUGHR  URWXQG FXIXQGXOJXULW Formele de capacitate: – CeaFD HVWH X n vas cu pere LL GUHS L VDX SX LQ XPIOD L FWUH PLM UVIUkQW(VWHPHUHXSUHY]XWFXRWRDUWÌQ0DUDPXHVWHQXPLWL˜OVFL · – &DQDFXRWRDUWHVWHRIRUPPDLUVSkQGLWvQ7UDQ L0ROGRYD&HOHGLQ Transilvania, numite i cancee, sunt mai lunguie HDXRJkWXLUHPDL DOXQJLW UHSUH]LQW R WUHLPH GLQ vQO  LPHD ORU (OH VXQW DGHVHD IRORVLWH FDVHORUILLQGDJ  DWHvQFXLHUHVDXGH -DOXQJXOJULQ]LORUGLQFDV – *DUDID HVWH R FDQ GH GLPHQVLXQL PDL PDUL în care se  LQHD YLQXO $UH R IRUPGUHDSWSX  LQWURQFRQLFFXED]DPDUHMRVLFXXQFLRFGH de asemenea cu capac. – 2DOHOHFXRWRDUWVDXGRXVXQWIRORVLWHSHQWUX – au schimbat aproape deloc de-DOXQJXOYUHPLL)RUPDORUHVWHDVWIH suprafa DIXQGXOXLHVWHDSURDSHPHUHXHJDOFXGHVFKLGH – 9DVXOGHSXUWDWPkQFDUHDVHDPQFXRRDOSUHY]XW pentru a fi mai uRUGHWUDQVSRUWDW9DVXOHVWH foarte des utilizat în Transilvania dar apare LvQUHVWXO ULL – Butelca are forma unei damigene cu un gât foarte strâmt LVHIRORVHDODWUDQVSR gazului. Formele neregulate: -&UL  HOHVXQWIRUPHIRORVLWHQXPDLSHQWUXGHVSU LUHODDUVFDV QXVHDWLQJ – MaLQLOHGHFOFDWVHvQWkOQHVF QXPDLvQ7UDQVLOYD XQJXUL 6H vQFLQJ WRW FX FUEXQL OD IHO FD PD LQLOH GH ILHU L VXQW VPO X GLQDIDU – 2FDULQHOH VXQW LQVWUXPHQWH PX]LFDOH VPO  XLWH  FX JXUL L R SDUWH SURHPLQHQW pentru suflat. – )OXLHUHOHLPLWIRUPDFHORUGHOHPQ LVXQWVPO XLWH 11 – )LJXULQHOHLPLWRDPHQLLVDXDQLPDOHOH LVXQWFHOHPDLLQWHUHVDQWHIOXFUHD]RODULL 12. 2.3.1 ˛mpodobirea obiectelor cermice Dintotdeauna oamenii L-DXvPSRGRELWFDVDRELHFWHOHKDLQHO ornamente, create de aceWLDURGDOIDQWH]LHLvQGHPkQULLDOGU nevoii de comunicare13. ˛n toate centrele ceramice din  DU YDVHOH FUHDWH DX puternic caracter arWLVWLFPRWLYHOHGHFRUDWLYHFDUHvPSRGRE GLQDFHVWHDDGHYUDWHRSHUHGHDUW 9DVHOHGHOXWQXVXQWVLPSOHSLHVHFHUDPLFH(OH L JXUSU  LFDUHDXUHSDUWL]DWHDQXPLWHPRWLYHRUQDPHQ ERJDW L VWXIRDVJDPGHHOHPHQWHRUQDPHQWDOHvQDUWDSRSX vom aminti doar câteva: 1. Motivele geometrice: – Linia – HVWHHOHPHQWXOGHED]DORULFUHLILJXULJHR – /LQLD GUHDS YHUWLFDO – VH DVRFLD] UD]HL VRDUHOXL VLP EROL]HD] SULQFLSLXO DFWLYPDVFXOLQGLQHOGHULYkQGDOWHVLPEROXUL – /LQLDGUHDSWRUL]RQWDO – poate reprezenta suprafa DXQHLDSHOLQLWLWHHV simbol feminin pasiv. – Valul – VLPEROL]HD]SULQFLSLXOSDVLYDWLWXGLQHDF HOXLFDUHVHODVGXVVH în voia valurilor. – &DOHDUWFLW – OLQLHVLQXRDVXPSOXWFXSXQFWH – Cercul – poate simboliza perfec LXQHD VDX YHQLFLD &D OD PDM SRSRDUHORUOXPLLFHUFXODUHRSXWHUHPDJLFGHD – Spirala – este un motiv deschis LRSWLPLVWIRORVLWGHRODULLGLQ XQVLPERODOIHUWLOLW  LL$O7]LJDUD -SamurcaDILUPDF ˜6SLUDOHOHQHROrepetate pe vasele olarului nostru, de la  DUFRQVWLWXLHDUJXPHQWHSD deci irecuzabile ale neîntreruperii vie XLULL DDFHORUDL QHDPXUL SH 12 %DUEX 6OWLQHDQX 3DXO + 6WDKO 3DXO 3HWUHVFX $UWD 3RSXODU GLQ 5HSXEOLFD 3RSX 5RPkQ &HUDPLFD(GLWXUDSHQWUX/LWHUDWXU .L$UW , BucureWL SS 62-66. 13 7DQFUHG %Q  HDQX Prolegomene la o teorie a esteticii artei populare , Editura Minerva, BucureWL S 12 îmbelXJDWHGLQJUDQL HOH5RPkQLHLGHD]L ” 14. 6SLUDODHVWHDVRFLDWXQH œDUSHOHGHYLQHRDQH[DœDUSHOXL 2. Motivele astrale: – Soarele – HVWH ILJXUD FHQWUDO SH XQ YDV vQ MXUXO celelalte motive. El poate fi redat LVXEIRUPDXQXLFKLSXPDQGDUmai multe ori el apare sub forma unui simplu disc sau sub forma unei pete de culoare. – Steaua – VLPEROL]HD]RFKLLFHUXOXLILLLVRDUHOXL LDLOXQLL0RWLYHOHVWsunt folosite pe întreg teritoriul  ULLPDLUDUvQ0ROGRYDFHQWUDO ’DYLGIRUPDWGLQGRXWULXQJKLXULLQYHUVDWHV SPkQWXO D SULQFLSLLORU DFWLYH FX FHOH SDVLYH  XUL VLPEROL]HD] XQLUHD SULQFLSLXOXL IHPLQLQ FX FH l masculin, totalitatea, perfec LXQHD6WHDXDFXDSWHFRO XULVLPEROL]HD]DU 3. Motivele vegetale: – Arborele vie LL – HVWHXQVLPERODOUHJHQHUULLQDWXULL LDOUHvQQRLULLWLPSXO – Motivele florale – VXQWDVWIHOGLVSXVHvQFkW V QXDLEXi un jos, ele fiind dispuse pe vase în mod circular sau chiar stelar. Florile sunt atât de VWLOL]DWH vQFkW IRDUWH JUHX OH SRDWH IL UHFX  LDO ILLQG SUHIHUDWHIORULOHFXRVWUXFWXUFkWPDLVLPSO al perfec LXQLLVSLULWXDOHDOLGHDOXOXL)ORDUHDSRD solar LvQDFHVWFD]DSDUHFDPRWLYRUQDPHQWDOVXE 4. Motivele zoomorfe: – Motivele zoomorfe – sunt în general rar folosite dar când apar ele sunt foarte stilizate. Formele animale sunt mai bogate la figurine: cerbul, calul, ra D JLQDVDXSRUFXO – Porumbelul – HVWH XQ VLPERO DO SFLL DUPRQLHL L VSHUDQ HL (VWH VLPERO SXULW  LL RPXOXL ÌQ FUHGLQ D SRSXODU SRUXPEHOXO H SOFXWOXL’XPQH]HX . 14 7DQFUHG %Q  HDQX Prolegomene la o teorie a esteticii artei populare , Editura Minerva, BucureWL SDSXG Muzeul Na0LR nal, BucureWL S 13 – CocoXO – HVWH DVRFLDW EUE  LHL FXUDMXOXL vQ OXSW &RFRXO simbolistica creWLQOXPLQDFDUHULVLSHWHvQWXQHULFXODSUWRUvPSRWULYDVSLULWHORUUHOH LDOEROLORU 5. Motivele antropomorfe: – Omul – pe ceramica romkQHDVFDSDUHGHVWXOGHUDU&HOPD UHSUH]HQWDWVXEIRUPGHILJXULQH ˜’HVHQXO GHFRUDWLY OD ROULH VH IDFH GH RELFHL GHJHWXO SHQWUX SXQFWH œL FX SHQVXOD .” 15 2DOHOH DPIRUHOH œL XQHOH XOFL GHFRUDWHvQMXP WDWHDVXSHULRDUVDXvQvQWUHJLPHFXOLQLLFRUQXOXLSHVXSUDID DYDVXOXLDIODWvQPLœFDUH .16 Desenarea se face cu ajutorul cornului – ILHFDUH FXORDUH ILLQG SXV v -un corn diferit pentru a nu se amesteca culorile. Efectul artLVWLFUH]XOWDWWGLQIDolarul desena LFRORUDHIHFWLYRELHFWXO6HIRORVHDRWHKQutilizarea ro LLRODUXOXL YDVXOHUDDH]DWSHURDWDFDUHVvasul în miFDUH)RORVLQGDFHDVWWHKQLF meWHUXOGHVHQDFHUFXULVSLUDO 2UQDPHQWDUHDRELHFWHORUVHIFHDXWLOL]kQGPDLPXOstropitul sau trasul cu gai D $MXVWDUHDHVWHXQSURFHGHXFDUHFRQVWvQJXULi care s-a folRVLWGHVWXOGHUDUvQFHUDPLFDURPkQHDVF3Transilvania dar LvQYHVWXO2OWHQLHL /XVWUXLUHD HVWH R WHKQLF GH RUQDPHQWDUH PD/XVWUXLUHDVH IDFHGHRELFHLFXRSLDWU LFRQVWvQGHVHQDUHDSHSHUH i vasului uscat, dar nears, a unor elemente foarte simple (spirale, linii drepte, brazi). Reliefarea este o decora LH PDLSX LQ IRORVLW GHFkW GHVHQXO vaselor mari. Decorul reliefat este aplicat pe suprafa D H[WHULRDU D YDVHORU folosete motive sub forme de: broaWH UHSWLOHSVULVDXJHRPHWULFH 15 %DUEX6OWLQHDQX – 6WXGLLGHDUWSRSXODU (GLWXUD0LQHUYD%XFXUHœWL S 16 Corina Niculescu, Paul Petrescu, &HUDPLFD WUDGL LRQDO URPkQHDVF , ed. Meridiane, %XFXUHœWL S 14 6PO  XLUHDHVWHXOWLPDRSHUD LHDRUQDPHQWULLL LXQXOHVWHWLF6PO  XLUHDVHIDFHvQGRXIHOXUL SULQvQPXLHUH prin turnarea smal XOXL cu lingura pe suprafa DYDVXOXL 17. 2.4 Cromatica &XORDUHDSRDWHvQVHPQDOXPLQ GXUHUHVSHUDQ   WRQ ORFDO VDXYLV HD H[SUHVLHVDXSRDWHFHDPDL VHQVLELOIRUPDH[SUHVL timpuri oamenii au folosit pentru colorarea obiectelor, a ornamentelor, coloran L QDWXUDOL PLQHUDOLVDXYHJHWDOL SHFDUHvLDYHDXO SUHSDUDWHFHOPDLDGHVFKLDUGHFWUHRODUL%D]DO(alb, roXEUXQFKLDUJDOEHQ – în diferite nuan H GLQWUHFDUHFHDPDLSUH L FHDDOEQHFHVDUSHQWUXDQJRE .” 18 3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHDRELHFWHORUGH FHUDPLF VH IRDœD]LVXOOXWJDOEHQ/XWXODUVvQIRFDGHYHQLWSULœL D IRVW Q XPLW FHUDPLF GLQ JUHFHVFXO .HUDPRV – OXW   /D RUD DFWXDO VX FXQRVFXWHDSUR[LPDWLYGHWLSXULGHDUJLO 3XWHPYRUELGHWUHLPDULJUXSHGHFHUDPLF FHUDP VPO XLWœLFHUDPLFDURœLHQHVPO XLWWRDWHSUH]HQ LHWDWHGHIRUPHœL RUQDPHQWHvQIXQF LHGHWHKQLFLOHGHOXFUXIRORVLW ÌQ IXQF LH GX FXORDUHD DUJLOHORU D WHKQLFLL GH FHUDPLFDVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQPDLPXOWHYDULDQWH continuare, cum VHRE LQSULQFLSDOHOHFXORUL  -URœXOVHRE LQHGLQWU -XQSPkQWERJDWvQR[LGGHILHU QXPLWU VHXVXFVHWRDFPUXQWVHUkœQHœWHœLVHvQPRDLHYkVFRVFDUHVHVWUHFRDUSULQSkQ]VDXV LWœLUH]XOWRVXEVWDQ OXFLRD -QHJUXOVHSURFXUGLQWU -XQSPkQWVSHFLDOJVLWvQHUR]LXQLO GXSSORL -YHUGHOHVHRE LQHGLQ]JXUDSURGXVSULQDUGHUHD =JXUDVHFRMHœWHVHSLVHD]VHPDFLQœLVHDPHV WHFFXKXPD 17 %DUEX6OWLQHDQX3DXO+6 tahl, Paul Petrescu, $UWD3RSXODUGLQ5HSXEOLFD3RSXODU 5RPkQ &HUDPLFD (GLWXUDSHQWUX/LWHUDWXU L$UW%XFXUHWL SS -76. 18 Idem, p. 67. 15 -DOEXOHUDRE LQXWGLQYDUDPHVWHFDWFXSLDWUD -JDOEHQXOHVWHJVLWvQWU -RKXPPDLGHRVHELW PRWLYSHQWUXFD PDLUDU DPHVWHFDWFXUXœHDO /D FHUDPLFD VPO  XLW FXORULOH YDULD] GH OD XQ FHQW ru de olari la altul. Culorile cele mai de folosite, în toate centrele sunt: brun, verde, roXRFUXJDOEHQL DOEXOVLGHILXDODQJREHL&HUDPLFDQHVPO  XLWSVWUHD]LDVW]LFRPELQD – roX-DOE $QXPLWH FXORUL QX VH JVHDX FX X XULQ  L WUHEXLDX FXPSUDWH H[ JDOEHQXO VDXDGXVHGLQVWULQWDWH H[DOEDVWUXO Culorile nu puteau fi amestecate LHUDXvQWRWGHDXQDYLLLQDWXU WRQXULORUVHIFHDSULQVXE  LHUHDVDXvQJURDUHDVWUDWXOXLGHFXO diluarea OXLFXKXPDOEvQDLQWHGHIRORVLUH ˜$WkW FHUDPLFD VPO XLW FkW œL FHD QHVPO XLW H RSHUD LHLGHDQJREDUHDGLFGHDFRSHULUHDYDVXOXL VWLFORDVGHFXORDUDOE VDX UR LH GLQ KXP DPHVWHFDW FX DSVDXGLQ R[L]L metalici pisa L· 19 Vasul DQJREDWFDSWRVXSUDID  QHWHGFRORUDWvQDOESHFDUHVHSRD H[HPSOX RODULL GLQ %LVWUL D SH IRQG GH DQJRE JKLOalbastru, galben sau verde. 2.4.1 Simbolistica culorilor vase lor Albul – VHDVRFLD]YLH  LLGLXUQHOXPLQLLGLYLQLW LLSXUL mor LL FXORDUHDVSHFWUHORUGLQOXPHDGHGLQFRORLfolclorul românesc albul este asociat frumus e LLSXULW LLLJLQJLHL Galbenul – HVWH R FXORDUH VRODU GLYLQ 6H DVRFLD]  LL FODULW LL FOGXULL LQREOH HL(VWHRFXORDUHEUEWHDVFFDUHHYRF grânelor iar la unele popoare este culoarea vestului. RoXO – este culoarea focului, a sângelui, a dr agostei, a vie LLDVDFULILFLXOXL De asemenea, roXO SRDWH VHPQLILFD PRDUWHD U]ERLXO VDX ’DWRULW DVRFLHULL QHJDWLYH FXORDUHDUR LHSRDWHIL IRORVLW FD VHPQDO G avertizare. 19 =LQD øRIUDQVN\ 9DOHQWLQ øRIUDQVN\ &URPDWLFD WUDGL LRQDO URPkQHDVF  7HU PRGDOLW LGH GREkQGLUHœLIXQF LRQDOLWDWHDFRORUDQ LORUQDWXUDOL-danubiano-pontic, (GLWXUD(WQRORJLF%XFXUHœWLS 16 Verdele – este culoarea regnului vegetal L S RDWH VLPEROL]D SULPYDUtinere HDVSHUDQ DQRURFXOORQJHYLWDWHDÌQRSR]L LHF RFXORDUHIHPLQLQ Albastrul – VLPEROL]HD]LQILQLWXOFHUXOSHUIHF  LXQHDOXPHDVSLULWXDOculoarea fericirii, este o culoare femininVXEDVSHFWXOHLWDQGUX 20 2.5. Ceramica în plan spiritual &UHGLQ HSULYLQGRELHFWHOHGHFHUDPLFWUDGL ÌQWUHDJDYLD DRPXOXLDIRVWœLHVWHPDUFDWGH vQ IRUPH PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ PRGLILFDWH &HUDPL arta lutului, este acel PHœWHœXJVWUYHFKLSHFDUHSRWULYLWOHJHQGHORUœL-ar fi furat de la zei, atunci când s -DIRORVLWGHIRFSHQWUXDGDJUDLœLVXIOH 21 Ceramica s-D EXFXUDW GH XQ DGHYUDW FXOW vQ FLYLO L]D LD UXUDO URPkQHDVF NaWHUHDQXQWDLPRDUWHDVXQWFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWocazia acestor evenimente, membrii familiei L FKLDU FRPXQLWDWHD WUHEX vQGHSOLQHDVF DQXPLWH ULWXDOXUL 1HvQGHSOLQLUHD l asupra SHUVRDQHLIDPLOLHLVDXFRPXQLW  LLFDUHQXUHVSHFWDRELFHLXO 6SHFLDOLVWXO,RQ*KLQRLXDGXFHXQSLRVRPDJLXRD ‡2DODDUHJXUEX]JkWEXUWWRDUWPQXœPkQSLglas frumos, când HVWH FLRELW VXQ UJXœLW  IHFLRDUD HVWH QHvQFHSXW IDWD JUHœLW FX RDOD GRJLW LDU IHPHLKRGRURJLW· 22 ,PHGLDWGXSQD WHUHDXQXLFRSLODFHVWDSULPHDYL]LWD nu erau primite aD FXPVHFXYLQHXUVHDXGHUXQRXOXLQVFXWnaWHUHPRDDDUDQMDPDVDSHQWUXXUVLWRDUHSXQkQG FHUDPLFSOLQFXILQ LXQFDQFHXQRXFXDSSURDVSWDGXVGH 20 Jean Chevalier, Alain Gheerbrant, Dic0LRQDUGHVLPEROXUL 0LWXULYLVHRELF forme, figuri, culori, numere, Ed. Polirom, IaL  21 Corina Niculescu, Paul Petrescu, &HUDPLFD WUDGL LRQDO URPkQHDVF , Ed. Meridiane, %XFXUHœWL S 22 Apud Delia-$QDPDULD 5FKLœDQ )RUPXOHOH PDJLFH œL DQWURSRORJLD YkUVW FXYkQWXOXLvQ0DUDPXUHœ , Editura AFDGHPLHL5RPkQH%XFXUHœWLS 17 SHQWUX vPELHUH WUHEXLD V ILH DS QHvQFHSXW DGXV FKLDU GH PRD  vQWU -R XOFLF QRXGHSPkQWDWXQFLFkQGvQFHSVPLMHDVF]RULOH LvQFHDPDLPDUHWDLQ « 7LQHUHLPDPHLPHGLDWGXSFHDIRVWVFOGDWFRSLOXO -un ulcior, « PRDœDDGXFHDSGHL]Y RUVDXGHODIkQWkQvQFDUHVHSXQHERGHVFkQW  « ” 23. 3RWULYLWFUHGLQ HORUSRSXODUHvQSHULRDGDGHO PRUWXOvQFDVRDOHOHGHOXWVWDXvQWRDUVHFXJXUD spirite QHSRIWLWH 0XPD3GXULLVDXVSLULWXOPRUWXOXL  0RDUWHD FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW WUHFHUH IDFH FD REL QXPHURDVH3XWHPDPLQWLDLFLEOLGXOGHOXWSOLQGH în clipa în care mortul este îngropat. ˛n MoldoYDvQVLWXD LDvQFDUHvQWU -RFDVGHFHGDXQPHPEUXDOIDPLO vQFSHUHDUHVSHFWLYVHVFRWHDXWRDWHRELHFWHOHL VHFRQVLGHUDFRGDWDWLQVHGHDULSDPRU LLvœLSLHU 24. ˛n multe sate române œWLGXSVFRDWHUHDPRUWXOXLGLQFDV XPSOXWFXFHQXœVDXDSGHFWUHXQPHPEUXDOIDPLO pragul casei sau pe mormânt 25. Pe parcursul ceremonialului funerar, înainte de a pleca cu mortul la cimitir, se face „ sâmbecioara” – RSkLQHPDUHDYkQGPDLPXOWHFUXFLSHPDUJ GHSRPDQvPSUHXQFXRXOFLFQRXSOLQFXDSœLFXQR ˛n zona Moldovei, groparii primeau în dar de la familia defunctului farfurii de OXWFXPkQFDUHœLSDKDUHFX YLQVDXFXDS 26. Ceremonialul se încheie cu pomana care VH LQHvQFDVDPRUWXOXLXQGHPkQFDUHDHVWHDGXVO -RVWUDFKLQGHSPkQW sau într-un castron, pentru fiecare participant în parte27. ˛n unele zone ale  ULLH[LVWRELFHLXOFDODDVHVS WPkQLGHODPRDUWHDXQPHPEUXDOIDPLOLHLVVHvPSDUWGHSRPDQGHXOFHOH De-a lungul unui an sunt o serie de momente în care pomenirea mor LORUHVWH obligatorie. Cele mai importante sunt sâmbetele mor  LORU GLQ 3RVWXO 3DWHO ui, 23 Delia Suiogan, Simbolica riturilor de trecere HG3DLGHLD%XFXUHœWLS 24 Ion H. Ciubotaru, Folclorul obiceiurilor familiale din Moldova: Marea trecere , Editura 8QLYHUVLW LL˜$O,&X]D·,DœL 1986, p. XI. 25 Ion Ghinoiu, /XPHDGHDLFLOXPHDGH GLQFROR ,SRVWD]HURPkQHœW, Editura )XQGD LHL&XOWXUDOH5RPkQH%XFXUHœWL S 26 Ion H. Ciubotaru, Op. Cit., p. XLI. 27 Ion Ghinoiu, Op. Cit., p. 151. 18 Dumineca Tomii, zile în care mor LL HUDX SRPHQL L DSDU LQWRULL Gkvase ceramice pline cu alimente. ˛n  DUD/SXXOXLVHSVWUHD]XQRELFH legat de cultul mor LORU VUEWRDUHD ‡0RLORU· FDUH DUH ORF G MoL se lucrau doar în zile considerate faste LvQFRQGL LLGHWRWDOFXU HQ PRUDO 2ODULL DOWXUL GH YDVHOH SHQWUX SRPDQ PDL UHD WPkLLFOGUX HSHQWUXDSDVILQ LWSORWLSODWHVDXERPEsau  XLFSHFDUHOHSXUWDXPLUHOHFXPQDWXOGHPLUH cinsti cu cei invita LODQXQW8OFLRDUHOHGHQXQWHUDXvPSRGR RUQDPHQWDOHPHQLWHVRFURWHDVFYLLWRDUHDIDPLOLH 0LUHDVDvQ]LXDQXQ LLWUHEX LDVPHDUJODXQSkUkXFXRXOFLF DSvQVHQVFRQWUDUFXUJHULLDSHL$SDGLQXOFLFHUD DSRLvQVSUHFHOHODOWHSXQFWHFDUGLQDOHPLœFDUHUH ˛n jurul anilor 1950-  vQ ]RQD /SXœXOX i, la masa mare din cadrul ceremonialului nup LDOVHPkQFDGLQEOLGHGHOXW .28 Un accesoriu nelipsit de la nunta din zonele etnografice din nordul  ULLHVWHROXO XOFLRUXO FXQRVFXW ‡ROGHQQD ·$FHVWDHUDSVWUDWGHQDDWkUQDWGHJULQG SHQWUXFDRULFLQHFDUHvQ FDV V YDG Fk  L ILQL DUH JD]GD 2OXO HUD GHFRUDW FX EU VLPEROL]HD]GUXPXOVLQXRVQHFXQRVFXWSHFDUHWkQ -a lungul vie LL SUHFXP L FX PRGHOXO VSLUDOHL VDX DO IORU tru petale care VLPEROL]HD]VRDUHOHFDUHOHYDILvQVXU  HLORUvQJHUXOS]LWRU 3RVWXULOH SUD]QLFHOH VDX QXQ LOH HUDX SULOHMX %XFRYLQDPDLDOHVOD QXQ LœLSUD]QLFHVHvPSUXPXW acestea erau GDWH FX SOFHUH GDU SX LQH VH PDL vQWRUFHDX PDMRULWDWHDHUDXVSDUWHGHQXQWDœL ÌQ VDWHOH URPkQHœWL vQDLQWHD vQFHSHULL SRVWXO VSDUWHSHQWUXFDEXFDWHOHPkQFDWHVQXILHSXVHGL -un vaVYHFKLœLV VH˜VSXUFH·FXPkQFDUH˜GHGXOFH·2DOHOHVHDGXQDXv FXFLRPDJXOILLQGDSRLvQORFXLWHFXDOWHOHQRL3kQ UDPXUL vQYkUIXODFHVWRUDHUDXDJ DWHRDOHOHFXJXFXUJGXSFHDX 28 Petru Dunca, Delia SuiogDQ øWHIDQ 0DUL 0kQFDUH vQWUH ULWXDO œL VLPERO , Editura (WKQRORJLFD(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLW LLGH1RUG%DLD0DUHS  19 IRVW VSODWH  HUD GLVWUXVSHQWUX D QX VSXUFD QRLO DVXSUDFDVHLYDVHOHVSDUWHvQDLQWHGHSRVWHUDXv29. ˜/DOVDWXOVHFXOXLIDPLOLLOHFDUH LQHDXWRWS LFXU DXœLILHUEHDXWRDWHYDVHOHFXOHœLHFDVQXVLPWPLURVGHFDUQoalele în care s-DIFXWPkQFDUHGHGXOFHœLOHFRERUDXSHFHOde post.” 30 ’H˜0RœL·SkQDFXPGHDQLOD%XFXUHœWLVHDGX ]RQ FDUHvQFLQJHDXKRUHOXDXPDVDSHLDUEDYHUGHœLEHD DSRLODOVDWXOVHULLFDODXQVHPQDOWR LSDUWLFL ˜DœDYRLDWUDGL LDORFXOXL .” 31 ˛ntr-un manuscris al Marelui-vornic Iordache Golescu este definit deochiul DVWIHO ˜GRFKH]vQVHDPQFYDWPFXRFKLLFXYHGHUH – P OD RDUHFH VH YDWP DFHO OXFUX«’H HVWH YDV GHsparge ” 32 ÌQ]RQD6FHO L6HLQL MXG0DUDPXUH RODULLUHDOL]DX LRDOHGHIFXWYUMLcare erau utilizate în anumite practici magice, de fete cu scopul de a recâ WLJD GUDJRVWHD XQXL ELDW )DWD SUVLW DUGHD FkUSH vQ vPEUFPLQWH SXUWDWHGHELDW L vQWLPS FH IXPXOLHHDSULQ RULILFL oalei, rostea anumite formule magice. Seara, fata aH]D YDVXO vQ GUXP VSUH FDVD ELD FRQVLGHUDFYUDMDDDYXWHIHFWLDUELDWXOVH YDELDWXOFOFDSHYDVLDUDFHVWDVHVSUJHD $UWD YLQGHFULL OD SRSRUXO URP â n are o vechime de sute de ani, putând fi FRQVLGHUDWH XQ GDU VWUPRœHVF ÌQ PHGLFLQD SRSXOD WUHEXLDXSUHSDUDWHvQRDOHQRLFXPSUDWHOD0RœL- ar mai avea nici o putere. Numeroasele obiecte FHUDPLFHXWLOL]DWHvQVFRSXULULWXDOGPGUHSWDWHEWUkQLORUFDUHVSXQHDXF˜YLQXO QRXOXW·FkWœLXQHLSUDFWLFLGHVvQWkOQLWSHYUHPXUL 29 %DUEX6OWLQHDQX 6WXGLLGHDUWSRSXODU (GLWXUD0LQHUYD%XFXUHœWL S 30 3HWUX ’XQFD ’HOLD 6XLRJDQ øWHIDQ 0DUL œ0kQFDUH vQWUH ULWXDO œL VLPERO , Editura (WKQRORJLFD(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLW LLGH1RUG%DLD0DUHS  31 Cornel-Dan Niculae, /HDFXULœLUHPHGLLPDJLFHGLQ&DUSD L 0DJLDœLI arhaicul românesc (GLWXUD&$53$7+,$5(;%XFXUHœWL , 2005, p. 25. 32 Idem, pag. 144. 20 butoiul cu vin cioburi de oalHVSDUWHGHVSUHFDUHVHVSXQHFvPEX calitatea vinului. 7RWSRWULYLWWUDGL LHLSRSXODUHvQXQHOHULWX VHIXUDRRDOQRXœLVHDUXQFDvQFHDPDLDGkQFIkQW /DPDULOHVUEWRUL ale anului OD LDUPDURDFH œL OD QHGHL SHWUHFHUH FkPSHQH RUJDQL]DWGHRELFHLFXSULOHMXOXQHLVUEWRULVDX SUHDMPD 0RœLORU GH 9DU RODULL HUDX QHOLSVL L ,YL vQFUFDWH HU D FRQVLGHUDW XQ VHPQ GH EXQ DXJXU vQVHPQD vQVXUWRDUHSHQWUXIOFL  $VWIHO UHJVLP LPSOLFDUHD FHUDPLFLL DWkW vQ YLD D GH HYHQLPHQWHOHFDSLWDOHFHPDUFKHD]H[LVWHQ DRPXOX deteUPLQkQGYDORDUHDVSLULWXDO L vQ]HVWUDUHDDFHVWXLDFXRIXQF LHDîn cele mai multe situa LL &HQWUHGHFHUDPLFURPkQHDVF &HUDPLFDGH6FHO 2OULWXODUHUGFLQLYHFKLœLvQ0DUDPXUHœ]RQnealterate de sute de ani. 6FHOXQVDWFDUHVHPkQGUH WHDILXUPDXODH]ULORU WULDXDFXPGHDQLGDFLLOLEHULHVWHVLWXDWv -HVWXOMXGH XOXL0DUDPXU &HUDPLFDGH6FHOHVWHXQXOGLQFHOHPDLPDUFDQWHtipXULGHFHUDPLFWUDGL LRQDOGLQVSD LXOURPkQHVF $LFLFHUDPLFDHVWH˜DUVOD œLGHFRUDWSULQGRXWHKQLFL SULQ OXVWUXLUHœLSU 33 6FHOXOHVWHVLQJXUXO FHQWUX GLQ  DU vQ FDUH YDVHOH URœLL QHVPO XLWH coresSRQGHQ QXPDLvQFHUDPLFDQHDJUGLQQRUGXO0ROGR „ 3ULPD PHQ LXQH GRFXPHQWDU GHVSUH FHUDPLFD G e face în &RQVFULHUHD XUEDULDO SHQWUX DQLL  - SVWUDW vQ IRQGXO 3UHIHFWXU $UKLYHOH 6WDWXOXL GLQ 6LJKHWvQ FDUH VH DUDW F «pe lâ QJ LREDJL DJULFROL DSDU LREDJLVDXMHOHULFDUHSUDFWLFRPHVHULHRDUHFDUH 33 0LKDL’QFXœ =RQDHWQRJUDILF0DUDPXUHœ , Editura Sport-7XULVP%XFXUHœWL S 21 0LKDLFDUHSUDFWLFkQGPHVHULDGHRODUHVWHREOLJDW LVX %DOHD 0 RVXWGHRDOH“ .34 Argila de ocru sau „aluatul de o ODU·VHH[WUDJHGHOkQJSRGXO’UR DUJLODQHDJUVHDGXFHGHSH9DOHD*ORGXOXLVDXGLQ /XWXOURœXGH IRDUWH EXQ FDOLWDWH HVWH VFRV GH OD R PDUH DGk-15 m adâncime. 35 $VHPHQL PHœWHULORU GLQ DOWH ]RQH DOH  U LL RODULL GLQ 6FHO IRORVHD„Partea de sus a roatei se nume WH crâng LDU VXSUDID D SH FDUH VH IRUPHD lepeteu, FDUHVHOHDJSULQWU -XQD[GHILHUGHURDWDGHMRV3PkQWXO DOXDWXO GH SkLQH œL VH EDWH FX OHœFD ORS LFD  0HVOXO este pensula cu care se RUQDPHQWHD]YDVHOH· 36 2ELHFWHOHGHFHUDPLFVXQWOXVWUXLWHF bâdica .XO ” (piatra GH FUHPHQH  &XSWRUXO vQ FDUH FHUDPLFD GH 6FHO VH $FHVWDDUHIRUPVHPLVIHURLGDO -RYRLGDOFXYDWUDQHRUJDQL]D WVLPSOœLFDUHVH vQFDGUHD]vQFDWHJRULDFXSWRDUHORUGHWLSURPDQ 37(Foto 1) ˜øDUX· YRSVHDXD  HVWH RE LQXW GLQWU -XQ SPkQW FRORUDW QDWXUDO PHœWHUXOvOSLVHD]FXROHVSHGHGHSLDWUœLvOvQPR ’XSFHYDVXOVHWDLHGHSH˜ crâng ” ( SDUWHDVXSHULRDUDUR  LLRODUXOXL VXSUDID H[WHULRDUDYDVXOXLHVWHIUHFDWFX˜ bghica.XO · RSLDWUDOEGHUkX SHQWUX -i da luciu LDVWXSDSRUR]LW LOH$ELDGXSFkWHYD]LOHYDVHO zi LRQRDSWH 38 9DVHOHVXQWDœH]D te în cuptor cu mare JULMvQWU -o DQXPLW RUGLQHœLDUVHR VLQJXUGDW3HULRDGDGHDUGHUHGXUHD] undeva între œLGHRUH7LPSXOFkWVW vasele la ars este diferitHLvœLGDXVHDPDFkQGHJDWDDUGHUHDGXS &HUDPLFD GH 6FHO V -a produs într-o multitudine de forme: ulcioare, oale SHQWUXODSWHXOFHOHSHQWUXPRœLVWUHFXUWRULWL EOLGHILGHDX$FHVWHDHUDXOXVWUXLWHFXSLDWUDHIzig-]DJœLOLQLLOHYO XULWHGHFXORDUHEUXQRE LQXWSULQSLVD 34 Arhivele Statului fond Prefectura Jude XOXL 0DUDPXUH GHSR]LW 6LJKHW – Conscrierea XUEDULDO -1778, apud (OHQD*UDG6FHO 9DWUGHLVWRULHœLFLYLOL]D LHPDUDPXU , Editura 6RFLHW LL&XOWXUDOH3UR0DUDPXUHœ˜’UDJRœ9RG·&OXM -Napoca, 2000, p.120. 35 http://www.primariasacel.ro/sacel_tradi%C5%A3ii%20%C5%9Fi%20obiceiuri-59.html 36 Elena Grad, 6FHO 9DWUGHLVWRULHœLFL YLOL]D LHPDUDPXUHœHDQ (GLWXUD6RFLHW LL&XOWXU 3UR0DUDPXUHœ˜’UDJRœ9RG·&OXM -Napoca, 2000, pag.121. 37 0LKDL’QFX =RQDHWQRJUDILF0DUDPXUHœ , Editura Sport-7XULVP%XFXUHœWL S 38 http://clayplayceramics.com/wp/ceramica/ceramica-traditionala/ 22 SLDWUœLSLFWDWHFXSHQVXODGLQOkQGHRDLH2ELH RUQDPHQWDWH FX PRWLYH GH SURYHQLHQ  GDFLF ˜XQG VLPEROL]H]D] FRQWLQXLWDWHD œL SHUPDQHQ D 2UQDPHQWHOH VXQW VLPSOH œL HOHPHQWH QDWXUDOH FXUJHUHD DSHL VRDUHOH OLQLD IROFORULFH PRWLYHOHUHJVLQGX -VHœLvQFHUDPLFDGDFLF (Foto 2) ’DFODVIkUœLWXOVHFROXOXLDO;,; -OHDvQ6FHOOXFUDXSHVWH de olari, în SULPDMXPWDWHDVHFROXOX L;;QXPUXOORUDDMXQVOD  iar la începutul anilor 2000 VH[LVWHRVLQJXUIDPLOLHFDUHFRQWLQXDFHDVWWUD ÌQDQLL SWUXQGHUHDSURGXVHORULQGXVWULDOH GHOXWVILHGLQ FHvQFHPDLDQHYRLRDVœLFRVWLVLWRDUHILL PRPHQW GDW &H HVWH LQWHUHVDQW GH UHPDUFDW HVWH UHOXDW SURGXFHUHD GH FHUDPLF GH 6FHO OD LQVLVW SURGXF LD ILLQG VWLPX ODW œL GHLQWHUHVXO vQFUHœWHUH DO YL]L WUDGL LRQDOH 39 ˛n anul 1986 Studioul Cinematografic „Sahia – Film” din Bucure WLDSURGXV XQILOPvQUHJLDHWQRORJXOXL2OLPSLD’DLFRYLFLXQXPL FDUHXUPUH WHWUD di LDLSURFHGHXOGHFUHD LHvQWRDWHID]HOH adus marelui meWHU7QDVH&RFHDQ ˛n anul 2005, Societatea Romfilatelia, ca semn de recunoWLQ SVWUULLGLQ genera LHvQJHQHUD LHDDFHVWXLPHWHXJDVFRVSHSLD „Ceramica URPkQHDVF,·vQVR  LWGHDVHPHQHDLGHVSHFLDOLWDWHDILODW zi” (F.D.C.), iar marca po WDO FX YDORDUHD GH  OHL HVWH GHGL FHUDPLF 6FHO L DUH FD LPDJLQH GRX YDVH GH FHUDPLF UR inscrip LD·6FHO – Maramure.” 40 0XOWH GLQ YDVHOH GH 6FHO SURGXVH DFXP DMXQJ FROHF LRQDULORUGDURSDUWHGLQHOHVXQWvQFPXOW $FHVWHYDVHœL -DXSVWUDWFDOLW LOHFDUHOH -DXIFXWFXQRVFXWH UR EXVWH HDœLUH]LVWHQ OD FOGXU HOH SXWkQG IL SXVH GLUHFW SH SOLWD VREpicioare, chiar pe jar. 0DJLD RELHFWHORU GH OXW HVWH ILUHDVF GHRDUHFL-au adus contribu LD WRDWH FHOH FLQFL HOHPHQWH IXQGDPHQWDO H  SPkQWXO GLQ FDUH V -a extras 39 http://www.primariasacel.ro/sacel_tradi%C5%A3ii%20%C5%9Fi%20obiceiuri-59.html 40 http://sacel-maramures.ro/cultura/traditii/olarit/ceramica.html 23 DUJLOD DSD FX DMXWRUXO FUHLD RODUXO PRGHOHD] OX vasele, uscându -OH vQDLQWH GH D IL EJDWH vQ FXSWRU L IRFXO FDUH OH FDOFLQHD] cincilea element, iubirea, e spiritul pe care olarul îl pune în fiecare vas în parte, pentru a „însufle  LOXWXOURX· 2.6.2 Ceramica de Horezu Atestat documentar într-XQ KULVRY DSDU LQkQG GRPQLWRUXOXL GLQDQXOFDUHSRPHQHDGHVDWXO+XUH]RUDœXO+R vechi centUX GH FHUDPLF SRSXODU ’HQXPLUHD DFWXDO SURYLQH GH OD ˜FLXKXUH]·SDVUHDVHPQWRDUHEXIQL  HLFDUHSRSXOHD]SGXULOHGLQMX 41 Centrul FHUDPLF +RUH]XDIRVWœLFRQWLQXVILHXQDGHYUDW FHUDPLFURPkQHDVF UNESCO a decis, în 2012, în cadrul celei de-DœDSWHDVHVLXQLD&RPLWInterguvernamental de Protejare a Patrimoniului Cultural Imaterial, care s-a GHVIœXUDW OD 3DULV vQ SHULRDGD  - GHFHPEULH vQVFULHUHD FHUDPLFLL Horezu în lista Patrimoniului cultural imaterial. Potrivit site-ului UNESCO, FRQIHF LRQDUHDFHUDPLFLLGH+RUH]XHVWH˜XQPHœWHœX GHEUED LFkWœLGHIHPHLGLQSDUWHDGHQRUGDMXGH 6WLOXO FHUDPLFLL SRSXODUH KXUH]HQH FRQWLQX V xercite un viu interes în UkQGXO LXELWRULORU HL SULQ SURFHGHHOH VSHFLILFHWUDGL LRQDOHGDUœLSULQLQRYD LLOHGHFRQ LQXW Argila este preparat printr-RWHKQLFWUDGL LRQDOœLQXHVWHDYkQGQHYRLHVGR VSHDVFRYUHPH – EXOJULPDULGHDUJLOVXQWVSDU Lmici printr-un procedeu de umezire-uscare. ˛ntr-un interviu oferit Gazetei de Sud „Cotidianul oltenilor de pretutindeni”, Marieta Giubega a povestit etapele prin care un vas de lut ajunge dH OD SPkQW VLPSOXœLSkQODRELHFWXOGHFHUDPLFSURSULX -]LV -˜3PkQWXOVHDGXFHWRDPQDGHOD’HDOXO5RPDQLO0QVWLUHD+RUH]X -6H LQHLDUQDVGHJHUHFDVVHIUkPL H]H 41 http://www.libertateapentrufemei.ro/articol/ceramica-de-horezu-vestita-intreaga-lume- 114681 24 -ÌQDLQWHYUHPHSPkQWXOVHDPHVWHFDFXDSœLVHXFDvQSLFLRDUHSkQLHœH un lut moale. Acum, olarii îl pun într-XQ PDOD[RU œL vO DPHVWHF SkQ FkSDVWPRDOHFDSODVWHOLQD -’XS FH OXWXO DMXQJH OD DWHOLHU vQFHSH PRGHO+RUH]XIRORVHVFURDWFODVLFGHRODUGLQDFH HDODFDUHvQYkUWHœWLFXSLFLR -’XSFHVHPRGHOHD]SLHVHOHVXQWSXVHOD]YkQWD ILH LQXWvQPkQRELHFWXOGHOXWPRGHODW -8UPHD] GHFRUDUHD SURGXVHORU 2ODULL IRORVHVF SPkQW GH FXORDUH URœLDW LF QXPLW GH HL ˜UXœDO‡ SPkQWXO QHJU ˜SLSHU‡ LDU IRQGXO VH IDFH GH FXORDUH DOE FX DœD -numita vopsea „caolin“. Se IRORVHœWHœLR[LGFHUDPLFDOEDVWUXœLJDOEHQFXPSU -6HSXQGLQQRXOD]YkQWDWGXSFDUHOLVHGJDX HORUFDUHVHDWkUQSperete; -3LHVHOHGLQOXWVHODVODXVFDW -]LOHQHDSUDWODXPEUSkQOD WRWDO -6HEDJODFXSWRUXQGHVHFRFWLPSGH -9 ore, la prima ardere; -6HGDXFXVPDO  DSRL VH EDJ GLQ QRXOD FXSWRU iu VSHFLILFøLDœDDXOXDWQDœWHUHSURGXVHOHGHFHUDP -]LV· 42 2ELHFWHOH GH FHUDPLF VH DUG vQ FXSWRDUH RUL]R-se tehnica R[LGULL IDSW FH GXFH OD QDœWHUHD XQHL FHUDPLFL Gobiectelor ceramice sunt decorate cu modele geometrice vegetale delicate, dat totuL SXWHUQLFH’HFRUDUHDORUVHIDFHGHFWUHVR LLOHPH QDWXUDOHœLYHFKLXQHOWHGHSLFWDWFXPDUILFRDUQH 43 Horezu este celebru pentru lutul roFDW FX R FURPDWLF LQGLYLG QHPDLvQWkOQLWSULQDOWHSU L&HUDPLFDGH+RUH]XVH WHvQSULPXOUkQG GXS PRWLYHOH VLPEROLFH IRORVLWH Modelele sunt delicate L WRWXL SXWHUQLFH F VLPEROLVWLFGHQDWXU – ]RRPRUI  FRFR XO porumbelul, peWHOH &kQWHFXO FRFRXOXL HFHUDPLFLLGH+RUH]XDQXQ YLFWRULD6RDUHOXL LDOXPLQLLDVXSUDQRS L 42 http://www.gds.ro/Bani-afaceri/2012-10- 08/Branduri+oltenesti+de+suflet.+Locul+6%3A+Ceramica+de+Horezu/ 43 http://bestofromania.eu/horezu-ro/ 25 întunericului. Din aceeaL FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH SRUXPEHOXO ambele simboluri ale creWLQLVPXOXL – YHJHWDO FLRUFKLQLIUX Q]HWULIRL QRURFXO YUHMXULEUGX nemurirea) sau bobocii de trandafiri, spicul de grâu (prosperitate). – JHRPHWULF 6ROX LLOHSODVWLFHDGRSWDWHGHPH WHULLGLQ]RQD+RUH]XVX ED]DWH SH UHSHWL LH DOWHUQDQ  L VLPHWULH  FHUFXUL VSLUDO e, linii FRQFHQWULFH &DUDFWHULVWLFD SULQFLSDO D R+RUH]XOXL R FRQVWLWXLH vPEXQW LUHD HOHPHQWconstatându -VH SUHIHULQ D DFFHQWXDW SHQWUX OLQLL geometrice folosite ca motive decorative sunt: – puncte cu variante ce GHFXUJ GLQ WHKQLFD H[HFXWULL SLFWXUL VFXUV L YLUJXOH  – linii scurte SDUDOHOHILHGUHSWHILHRQGXODWH vQDFHVWG – cercuri spirale, zig-zag-uri (întrerupte sau continue) -semicercuri, DVHPHQ toare unor arcade de mai mici dimensiuni, uneori aH]DWHVHSDUDW XQHOH GH DOWHOH DOWHRUL OHJDWHILH DOWXUL- linii ondulate (aH]DWHFHOPDLGHVSHJXUDYDVXOXL – DOWHOH  WUDGL LRQDOH EUkQFRYHQH WL VSLUDOD FDUH VLPEROL]HD] vie LL RUQDPHQWHFRVPRIRUPHSUHFXPVWHDXD LVRDUHOHFRDGDGHSXDUSHOHFDVHLVDXSRPXOYLH LL Simbolul dominant în decorarea vaselor de Horezu este cocoXO˜’DFQXWLL VSLFWH]LXQFRFR QXHWLRODU·HVWHVORJDQXOELQHFXQRVFXW urezeni. CocoXOVSXQHUHSXWDWXOHWQRORJ,RQ*KLQRLX˜YHVWH FXU  LUHDVSD LXOXLQR cturn de for HOHRVWLOHRPXOXL· Toate motivele apar pe cele trei sectoare ornamentale ale vaselor – fundul, SHUH LL LEX]DLDUFkQGHVWH YR UEDGHFQLXOFLRDUHDPRUIHRUQDPH SHUH LL H[WHULRUL EX] L FRDG ÌQ JHQHUH SH ILHFDUH SODQ vQWk RUQDPHQWHSURFHGHXFHVFRDWHvQUHOLHIvQFOLQDUHD44 /D GHFRUDUHD FHUDPLFLL GH +RUH]X VH IRORVHœWH WRG WUDGL LRQDO GH SLFWDUH QXPLWD ˜MLUYLUHD· $FHDVWD HVWH UHDOL]DW FHQWUXOHLvQWLPSFHSLFWXUDHVWHvQFXPHG8WLOL 44 http://horezu-turism.ro/olaritul site realizat din bani de la UE, Consilul Local Hurezu, Programul Operational Regional, Ministerul Dezvoltarii Regionale si Administratiei Publice, Guvernul Romaniei 26 XQ QXPU LQILQLW GH PRGHOH FDUH UH]XOW GLQ FRPELQD care apar într-o VSLUDOœLSULQGLIHULWHOHVWLOXULSULQFDUHDFHDV IRORVLW&XORULOHXWLOL]DWHVXQWYLLœLYDULDWH  DOEDVWUXSkQODFHOHEUXOLYRULXVSHFLILF]RQHL+RUH O mDUH SDUWH GLQ FHUDPLFD GH +RUH]X HVWH UHDOL„ Ionel Popa, familia Bascu, familia Pietraru, familia Mischiu, sau Sorin Giubega sunt RODUL FDUH SUDFWLF DFHDVW PHVHULH IUXPRDV vQ DW Vâlcea ” , dup cum men ioneaz Alexandru Mihaescu într-unul din articolele sale.45. /D+RUH]XVHSRDWHYRUELGHFLGHDGHYUDWHGLQDVWL „ Din punct de vedere etnofolcloric, Horezu face parte din cele 7 arii HWQRIROFORULFHDOHMXGH XOXL9kOFHDÌPSU LUHDDIRV DOL]DWvQDQXO GH&HQW -XGH HDQDO&UHD LHL3RSXODUH9kOFHD· 46. 45 http://www.fabricadeplante.ro/ceramica-de-horezu-prin-ochii-turistului 46 http://horezu-turism.ro/cultura-populara site realizat din bani de la UE, Consilul Local Hurezu, Programul Operational Regional, Ministerul Dezvoltarii Regionale si Administratiei Publice, Guvernul Romaniei. 27 3. TURISMUL CULTURAL: DRUMUL CERAMICII 3.1. Aspecte generale ale turismului cultural Turismul cultural poate fi definit ca orice deplasare a unei persoane care satLVIDFH QHYRLD XPDQSHQWUXGLYHUVLWDWH VHUYHœW SHUVRDQHLœLSURGXFHFRQWDFWHH[SHULHQ HœLLQIRUP „ 7HUPHQXOGHWXULVPFXOWXUDODIRVWPHQ LRQDWVSHFLDOLWDWH DOWXUL GH WXULVPXO EDOQHDU PRQWDQ GH OLWRUDO HWF $WXULVP œL -D GREkQGLW ORFXO GXS SUHUHD SURIHVRUXOXL JU GDWRULWLQIOXHQ HLVDOHDVXSUDRDPHQLORUvQJHQHU- œLFXQRDœWHRULJLQHDœLFRQWLQXLWDWH DORULVWRULFDSDUWLFLSULLQXQX ODSURJUHVXOYLH LLœLVRFLHW LLFRQœWLHQWL]kQGDV 3ULQ RELHFWLYHOH VDOH WXULVPXO OHDJ WUHFXWXO GH Y]XW·FDUHSHUPLWHFXQRDœW HUHDSHUVRQDODUHDOLW LLœLRIHU˜Y .” 47 7XULVPXOœLFXOWXUDVXQWvQVWUkQV OHJWXUG SULQ vQWULUHD DWUDFWLYLW LL œL FRPSHWLWLYLW LL DVHPHQHD WXULVPXO DMXW œL OD GH]Y oltarea regiunii respective din punct de vedere economic. 5HDOL]DUHDXQHLOHJWXULSXWHUQLFHvQWUHWXULVPœL GHYLQ PDL DWUDFWLYH PDL FRPSHWLWLYH SH SLD D WXU pentru viitoare investL LL )HQRPHQXO WXULVWLF DFWXDO FXQRDœWH R DFFHQWXIDFWRUL PDMRUL SUHFXP  JOREDOL]DUHD  PRELOLWDWHD LQIUDVWUXFWXULL GH WUDQVSRUW  FUHœWHUHD YHQLWXU cunoDœWHUH œL GH LQIRUPDUH 7R L DFHœWL IDFWRUL VXQW turismului cultural. România are un patrimoniu cultural -LVWRULFœLHWQRIROFORULFGHPD DWUDFWLYLWDWHWXULVWLF$FHVWSDWULPRQLXFXSULQQVWLUHœWL PRQXPHQWHœLDQVDPEOXULGHDUKLWHFWXUœLGHDUW 47 http://www.scrigroup.com/afaceri/turism/Turismul-cultural92893.php. 28 FHQWUH LVWRULFH œL VLWXUL DUKHRORJLFH GLQ FDUH R -au constituit ca valori ale Patrimoniului Universal sub egida UNESCO. %RJ  LD HWQRJUDILF L IROFORUL F URPkQHDVF HVWH GDW GH GLYHU L RULJLQDOLWDWHDHLUHSUH]HQWDWSULQDUKLWHFWXUD române WL FXP VXQW  ELVHULFLOH GH OHPQ GLQ 0DUDPXUH lemnului, arta ceramic LSRUWXOSRSXODU târguri LH[SR]L LLIHVWLYDOXULvQD pavilioane expozi LRQDOH  DUD QRDVWU HVWH SUH]HQW vQFHSkQG FX DQXO  &XOWXUDO,PDWHULDODO8PDQLW  LLL81(6&2FXFHUDPLFDGH+RUH]X &XOWXUDIHVWLYDOLHUGLQ5RPkQLDHVWHvQF RQWLQXFUH WHUHvQXOWLPLLDQLRG cu succesul pe care festivalurile le-DX DYXW vQF GH OD SULPHOH HGL  LL L DSDUL LD FRQVWDQWGHODDQODDQDDOWHORUQRL$FHVWDQXSR 7kUJXULGHFHUDPLFGLQ5RPkQLD Românii , în FRPSDUD LH FX DOWH QHDPXUL se pot mândri cu aceast  ]HVWUH QXPLWDUWSRSXODU)LLQG relDWLYELQHSVWUDWœLSURPRYDWvQPD etnografice din  DU DUWDSRSXODU trezeWHLQWHUHVXO WXULœWLORUURPkQLGDU LDOFHORU VWULQL , GRUQLFLV DIOHFkWPDLPXOWHGHVSUHRELFHLXULOHœLW GHPQGHUHPDUFDWFODSVWUDUHDœLSURPRYDUHDWUD R DX vQ PRPHQWXO GH ID  WkUJXULOH PHœWHULORU SRSX acestora. La nivelul vQWUHJLL  UL SH WRW SDUFXUVXO DQXOXL V festivaluri: la Suceava – 7kUJXO0HœWHULORU2ODUL DXJXVW OD7LV – 7kUJXO GH FHUDPLF œL VHPLQ H  PDUWLH  OD 2UDGH – 7kUJXO QD LRQDO DO PHœWHœXJDULORUWUDGL LRQDOL LX OLH OD6LJKHWX0DUPD LHL – 7DEUDGHVFXOSWXUSLFW œLFHUDPLF LXOLH OD/XQJHœWL MXG9kOFHD  – VUEWRDUHDIROFORULF=LXDROÌQ UkQGXULOH FDUH XUPHD] YRP SUH]HQWD FkWHYD GLQ FHUDPLFGLQ5RPkQLD 29 Mar ginea – 7kUJXOGH&HUDPLF1HDJU 9LD D vQ %XFRYLQD HVWH PDUFDW GH R VHULH GH IHVWLYDOXULFDUHDXORFDQXDO$FHVWHWUDGL LLYHFK din România. ˛n jude XO 6XFHDYD OD ]HFH NLORPHWUL GH 5GX  i, pe marginea pârâului Sucevi DOkQJPQVWLUHDFXDFHODL QXPHL QXGHSDUWH 0DUJLQHD VLQJXUXO ORF vQ FDUH VH PDL IDFH FHUDPLF . Ceramica de culoare QHDJUHVWHPUWXULHDRULJLQLLGDFLFHHDDSDU  LQHFXOWXULL+RURGLWHD FloreWLFHDPDL vQIORULWRDUH SHULRDG D FHUDPLFLL QHJUH JHWR -dacice. ˛n prima zi a lunii mai satul 0DUJLQHD J]GXLH WH7kUJXOGH&HUDPLF1HDJUWkUJDOFHUDPsat. /DvQFHSXWXOYHDFXOXLWUHFXWROULWXOvPSU  HDVDWXO0DUJLQHDvQGRX : aproape GHLHœLUHDVSUHFWXQXOYHFLQGH -RSDUWHœLGHDOWDDXOL HLORFXLDGHDO HUDX FRQVWUXLWH FDVHOH FKLDEXULORU FXP HUDX SPkQW ’H  GH DQL vQ FXUWHD IDPLOLHL 0DJRS  OXWXO V -D IUPkQWDW FRQ tinuu. 8UPDœLLRODUXOXL ,OLH 0DJRS GXF DVW]L PDLGHSDUWH URDW ÌQ ]LXD GH D]L PRGHOHOH V -DX PDL VFKLPEDW vQ IXQF LH œL GH FXPSUWRULORUGDUWHKQLFDDUPDVDFHHDœL . 3HYUHPXULGXSFHDXIRVWPRGHODWHYDVHOH erau arse în gropi mari de forma XQXL FRQ FX YkUIXO vQ VXV $OWXUL HUD VSDW R JURD prima printr-XQFDQDOvQFDUHVHIFHDIRFXO $FHVWDIFHDFDYDVHOHGLQJURD VFDSHWHRFXORDUHUR LDWLF ˛n acel moment vasele erau acoperite cu un strat gros de lut umed. De asemenea, meWHULLDVWXSDXWRDWHRULILFLLOHGLQF FRQWLQXkQGIUR[LJHQ’LQDFHOPRPHQWFXORDUHDYDV XOD cenuLXVDXQHJUX Tehnica s-DSVWUDWSkQD]LFXFHYD VFKLPEUL SPkQWXOHVWHDGXVG ODPDUJLQHDVDWXOXLvQVYDVHOHVXQWDUVHDFXPvQF LvQSDUWHDGHVXV LODJXULOHGHIRF 48. 48 http://www.ceramicamarginea.ro/despre-ro.html 30 7UDGL LD FHUDPLFLL GH FDOLWDWH VH SVWUHD] œL 0DUJLQHD 6H IDFH œL DFXP FHUDPLF XWLOLWDU RDOH SHQWUX ODSW GLIHULWH FQL SHQWUX YLQ SHQWUX  XLF SDKDUH GH  FHUDPLFGHFRUDWLY YDVHSHQWUXDUDQMDPHQWHIORUD olar). ˛n articolul „ Olritul între tradi ie i mijloc de existen ”, publicat pe blogul Discover Bucovina, Nadia Platon afirma: „ ˛nainte de 1989, orele de atelier de la œFRDODGLQ0DUJLQHDVHIFHDXODDWHOLHUHOHGHROUolarului au trecut sute de elevi din Marginea.” Potrivit publica iei on line Ghidul de Turism, în articolul „ &HUDPLFDQHDJU GH 0DUJLQHD UHQXPLW vQ OXPH SHQWUX WHKQLFD SUHL LW ” , „ &HUDPLFD GH 0DUJLQHD D DMXQV V ILH FXQRVFXW DSU datRULWWHKQLFLLYHFKLGHDUGHUHDRELHFWHORU LDRUQDPHQWULLFXDMXWRUXOGHUkX3RWULYLWFHORUDILUPDWHGH*KHRUJKH0DJRS  RFHUDPLFDVHPQWRDUHV -ar PDLSURGXFHXQGHYDvQ0H[LF$WHOLHUXOGHFHUDPLFQ vizitat de-a lungul timpului atât de turi WLFkWLGHSHUVRQDOLW LGLQvQ de aproape to LDPEDVDGRULLDFUHGLWD LvQ5RPkQLD .” 5GX  L – 7kUJXO2ODULORU‡2FKLGH3XQ· LXOLH Aflat la a XXXIV-a edi LH7kUJXO2ODULORUL0HWHULORU3RS– „Oc hi de 3XQ· GLQ 5GX  L HVWH RUJDQL]DW vQ ILHFDUH DQ vQ OXQD L0XQLFLSLXOXL 5GX  L 0X]HXO (WQRJUDILF ˜6DPXLO L (XJHQLD 0XQLFLSDO GH &XOWXU 5GX  L &HQWUXO &XOWXUDO ˜%XFRYLQD· – Centrul pentru Conservarea L3URPRYDU ea Culturii Tradi LRQDOH 49. Prima edi LHDWkUJXOXLDDYXWO în anul 1983 LO -a avut ca preHGLQWHDOMXULXOXLSHHWQRORJXO7D50. Ini LDOV -DQXPLW7kUJXO2ODULORU˜2FKLGH3XQ·SHQWUXFD numele de Târgul Olarilor i MeWHULORU3RSXODUL – ˜2FKLGH3XQ·GLQ5GX  L Evenimentul are loc în fiecare an L HVWH RUJDQL]DW vQ VFRSXO SUR PHœWHœXJXOXLROULWXOXL . „ 2OULDGHOD5GX  LHVWHSLFWDWLvQIUXPXVH DW 49 https://www.monitorulsv.ro/Ultima-ora-local/2016-08-25/Targul-olarilor-Ochiul-de-paun 50 Drago &XVLDF 7kUJXO 2ODULORU ˜2FKL GH SXQ· 5GX 0L OD D ;9 -a edi0LH , în Analele Bucovinei, an V, nr. 1/1998, pag. 223. 31 Fondurile sunt de un alb de filde IRDUWH SOFXW SHVWH FDUH PH WHULL SLFWHD] PDL deseori cu verde LEUXQ· 51 &XDFHDVWRFD]LHPH WHULLSRSXODULURPkQLH[SXQRELHFWHcu caracter unicat. Evenimentul reuneWH PHWHUL SRSX lari din toate col XULOH  ULL  Vâlcea, Baia Mare, Margi nea, Miercurea Ciuc, Deva, Dej, Arad, Bistri DHWFGDUL foarte mul L YL]LWDWRUL 2ELHFWLYXO HYHQLPHQWXOXL YL]populari în vederea producerii LYDORULILFULLRELHFWHORUWUDGL LRQ etnografice din care provin, cu predilec LH D FHORU GLQ FHUDPLF $OWXUSDUWLFLS œL PHœWHUL SRSXODUL GLQ DOWH GRPHQLL WVFXOSWXUvQOHPQvPSOHWLWXULRXvQFRQGHLDWHFXV .52 Cu ocazia celei de-a XXVI-a edi ii a târgului, Libelula Curic (etnograf, FRQVXOWDQW DUWLVWLF OD &HQWUXO -XGH HDQ SHQWUX 7UDGL LRQDOH6XFHDYD DILUPD ˜7kUJXO2ODULORUœL0Hœ – „Ochiul GH3XQ· – a ajuns în acest an la cea de-a XXVI-a HGL LHIDSWFHUHOHYFXSUH LPSRUWDQ DOXLœLQHFHVLWDWHDGHDSVWUDSXWHUHD GH YUHPXUL« )LHFDUH DFWLYLWDWH FXOWXUDO FRQVWLW WH]DXUXOFHORUFHGLQXLHSHVWHWLPSXULFkWO HYDSHUPLWHH[LVWHQ D .” 53 Cu aceeaL RFD]LH Traian Postolache (director al Muzeului Etnografic ˜6$08,/œL(8*(1,$,21( ·GLQ5GX L DILUPD ˜$FHVWHWkUJXVXQWDGUHVDWHQXPDLVSHFLDOLœWLORURULQXHVWHD , de VUEWRDUH GH EXFXULH SH FDUH WUHEXLH V R SHUFHD YOGLF OD RSLQF 2PXO WUHEXLH V VLPW EXFXULD DFHSDUWLFLSDXvQYHFKLPHODLDUPDURDFHVDXODQHGHLœîn cDUHOXPHDVHDGXQDVHIFHDXVFKLPEXULFRPHUFLDO IFHDXvQVR LULVHDOHJHDXPLULœLPLUHVH· 51 %DUEX6OWLQHQHDQX 6WXGLLGHDUWSRSXODU (GLWXUD0LQHUYD%XFXUH WL S 52 http://www.festivaluri-romanesti.ro/festivaluri/targul-olarilor-ochiul-de-paun 53 http://www.glascomun.info/2008/07/targul-olarilor-si-al-mesterilor-populari- %E2%80%9Eochiul-de-paun-radauti-editia-a-xxvi-a/ 32 Târgul „Coco XOGH+XUH]· 7kUJXO D OXDW ILLQ  vQ DQXO   DWXQFL FkQG VU DGXJDWGHFWUHRUJDQL]DWR ULL)HVWLYDOXOXLGHIROFORU˜&kQWHFHO FkQWHFXOXLMRFXOXLœLSRUWXOXLSRSXODUÌQFHSkQGF-a edi ie), Târgul HVWHDœH]DWvQYDWUDOXLILUHDVFOD+RUH]XRIHULQ- œLH[SXQHOXFUULOH . (ODUHORFvQILHFDUHDQvQSULPDGXPLQLFDSHSDUFXUVXODQLORURDGHYUDW˜$&$’(0,($2/$5,/25 .” 54 Târgul cerami WLORU˜&RFRXOGH+XUH]·HVWHFHOPDLFXQ gen din România, reunind peste 90 de meWHUL GLQ WRDW  ara dar L GLQ DOWH VWDWH europene,devenind în anul 2011 un festival interna LRQDO ,QVSLUDW GH WUDGL LD VWUYHFKLORU WkUJXUL GH FRQVWLWXLHFDRIUHVFDFUHD LLORUPHœWHœXJDULORU aproape singuODU vQ FDGUXO FHQWUHORU FHUDPLFH URPkQHœWLHVWH SUDFWLFDW FD SULQFLSDO VXUV GH YHQLW D GHV FHUDPLœWL9LFœRUHDQX,RUJD)ULJXU0LVFKLX3RSD 55 ˛ntr-XQLQWHUYLXDFRUGDW]LDUXOXL$GHYUXO1LFROH ta Mitroi (artist plastic din 7HOHRUPDQ DILUPD ˜0RGHOHOHSHFDUHOHUHDOL]PQRL FXFXWHQLHQH LDU DOWHOH VXQW UHLQWHUSUHWDWH FF DPSUHQW3URFHGHXOGHUHDOL]DUHHVWHDFHODœLFDFH eolitic, vasele sunt lucrate la PkQ VXQW SLFWDWH FUXGH DSRL VXQW IUHFDWH FX R SL SLFWDWVLQWUHvQSHUH L$UGHUHDVHIDFHOD GHJU VHOXVWUXLHVFFXSX LQFHDUSLFWDW .” 56 La cea de-D  HGL LH   7kUJXO D UHXQLW DSUR[LPDWLpopulari din România, dintre care 58 s -DX vQVFULV œL OD FRQFXUVXO G3URJUDPXO D FXSULQV  R SUH]HQWDUH D SURGXVHORU FH spectacol de teatru, deschiderea oILFLDO D HYHQLPHQWXOXL GHJXVWDU WUDGL LRQDOHGH+RUH]XFRQFXUVGHFUHD LHIHVWLYLFUHD LHLDUSHQWUXDPDWRULFHOHEUDFRPSHW L LHGHROULW˜6WUkPEURDWD· 54 http://www.orasul-horezu.ro/cocoul-de-hurez0 55 http://www.monitoruldevalcea.ro/arhive/7333 56 http://adevarul.ro/locale/ramnicu-valcea/foto-video–sarbatoare-horezu-locul-lutul-prinde- viata-1_55734122cfbe376e3500597b/index.html 33 Toate piesele participante la concurs au fost doQDWHSHQWUXJDOHULDGHDORFDOLWDWHD +RUH]XFDUHDDMXQV VGH LQSHVWHdoar aproximativ 1700 dintre piesele donate de-a lungul timpului sunt expuse publicului.57 3ULPDUXO ORFDOLW LL +RUH]X ,OLH )kUWDW GHFOD la deschiderea Târgului: ˜2OULWXODGHYHQLWHPEOHPDORFDOLW LLQRDVWUHWU  DU œLSHVWH KRWDUH 6QXXLWP FFHUDPLFDWUDGL L WHKQLFLOH DFHVWHLD HVWH LQFOXV GH 81(6&2 GLQ 2, pe lista UHSUH]HQWDWLYDHOHPHQWHORUGHSDWULPRQLXFXOWX ROULWFD ILLQGH[SUHVLDUDFRUGULLOD YRFHDSPkQW IRUP .” 58 ˛ncepând cu anul 2000 LSkQvQ)XQGD LD1D LRQDOSHQWUCiviliza LH 5XUDO1LœWH UDQL·DIRVWFR -RUJDQL]DWRUDOUHQXPLWXOXL&RFRœG – Târgul GH FHUDPLF SRSXODU URPkQHDVF· 5HQXPLWXO VFULLWR IRQGDWRUDO)XQGD LHL1D LRQDOHSHQWUX&LYLOL]D LHernat la fiecare edi LHDWkUJXOXL  - 3UHPLXO)XQGD LHL1LœWH UDQL·meWHUFHUDPLVWSHQWUXIUXPXVH HDIRUPHORUœLDPRWGHHVWHWLFDIRUPHORUSHQWUXVWUOXFLUHDVPDO XOXL 59 De-a lungul anilor OD˜7kUJXOGHFHUDPLFSRSXODUURPkQHDV – CocoXOGH +XUH]· DX IRVW SUH]HQWL PHœWHUL SRSXODUL GLQ +DU 0DUDPXUHœ 6DWX 0DUH 2ERJD $UJHœ 0HKHGLQ L VDX UHSUH]HQWDQ LDLDVRFLD LLORUGHFHUDPLFGLQ6SDQL D,WDOLD)UDQ D6HUELDœL% Potrivit publica iei on line Gazeta de Sud:Cotidianul oltenilor de pretutindeni, „ în DQXOSHVWH GHYL]LWDWRULDXSDUWLFLSDWOD 7kUJXOXLGH&HUDPLF3RSXODU˜&RFRœXOGH+XUH]‡ QXPUXOYL]LWDWRULORUFU de la an la an, ajungând ca în ultimii ani VILHYL]LWDWODILHFDUHHGL LHG GHYL]LWDWRULWXULœWLURPkQLœLVWULQL .” (VWH R H[SR]L LH vQ DHU OLEHU D FHORU PDL UHSUH]FHUDPLF UR PkQHDVF GDU œL XQ SULOHM GH PDQLIHVWUL DU 57 http://www.monitoruldevalcea.ro/arhive/7488 58 http://www.realitateavalceana.ro/cocosul-de-hurez-cel-mai-important-eveniment- international-pentru-ceramica-de-horezu/ 59 http://fundatianistetarani.ro/programe/cocosul-de-hurez/ 34 IRUPD LLGHGDQVXULSRSXODUHGLQ GLYHUVH ]RQH HWQR FRVWXPXOXLœLFkQWHFXOXLSRSXODU ÌQDQXOvQFDGUXO7kUJXOXLDDYXWORFRœHGLrale a *UXSULL (XURSHQH GH &RRSHUDUH 7HULWRULDO D 2UDœH RUDœXO +RUH]X HVWH PHPEUX IRQGDWRU  V -au discutat mai multe aspecte privind VXV LQHUHD RODULORU FDUH VXQW SH FDOH V UHQXQ H VXV LQHUHDO RFDOLW LORUXQGHQXPDLH[LVWVXILFLHQWLPSO DXOXFUDWFHUDPLFœLUHDOL]DUHDGHSURLHFWHFXILQ acestei îndeletniciri.60 Conform Strategiei de Dezvoltare Socio-(FRQRPLF D -XGH XOXL 9kOFH pentru perioada 2015-2020, în Studiul pentru Dezvoltarea Rutelor Culturale Europene în România se descriu domeniile prioritare de ac  LXQHLPVXULOHFRQFUH(2015-2019) pentru dezvoltarea, implementarea, evaluarea LSURPRYDUHDGHWUDVH culturale, se sus L QOHJWXULOH LVFKLPEXULOHGLQWUHRSHUDWRULLGHL al L SDUWHQHUL vQ GRPHQLXO WXULVPXOXL FXOWXUDO 6obiective/destina LLGLQMXGH XO9kOFHDFHDUSXWHDLQWUDvQexistente, SULQWUHFDUHœL LWLQHUDUXOFXOWXUDOHXURSHD WL (jud. 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Materialul folosit de el, OXWXOHVWHVFRVGHODPHWULDGkQFLPHGXSFDUHHV (trece printr-XQSURFHVGHXQDQGH]LOHGHIUPkQWDUH SkQV PHœWHUXORSRDWHPRGHODGXSYRL VDSHURDW˜YDVXOWUHEXLHVYR FUHDWRUXOOXLGHVSUHRODUœLDWXQFLWUHEXLHVvL WUHFLSULQWRDWHID]HOHGHSUHOXFUDUHGHœOHIXLUHDFHDVWSUREHWUHFXWGH YDVRODUXOHPkQGUX&kQGvOVFRDWHGL-OORYHœWH œLDXGHDFHOFOLQFKHWVSXQH FXDGHYUDWDPHULWDW .64 ’HODWHPHLQLFDSUHJWLUHDOXWXOXLœLSkQODDU întru-WRWXOWUDGL LDFUHULLFHUDPLFLLGDFL ce. 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Umbla cu oile lui, nu vorbea cu nimeni L vQWRWGHXQDP LQWHUHVD FH DUHRPX &XULRVGHILUHRGDWDPYUXWVLQWUXvQYRUEFXHLDGDW GXS QRL 0L -D UPDV vQWLSULW ID  D OXL GH RP PRURFQRV· SRYHVWHD Daniel Le pentru ziarul Informa ia zilei din 30 august 2013. $SURDSH WRDWH OXFUULOH PDHVWUXOXL VXQW LQVSL ILHFDUH ILJXULQ FUHDW DUH R SRYHVWH vQ VSDWH ILHF care l-DLQVSLUDWSHPHœWHU ˜ 2ODUXO·˜*RUGQD X·˜&LREDQXO·˜3RUFDUXFXSUL etc. /XFUULOH VDOH DX IRVW H[SXVH vQ WRDW OXPHD  8QJDULD $XVWULD HWF )RDUWH PXO L GLQWUH PDUDPXU VWULQWDWHL -DXVROLFLWDWDFHVWXLDVOHIDFI el LIHOGHILJXULQHGLQOXWSH DPLQWLGHSODLXULOHQDWDOH˜&RUXOGH&OXJUL·HVW FHDPDLSUHPLDWHDHVWHROXFUDUHUHSUH]HQWkQGS  LSHFDUHDUWLVWXOL -a surprins în diferite ipostaze. Fiind foarte OHJDWGHOXPHDVDWXOXLGHWRWFHvQVHDPXLWDWHœLSkQODWUDGL LLœLRELFHLXULURPkQHœWLLQVSLUDWHGLQDFHDVWOXPHXLPLWRDUHOXkQGDVWIHO . Vasele create de Daniel /Hœ VXQW LQVSLUDWH GXS YDVHOH D 0DUDPXUHœXOXLLVWRULF$FHVWHDVXQWIUHFDWHFXSLH 6HEDJvQFXSWRUODGHJUDGHœLGXSFHVHVFRWDI GLQSODQWHGXSFDUHVHvPEUDFvQFHD UGHDOELQH8WLOL]kQGDFHVWHWH GRUHœWHVGXFPDLGHSDUWHDFHDVWWUDGL LHDWkWetnic. 37 $FHVWOXFUXHVWHvQWULWœLGHXOWLPDH[SHULHQ &RUHHDQ ’DQLHO /Hœ D IRVW LQYLWD W DQXO DFHVWD vQ &RUHHD GH 6XG V GRFXPHQWDUGHVSUHFXPVHUHDOL]HD]FHUDPLFDWUDGL ocazie i s-D˜FRQVWUXLW·XQDWHOLHULGHQWLFFXFHOSHFD)LOPULOH DX GXUDW PDL PXOWH ]LOH GH G LPLQHD  SkQ VHDUD WkU]LX FRUHIDVFLQD LGHvQWUHJSURFHVXOGHFUHD LH 0HœWHUXO’DQLHO/HœHVWHPHUHXvQFXWDUHDDXWH DRELFHLXULORUDSRYHœWLORUHOIDFHSDUWHGLQUkQmai GHSDUWHYHFKLOHvQY WXUL ˜(XVXQWFHOFDUHIXUHœWHRDOHGHOXWœLOHXPSO – îLVLQWHWL]HD] Daniel LeDUWDVD întrun articol din 16 iulie 2016 de pe actualmm.ro.65 3.3 Avantajele œLGH]DYDQWDMHOHWXULVPXOXLFXOWXUDO 3.3.1 Avantajele t urismului: – FLUFXOD LDWXULVWLFLPSXQHGH]YROWDUHDUH HOHLDX internet etc); – SUH]HQ D WXULœWLORU SHUPLWH FUHDUHD XQRU IRQGXU (drumuri, mijloace de transport în comun etc); – OUJLUH a orizonturilor de gândire a locuitorilor din zonele unde se produce ceramica WUDGL LRQDO VDX XQGH VH RUJDQL]HD] WkUJXUL GH FH HWQLFHGLPLQXDUHDSUHMXGHF LORUFXFDUDFWHUQD LR – dezvoltarea culturii regionale prin dezYROWDUHDDUWHLFHUDPLFHWUDGL L – SXQHUHDvQYDORDUHœLFRQVHUYDUHDDWHOLHUHORUGH – DFFHQWXDUHDOHJLVOD LLORUFHUHJOHPHQWHD]SURWHF – DFRUGDUHDXQHLDVLVWHQ H VSRULWHWkUJXULORUGHS W LORUORFDOH QD LRQDOHRUJDQL]D LLORUQD LRQDOHœLLQWHUQD LRQD – GH]YROWDUHDFUHDWLYLW LLDUWLVWLFHœLDUWL]DQDO – FUHœWHUHD UROXOXL SRSXOD LLORU ORFDOH vQ SURPRYD WUDGL LRQDOH 65 http://actualmm.ro/ne-fac-cinste-mesterii-populari-din-maramures-care-pastreaza-traditia/ 38 3.3.2 Dezavantajele turismului : – SRVLELOD GLVSDUL LH D FXOWXULL WUDGL LRQDOH FDUH ˜LPSRUWDW· – FRPHUFLDOL]DUHDFXOWXULLWUDGL LRQDOH – SROXDUHDHVWHWLFDDUWHLFHUDPLFH – PRQRWRQLDSURJUDPHORUGLQFDGUXOWkUJXULORUGHFHU – FUHœWHUHDJUDGX OXLGHXUEDQL]DUHDORFDOLW LORU – FUHœWHUHDSROXULLvQ]RQHOHXQGHDXORFWkUJXULGH GHWXULœWL – OLSVDXQHLED]HGHGDWHDIHVWLYDOXULORUœLDHYHQ SURPRYDUHHILFLHQWSHQWUXWXULœ WL LQWHUQLœLVWULQL – OLSVDVXV LQHULLID GHWUDGL LLOHORFDOHœLIROFOR .66 0HœWHULL SRSXODUL FRQVLGHU WkUJXULOH GH DUW ]HVWUH· XQGH IXQF LD HGXFDWLY VH vPSOHWHœWH FHO Vizitatorul, maL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ DYL]DW SULYHœWH FX vQPHœWHœXJSRSXODU(OXUPUHœWHœLDQDOL]HD]SOLPEk -se pe la standuri, ceea ce vQVHDPQFUHD LHœLQXGHSX LQHRULDUWDSRSXODU târguri este bine ve QLWSHQWUXFDVWIHOWUDGL LLOHY]XWHFHVSHFLDOLWDWHSULQGYLD SULQFHLFDUHOHFRQWLQX citadin. 2UJDQL]DWRULL GH WkUJXUL vPSUHXQ FX PHœWHULL JkQGHDVF SH YLLWR U OD QRLOH REOLJD LL SH FDUH WUHEXLH V O VSH RELHFWHOHFHUDPLFH HWLFKHWDGHSURGXVœLGH œL YkQ]DUH WDUDEH DWHOLHUHFRUWXULVXSRUWXULV FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH UHFODP  ÌQFLXGDIDSWXOXLFDUWDFHUDPLFWUDGL LRQDOPDL PDUH GH VLPSDWL]DQ L FRQVWDWP XQ LQWHUHV VF -media URPkQHDVF H[FHS LL IFkQG 5DGLR 5RPkQLD $FWXDOLW LRadio Trinitas SUHFXPœLLQVWLWX LLOHPHGLDORFDOH 66 Guvernul României, Ministerului pentru ˛ntreprinderi Mic L œL 0LMORFLL &RPHU  7XULVP œL 3URIHVLL/LEHUDOH0DVWHU3ODQXOSHQWUX’H]YROWDUHD7XULVPXO– 2026., p. 153. 39 /D RUD DFWXDO „ se dezvoOW XQSDUWHQHULDWvQWUH PHœWH XJDUL L muzee, fapt care, IUDILvQWRWGHDXQDDUPRQLRV DVLJXU totuLvQEXQ PVXU˜DXWR -regenerarea” WUDGL LHL satelor.67 $VWIHOPX]HXOHVWHY]XWQXGRDUF DXQWkUJSRSXODUFLœLFDGHLQL LHUHvQY DUH GHODDO LPHœWHULRODULVDXD DFHVWXL SDUWHQHULDW D GHYHQLW R SUDFWLF GRQDUH PHœWHULORU RODUL SDWULPRQLXOXL PX]HDO $FHVWD HVW e probabil cel mai concret aspect SULYLQGSHUSHWXDUHDGLUHFWDWUDGL LHLSRSXODUHv 7RW PDL GHV DSDU GLYHUJHQ H vQWUH JHQHUD LL FUHQXQ DUHDODPHœWHœXJXOROULWXOXLIDSWFHUHIOHFW WUDGL LLORU SRSXODUH vQ ID D SLH HL PXQFLL 6H FRQWXUHD] GRX GHVFHQGHQ LORUPHœWHULORURODULSHQWUXRDVWIHOG DFHVWRUDvQSUHOXDUHDPXQFLLSULQWHœWLGXSDEVRO 68 67 Paul Henri Stahl, Marin Constantin – 0HœWHULLWUDQLURPkQL , Ed. 7ULWRQLF%XFXUHœWL pag. 129. 68 Idem, pag. 125. 40 &(5$0,&$81,9(56$/ &HUDPLFD HVWH XQD GLQWUH FHOH PDL YHFKL LQGXV RDPHQLLDXGHVFRSHULWFOXWXOSRDWHILWUDVIRUPDW DSœLDSRLDUVV -DQVFXWLQGXVWULDROULWXOXL Din cele mai vechi WLPSXULRDPHQLLDXIRORVLWROULWXO-L FRQVWUXLLGHQWLWDWHD VRFLDO VDX GH DDUWD FLQH L FXP HUDXGLIHUL L ID G ceilal L RDPHQL 0XOWH GLQWUH GHVHQHOH DSOLFDWH SH Rîmprumutate din cele aplicate SH vPEUFPLQWH FDUH DX IRVWGH DVHP pentru a identifica oameni dintr-un grup sau altul. Ceramica s-D UVSkQGLW DSURDSHSHVWH WRW vQ OXPH ,Q- YHVWXODPHULFDQDXvQFHSXWVFUHH]HFHUDPLFWUDGL î.Hr., LDU LQGLHQLL FDUH WULDX GH -D OXQJXO YLL UkXOXL 0LVVLVVLSSL œL LBlackfoot în jurul anului 200 î.Hr.69 /D IHO FXP FHUDPLFD WUDGL LRQDO URPkQHVF D V evenimente care au avut loc de-DOXQJXOVHFROHORU U]ERD ie, dezastre, contactului cu GLIHULWHSRSRDUHœLFXOWXUL ODIHODVXSUDYLH XLW &DWDZED7UDGL LDDIRVWWUDQVPLVvQLQWHULRUXOQFX HXURSHQLL U]ERDLHORU VHFROHORU GH VWUHV HFQRPLF œL FXOWXUDO SUHFXP introducerii unor tehnologii moderne, cum ar fi roata olarului. ˛n ciuda acestor LQIOXHQ HH[WHUQHWUDGL LDFHUDPLFLL&DWDZEDDUPD SXUHIRUPHGHDUWGHDFHVWJHQ 1XDH[LVWDWQLFLRGDWRS HULRDGvQWLPSFkQGDFHDVWWUDGL LH[LVWH ’DWRULW LPSRUWDQ HL ROULWXOXL vQ FXOWXUD -D GHGLFDW V VH DVLJXUH F H[LVW vQWRWGHDXQD RODUL &DWDZED FDUH DVWIHOvQFkWDFHDVWWUDGL LHGH GHDQLSRDWHFRQWLQXDVILHWUDQV viitoare. 7RFPDL GLQ DFHVWH FRQVLGHUHQWH DP JVLW LQWHU DFHVWHL OXFUUL FkWHYD DVSHFWH SULYLQG FHUDPLFD GLIHULWGHFHDURPkQHDVF 69 http://quatr.us/arts/pottery/ 41 4.1 CerDPLFDWUDGL LRQDODLQGLHQLORU&DWDZED Na LXQHD LQGLHQLORU &DWDZED RFXS  DFUL GH UH] 5RFN +LOO &DUROLQD GH 6XG &KLDU GDF OLPED RILFLDO RGDWFXPRDUWHDOXL6DOOLH%URZQ*RUGRQXQHOHFXQ GHVSUHOLPEV -DXSVWUDW WRWXœL SkQ DVW]L ÌQ PDWHULH GH UHOLJLH GLQ YHFKFUHGLQ DvQVSLULWXOSGXULLQXPLW „yehasuri”. &kQWHFHOH LQGLHQLORU &DWDZED VXQW VLPSOH PHO -au SLHUGXWGHPXOWVHPQLILFD LD SHQWUXPHPEULLWULEXOXL(LvœLFXQRVOHDFGDUODIHOGHFXQRVFXWHVXQWDFHVWHDœLGHYH -LQGLHQLGLQ]RQ’LQDUW FXOLQDU FRPSOH[ SH FDUH R DYHDX LQGLHQLL &DWDZED -D SVWUDW SkQ DVW]L GR UH HWDSHQWUXSUMLWXUDGHIUDV LQ FHQXœDVK  5HQXPHOH QD LXQLL&DWDZEDVHED]HD]SHFHUDPLFD FRPRDU FXOWXUDO GH LPHQVYDORDUH’LQWUH WRDWH 3XHEOR GRDU LQGLHQLL &DWDZED œL -DX SVWUDW SURFHGHXO GH UHDOL]DU TUDGL LD UHDOL]ULL RELHFWHORU GH FHUDPLF HVWH OH WUHFXWXOFXSUH]HQWXOJHQHUD LLOHWUHFXWHFXJHQH ˛n lucrarea sa „The Catawbas” (1989), James H. Merrel afirma: „Femeile &DWDZED FDUH FRQWLQX V UHDOL]H]H REL HFWH GH FHUDPLF XWLOL]kQG W WUDGL LRQDOH VXQW FHOH FDUH DVLJXU OHJWXUD FX FHUDPLFD FDWDZEDYDUPkQHFHDPDL YHFKHIRUPGHDU Sud” 7HKQLFLOH WUDGL LRQDOH &DWDZED QX V -DX SVWUDW GR DU LQWDFWH HOH SUH]LVHPQHGHFRQWLQXUH]LVWHQ /DRUDDFWXDOGHDG RELHFWH GH FHUDPLF 6XSUDYLH XLUHD WULEXOXL &DWD Catawba de-D OXQJXO VHFROHORU D IRVW GLILFLO ÌQWUH DQ -1945, realizarea RELFWHORUGHFHUDPLFœLFRPHUFLDOL]DUHDORUDIRVW WULEXOXL 7RFPDL GH DFHHD WULEXO &DWDZED vœL GDW FUHDWH&HUDPLFDHVWHFKHLDUHQDœWHULLFXOWXUDOH SecoleOH ;9,,, œL ;,; DX UHSUH]HQWDW SHULRDGH GLILFL DFHVWD F]kQG vQ XLWDUH ÌQ  %LURXO GH (WQRJUDDQWURSRORJXO (GZDUG 3DOPHU vQ UH]HUYD LD LQGLHQLO 42 H[LVWDVW]LOD,QVWLWXWXOXL 6PLWKVRQLDQFROHF LD GHRELHFWHFHUDP HVWHœLFHDPDLYHFKHFROHF LH Potrivit Bibliei omul a fost creat de Dumnezeu dintr-REXFDWGHOXWDFHHDFUHGLQ RDXœLLQGLHQLL&DWDZEDGDUFXRDOWLQW -o zi Creatorul s-a decis VIDFXQRP’LQWU -REXFDWGHOXWDPRGHODWXQRPSHFDUH-a pus în foc VDUG&kQG&UHDWRUXODFRQVLGHUDWFDDUVGHVWX -DVFRVSHRPDIDUGLQIRFœ REVHUYDWFDYHDRFXORDUHDOESDOLG’H]DPJLWGH-a aruncat pe RPSHVWHPULœLDVWIHOV -DQVFXWRPXODOE&UHDWRUXOQXDUHQDOWEXFDWGHOXWœLDPRGHODWXQ QRXRPSHFDUHO -DSXVVDUGvQIRF’HGDW aceasta l-DOVDWVDUGPDLPXOW6SUHQHPXO XPLUHDOXLG neJUX DœD F &UHDWRUXO O -D DUXQFDW SHVWH RFHDQ $œD V -D QVFXW SULPXO RP QHJUX Creatorul s-DGHFLVVPDLvQFHUFHRGDW$OXDWGLQQRXR modelat-RGXSFDUHDSXV -RvQIRF’HGDWDDFHDVWDDXUPULWDWomul din IRFODWLPS2PXODLHœLWURœX&UHDWRUXOQXD -DSVWUDW Acest om perfect a fost primul indian Catawba.” – GXS FXP SRYHVWHD 6XVDQQD Harris Owl (1847-1932). &DWDZEDDXROHJHWULEDOvQWULWDVW]LGHRO Law 101-64470 SRWULYLWFUHLDQLFLRSHUVRDQGLQDIDUDW V IDF FHUDPLF &DWDZED 3RWULYLW OHJHQGHORU RUDO ’RURWK\+DUULVœL0DJJLH+DUULVVXQWVLQJXUHOHSHUV FUR ra li s-D SHUPLV vQ VHFROXO ;; V vQYH H WHKQLFLOH GH &DWDZEDIFkQGX -se o derogare de la legile tribale. Potrivit Centrului Hilton Pond pentru Istoria Natural a Piedmont-ului din Carolina de Sud, pVWUkQG WUDGL LD – FKLDU œL vQ ]L lele noastre – EUED LL œL FRSLLL &DWDZEDVDSGXSOXWvQJURSLDIODWHSHPDOXOUkXOSVWUDWVHFUHWFKLDUœLDVW]LID GHFHLFDUHQXID VWUkQVOXWXOHVWHFXU DWœLXVFDWGXSFDUHIHP HLOHFDWDZEDSLVkQGOXWXOvO într-RSXOEHUHIRDUWHILQSHQWUXDvQOWXUDRULFHLPSX DSSkQDMXQJHODFRQVLVWHQ DGRULWGHPHœWHUXOFH .71 70 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-104/pdf/STATUTE-104-Pg4662.pdf 71 http://www.hiltonpond.org/catawbaindiansmain.html 43 4.1.1 Ustensile folosite de indienii Catawba ÌQY DUHDWHKQLFL ORUGHUHDOL]DUHDFHUDPLFLL&DWDZEDHV GXUDW 7UHEXLH vQY DWH PHWRGHOH GH UHDOL]DUH D 8VWHQVLOHOHIRORVLWHODUHDOL]DUHDRELHFWHORUGH QRLœLYHFKL8QHOHGLQWUHHOH DXSHQWUXPHœWHUXOFHUDPLVWRVHPQLDPLQWLULGHIDPLOLHœLSRWGHYHQLVXELHFWXOXQRUGL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SURSULHWDUXO GHFHGHD] ,QGLHQLL & pistile de lemn (yebi”tu ), carapace de midie (nutee’ FRDMGHGRYOHDF wade), forme de lemn (yebitusikawa FX LWGLQWUHVWLHGH]DKU wasa’), sfredel (simpa VXOIFXW din os (nusap), diferite mulaje.72 ’DFLQ LDOLQGLHQLLIRORVHDXSHQWUXDPRGHODL ii de PLGLHGHDSGXOFHDVW]LHLIRORVHVFvQFRQWLQXDUH VFRLFLJVLWHSHPDOXORFHDQXOXL &DœLLQVWUXPHQWH˜PRGHUQH·LQGLHQLLIRORVHVFD FRDM GH QXF GH FRFRV OLQJXUL GH FRVLWRU VkUPH UVXFLWH PRQHGH FDSDFH GFXWLLOHGHSUL]DWDJUDIHGHSUœLPXOWHDOWHRELFW &HD PDL PDUH GLIHUHQ  FDUH H[LVW vQWUH FHUDPL FHUDPLFD URPkQHDVF FRQVW vQIDSWXO F  LQGLHQLL &D RORVLWQLFLRGDW URDWDGHRODU/DHLPHœWHUXORODUVWWHDSHMRVF DœH]DWRSODFGHOHPQSHFDUHHOPRGHODRELHFWXOSODF OH HUD PDL XœRU V ODVH OD XVFDW RELHFWXO FU or pe care le GH LQHDXQPHœWHUYDULDvQIXQF LHGHYROXPXOGHREL &HO PDL SUH XLW LQVWUXPHQW IRORVLW GH PHœWHUL œOHIXLUHDILQLVDUHDOXVWUXLUHDRELHFWHORU GH FHUD te PRœWHQLUHGHODRJHQHUD LHODDOWDSURSULHWDUXODXvQSURSULHWDWHDFHOHLQVWUXPHQWHVDXVXQWPDL $VW]LQXHVWHQLPLFFLXGDWGDFPHœWHULL&DWDZED gazinul GH VXYHQLUXUL GLQ UH]HUYD LH vQWUH GDOHOH IRORV parcurilor. 72 Blumer, Thomas John, Harris, William L., Contemporary American Indians: Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of a Folk Tradition, University Alabama Press, 2011, p. 132. 44 $U]DGD6DQGHUVXQDGLQWUHPHœWHULLFHUDPLœWL -a JVLWFHDPDLEXQSLDWUGHœOHIXLWSHFkQGDYHDDjlocul râului. 8QDOWLQVWUXPHQWIRDUWHDSUHFLDWGHPHœWHULH SHQWUXDPRGHODSU LOHPLFLœLJUHXGHDWLQVDOHXQ 3HQWUX D LQFL]D PRGHOH SH VXSUDID D RELHFWXOXLmarginile zim DWH DOH XQRU PRQHGH ILUH GH VkUP LPSOHWLWH FX $FHVWHDRGDWIRORVLWHGHYHQHDXSDUWHFRPSRQHQWGHPHœWHUXORODU ’LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHLVWRULFQXVHSRDWHVWDELO vQY DW LQGLHQL L V IRORVHDVF PDWUL HOH VDX PXODMH SHQWUX IRQGDUHDRUDœXOXL&KDUOHVWRQDXDYXWQXPHURDVH IRORVLWHDFHVWHPXODMH$YkQGvQYHGHUHFvQDFHDvQFHUFXLW]RQD1D LXQLL&DWDZEDDFHœWLDGLQXUPDXDYXWWR DYHGHDFXPVXQWIRORVLWHDFHVWHPXODMH0HœWHULL PXODMHOH vQDLQWH GH  2OG 6DOHP œL %HWKDEDUD GSULPHOH ORFDOLW L XQGH LQ GLHQLL DX SXWXW V YDG œL V vQYH H FX PXODMH3ULPHOHPXODMHDXIRVWLGHQWLFHFXFHOHIRO din Old Salem. Este foarte probabil ca, Rhoda Harris73VILIRVWFHDFDUHDLQWURGXV Catawba mulajele. EDDIRVWPHœWHUXOFDUHDFUHDWFHDPDLPD SHQWUXSLSHLQWURGXFkQGWHKQLFLQRLvQUHDOL]DUHDDOHSFLL· 2DOWDSUHFLDWFUHDWRDUHGHPXODMHSHQWUXSL mulajele ei fiind IRORVLWHœLDVW]L0XODMHOHFDUHVHJVHVF $PHULFDVXQWDWULEXLWHWRWHL2GDWFXGHFHVXOHL -DFUH]XWFPHœWHœXJXO UHDOL]ULLPXODMHORUSHQWUXSLSHYDGLVSUHDGDUL-DXGDWVHDPDF vânzarea pipel RUOHSRDWHDGXFHYHQLWXULDWkWGHQHFHVDUH DSUXWQRLFUHDWRULGHPXODMH 73 https://archive.org/stream/catawba-indian- genealogy/catawba_indian_genealogy_2004_djvu.txt 45 7RDWH LQVWUXPHQWHOH IRORVLWH GH PHœWHULL &DW UHFLSLHQWH FXWLLGHFDIHDFXWLLGH LJULFXWLLGH tre mici. 4.1.2 Efigii Efigiile sunt de multYUHPHRSDUWHLPSRUWDQWDWUDGL LHL GHGLPHQVLXQLPLFLœLVXQWGHDVHPHQHDUH]LVWHQWH SRWILIHUPDWULEXLWHIROFORUXOXLœLLVWRULHL&DWD al XIX-lea efigiile cele PDLSRSXODUHHUDXFHOHFDUHUHSUH]HQWDXœHUSLEURD 5HDOL]DUHD XQHL EURDœWH  HVWRDVH SUHVXSXQH R 0HœWHUXOIDFHGLQWU -REXFDWGHOXWRELOSHFDUHDSRLRDOXQJH unui FLOLQGUX GXS FDUH FX DMXWRUXO GHJHWHORUSUHVHD] SU L HJDOH FD PULPH 3DUWHD GH VXV HVWH PRGHODW VXE IRUPD SU LOHGHMRVVXQWPRGHODWHVXEIRUPGHFDSSLFLRD 0HœWHULL&DWDZEDVXQ WFDSDELOLVUHDOL]H]HHILJLLVXEIRUP $VW]L PHœWHUL SUHFXP (YHO\Q *HRUJH VDX &DWKHULQH IRUPGHFXUFDQVDXFkLQH&HOHPDLSRSXODUHHILJLLV GH EURDVF HVWRDVEURDVFEXIQ L œDUSHXUVFDVWRUœLFDO .74 0RWLYHGHFRUDWLYHIRORVLWHGHPHœWHULL&DW $SOLFDUHD PRWLYHORU GHFRUDWLYH SH RELHFWHOH G DFHORUDœLWHKQLFLFDœLDFHORUIRORVLWHvQDUWDWîncepXW PHœWHUXO FHUDPLVW WUDJH R OLQLH GUHDSW SH SURFHGHD]œLDUWLVWXOFDUHWDWXHD] – WUDJHROLQLHGUHDSWSHSLHOH8W VDXRDJUDIPHœWHUXORODUvQ HDSSHUIRUHD]OLQLDW proFHGHD]œLDUWLVWXOFDUHWDWXHD]SLHOHDDFHVWD în piele. Motivele cele mai des întâlnite sunt: 74 Blumer, Thomas John, Harris, William L., Contemporary American Indians: Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of a Folk Tradition, University Alabama Press, 2011, p. 171. 46 a) motivul soarelui – este cel mai des utilizat de indienii Catawba. Soarele VLPEROL]HD]L]YRUXOOXPLQLLDOFOGXULLœL DOYLH LL .75 Aproape fiecare obiect ceramic &DWDZED DUH LQFL]DW DFHVW VLPERO $FHVWD SRDWH D independent (singular) sau se poate repeta. b) motivul ovalului barat – este cel mai important la nivel individual. ˛n secolul al XVI-lea era cel mai important motiv în rândul indienilor de pe întreg teritoriul DPHULFDQ $VW]L HO HVWH XQ PRWLY H[FOXVLY &DWDZ*HRUJLD+DUULVDFHVWPRWLYDIRVWXQXOSUHIHUDW(Dbunicii ei Epp Harris (1830-   œL 0DUWKD -DQH +DUULV  -1936). Motivul ovalului barat poate face parte dintr-un ansamblu de motive: ovalul barat în FRPELQD LHF XPRWLYXOUHSUH]HQWkQGRVFDU c) crucea, svastica, cercul de ace – YDULD LXQLDOHDFHVWRUPRWLYHVXQ cunoscute vQDPEHOH$PHULFL 1RUGœL6XG $FHVWHPRWLYHVHUHJ PRGHUQDQDWLYLORUDPHULFDQL0HœWHULL&DWDZEDUH FkQG XWLOL]HD] DFHVWH PRWLYH OD GHFRUDUHD RELHFW VW XQ IUDJPHQW GHSLS JVLW vQ FROHF LLOH0X]HXOXL 6PLWKVIRVWUHDOL]DWGHGRLPHœWHUL XQXOPHœWHUvQUHDO PHœWHUvQGHFRUDUHDRELHFWHORUFHUDPLFH)UDJPHQWX ii încrestat pe el. ’XSFHRELHFWXODIRVWPRGHODWœLGHFRUDWHOH XVFDUHSRDWHGXUDvQWUHR]LVDXPDLPXOWHÌQXQHOH PDULSRWVWDODXVFDWœLRVSWPkQÌQWLPSXOSHULULœLGXS DFHDVWD RELHFWHORU OL VH DGDXJ PkQHUH WOSL VDXLPSHUIHF LXQL .76 Arderea obiectelor de ceramicVHIDFHDVW]LvQFDVvQWU -XQœHPLQHXPDUH &X]HFLGHDQLvQXUPvQVRELHFWHOHVHDUGHDXDIDU -XQœDQ  VDXvQWU -RJURDS /DvQFHSXWVHIFHDXQIRFPDUHSHQWUXDRE LQHXQVWU vQFLQœL2ELHFWHOHHUDXDœH]DWHvQMXUXOIRFXOXLOSHQWUXVDXRUHSkQFSWDXRQXDQ FLXGDWGHQH XGLQFDX]DFOGXULL&kQ 75 Jean Chevalier, Alain Gheerbrant, ’LF LRQDUGHVLPEROXUL 0LWXULYLVHREL turi, forme, figuri, culori, numere HG3ROLURP%XFXUHœWL 2009, p. 842. 76 Vladimir J. Fewkes + Catawba Pottery -Making, with Notes on Pamunkey Pottery-Making, Cherokee Pottery-Making, and Coiling, în Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 88, nr. 2 (Jul. 7, 1944), pag. 88. 47 FXORDUHD GHYHQHD XQLIRUP SH WRDWVXSUDID DRELHFVXILFLHQWGHPDUH PHœWHUXOOHUVWXUQDSHFUEXQL DFRSHUHDFX VFRDU XVFDW GH SLQ &kQG VFRDU DDDU , obiectele acum de QXDQ URœX -DSULQVHUDXVFRDVHGLQIRFœLOVDWHODPDUJLQ Când obiectul s -DUFLWFRPSOHWHODYHDRFXORDUHJDOEHQ -URœFDW ’DFPHœWHUXOGRUHDVRE LQXQRELHFWGHFXORDU VD œH]HRELHFWXOvQWU -XQYDVPDLDUHPDUHGHOXWvQFDUHVSXQ SLQGXSFDUHVDœH]HYDVXOSHFUEXQLœLSHFHQXœDVFRDUWGHSLQ’XSRUHGHVWDWSHIRFRELHFWXODYH 77 ’XSFH s-DXUFLWXQSLFRELHFWHOHHUDXIUHFDWHFXFHDUSHQWUXDOHGDXQOXFLXGHRVHELW /DLQGLHQLL&DWDZEDSHULRDGDGHUHDOL]DUHDRELvQFHSXWXO SULPYHULL SkQ WRDPQD WkU]LX SHULRDGD YLWDW GLQ FDX]D vQJKH XOXL9DUDSURFHVXOGHXVFDUHDORELHFWHORUG )HPHLOHODIHOFDœLEUED LLDXDYXWXQORFLPSR GHYHGHUHHFRQRPLFDIDPLOLHL(OHIFHDXRELHFWHGH QGHDXœL RE LQHDXSURSULLEDQLSHFDUHSXWHDXV -LIRORVHDVFGXSFXPGRUHDX 78 )HVWLYDOXO&HUDPLFLLGLQ9DOHD&DWDZEDœLD )HVWLYDOXO &HUDPLFLL GLQ YDOHD &DWDZED œL DO Valley Pottery and Antiques FestivaO  VH DIO DVW]L OD FHD GH -D  HGL LH 6FRSXO DFHVWXLIHVWLYDODIRVWœLFRQWLQXVILHSUH]HQWD9DOHD&DWDZEDSUHFXPœLDFHLRODULFDUHDXSURGXVœ RELHFWHWUDGL LRQDOH Festivalul eVWH UHFXQRVFXW FD ILLQG GHVWLQD LD SULQF FHUDPLFWUDGL LRQDOGLQVXGXO68$RIHULQGVSUHYkQ QRL DQWLFKLW L œL DUW SRSXODU UHDOL]DWH GH PDL HGXFD LRQDOHFDUHVXQ WRUJDQL]DWHFXDFHDVWRFD]LHRIHURSHUV 77 M. R. Harrington + Catawba Potters and Their Work , în American Anthropologist New Series, vol. 10, nr. 3 (Jul. – Sep., 1908), pag. 405. 78 George L. Hicks;Frank G. Speck + Cultural Persistence versus Local Adaptatio n: Frank G. Speck’s Catawba Indians, în Ethnohistory , vol. 12, nr. 4 (Autumn, 1965), pag. 346. 48 FHUDPLFLLFDWDZEDDLFLDYkQGORFGHPRQVWUD LLH[SR UHDOL]HD]FHUDPLFDWUDGL LRQDODLQGLHQLORUFDUDZ ,QL LDO FRPHUFLDOL]DUHD RELHFWHORU GH FHUDPLF VH IFHD vQ PDJD]LQHOUH]HUYD LHVXEIRUPGHVXYHQLUXULVDXGLUHFWDFDV DO)HVWLYDOXOXLDIRVWDFHODGHDRIHULXQORFSHDQ QXPDLVSRDWV -œLH[SXQœLV -œLYkQG produsele ceramice. 7kUJXOGHWRDPQDODUWL]DQLORU &HL LQWHUHVD L V H[SHULPHQWH]H FUHDWLYLWDWH LXQLL LQGLHQLORU &DWDZED SRW SDUWLFLSD vQ ILHFDUH DQ vQ OXQD QRLHartizanilor” care are loc în Rock Hill, C DUROLQDGH6XG3DUWLFLSDQ LLDXSHOkQJGHPRVWUD LLGHGDQVXULWULEDOHH[SR]L LLGH œL MXFULL WUDGL LRQDOH UHDOL]DWH H[FOXVLY GH PHPE SDUWLFLSDFDœLYkQ]WRULGRDUPH mbrii ai tribului. ÌQFGLQ PHœWHULLRODUL&DWDZED 79 DXvQFHUFDWV -œLSURPRYH]HœLV -œL FRPHUFLDOL]H]HRELHFWHOHGHFHUDPLFSULQSDUWLFLSD KLVWRULFDO FHOHEUDWLRQ  FDUH D IRVW RUJDQL]DW v FX WUHFHUHD DQLORU FHUDPLFD WUDGL LRQDO D LQGLHQLO DSUHFLDW œL FXWDW GH FROHF LRQDUL LVWRULFL HW VWXGHQ L .80 /DRUDDFWXDOPX]HHSUHFXP6PLWKVRQLDQ&KDUOdispuse VDFKL]L LRQH]HœLVH[SX QFHUDPLFDLQGLHQLORU&DWDZED &HUDPLFDWUDGL LRQDOFRUHHDQ ’XSGHVFRSHULUHDIRFXOXLGHFWUHRDPHQLXQXOG GLQ SPkQW GH DFH WLD DX IRVW RELHFWHOH GH FHUDPLF &RUHHD VH SRDWH OXGD FX iVWRULHDFHUDPLFLLYHFKHGHGHDQL&HUDPLFDSR 79https://books.google.ro/books?id=Ztr5H3U1pPQC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=Catawba+Indian++F air&source=bl&ots=bjtwTUM8mf&sig=O4iG9MCDX07J0oygDwTSVvt5SGU&hl=en&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwjU39TWkNHTAhXQbVAKHcvYBAAQ6AEIZjAO#v=onepage&q=Catawba%20Indian% 20%20Fair&f=false 80 Blumer, Thomas John, Harris, William L., Contemporary American Indians : Catawba Indian Pottery : The Survival of a Folk Tradition, University Alabama Press, 2011, 49 GRPLQDQW SULQ PULPH GDU VH GLVWLQJH SULQ OHJWXU civiliza LDFRUHHDQV -a dezvoltat, forma vaselor a evoluat de la vase aspre de lut la por elan fin. &HUDPLFDFRUHHDQSRDWHILFODVLILFDWvQIXQF  LHGHWLSXOGHOXWGLQFD IFXW GH IRUPD YDVHORU GH VPDO   GH GXULWDWH VDX GH SHULRDGD vUHDOL]DW 81 ÌQSHULRDGDQHROLWLFYDVHOHGHFHUDPLFFRUHHQH au ED]DILHURWXQGILHDVFX  LWLPRGHOHvQFUXVWDWH7RDWHDFHVWHFHUDPLFDFRUHHDQHUDLQIOXHQ  DWGHFXOWXUDFKLQH]0RGHOHOHvQFU DFHDSHULRDGHUDXOLQLLOHvQ]LJ -]DJVSLUDOHIRUPHSWUDWH LFLXSLWXULOHUHDO izate cu degetele. Epoca bronzului a fost, de asemenea, sub influen DFXOWXULLFKLQH]H&HUD FRUHHDQ QX HVWH IRDUWH GHFRUDW SHUH  LL YDVHORU VXQW PDL JURL L DSDforme de vase: aburitoare, vase cu mânere, vase cu postamente. Culoarea vase lor este ILHQHDJUILHUR LH Epoca fierului aduce ceramica de culoare gri cu multe modele încrustate. O IRUPWLSLFDDFHVWHLSHULRDGHHVWHYDVXOFXIXQGL PkQHUHVXEIRUPGHFRDUQH 2DOWIRUPLQWHUHVDQWHVWHYDVXO SWUDWD H]DWSHXQ VRFOX FDUH HVWH DSRL OFXLW QHJUX (VWH FODU F RO  L L PDL ambi LRLvQSURLHFWHOHORUVWDELOLQGED]HOHSHQWUX perioada celor Trei Regate.82 Perioada celor Trei Regate (Baekje, Gaya L6LOOD începe în Coreea în sec. I î.C LGXUHD]SkQvQVHF;HQ )RUPHOHWLSLFHGLQDFHDVWSHULRDG JkWXO OXQJ FKDQJJ\RQJ KR  YDVH URWXQGH YDVH FX Pksuporturi (kurut pachim) folosite pentru a sprijini boluri mari , vaze bulboase înalte XQHRULFX VXSRUWXUL SHUIRUDWH OPSL L FXSHVXE IRUP GH FORSRW FDUH PLFLGHDUJLOvQLQWHULRUXOXQHLVHF  LXQLLQIHULRDUHLFDUHIDF]JRPRW sunt ridicate. Ceramica a fost decorate cu incizii, cu aplica LLGLQOXWVXSOLPHQWDU la unele obiecte le-au fost decupa LSHUH LLFUHkQGX -se un efect de dantelare. 81 Kang Kyung-sook – Korean ceramics , ed. Korean Foundation, Seoul, 2008, pag. 13. 82 *** – Korean Korean cultural heritage: seen through pictures and names , vol.1, ed. Sigong Tech, Seoul, 2007, pag. 219. 50 $FHDVW SHULRDG HVWH LQIOXHQ  DW GH EXGLVP 0RWLYHOH EXGLV SUHGRPLQSHRELHFWHOHGHFHUDPLFVXQW PXJXULLIOR LQ orii. Ceramica GH]LFX]LHVWHQHGHFRUDWGDUFHDVSHFLDO IRORVLW LFXILJXULXPDQH H[PX]LFLHQLFDUHFkQWODLQVWUXP ˛n perioada Dinastiei Goryeo (918-  FHUDPLFDFRUHHDQGHYLQHPD LPDLHOHJDQWFKLDUGHFkWFHDFKLQH]ÌQDFHDVWSH IRUPGH FQLEROXULYD]HvQDOWHXOFLRDUHVXEIRUP DU]WRDUH GH WPkLH D H]DWH SH GLIHULWH DQLPDOH HWF 0RGHOHOpHULRDG DX IRVW  IORUL ORWXV FUL]DQWHP EXMRUL liniare folosite aveau diferite culori: negru, roXLPDUR8QHOHRELHFWHDXIRplacate cu aur. Dinastia Joseon (1392-  VHUHPDUFSULQD DQXPLWHOHYDVHRQJJL (vase GH GLIHULWH GLPHQVLXQL XWLOL]DWH PDL DOHV SHQWUX (boluri pentru ceai) LYDVHGHSRU HODQDOE/DVIkULWXOVHFROX -lea meWHULL olari coreeni au fost duLIRU DWvQ-DSRQLDvQXUPDLQYD]LHL3HQ ne de FWUH-DSRQLDLQYD]LHFXQRVFXW LVXEQXPHOHGH5]ERLXO&HUDPLFLLdeja admira L SHQWUX SRU HODQXO ORU DOE DX DYXW R LQIOvaselor Satsuma japoneze83 De-DOXQJXOVHFROXOXL;;FHUDPLFDFRUHHDQV -a luptat sVXSUDYLH  XLDVFVXE presiunea industriei din domeniu. 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Particulele de QLVLSVHWRSHVFvQWLPSXOSURFHVXOXLGHDUGHUHDYD microscRSLFLvQSHUH LLLQWHULRULDLYDVXOXL$FHœWLSR 85 *** – Korean intangible cultural properties: Traditional handicrafts , Editura Hollzm, Elizabeth (Seoul), 2001, pag. 124. 52 XPLGLW LLSUHYHQLQGDVWIHODOWHUDUHDSURGXVHORUVH VSDUJH HO HVWH vQJURSDW vQ SPkQW XQGH vQ WLFRPSR]L LHL sale. 9DVHOH 2QJJL HUDX GHSR]LWDWH vQ FXUWH SH R WH QXPHOH GH MDQJGRNGDH $œH]DUHD YDVHORU SH DFHDVW DQXPLWHUHJXOL YDVHOHPDULFXVRVGHVRLDHUDXDœH FRQ LQHDXSD VWGHIDVROHHUDXDVH]DWHODPLMORFLDUYDV FDUHFRQ LQHDXSDVWGHSLSHUURœXVDXDOWHSURGXVH FRQVLGHUDWDILREXQJRVSRGLQvQIXQF LHGHFXPHOnggi. 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Nume generic dat unor minerale cu compozi LHLDVSHFWGLYHUV (silica LGHSRWDVLXGHVRGLXLGHFDOFLX DOFWXLQGQXPHURDVHU 87 *** – Handicrafts of the Korean People , ed. Dahal Media, Seoul, 2004, pag. 69. 53 0DNVDEDO YDULD] vQ IXQF  LH GHVH]RQL GH VROXO GLQ FDUH VXQW motivul pentru care frumuse HDORUHVWHDWULEXLWQDWXULL .88 %ROXULOHPDVNDEDOQXDXQLPLFGLQHOHJDQ DœLU GDUSRVHGSUR SULXOORUœDUPIUXPXVH HDORUQXDUHQLPLFDU 89. &HD PDL LPSRUWDQW GDU vQ DFHOD L WLPS FHD PDL GLILFLO HWDS vQ DFHVWRUEROXULHUDDUGHUHDORUvQFXSWRDUH7HPSHU 1200-1300 de grade Celsius. 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Ele au devenit deosebit de populare în rândul samurailor LFOXJULORU 1HDYkQG YDVH VSHFLDOH SHQWUX D EHD FHDLXO ERO RFXSHXQORFLPSRUWDQWvQVRFLHWDWHDMDSRQH](OHute ca un simbol al ERJ  LHLL FRQWLXV ILH IRDUWHDSUHFLDWH LvQ]LXD91 Bolurile maksabal au GHYHQLW7H]DXU1D LRQDO-DSRQH]VXEQXPHOHGH,GR&K Kim Jeong-RQPDHVWUXFHUDPLVWœL‡WH]DXUXPDQvQYL 1996, din partea *XYHUQXOXL &RUHHDQ  HVWH XQXO GLQWUH SX UHDOL]HD]DVW]LEROXULPDVNDEDOIRORVLQGWHKQLFLO .92 4.3.)HVWLYDOXULGHFHUDPLFGLQ&RUHHD 4.3.1 Festivalul Bolurilor Tradi  LRQDOHGH&HDLGHOD0XQJ\HRQJ Zona Mungyeong este centrul de crea LHDOEROXULORUWUDGL LRQDOH Coreea de Sud LGHDVHPHQHDDLFLVHJVHWHFHOPDLYHFKL 88 http://www.arirang.co.kr/ 89 Choi Joon-sik – Understanding Koreans and their culture , Editura Her one Media, Seoul, 2010, pag. 140. 90 Idem pag. 70. 91 *** – 100 cultural symbols of Korea: 100 windows showcasing Korea , ed. Discovery Media, Seoul, 2008, pag. 154. 92 http://www.antiquealive.com/masters/Ceramics/Pottery_Kiln.html 54 din  DU)HVWLYDOXO%ROXULORU7UDGL LRQDOHGH&HDLG de guvernul coreean pentru a reînvia tradi LDGHUHDOL]DUHDEROXULORUGpentru a reînvia tradi LRQDOD FHUHPRQLH FRUHHDQ GH VHUYLUH D duce în timp la comercializarea acestor boluri într-XQQXPUWRWPDLPDUH 93 $IRVWDOHDVDFHDVWORFD  LHGDWRULW FDOLW  LLVROXOXLFDUHHVWHXQXOF QLVLSRVFDUHSHUPLWHUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWRURELHFWHG LGDWRULWFHORU GHFXSWRDUHFDUHH[LVWvQ]RQ)HVWLYDOXOVHDIOD -a 18-a edi LHLVH GHVI RDUvQOXQDPDLDILHFUXLD n, reunind anual tot mai mul LPHWHULRODUL ˛n cadrul acestui festival au loc demonstra LLSULYLQGWHKQLFLOHGHUH bolurilor de ceai, demonstra LL IFXWH GH PHWHUL RODUL SUHFXP L unde vizitatorii îLSRWUHDOL]DSURSULLOHER luri de ceai. ˛n 2015 festivalul a avut un QXPUGHSHVWHGHYL]LWDWRUL Han-%RQJ&KHRQPDHVWUXFHUDPLVWœL7H]DXUXPDQv GLQSDUWHD*XYHUQXOXL&RUHHDQ FUHD]YDVHGHFani în atelieruO VXGH OkQJ 0XQJ\HRQJ 0LVLXQHD OXL +DQ -%RQJ &KHRQ D IRVW V UHLQWURGXFvQ&RUHHDGH6XGWHKQLFLOHYHFKL.RU\R DœD FXP DX IRVW HOH UHDOL]DWH vQ WLPSXO VHFROXOXL -lea L D FURU WHKQLF GH realizare s-a pierdut în timpul introducerii produc LHLvQPDV(OHVWHGHDVHP FRQVLGHUDWDVW]LFDDUWLVWXOFDUHDUHvQYLDW0DNV -ul.94 )HVWLYDOXOGH&HUDPLFGHOD,FKHRQ &RUHHDG Icheon este un oraGLQSURYLQFLD*\HRQJJL&RUHHDGH6XG este declarat obiectiv UNESCO – OraœDODUWL]DQDWXOXLœLDUWHLSRSXSXQFWGHUHIHULQ SHQWUXWRWFHHDFHvQVHDPQFHUDP -cheie în dezvoltarea ceramicii moderne LvQSUHGDUHDPDLGHSDUWH de la o genera LHODDOWD a tehnicilor de realizare a ceramicii tradi LRQDOHFRUHHQH – RDUWYHFKHPHUJHvQDSR peste 1000 de ani. (YHQLPHQWHSUHFXP)HVWLYDOXO&HUDPLFLLGLQ,FKH XQORFGHVFKLPEGHH[SHULHQ H LDFWLYLW LFUHDWLYH $VW]LRUD XO,F KHRQHODERUHD] 93 http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/02/145_132069.html 94 http://www.ceramicsnow.org/post/70383727042/mungyeong-traditional-tea-bowl-festival 55 politici LSURJUDPHFDUHDXPHQLUHDVSVWUH]HUHVXUVHOH LVvPSUWHDVFDFHVWHYDORULFXDOWHRUDHGLQvQ 95 6LWXDWODQRUGGHFHQWUXORUDœXOXL6DWXOGH& ceramicii tradi LRQDOHFRUHHQHvQFGLQWLPSXOGLQDVWLHL-RV -1910) LWLPSGH DSUR[LPDWLY  GH DQL GDWRULW PDWHULDOHORU X RU GH RE LQXW vQ GRPHQLX -a PHQ LQXWDFHDVWSR]L LH ÌQSUH]HQWH[LVWFLUFDGHIDEULFLGHsatului, LDSUR[LPDWLYGHFXSWRDUHGHFHUDPLFvQFIXQ &HQWUXOGH$UW&HUDPLF+DHJDQJHVWHVLQJXUXODIODPDLPXOWHGHVSUHFHUDPLFDWUDGL LRQDOFRUHHD&HUDPLFGHOD,FKHRQDDYXWORF vQ HOGHVIœXUkQGX -se anual în lunile aprilie- PDLGHYHQLQGODRUDDFWXDOFHOPDLPDUHIHVWLYDOG Pe parcursul întregului festival sunt organizate concursuri de realizare de RELHFWHFHUDPLFHSHQWUXIDPLOLLGHPRVWUD LLGH XWLOL]DUHDUR LLRODUXOXLU PDHœWULLRODULVDXVHVLXQLGHvQY DUHDWHKQLFLORFHUDPLFH9L]LWDWRULLSRWXUPULLPHœWHULRODULUH-œLSURSULLOHYDVHFHUDP VDXSRWHLvQœLœLVUHDOL]H]HYDVHFHU DPLFHFXVDXIUDMXWRUXOPHœWHUL 96 Maestrul Haeju Eom Ki-hwan, care s-D QVFXW L D FUHVFXW vQ ,FKHRQ YRUEHœWH SDUWLFLSDQ LORU OD IHVWLYDO GHVSUH LVWRL GH]YROWDUHD LQGXVWULHL GLQ UHJLXQH ’H DVHPHQHD HO SUH]LQW SUDFWLF SURF de realizare a obiectelor FHUDPLFH vQFHSkQG FX SUHSDUDUHD OXWXOXL IRORVLUH obiectelor realizate în cuptor pentru ardere. Satul s-a dezvoltat destul de rapid în ultimii ani L V -a transformat într-un DGHYUDW FRPSOH[ FDUH HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ DSUR[LPDWLY  GH V FHUDPLFGLQFDUHvQFSURGXFRELHFWHFHUDPLFHIRO lemne.97 ÌQ ILHFDUH DQ VXE R QRX WHP IHVWLYDOXO RIHU L DFWLYLW  LFDUHSRWILVDYXUDWHGHWR DWOXPHDEUED  LLIHPHLWLQHULLEWUkQ 95 http://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/icheon 96 *** – Entertaining ceramics festivals, în Korea Magazine, nr. 9, 2015, (https://books.google.ro/books?id=cpGUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22&lpg=PT22&dq=icheon+ceramics+f estival&source=bl&ots=UBONvnitii&sig=4eJ1aBj810VDm5RKSuJNAbAydOs&hl=en&sa=X&ved =0ahUKEwiEqoCp2qXRAhUMBsAKHVDCDWw4FBDoAQhKMAg#v=onepage&q=icheon%20cer amics%20festival&f=false). 97 https://www.eoasia.com/en/south-korea/seoul/activities/819-icheon-ceramics-village-visit- and-pottery-workshop-tour-around-seoul 56 SUH]LQWYL]LWDWRULORUœLWUDGL  LLOHFXOWXUDOHLOXFUULFHUDPLFHGLQ festival. De vizionat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDmBtNrC5Lc 6. 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DDFDUH[LVWD un drum al ceramicii, acesta ar trece în România inevitabil prin Horezu, apoi prin &RUXQGœL0DUJLQHDœLQXDURFROL6FHOXO 3HQWUXPHœWHULLRODULSDUWLFLSDUHDODWkUJXUL mari bucurii a lor mai ales atuncLFkQGYGSOFHUHDœLDSUHFLHUHDvQ OHDFKL]L LRQHD]RELHFWHOHGHFHUDPLFVDXGRDUOHD $VW]L GDWRULW WkUJXULORU H[SR]L LLORU œL PDJ SURGXVXO PHVWHœXJUHVF D GHYHQLW vQ SULPXO UkQG RHœWHœXJUHVF LHœLQG RDUHFXPGLQFDGUXO VXDUKDLF ED]DWSH XQ VWLPS FRPHU XO ILLQG SULQFLSDOD GDF QX H[FOXVLYD DVHPHQHD WLS GH UHOD LH VWDELOLW vQWUH SURGXFW – PHœWHU SH GH -R SDUWH œL cumpUWRUSHGHDOWSDUWH 3HQWUXPDMRULWDWHDPHœWHULORURODU PRGDOLW LVXQWVLQJXUHOHSULQFDUHSRWV -œLDVLJXUHXQWUDLGHFHQW .98 6HœWLHFDWXQFLFkQGXQWXULVWYL]LWHD]R]RQ festival unul din obiecWLYHOH VDOH HVWHGHD FXPSUD XQ VXYHQL YLLWRUV -OIDFV -œLDPLQWHDVFGHDFHDH[FXUVLHVDXDFHOPR IDFH DFHVW OXFUX LQGXVWULD GH WXULVP WUHEXLH V GLYHUVHSURGXVHWUDGL LRQDOH de turism – suveniruri – FDUHVILHvQVWUkQVOHJW FXOWXUDœLWUDGL LLOHQRDVWUH Un exemplu demn de urmat ar fi cel oferit de Coreea de Sud unde ONG-urile, muzeele FKLDU œL PDULOH PDJD]LQH RIHU FHW HQLORU FXU PHœWHœ XJXULORUWUDGL LRQDOHSULQWUHFDUHœLFHOGHUH 98 http://www.mestesuguritraditionale.ro/pagini. 57 /DRUDDFWXDOSHVWHWRWvQOXPHH[LVWSURLHFW œL VXV LQ PHœWHœXJXULOH WUDGL LRQDOH 3H IRQGXO WHULL XQLIRUPLW LL SH F globalizarea îl vQFXUDMHD] WUDGL  LLOH ORFDOH L UHJLRQDOH DMXW O OHJWXULORU FXOWXUDOH FDUH OHDJ FRPXQLW  LOH vPSUHXQ L FUHHD] XQ VHQW LGHQWLWDWH $FHVWHD MRDF GH DVHPHQHD XQ URO -cheie în industria de agrement, recreere LWXULVPFUHkQGYDOR ri economice, dar LVRFLDOH 3H SODQ QD LRQDO 5RPkQLD SULQ 6WUDWHJLD 1D LR ’XUDELOD5RPkQLHL – Orizonturi 2013-2020-XUPUHœWH – LPSOHPHQWDUHD XQRU SURJUDPH VSHFLDOH GH IRUPDUHpopulari în vedereD vQVXœLULL WHKQLFLORU PDWHULDOHORU œ WUDGL LRQDOHSHQWUXSUH]HUYDUHDDXWHQWLFLW LLœL – LGHQWLILFDUHDGRFXPHQWDUHDFHUFHWDUHDLQYHQWD diverselor elemente aOH SDWULPRQLXOXL LPDWHULDO FX SDUWLF FRPXQLW LORUœLRUJDQL]D LLORUVRFLHW LLFLYLOH – SUH]HUYDUHD SURPRYDUHD œL SXQHUHD vQ YDORDUH D S QLYHOQD LRQDOœLUHJLRQDOœLVXV LQHUHDGLQUHVXUV RLHFWHORUœLLQL LDWLY în acest domeniu; – SURLHFWDUHD XQHL UH HOH PXOWLIXQF LRQDOH OD QLHWQRJUDILFHœFROLSRSXODUHGHDUWDQVDPEOXULIROF SRWHQ H]HFDSDFLWD LOHFUHDWLYHœLLQL LDWLYH OHGHYDORUL]DUHœLUHLQVHU LHD LPDWHULDOvQFRRUGRQDWHOHYLH LLFRPXQLWDUH 99. ÌQJULMRUWRU HVWH IDSWXO F SUHD SX LQ VXQW FHWHKQLFLGHUHDOL]DUHDFHUDPLFLLWUDGL LRQDOHøLD , fie GDWRULWYHQLWXULORUPLFLSHFDUHDFHVWHDOH -DUJHQHUDILHGDWRULWPLMORDFGHUHDOL]DUHDRELHFWHORUFHUDPLFHFDUHHFRQRPLVH QXPUPDUHGHRELHFWH8QVWXGLXGLQUHDOL]DWGH DWDWF DSURDSH MXPWDWH GLQ PHœWHULL FHUDPLœWL FRUHHQLLQWDQJLELOH‡DXSUH]LVFDELOLW  LOHœLWHKQLFLOHORUYRUPXULRGDW 100. 99http://cndd.ro/documents/national_strategy_for_sustainable_development/SNDD_2008_RO.pdf 100 http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20111024000661 58 BIBLIOGRAFIE: 1. *** – 100 cultural symbols of Korea: 100 windows showcasing Korea, ed. Discovery Media, Seoul, 2008. 2. *** – An introduction to Korean culture, ed. Hollym, Seoul, 2008. 3. *** – Entertaining ceramics festivals, în Korea Magazine, nr. 9, 2015. 4. *** – Handicrafts of the Korean People , ed. 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WEBGRAFIE: ¾ http://actualmm.ro/ne-fac-cinste-mesterii-populari-din-maramures-care- pastreaza-traditia/ ¾ http://adevarul.ro/locale/ramnicu-valcea/foto-video–sarbatoare-horezu-locul- lutul-prinde-viata-1_55734122cfbe376e3500597b/index.html ¾ http://bestofromania.eu/horezu-ro/ ¾ http://ccivl.ro/ccivl- vechi/images/documents/Alex/Strategie_%20dezvoltare_Valcea.pdf, pag. 178. ¾ http://clayplayceramics.com/wp/ceramica/ceramica-traditionala/ ¾ http://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/icheon ¾ http://fundatianistetarani.ro/programe/cocosul-de-hurez/ ¾ http://horezu-turism.ro/cultura-populara ¾ http://horezu-turism.ro/olaritul ¾ http://jurnalvalcean.ro/cocosul-de-hurez-targ-de-anvergura-internationala/ ¾ http://quatr.us/arts/pottery/ ¾ http://sacel-maramures.ro/cultura/traditii/olarit/ceramica.html ¾ http://www.ancient.eu/Korean_Pottery/ ¾ http://www.antiquealive.com/masters/Ceramics/Pottery_Kiln.html ¾ http://www.arirang.co.kr/ ¾ http://www.ceramicamarginea.ro/despre-ro.html ¾ http://www.ceramicsnow.org/post/70383727042/mungyeong-traditional-tea- bowl-festival ¾ http://www.digi24.ro/magazin/timp-liber/divertisment/ultimul-dac-liber- traieste-la-baia-sprie-am-un-lux-in-viata-asta-fac-ce-mi-place-la-mine-acasa- 256429 ¾ http://www.fabricadeplante.ro/ceramica-de-horezu-prin-ochii-turistului ¾ http://www.festivaluri-romanesti.ro/festivaluri/targul-olarilor-ochiul-de-paun ¾ http://www.gazetademaramures.ro/breasla-olarilor-de-baia-sprie-12659 ¾ http://www.gds.ro/Bani-afaceri/2012-10- 08/Branduri+oltenesti+de+suflet.+Locul+6%3A+Ceramica+de+Horezu/ ¾ http://www.glascomun.info/2008/07/targul-olarilor-si-al-mesterilor-populari- %E2%80%9Eochiul-de-paun-radauti-editia-a-xxvi-a/ 60 ¾ http://www.hiltonpond.org/catawbaindiansmain.html ¾ http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/02/145_132069.html ¾ http://www.libertateapentrufemei.ro/articol/ceramica-de-horezu-vestita- intreaga-lume-114681 ¾ http://www.mestesuguritraditionale.ro/pagini ¾ http://www.monitoruldevalcea.ro/arhive/7333 ¾ http://www.monitoruldevalcea.ro/arhive/7488 ¾ http://www.orasul-horezu.ro/cocoul-de-hurez0 ¾ http://www.primariasacel.ro/sacel_tradi%C5%A3ii%20%C5%9Fi%20obicei uri-59.html ¾ http://www.realitateavalceana.ro/cocosul-de-hurez-cel-mai-important- eveniment-international-pentru-ceramica-de-horezu/ ¾ http://www.scrigroup.com/afaceri/turism/Turismul-cultural92893.php. ¾ https://archive.org/stream/catawba-indian- genealogy/catawba_indian_genealogy_2004_djvu.txt ¾ https://books.google.ro/books?id=Ztr5H3U1pPQC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&d q=Catawba+Indian++Fair&source=bl&ots=bjtwTUM8mf&sig=O4iG9MCD X07J0oygDwTSVvt5SGU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU39TWkNHTAh XQbVAKHcvYBAAQ6AEIZjAO#v=onepage&q=Catawba%20Indian%20% 20Fair&f=false ¾ https://www.eoasia.com/en/south-korea/seoul/activities/819-icheon-ceramics- village-visit-and-pottery-workshop-tour-around-seoul ¾ https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-104/pdf/STATUTE-104- Pg4662.pdf ¾ https://www.monitorulsv.ro/Ultima-ora-local/2016-08-25/Targul-olarilor- Ochiul-de-paun ANEXA 1 Cuptor de 500 de ani ceramica-6cel (Maramure) Sursa foto: https://destepti.ro/ceramica-sacel-maramure MeWHUSRSXODU %XUQDU7QDVH – 6FHO Sursa foto : https://www.mesterpopular.ro/ceramica-olarit/sacel ANEXA 2 &HUDPLFD6FHO Sursa foto : http://www.flickriver.com/photos/danagrad/ ANEXA 3 Pictarea vaselor de ceramica Sursa foto : http://horezu-turism.roolaritul Vas ceramic realizat la Horezu Sursa foto : http://horezu-turism.ro/olaritul ANEXA 3 Simboluri ale ceramicii : arborele vie  Li, peWLLVRDUHOH Sursa foto : http://www.hranatate.ro/simboluri-universale-in-ceramica-de-horezu/ ANEXA 4 &HUDPLFGHFXO RDUHQHDJU – Marginea )DUIXULHDGkQF 0DUJLQHD 2DO QHDJU SHQWUXSVWUDWODSWHOH Vas pentru sarmale Sursa foto : httpwww.ceramicamarginea.roproducts_27_farfurii-si-oale_ro.htm ANEXA 5 $WHOLHUHFHQWUHGHFHUDPLF din România Centru ceramic – 6FHO Sursa foto:https://destepti.ro/ceramica-sacel-maramure $WHOLHUXOGHFHUDPLF – Horezu http://www.infopensiuni.ro/cazare-horezu/obiective-turistice- horezu/statiunea-horezu_5946 Centru ceramic – Marginea http://www.skytrip.ro/centrul-de-ceramica-neagra-de-la-marginea- din-judetul-suceava ANEXA 6 Casa olarului Daniel Le  https://www.booking.com/hotel/ro/casa-olarului.ro.html &HUDPLFDILJXUDWLY Sursa foto : http://transilvania-tv.ro/satul_cu-oamenii-de-lut/ ANEXA 7 TkUJFHUDPLF+RUH]X – CocoXOGH+RUH] 6XUVIRWR : http://www.valceaturistica.ro/destinatii/horezu/ Târgul olarilor -Sibiu www.oradesibiu.ro/2015/09/05/video-foto-zeci-de-mesteri-olari-expun-in- piata-mare-a-sibiului-la-targul-olarilor 7kUJXORODULORU˜2FKLGHSXQ·5GX  L ANEXA 8 Ceramica tradi  LRQDODDLQGLHQLORU&DWDZED Ceramic WPA Era Jar, Catawba, North Carolina http://webster-enterprises.com/webster-collection/the-collection- 2/ethnographic-art/american-indian-art/pottery/ Beulah Harris Catawba Indian Turtle https://www.google.ro/search?q=Beulah+Harris+Catawba+Indian+Turtle&tbm=isch &tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2i5PdwtvUAhVJiRoKHbSFA ANEXA 9 Sara Ayers (Catawba, 1919– 2002), vessel. 1962, Rock Hill, York County, South Carolina. Pottery, 22.5 x 14.3 x 13.2 cm. Donated to the Indian Arts and Crafts Board by the artist in 1962. Indian Arts and Crafts Board Collection, Department of the Interior, at the National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution. NMAI 25/9216. Nola Campbell (Catawba, 1918– 2009), bowl with human effigy finials, 1960– 62. Pottery, 33.5 x 13 x 10 cm. Donated to the Indian Arts and Crafts Board by the artist in 1962. Indian Arts and Crafts Board Collection, Department of the Interior, at the National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution. NMAI 25/9217. Sursa foto: http://blog.nmai.si.edu/main/2015/10/iacb-5-catawba-pottery.html ANEXA 10 Catawba master potter Evelyn George polishes a piece of pottery Catawba Valley Pottery and Antiques Festival http://www.hickoryrecord.comnewscatawba-valley-pottery-and-antiques-festival-in- th-yeararticle_97f0b19c-7ae3-11e2-a1b7-0019bb30f31a.html ANEXA 11 &HUDPLFDFRUHHDQ Tehnica de realizare a vaselor Onggi Sursa foto:http://morningcranetea.blogspot.ro/2010/06/tea-tour-korea Lee Kang-hyo ’Onggi Master’ ANEXA 12 6DWXOGHFHUDPLF ICHEON Onggi – vasele care respir Sursa foto:http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/onggi.htm ANEXA 13 Bolurile Maksabal Maksabal by Jin Wei Li Korean tea bowl, second half of 17th century Tea Bowl Korea Sursa foto:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/403001866634581552/ ANEXA 14 Festivalul bolurilor tradi  LRQDOHGH&HDLGLQ0XQJ\RQJ Sursa foto: http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/AKR/FU_EN_15.jsp?cid=1804139

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