Specializarea Traducere și Interpretare [613338]

Universitatea Politehnica Timișoara
Facultatea de Științe ale Comunicării
Specializarea Traducere și Interpretare

LUCRARE DE LICENȚĂ

Conducător științific : Conf. Univ. Dr. Daniel DEJICA -CARȚIȘ
Conducător științific : Asist. Dr. Andrea KRISTON

Candidat: [anonimizat]

2018

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Commented translation
A History of the Canadian Dollar
(James Powell)

Traducere comentat ă
Istoria dolarului Canadian
(James Powell)

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Contents
Preface ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 5
Chapter I. Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …8
1.1. The objectives of the diploma paper ………………………….. ………………………….. …..8
1.2. The description of the domain and of the ST ………………………….. …………………… 8
1.3. The plan of the diploma paper ………………………….. ………………………….. ………….. 9
Chapter II. Translation process ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 10
2.1. Models of translation process ………………………….. ………………………….. …………….. 10
2.1.1. Two phase model ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 11
2.1.2. Three phase model ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………….. 11
2.1.3. Four phase model ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 12
2.2. Justification of the chosen model for the diploma paper ………………………….. ……… 13
2.3. Translation situation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 14
2.4. Translation instructions ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………….. 17
Chapter III. The source text (ST) analysis ………………………….. ………………………….. …. 19
3.1. ST analysis according to the chosen model ………………………….. ………………………. 19
3.2. Predicting TT features ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………… 21
3.3. Translation problems and difficulties ………………………….. ………………………….. ….. 22
3.3.1. Translation problems ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 22
3.3.2. Translation difficulties ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 23
3.4. Translation Strategies & Procedures ………………………….. ………………………….. …… 24
3.4.1. Translation strategies ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 24
3.4.2. Translation procedures ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 27
Chapter IV. Comments on translation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………. 29
4.1. Analysis of translation problems ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 29
4.1.1. Cultural problems ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 29
4.1.2. Lexical -Semantic problems ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 33
4.1.3. Terminological problems ………………………….. ………………………….. …………….. 34
4.1.4. Grammatical problems ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 34
4.1.5. Syntactic problems ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………….. 35
4.2. Analysis of translation difficulties ………………………….. ………………………….. ………. 36
4.2.1. Text specific difficulties ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………… 36

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4.2.2. Technical difficulties ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 36
Chaper V. Conclusions ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. .. 39
Bibliography ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 40

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Preface

The importance of translation/translator nowadays
Translator is a person whose job is changing words, especially written words, into a
different language. (Cambridge Dictionary) The profession of being a translator is very
important, the translator himself is an important person for the whole world. Why? The
translator is the person who helps countries and people communicate and understand each
other. The profession of translator is not an easy one, and to excel and to feel comfortable,
you must like this profession and have some competencies that a transl ator must have.
Nowadays, we always need a translator: to translate an official document, a user manual, an
economic article, a leaflet of a medicine, a tourist brochure, etc.
According to Carmen Ardelean (2016: 19)
“…the best translators must have been those who had the capacity of combining the skills related to
corpus knowledge and grammar structure in both languages, with the art of presenting the target
information in a coherent, logical, easy to understand and inspiring way, for the benefit of thos e who
needed it. ”
Hatim and Munday (2004: 6 ) gave a triple definition of translation:
“Our threefold definition of the ambit of translation will thus be:
1. The process of transferring a written text from a SL to a TL, conducted by a translator,
or translators, in a specific socio -cultural context .
2. The written product , or TT, which results from that process and which functions in the
socio -cultural contex t of the TL.
3. The cognitive , linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena which are integral
part of 1 and 2.”
According to Newmark (1993 : 57-58), there are five main purposes of translation:
1. “To contribute to understanding and peace between nations, groups and
individuals.
2. To transmit knowledge in plain, appropriate and accessible language, in particular
in relation to technology transfer.

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3. To explain and mediate between cultures, respecting their strengths, implicitly
exposing their weaknesses.
4. To translate the world’s greatest books.
5. To develop skills as part of the acquisition of a foreign language.”
Throughout the faculty , I heard how students from other faculties said that the
Faculty of Translation and Interpretation is not important, that anyone could do it and
that it is not an asked and paid job. Translators and their work are underestimated,
because people do not know how much effort a translator has to put in order to translate
an economic text, for example. To translate this economic text , a translator need to do
a lot of research, to consult many parallel texts, to find the meaning of all the cultural
elements, to know the grammatical structure of both languages, to know how to use at
least Microsoft Office.
I have found a description about translators, which I really liked:
“Translators are no magicians, but they can bring light into the most intricate utterances in the
most difficult languages; some think that being able to render information into different
languages is an innate gift – or ‘a fifth ski ll’.” (Ardelean, 2016: 17)

Justification of the chosen field/text
The book I have translated was written by James Powell, and it tells about the evolution
of the Canadian dollar. The book contains photos, descriptions and charts from the First
Nations 1600 -1850 to current currency.
First of all, I chose to translate thi s book that combines economy with history, because
I enjoyed the content very much . I think it i s an interesting topic to see how the Canadian
currency has evol ved, and I think it inspires the reader to be interested in how the currency
in his country has evolved.
I also chose this book, because I think it's important for people to know another culture
and their past. I hope that my translation will make people better understand Canadian
culture and their economic past.

Acknowledgements
My special thanks go to my diploma coordinator Conf. Dr. Daniel Dejica -Carțiș who
has provided me with much assistance and encouragement throughout my diploma paper.

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I would also like to extend my deep sense of gratitude to my teachers Conf. Dr. Mirela
Pop, Lect. Dr. Annam aria Kilyeni, Lect. Dr. Simona Șimon, Lect. Dr. Marion Cohen -Vida ,
Lect. Dr. Dana Grosseck, Lect. Dr. Delia Tănase, Asist. Dr. Claudia Elena Stoian, Asist. Dr.
Kriston Andrea, Asist. Dr. Farcașiu Marcela, Asist. Dr. Ghiță Roxana, Asist. Dr. Laura
Chiriac, for their constant support, encouragement and enormous contribution to my
professional formation.

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Chapter I. Introduction

1.1. The objectives of the diploma paper
The first part of the diploma paper presents the theory of translation process, problems
and strategies. The second part is the applicative part on the theory, I have tried to render the
same message of the ST in the TT.
The theoretical part is consisted of translation process, source text analysis and
comments on translation. For the translation process, I have decided to present the two -phase
model, the three -phase model and the four -phase model. Then, I had to choose a model for
my translation and to justify my choice. I also presented the translation situation and the
translation instructions. The source text analysis contains information about the analysis of
extra textual and intra textual factors, prediction of the target text features, and theory about
translation problems, translation difficulties, and tran slation strategies and procedures. The
comments on translation exemplify the translation problems and the translation difficulties
that I encountered during the translation process, and the strategies that I used in order to
solve them.
The applicative pa rt presents the translation of A History of the Canadian Dollar,
written by James Powell. The aim of this translation is to prove the capacities I have
accumulated during the faculty.

1.2. The description of the domain and of the ST
The source text, A Histor y of the Canadian Dollar, is written by James Powell. The
main subject of the book is to move through the evolution of the Canadian dollar.
The structure of the text (the part I choose to translate) consists of : The Early Years
(pre-1841), Currency Refor ms (1841 -71), The Canadian Dollar under the Gold Standard
(1854 -1914), Canada off the Gold Standard (1914 -26), Back on the Gold Standart –

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Temporarily (1926 -31), The Depression Years (1930 -39) and Canada under Exchange
Controls (1939 -51).
Besides all the in formation about each stage of evolution of the Canadian dollar, the
book shows us pictures of each currency and graphics that make the reading more exciting.

1.3. The plan of the diploma paper
The diploma paper is structured according to the methodology: the c over, the title
page, the content, the preface, the introduction (chapter I), the translation process (chapter
II), the source text analysis (chapter III), the comments on translation (chapter IV), the
conclusion (chapter V), the bibliography and the apppe ndix.
The preface presents the definition of the translator and the translation, their
importance, the justification of the chosen text and acknowledgements.
The 1 chapter (the introduction) has three sub -chapters: the objectives of the diploma
paper, the description of the domain and of the ST, and the plan of the diploma paper.
The 2 chapter (the translation process) implies four sub -chapters: models of translation
process, justification of the chosen model, translation situation and translation instruct ions.
The 3 chapter (the source text analysis) contains four sub -chapters: ST analysis
according to the chosen model, predicting TT features, translation problems and difficulties,
and translation strategies and procedures.
The 4 chapter (the comments on translation) points out the translation problems and
difficulties that I have encountered during the translation process, and the translation
strategies that I have used in order to solve the problems.
The 5 chapter (conclusions) represents an overall view of the translation process and
the experience gained during the realization of the diploma paper.
The bibliography presents the books, articles or works consulted during the production
of my diploma paper.
The annexes are attached at the end of the diplom a paper containing the ST and the
TT.

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Chapter II. Translation process

Translation is a language processing and text production task involving two different
languages: the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) (Dimitrova, 2005: 2).
According to translation theorists the translation process consists of various phases: the two –
phase model (ST analysis and TT synthesis), the three -phase model (analysis, transfer and
synthesis), and according to functionalists there is another translatio n process called the
looping model or the four -phase model proposed by Christiane Nord.

2.1. Models of translation process
According to Hervey and Higgins (1992:15) the translation process can be divided
into: “understanding a ST and formulating a TT ”. These two types of process occur
simultaneously. One may not even realize that one did not understand ST, until there appears
a problem in “formulating or evaluating a TT ”. Thus, “ST interpretation and TT formulation ”
need to synchronize. However, for th e purposes of discussion, it is good to think of them as
different processes. They give the definition of these 4 important terms:
 Source language (SL) means “The language in which the text requiring
translation is couched.”
 Target language (TL) means “The language into which the original text is to
be translated.”
 Source text (ST) means “The text requiring translation.”
 Target text (TT) means “The text which is a translation of the ST.”

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2.1.1. Two phase model
Roger Bell distinguishes 2 phases in the translation process “… (1) the analysis of one
language -specific text (the source language text, the SLT) into a universal (non -language –
specific) semantic representation and (2) the synthesis of that semantic representation into
a second language -specific text (the target language text, the TLT).” (Bell, 1994:20) He also
differentiate for each phase “three areas of operation: (1) syntactic , (2) semantic , (3)
pragmatic ”. The two -phase model wrongly suggests that a receptive proficiency in the
source language and a productive command of the target language are all a translator needs.
(Nord, 1991:31) Bell presented the following diagram for this phase:

Fig.1. The translation process in the two -phase model (Amira Kashgary, 2011:18)

2.1.2. Three phase model
Nida said that “… a careful analysis of what goes on in the process of translating …
has shown that, instead of going directly from one set of surface structures to another, the
competent translator actually goes through a seemingly roundabout process of a nalysis,
transfer, and restructuring.” (Nida 1969: 484)
Nida distinguishes three stages in the translation process and illustrated his model by
the following diagram:

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Fig.2. The translation process in the three -phase model (taken from Luh Windiari artic le
“Translation process & Challenges”)
1. Analysis , in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of (a) the
grammatical relationships and (b) the meanings of the words and combinations
of words.
2. Transfer , in which the analyzed material is transferred i n the mind of the
translator from language A to language B.
3. Restructuring , in which the transferred material is restructured in order to
make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. (Nida, 1969:
33)

2.1.3. Four phase model
The four phase model that is the functional model was identified by Nord (1991: 33 –
35). This model consists of:
1. Analysis of target text skopos
2. Source text analysis
3. Transfer
4. Target text synthesis
The first step in the translation process is the analysis o f the TT skopos. The second
step is the analysis of the source text, which is divided into two parts ( in the first part of ST
analysis, the translator needs to get a general idea on whether the material provided by the
source text is compatible with the r equirements stated in the translating instructions; in the
second part he has to proceed to a detailed and comprehensive analysis of all ranks of the
text, focusing his attention on those text elements that according to the TT skopos are of

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particular impo rtance for the production of the target text). After the analysis of the source
text, the translator is able to pinpoint the translation -relevant ST elements, which are then,
where necessary, adapted to the TT skopos and matched with the corresponding TL
elements. The translator has to decide which of the potentially appropriate TL elements will
be suitable for the intended TT function. The final structuring of the target text is the last
step, which closes the circle. If the translator has succeeded in pro ducing a functional text
conforming to the initiator’s needs, the target text will be congruent with the TT skopos.
(Nord, 1991:33)
This diagram was presented by Nord as translation process in the functionalist
approach:

Fig.3. The translation process in the four -phase model (Pobocikova, 2012:19)

2.2. Justification of the chosen model for the diploma paper
I chose for my diploma paper to apply the four -phase model presented by Nord, also
named “looping model”. Baker (1998: 235) says
“Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was developed in Germany in the late
1970s (Vermeer 1978), and which reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and
rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of
translation.”
The functional model has 4 phases and they are briefly described by Superceanu
(2009:26) “The functionalists consider translation to be a circular process heading from the

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target text purpose as the starting point, going through source text analysis to the transfer of
the source text relevant elements and reaching the target point, which is the production of
the TT.” Baker (1998) says that besides Vermeer, who is the founder of the skopos theory,
there are other scholars working in the paradigm include Margret Ammann (1989/1990)
Hans Hönig and Paul Kussmaul (1982), Sigrid Kupsch -Losereit (1986), Christiane Nord
(1988) and Heidrun Witte (1987a).
I think that this model is more appropriate for my text and for my way to work . From
my point of view this model comprises all the phases that a translator needs when translate.

2.3. Translation situation
According to Superceanu (2009:58) the translation situation is divided into two groups
of factors: situational factors (consis t of time, use and cost factors) (Sager, 1997:173 -175)
and textual factors (are broken down into two groups: “extratextual” or “external” factors
and “intratextual” or “internal” factors) (Nord, 1991:41).
The situational factors include three main factors:
 Time factor “is extremely important as it influences the speed of work and the
quality of the TT. Once the translator knows the required deadline, he/she can
assess whether he/she can accept the task or has to refuse it since it takes a
longer time for producing a satisfactory TT than he/she can afford.”
(Superceanu, 2009:58)
 Use factor “is relevant in translation departments, where the translator has to
know whether the TT is intended for in -house use only, is going out to oth er
organizations or is intended for both uses. An in -house translation may be
accepted at a lower quality than an outgoing translation and this has
consequences on the time spent on the task and on the length of the ST allotted
to a translator.” (Supercean u, 2009:58)
 Cost factor consists of remunerating the translator for the services (translation
of the ST) offered to the client.
The textual factors pertain to the text and its context and they have to be identified
for both the ST and the TT. (Superceanu, 2009:59) It is divided into extratextual (a) and
intratextual (b) factors.
a) Extratextual factors “relate to the communicative situation, providing a text –
external profile.” (Schjoldager, Gottlieb and Klitgaard, 2008:172). WH –

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questions based on the so-called New Rhetoric formula by Christiane Nord
(2005:41 -42):
 Who transmits
 To whom
 What for
 By which medium
 where
 when
 why – a text
 with what function?
According to this set of questions, the extratextual factors are (but not all of these
factors are re levant in all translation situations):
o The sender/author – “The sender of a text is the person (or institution,
etc.) who uses the text in order to convey a certain message to
somebody else and/or to produce a certain effect, whereas the text
producer writ es the text according to the instructions of the sender, and
complies with the rules and norms of text production valid in the
respective language and culture” (Nord, 1991: 43).
o The receiver/user – “who “completes” the communicative action by
receiving (i. e. using) the text in a certain function, which is the result
of the configuration or constellation of all the situational factors.”
(Nord, 2005: 53).
o The intention – “Intention is defined from the viewpoint of the sender,
who wants to achieve a certain pu rpose with the text. But the best of
intentions does not guarantee that the result conforms to the intended
purpose.” (Nord, 2005: 53).
o The channel/medium – “medium or vehicle which conveys the text to
the reader” (Nord, 1991: 56).
o The place of text produc tion and reception – “The dimension of space
refers not only to the place of text production, i.e. the actual situation
of the sender and the text producer, but also, at least in connection with
certain media, to the place of text reception.” (Nord, 2005: 67).

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o The time of t ext production and reception – “the time dimension is
important for the text analysis for two reasons, the first of which is
generally applicable on literary texts rather than technical one; and
secondly, the translator should consider, whether the informa tion given
in the source text is still valid” (Nord, 1991: 63 -64).
o The motive for communication – “The category of motive represents
the reasons why a sender decided to establish communication with a
receiver. This also includes the occasion for which the text was
produced.” (Nord, 1991: 67).
o The text function – “the communicative functions which a text fulfils in
its concrete situation of reception” (Nord, 1991: 70).
Intratextual factors “relate to the contents and presentations of the text, providing a
text-internal profile.” (Schjoldager, Gottlieb and Klitgaard, 2008:173). WH -questions based
on the so -called New Rhetoric formula by Christiane Nord (2005:41 -42):
 On what subject matter does s/he say what/what not?
 in what order?
 using which non -verbal elements?
 in which words?
 in what kind of sentences?
 in which tone?
 to what effect?
According to this second set of questions, the intratextual factors are:
o The subject matter the text deals with -“The choice of subject matter,
when co ntrasting with a particular expectation, may in itself be enough
to produce a certain effect. A subject that is normally taboo might shock
the receivers, a popular subject might please them, a strange subject
might require concentration or arouse dislike o r merely disinterest, etc.”
(Nord, 2005:145).
o The content presented in the text – This refers to good knowledge of
both languages, it includes: “linking devices (anaphora, cataphoric
reference, substitution, recurrence, paraphrase, etc.), other logical
connections, theme – rheme relationship, functional sentence

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perspective, words and phrases, sentence patterns, tense, mood, etc.”
(Nord, 1991:91).
o The knowledge presuppositions made by the author – “implicitly
assumed by the speaker, who takes it for granted that this will also be
the case with the listener; such presuppositions usually refer to objects
and phenomena of the source culture” (Nord, 1991:95 -96).
o The composition of the text – “She [Thiel] suggests that the text has an
informational macrostructure (i.e. composition and order of information
unit) consisting of a number of microstructures” (Nord, 1991: 100).
o The non -linguistic elements accompanying the text – “…such as
intonation, facial expressions, or gestures in face -to-face
communication, or by i llustrations, layout, a company logo, etc. in
written communication.” (Nord, 2005: 16).
o The lexical characteristics (lexis) – It refers to “the vocabulary of a
language, as distinct from its grammar; the total stock of words and
idiomatic combinations of t hem in a language” (dictionary). According
to Nord (1991:112) “the choice of lexis in a particular text is determined
by both extratextual and intratextual factors”.
o The syntactic structure (syntax) – “the branch of linguistics that deals
with the grammati cal arrangement of words and morphemes in the
sentences of a language or of languages in general” (thefreedictionary).
o The style – “serve to highlight or focus certain parts of the text and to
push others to background” (Nord, 1991:80).
o The intended effect on the reader – “The category of effect refers to the
relationship between the text and its user, and therefore, the analysis of
effect belongs to the area of interpretation and not to that of linguistic
description.” (Nord, 2005: 143).

2.4. Translation instructions
“Skopos theory introduces the notion of the translation brief, which is defined as a
form of project specification which sets out the requirements for the translation.” (Byrne,
2006:39). Byrne (2012) has suggested some questions that we shoul d ask about the source
text for example what language variety you are translating into, what the purpose of the

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translation is, what the deadline is, and whether there is any specific terminology you are
expected to use.
According to Christiane Nord the t ranslation brief should contain as much information
as possible about the situational factors of the prospective TT reception, such as the
addressee(s) or possible receivers, time and place of reception, intended medium etc. Nord’s
theory says that the tra nslator needs to know the skopos (purpose), the target -text receivers,
the time and place of target -text reception (or publication), the medium (channel) and the
reason(s) why the source text is to be translated. These are the information without which a
translator can not to start producing the TT. “Every translation task should thus be
accompanied by a brief that defines the conditions under which the text should carry out its
particular function” (Nord, 1997:59).

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Chapter III. The source text (ST) analysis

3.1. ST analysis according to the chosen model
For the analysis of the ST, both the extratextual factors and intratextual factors need
to be examined carefully. According to Nord (2005: 41) the factors of the communicative
situation in which the source text is used are of decisive importance for text analysis because
they determine its communicative function.
Extratextual factors of the ST:
 The sender/author
In this case, the author of A History of the Canadian Dollar is James Powell ,
but he is not the sender of the source text. The sender, who requires the
translation is the Bank of Canada, which is the nation’s central bank. The bank
wants this translation to publish it for all the people and to promote the
economic and financial welf are of Canada.
 The receiver/user
The receiver of the translated text is the National Bank of Romania.
 The intention
The purpose of this text written by James Powell is to examine the past/history
of the Canadian dollar and to publish it for all the peopl e who want to know
about it.
 The channel/medium
In this case, the translation will be transmitted in writing, printed on recycled
paper and published online as a PDF document.
 The place of text production and reception
The text was printed in Canada and p ublished by the Bank of Canada.
 The time of text production and reception
The text was published and printed in December 2005.

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 The motive for communication
The history of Canadian Dollar informs about the growth and development of
the Canadian economy a nd Canada as a nation.
 The text function
The text has an informative function, as it aims informing the receivers about
the evolution of Canadian dollar.
Intratextual factors of the ST:
 The subject matter the text deals with
The text deals to several subjects as : The Early Years (pre – 1841); Currency
Reforms (1841 -71); The Canadian Dollar under the Gold Standard (1854 –
1914); Canada off the Gold Standard (1914 -26); Back on the Gold Standard –
Temporarily (1926 -31); The Depression Years (1930 -39); Canada under
Exchange Controls (1939 -51).
 The content presented in the text
The author tells how the Canadian dollar has evolved since the 1841s and
continued with every stage through which the Canadian dollar has passed.
 The knowledge presuppositions made by t he author
The text refers to the history of the Canadian money and its evolution; and it
presents knowledge from the years 1840 to 1950.
 The composition of the text
The text is divided into several large chapters, and each chapter has several
subchapters.
 The non -linguistic elements accompanying the text
The text contains non -linguistic elements such as graphics and images, and
these elements must also be retained in the TT.
 The lexical characteristics
The text is written for the people who are interested of the history of the
Canadian dollar, so the text is semi -specialized, the level of language is formal,
and the register is neutral and objective.
 The syntactic structure
The sentences are long and complex. The text contains only declarative
sentences.
 The style
The author uses the informative tone.

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 The intended effect on the reader
The ST and the TT must have the same effect on the reader.
3.2. Predicting TT features
The extratextual factors of the TT are:
 The receiver
The receiver of the translated text is the National Bank of Romania.
 The user
The user is the Romanian general public interested of the history of Canadian
money.
 The intention
The intention is to inform people about the history of Canadian money.
 The med ium/channel
In this case, the translation will be transmitted in writing, printed on recycled
paper and published online as a PDF document.
 The place
The TT will be published in the Romanian libraries and online.
 The time
The text will be published in June 2018.
 The motive
The motive is to provide this history to all the people who are interested.
 The text function
The function of the text is informative.
The intratextual factors of the TT are:
 The subject matter the text deals with
The text deals to severa l subjects as : The Early Years (pre – 1841); Currency
Reforms (1841 -71); The Canadian Dollar under the Gold Standard (1854 –
1914); Canada off the Gold Standard (1914 -26); Back on the Gold Standard –
Temporarily (1926 -31); The Depression Years (1930 -39); Canad a under
Exchange Controls (1939 -51).
 The content presented in the text
The author tells how the Canadian dollar has evolved since the 1841s and
continued with every stage through which the Canadian dollar has passed.
 The knowledge presuppositions made by the author

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The text refers to the history of the Canadian money and its evolution; and it
presents knowledge from the years 1840 to 1950.
 The composition of the text
The text is divided into several large chapters, and each chapter has several
subchapter s.
 The non -linguistic elements accompanying the text
The text contains non -linguistic elements such as graphics and images, and
these elements must also be retained in the TT.
 The lexical characteristics
The text is written for the people who are interested of the history of the
Canadian dollar, so the text is semi -specialized, the level of language is formal,
and the register is neutral and objective.
 The syntactic structure
The sentences are long and complex. The text contains only declarative
sentences.
 The style
Same as in the ST .
 The intended effect on the reader
The ST and the TT have the same effect on the reader.

3.3. Translation problems and difficulties
“Translation problems pertain to language and translation situations and are not to be
confused with the translation difficulties, which pertain to the translator and his/her
competence vis -à-vis the texts and the working conditions of his/her translation situation.”
(Superceanu, 2009: 98)

3.3.1. Translation problems
According to Christiane Nord (1991: 158 -160) the translation problems are objective
by nature and are divided into 4 categories:
1. Pragmatic problems arise from the differences in the extratextual factors of
the ST and of the TT, namely the text purpose, th e recipients with their
background knowledge, the time gap between the ST production and the TT
production and the medium. (Superceanu, 2009: 99)

23
2. Cultural problems arise from differences between the two cultures which
come in contact. The translator can id entify they by relying on his background
knowledge of what constitute culture -specific notions, habits, expectations,
norms and conventions: linguistic, textual, physical or societal. Examples of
such problems are: units of measurement, e.g. inch and meter , pint and liter;
meals and their day times; food names and life styles; conventions of title
writing, of paragraph marking, or sentence length. (Superceanu, 2009: 99)
3. Linguistic problems, which arise from the differences between the source
language and ta rget language systems, are dealt with in contrastive studies and
translator trainees can easily get informed about them. However, not all
contrastive point come to represent translation problems. They are problems
when the target language allows for severa l variants of the ST expressions, with
different meanings and effects. An example in case is the present perfect tense,
which can be translated into Romanian by the tense „prezent”, „perfect
compus”, „perfect simplu” or „imperfect”. (Superceanu, 2009: 99)
4. Text -specific problems are of stylistic nature and pertain to a particular text.
They arise from the author’s style and the degree of his compliance with the
generic conventions. (Superceanu, 2009: 99)

3.3.2. Translation difficulties
According to Christiane Nord (1991: 151), the translation difficulties are subjective by
nature and depend on three factors:
1. The translator’s level of competence
2. The translation purpose
3. The technical working conditions
“A translation problem may turn into a difficulty for one translator and under certain
conditions, but the same problem may be solved with no special effort by another more
competent or experiences translator.” (Superceanu, 2009: 100)
Christiane Nord (1991: 152 -155) distinguished four classe s of difficulties:
1. Text -specific difficulties , which have to do with the “comprehensibility” of
the ST.
2. Translator -dependent difficulties , which derive from the translator’s level of
competence vis -à-vis the translation task.

24
3. Pragmatic difficulties , which pertain to the degree of task difficulty, e.g. a
change of function and genre, a great difference between the ST receivers and
the TT receivers.
4. Technical difficulties , which are related to the availability of documentation
resources in a certain translati on situation.

3.4. Translation Strategies & Procedures

3.4.1. Translation strategies
Mona Baker (1992) distinguished eight strategies used by professional translators:
 Translation by a more general word (superordinate) – “This is one of the
commonest strategies for dealing with many types of non -equivalence,
particularly in the area of propositional meaning.”
 Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word – “a strategy in the semantic
field of structure”.
 Translation by cultural substitution – “This strategy means replacing a cultural
SL item with another TL item, to be understood by the target reader.”
 Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation – “This strategy
is usually used in dealing with culture -specific items, modern concepts and
buzz words. Load word plus explanation is used when a word is repeated in the
text; the explanation is given only for the first time.”
 Translation by paraphrase using a related word – “This strategy is used when
the source item is lexicalized in the t arget language but in a different form, and
when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is
obviously higher that it would be natural in the target language.”
 Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words – “The paraphrase stra tegy
can be used when the concept in the source item is not lexicalized in the TL.
When the meaning of the source item is complex in the TL, the paraphrase
strategy may be used instead of using related words; it may be based on
modifying a super -ordinate o r simply on making clear the meaning of the
source item.”

25
 Translation by omission – “This strategy is used if the meaning conveyed by a
particular item or expression is not necessary to mention in the understanding
of the translation.”
 Translation by illus tration – “This strategy can be useful when the target
equivalent item does not cover some aspects of the source item and the
equivalent item refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly
in order to avoid over -explanation and to be co ncise and to the point.”
Chesterman (1997) distinguishes the translation strategies into three categories:
syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.
 Syntactic strategies
1. Literal translation , according to Chesterman is “maximally close to the
SL form, but neverthe less grammatical”.
2. Loan, calque “covers both the borrowing of individual items and the
borrowing of syntagma”.
3. Transposition refers to “any change of word -class, e.g. from noun to
verb, adjective to adverb”.
4. Unit shift refers to the ST unit that is transla ted as a different unit in TT.
5. Phrase structure change “comprises a number of changes at the level
of phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun
phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase”.
6. Clause structure change refers to structure change of the clause “in
terms of its constituent phrases”.
7. Sentence structure change refers to “structure change of the sentence –
unit, insofar as it is made up of clause -units”.
8. Cohesion change refers to “a strategy which affects intra -textu al
cohesion, this king of strategy mainly takes place in the form of
reference by pronouns, ellipsis, substitution or repetition”. (Z. Owjy,
2013)
9. Level shift refers to “phonological, morphological, syntactical and
lexical levels”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
10. Scheme c hange refers to “rhetorical schemata such as parallelism,
alliteration and rhythm and rhyming in poetry”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
 Semantic strategies

26
1. Synonymy refers to “a synonym or near -synonym to avoid the
repetition”.
2. Antonymy refers to an antonym combined with a negation element.
3. Hyponymy refers to a strategy when the translator uses a subordinate
term.
4. Converses refers to opposite perspectives.
5. Abstraction change refers to a strategy when the translator uses a for
an abstract term a more concrete or vice -versa.
6. Distribution change refers to a strategy when the translator uses for the
same semantic component more items or fewer ones.
7. Emphasis change “this strategy increases, decreases or changes the
emphasis of thematic focus of the translated text in comparison to the
original”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
8. Paraphrase “creates a liberal approximate translation, some lexical
items may be ignored”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
9. Trope change refers to the change of the general meaning of a term by
using metaphors, personifications etc.
10. Other semantical changes “include other modulations of various kinds,
such as change of sense or of deictic direction”.
 Pragmatic strategies
1. Cultu ral filtering “it may be described as the concrete realization, at
the level of language, of the universal strategy of domestication or
target culture -oriented translation”.
2. Explicitness change refers to a strategy that implies adding or deleting
from the text to make it more explicit.
3. Information change is similar to explicitness change strategy,
“however, here the changed information is not implicit in the source
language text”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
4. Interpersonal change “this strategy is used to affect the who le style of
the text to make it more or less informed, technical etc”. (Z. Owjy,
2013)
5. Speech act “this is another strategy that changes the nature of the
source text speech act, either obligatory or non -obligatory”. (Z. Owjy,
2013)

27
6. Visibility change “this is a strategy that increases the "presence" of
either the author of the source text or its translator”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
7. Coherence change “is similar to cohesion change…, but coherence
change concerns a higher textual level”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
8. Partial transl ation refers to “translating a part of a text, not the entire
text”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)
9. Trans -editing refers to “extensive editing of the original text when
necessary”. (Z. Owjy, 2013)

3.4.2. Translation procedures
In Peter Newmark’s (1988: 82 -83, 90 -91, 114) view the main translation procedures
(adapted by Ardelean, 2016:118) are:
 Compensation – used when an element with clear meaning, a metaphor or a
pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence/phrase in SL is shifted
“compensated” in another part of the s entence/phrase.
 Componential analysis – Lexical units are renders by pairs of components with
a relevant meaning (e.g. “a gazelle” = a girl with long, slender legs).
 Couplets – The use of two procedures for a single structure in the source text
language (e.g. transference + cultural equivalent).
 Cultural equivalent – Viewed as an approximate translation, it is a way of
expressing a specific word/concept in the SL by a word/concept with a similar
value in the target culture (e.g. the “A level” in English i s equivalent to a “10”
mark in Romanian).
 Descriptive equivalent – The use of a description of a term, or of its function,
instead of a single -word equivalent in translation.
 Functional equivalent – A translation which takes into account the essence of
the source language term, rather than its form (e.g. Sejm = Polish parliament).
 Modulation – (a) A change in the translator’s point of view (e.g. a sentence
with a negative verb using a positive verb in translation); (b) the “pars pro toto”
procedure – a part which takes place of the whole (e.g. “Little Paris” for
Bucharest); (c) The use of abstract elements for concrete ones; (d) The use of
an expression of cause to replace an effect.

28
 Naturalisation – A procedure by which a foreign word is adapted, in
pronunc iation and even morphology, to target language norms.
 Notes, Addition, Glosses – A needed addition for the benefit of the reader,
which cannot be made inside the text. They can be included (a) at the bottom
of the same page; (b) at the end of a chapter; ( c) at the end of a book.
 Paraphrase – Defined by Newmark as an “amplification” – or detailed
explanation of the meaning of certain source language terms.
 Reduction and expansion – Though less precise procedures, they depend on the
translator’s choice to re nder the information in a more or less syntactic manner
 Recognized Translation – The use of an official, generally accepted translation
of various institutional or specific terms (e.g. Marketing, E -mail etc.).
 Shifts or Transpositions – Refer to a grammati cal change from SL into the TL.
Examples: change from singular to plural (e.g. climate change = schimb ări
climatice, RO); position of adjective; replacement of a gerund by a verb -noun.
 Synonymy – The nearest equivalent to a source language term, in context .
 Through Translation – Synonym for “calque” or “loan translation”, it is the
literal translation of specific structures, collocations, idioms.
 Transference – Similar to “transcription”; It refers to the inclusion of source
informative/words in another la nguage or alphabet, as such, in the target
language version.
 Other procedures – (a) Equivalence – considered by Newmark as an
“unfortunately named term” which implies approximation; (b) Adaptation –
the use of a recognized equivalent for a specific struct ure (e.g. Dear Sir =
Stimate domn, RO); (c) Omission – a synthetic rendering of the message, by
omitting excessive words in SL (e.g.) has failed to prove = did not prove).

29

Chapter IV. Comments on translation

4.1. Analysis of translation problems
I had to deal with cultural, lexical -semantic, terminological, grammatical and syntactic
problems. Most of the translation problems were due to the fact that I did not find an
equivalent in Romanian, due to differences between languages, due to ec onomic terms or
even due to terms that are not currently used, but were used in the past.
4.1.1. Cultural problems
Most of the problems I have encountered were cultural. I have found many elements
specific to Canadian culture, such as names of banks, laws, companies, institutions and
coins. Since Canada is a bilingual country, I have also found French words such as monnoye
de france, monnoye du pays, coup de grâce, coureur de bois . In order to convey the same
message as in the source text, I needed many par allel texts, contexts and dictionaries.
Example 1
EN: I would also like to thank Graham Esler and Paul Berry of the National Currency
Collection for their helpful comments and for locating appropriate pieces to
supplement the story. (p. iv)
RO: De asemenea, aș dori să îi mulțumesc lui Graham Esler și lui Paul Berry de la
National Currency Collection (Colecția Națională a Valutei) pentru comentariile lor
utile și pentru localizarea pieselor potrivite pentru a completa povestea, și lui Jim
Zagon pe ntru fotografiile grafice. (p. iv)
In this example I faced a cultural problem, where I decided to use a loan word plus
explanation . National Currency Collection is a collection of Canadian coins, tokens and
paper money. It has no equivalent in Romanian lan guage, and that is why I decided to keep
the name as in the source text and to add an explanation.

30
Example 2
EN: For example, in New France, coins under the monnoye du pays system during
the late seventeenth century were given a value one -third higher than monnoye de
france . (p. 1)
RO: De exemplu, în Noua Franță, cunoscută și cu numele de Canada, monedele din
sistemul monnoye du pays , în perioada de la sfârșitul secolului al XVII -lea, au primit
o valoare de o treime mai mare decât monedele monnoye de france . (p. 1)
In this example I faced another cultural problem. After many research I found out that
"monnoye du pays" and "monnoye de france" were coins. These 2 types of coins do not have
any translation in any other language, so I decided to combine borrowing and add ition . I
added the word “monedele” so that the reader understands the meaning of these two terms.
Example 3
EN: On 3 August 1914, an emergency meeting was held in Ottawa between the
government and the Canadian Bankers Association to discuss the crisis. (p. 18)
RO: La 3 august 1914, la Ottawa a avut loc o întâlnire de urgență între guvern și
Asociația Canadiană a Băncilor pentru a discuta despre criză. (p. 18)
In this example, I faced a cultural problem and I used adaptation as a strategy. The
Canadian Bankers Association does not have an official equivalent in Romanian. In
Romania, however, there is such an association called the "Asociația Română a Băncilor".
So I decided to adapt the "Canadian Bankers Association" to the " Asociația Canadiană a
Băncilor".
Example 4
EN1: The Montreal Bank was chartered as the Bank of Montreal in 1822. (p. 4)
RO1: În 1822, Montreal Bank a fost înfiin țată ca Bank of Montreal . (p. 4)
EN2: Bordo and Redish (1986) argue that the establishment of the Bank of Canada
had more to do with political than with economic imperatives. (p. 27)
RO2: Bordo și Redish (1986) susțin că înființarea Bank of Canada a avut mai mult
de-a face cu imperative politice decât economice. (p. 27)

31
I decided to use these two sentences as examples, but I comment on all bank names in
this text. I have many bank names in this text, most of them do not have a Romanian
equivalent. I've researched many Romanian articles about Canadian banks and the only bank
from my text that has a Romanian equivalent is the Bank of Canada, but it is used in both
languages. I decided to keep all the names of banks in English, because I have to be
consistent. In this case, I used borrowing as strategy.
Example 5
EN: Similarly, British colonies in North America valued the silver Spanish dollar at
rates of up to 8 shillings, despite the passage of legislation by the British government
(Act for Ascertaini ng the Rates of Foreign Coins in Her Majesty’s Plantations in
America ) in 1707 that valued the coin at 4 shillings and 6 pence. (p. 1)
RO: În mod asemănător, coloniile britanice din America de Nord au evaluat dolarul
spaniol de argint la rate de până la 8 șilingi, în ciuda adoptării de către guvernul
britanic a legii ( Act for Ascertaining the Rates of Foreign Coins in Her Majesty’s
Plantations in America/Actul de stabilire a ratelor monedelor străine în plantațiile
din America a Maiestății Sale) din 1707 ca re aprecia moneda la 4 șilingi și 6 pence.
(p. 1)
In this example, I used load word plus explanation as strategy. This is a law that does
not have an equivalent in another language, which is why I decided to keep the name of the
law from the source languag e and to provide an explanation of this law for the reader to
understand what this law means.
Example 6
EN: The Provincial Notes Act received royal assent on 15 August 1866. (p. 10 -11)
RO: Provincial Notes Act (Lege privind bancnotele provinciale ) a primit
consim țământul regal la 15 august 1866. (p. 11)
In this example, I faced a cultural problem. This law, like many others in this historical –
economic text, has no equivalent in any other language. In this case I used the loan word
plus explanation as strat egy. I kept the name of the law and in brackets I translated, because
in this context it is important for readers to know what the law means.
Example 7

32
EN: Interestingly, although dominion notes became redeemable in Halifax in 1868,
Nova Scotia retained its own currency until April 1871, when the dominion
government passed the Uniform Currency Act . (p. 12)
RO: Interesant, deși bancnotele dominion au devenit rambursabile în Halifax în 1868,
Noua Scoție și -a păstrat propria monedă până în aprilie 1871, când guvernul
Dominionului a adoptat Uniform Currency Act (Lege privind uniformizarea
monedei) . (p. 12)
In this example, we have 2 cultural problems, the first being the name of the banknote
and the second the name of the law. The name of the banknote being "dominion" could not
be changed and I kept it, so I used borrowing as strategy. As for "Uniform Currency Act",
I have decided to use the loan word plus explanation strategy. Along with the name of the
law borrowed from English, I explained what it means.
Example 8
EN: Net capital inflows into Canada reached a record 18 per cent of GDP in 1913
(Urquhart 1986). (p. 15)
RO: Influxurile nete de capital în Canada au atins un nivel record de 18% din PIB în
1913 (Urquhart 1986). (p. 15)
For this cultural problem, I used translation by cultural substitution . GDP is an
abbreviation for "Gross Domestic Product" that in target langua ge is "PIB/Produs Intern
Brut".
Example 9
EN: Confederate troops led by Jubal Early came within five miles of the White House
on 11 July 1864 before breaking off the raid and returning to Virginia (Willard et al.
1995, 17). (p. 16)
RO: Trupele Confederației conduse de Jubal Early s -au apropiat la 8 km de Casa
Albă la 11 iulie 1864, înainte de a rupe ofensiva și de a se întoarce la Virginia (Willard
et al., 1995, 17). (p. 16)
In this example, I faced a cultural problem. "Miles" is not use d in Romania, that is why
I converted miles into the measuring unit that is used in Romania, that is the kilometer. For

33
stylistic reasons, I rounded 8 km from 8.04672 km. In this example, I used the cultural
equivalent as strategy.
Example 10
EN: Army Bill , $25, 1813: Printed in Quebec City, these notes were used to pay troops
and to buy provisions during the War of 1812. (p. 3)
RO: Army Bill , 25 dolari, 1813: Tipărită în orașul Quebec, aceste bancnote erau
folosite pentru a plăti soldați și pentru a cumpăra provizii în timpul războiului din
1812. (p. 3)
In this example, I faced a terminological problem. "Army Bill" is a term that doesn't
have an equivalent in o ther languages. In this case, I used borrowing as strategy. The context
explain what this term means, so it is unnecessary to give an explanation.
4.1.2. Lexical -Semantic problems
I also encountered lexical -semantic problems. The author used expressions sp ecific to
the economic field, that I tried to simplify to make the message as clear as possible. I also
had terms that did not have an equivalent, and I had to paraphrase them.
Example 11
EN: This note belongs to a pre-charter issue, produced by the American printer Reed
Stiles and Company. (p. 4)
RO: Această bancnotă aparține unei emisiuni produs ă înainte de acordarea
autorizării , tipărită de imprimeria americană Reed Stiles and Company. (p. 4)
The literal translation is not a good choice in this case, because sounds
incomprehensible, unnatural and incorrect. From my point of view the best option is "unei
emisiuni produsă înainte de acordarea autorizării". To find this best option, I used a foru m
for translators, different parallel texts, context sites, etc. I gave a detailed explanation of the
term "pre -charter". So, in this example, I used paraphrase as strategy.
Example 12
EN: Accordingly, Canada experienced significant periods of boom and bust during
the gold -standard years . (p. 15)
RO: În consecință, Canada a înregistrat perioade semnificative de variații extreme în
timpul standardului de aur. (p. 15)
In this example, I faced two lexical -semantic translation problems that I have solved
differently. I replaced the expression "boom and bust" with the synonymous expression

34
"extreme variations" to simplify the sentence. In the second part of the sentence I decided to
use the omission strategy, and I skipped the word "years" to make the sentence more
readable.

4.1.3. Terminological problems
In my text the terminological problems were because the terms did not have an
equivalent in Romanian. I have tried to e xplain the term as clearly and simply as possible.
Example 13
EN: The most famous issue is undoubtedly the card money of New France. (p. 1)
RO: Cea mai mare problemă este, fără îndoială, card money (tip de bani imprima ți
pe carton simplu sau cărți de joc folosiți uneori ca monedă ) din Noua Franță. (p. 1)
To this translation problem, I used a loan word plus explanation . In romanian
language, we do not have such a term, and for the reader to understand I had to borrow the
term and write an explanation.
Example 14
EN: These notes were redeemable at the Receiver General ’s office in Ottawa or at the
branch indicated on the back. (p. 13)
RO: Aceste bancnote erau răscumpărate la biroul funcționarului public responsabil
de trezoreria guvernului din Ottawa sau la sucursala indicată pe spate. (p. 13)
In this example I have encountered a terminological problem, because this term has no
equivalent in Romanian. For this translation problem I used paraphrase as strategy,
describin g the term.

4.1.4. Grammatical problems
The grammatical problems were due to the grammar differences between languages
(changing the form of the verb, using a negative verb instead of a positive one and vice versa,
etc.).
Example 15
EN: Following the incorporation of the Halifax Banking Company in 1825 and the
Bank of Nova Scotia in 1832, bank notes (denominated in pounds) were also issued
and circulated widely in the province and throughout the Maritimes. (p.11)

35
RO: În urma înființării H alifax Banking Company în 1825 și a Bank of Nova Scotia
în 1832, bancnotele (denominate în lire sterline) au fost, de asemenea, emise și puse
în circulație pe scară largă în provincie și pe întregul teritoriu a Provinciei Maritime.
(p.11)
In this example I faced a grammatical problem, where I used modulation as strategy.
The word "circulated" could not be translated as a verb in this context, that's why I decided
to use an expression that is used in Romanian "puse în circulație". So, I adde d another verb,
and I have transformed "circulated" into noun.
Example 16
EN: White dissented from the majority on the grounds that it was unwise to establish
a central bank in the prevailing uncertain economic environment. (p. 28 -29)
RO: Albul exprima opoziția din partea majorității, pe motivul că nu este înțelept să
se înființeze o bancă centrală în mediul economic incert care predomina. (p. 28 -29)
In this example, I have a grammatical problem for which I applied modulation as
strategy. I have changed the grammatical form of the sentence, using a negative verb, instead
of a positive verb as it is in the source text. I used this strategy because using 'neînțelept' in
this sentence sounds more ambiguous than it should be.

4.1.5. Syntactic proble ms
The syntactic problems arose because of the difference in the order of words in the
sentence. The target text needs to be adapted to the target language, meaning Romanian, and
to the Romanian audience. That is why in each presented example, I used the change of word
order as strategy. Using the same order of words in the target text, the text would not sound
logical.
Example 17
EN: Manitoba decimalized in 1870, upon its entry into Confederation, and Prince
Edward Island followed in 1871. (p. 9)
RO: În 1870, la aderarea Manitobei în Confederație a fost implementat sistemul
monetar zecimal, iar insula Prințului Edward a urmat în 1871. (p. 9)
I faced a syntactic problem, because the sentence is too ambiguous if I use word for
word strategy. So, I used chang e of word order as strategy. Using this strategy, the sentence
sounds more natural and romanian.
Example 18

36
EN: The government also increased the amount of notes that banks were legally
permitted to issue. (p. 18)
RO: De asemenea, guvernul a mărit cantitatea de bancnote care le -a fost permisă
băncilor să emită în mod legal. (p. 18)
I faced a syntactic problem, because the sentence is too ambiguous if I use word for
word strategy. So, I used change of word order as strat egy. Using this strategy, the sentence
sounds more natural and easy to read and understand.
Example 19
EN: No silver dollars were minted during World War II. (p. 35)
RO: În timpul celui de -al doilea război mondial nu au fost bătute monede de argint.
(p. 35)
In this example, I faced a syntactic problem, where I applied the change of word order
strategy. This strategy made the sentence more readable and easier to understand.

4.2. Analysis of translation difficulties
Translation difficulties deal with the l evel of knowledge and competence of the
translator. According to Christiane Nord, translation difficulties can be text -specific,
translator dependent, pragmatic and technical.
4.2.1. Text specific difficulties
Text-specific difficulties regard the comprehensibility of the ST. I had to pay extra
attention and research about the types of banknotes/coins and about the laws. I did not know
anything about the banknotes and coins of Canada. Some examples of coins and banknotes:
sovereign, eagle, double -eagle, pence, shilling, penny, half -crown, etc. I had to inform
myself about banks, monetary reforms, the history of the economy, and not just Canada, but
also of Romania and other countries to understand what that law / currency / reform means
and what the author wants to convey.
4.2.2. Technical difficulties
One of the technical problems I have had was the deletion of some pdf pages from ST.
At first I tried to convert it into word, delete the pages and then convert it back to pdf, but it
does not look like the original one. After several searches for a pdf editing site, I found a site
with which I was able to delete the pages (www.sejda.com/en/pdf -editor). Also with this
site, I was able to delete the last page text that I did not need.

37
ST (before)

ST (af ter)

Another major problem that has brought me many headaches was the spacing between
words. ST is formatted with justify, and because there is a difference between the number of
words and letters in ST and TT, WORD make a great spacing between words. If I was seting
the "no interval" style, the text did not have the same format. If I was trying to clear the
space, the words were sticking. I tried to set the interval between the words "condensed," but

38
there was a huge difference between words. Finally, af ter many unsuccessful attempts, I
decided to change the paragraphs slightly, to separate the sentences (as appropriate), and I
managed to make the TT well arranged.
ST (pdf)

TT (word)

PDF (Final version)

39

Chaper V. Conclusions

The main objective of the diploma paper is to underline the theoretical background
that I have acquired during the three years of study and to apply them. The entire process is
complex and implies several stages to reach the desired result.
It is structur ed into five chapters according to the methodology on the faculty site. The
preface presents the importance of translation nowadays. The second and the third chapter
present the theory of the translation process, analysis of the source text, prediction of the
target text features, translation problems, translation difficulties and translation strategies.
The fourth chapter contains examples of translation problems and difficulties that I have
encountered during the translation process, and the translation s trategies that I have used in
order to solve the problems. The fifth chapter is the conclusion, after that comes the
bibliography and the annexes.
Finally, I can say that the experience of making the diploma paper is a beneficial one.
Besides remembering t he whole theory, I practiced it on a chosen text.

40

Bibliography

I. Books
1. Dimitriu, R. 2002. Theories and Practice of Translation . Institutul European Iași.
2. Superceanu, R. 2009. Translating Pragmatic Texts (Second Edition) . Editura
Orizonturi Universitare Timișoara.
3. Dejica, D. 2014. Thematic Management and Information Distribution in
Translation . Editura Politenica Timișoara.
4. Lörscher, W. 1991. Translation Performance, Translation Process, and
Translation Strategies ( A P sycholinguistic Investigation) . Gunter Narr Verlag
Tübingen.
5. Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice . Longman
London and New York.
6. Ardelean, C. 2016. Translating for the future: What, How, Why do we
translate?) . Editura Tritonic București.
7. Dimitrova, B. E. 2005. Expertise and Explicitation in the Translation Process.
John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8. Hervey, S. & Higgins, I. 1992. Thinking Translation: A Course in Translation
Method: French to English. Routledge.
9. Nida, E. A. & T aber, C. R. 2003. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Brill
Leiden Boston.
10. Nord, C. 1991. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic
Application of a Model for Translation -Oriented Text Analaysis. Editions Rodopi
B.V.
11. Nord, C. 2005. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic
Application of a Model for Translation -Oriented Text Analaysis (second edition) .
Editions Rodopi B.V.

41
12. Munday, J. 2016. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications .
Fourth edition.
13. Stolze, R. 2011. The Translator's Approach: Introduction to Translational
Hermeneutics. Frank & Timme.
14. Schäffner, C. & Adab, B. (edited by). 2000. Developing Translation
Competence. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
15. Schjoldager, A. with Gottlieb, H. & Klitgaard, I. 2008. Understanding
Translation. Academica Denmark.
16. Byrne. J. 2014. Scientific and Technical Translation Explained. Routledge.
17. Baker, M. & Saldanha, G. 2009. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (second
edition) . Routledge.
18. Baker, M. (assisted by Malmkjaer, K.) 1998. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
(second edition) . Routledge.
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Interdependence. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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Company.
II. Articles
1. Owjy, Z. 2013. Translation Strategies: A Review and Comparison of Theories.
III. Dictionaries
 Printed
1. Năstăsescu, V. Dicționar economic englez -român și român -englez (Ediția a II -a
–revizuită și adăugită) . Editura Niculescu.
2. Marcheteau, M., J. P. Berman, M. Savio, J. P. Daube, O. Delbard and B. Demazet
1994. Engleza pentru economie (Business & Economics) . Editura Teora.

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3. Năstăsescu, V. & Bantaș, A. Dicționar economic englez -român. Editura
Niculescu.
4. Bantaș, A. Dicționar englez -român. Editura Teora.
5. Bantaș, A. Dicționar român – englez. Editura Teora.
 Online
1. Context Reverso; http://context.reverso.net/translation/
2. Merriam Webster Dictionary; https://www.merriam -webster.com/
3. Dicționar de Sinonime ; https://www.dictionardesinonime.ro/
4. Free Dictionary; https://www.thefreedictionary.com/
5. Cambridge Dictionary; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
6. Proz; https://www.proz.com/
IV. Software
1. Adobe Acrobat Reader
2. Microsoft Word
3. Online PDF Editor; https://www.sejda.com/ro/pdf -editor
V. Para llel texts:
1. MONOGRAFIE – SISTEMUL BANCAR DIN CANADA;
Available at: https://biblioteca.regielive.ro/proiecte/banci/monografie -sistemul –
bancar -din-canada -151349.html
2. Emigrare Canada – Ghid Integrare › Bani și Finan țe;
Available at: http://www.emigrarecanadaonline.ro/emigrare -canada/emigrare –
canada -ghid-integrare/bani -si-finante/
3. Prima emisiune de bancnote a Băncii Național e a României;
Available at:
http://www.academia.edu/2022189/Prima_emisiune_de_bancnote_a_Bancii_Na
tionale_a_Romaniei
4. VALUTE ȘI FENOMENE VALUTARE;
Available at: http://www.history -cluj.ro/SU/anuare/2003/Marian.htm
5. Dolarul spaniol, dincolo de limite;
Available at: http://www.bursa.ro/dolarul -spaniol -dincolo -de-limite –
136646&s=print&sr=articol&id_articol=136646.html
6. Real spaniol; Available at: https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_spaniol
7. Revoluția Americană;

43
Available at:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_American%C4%83
8. CUM A DEVENIT EURO MONEDA NOASTRA;
Avail able at:
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/euro_became_our_moneyro.pdf?c022
5a76481b4fb91f78da48cebc43e6
9. Bancnote euro; Available at: https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancnote_euro
10. Sistemul bancar în Canada; Available at: http://plecarecanada.ro/sistemul –
bancar -canada/
11. Moody's a degradat cele mai mari bănci din Canada;
Available at: http://www.bursa.ro/moodys -a-degradat -cele-mai-mari-banci -din-
canada -322681&s=international&articol=322681.html
12. The Canadian Experience (Experienta canadianã) ( #12 ) – Legea si Ordinea
Canadianã: Curtea judiciarã;
Available at:
http://www.observatorul.com/articles_main.asp?action=articleviewdetail&ID=1
0045
13. SĂ NU UITĂM ȚARA DE ORIGINE, DAR SĂ CUNOAȘTEM ȘI PE CEA
CARE NE -A ADOPTAT;
Available at:
http://www.observatorul.com/articles_main.asp?action=articleviewdetail&ID=1
359
14. Regatul Unit r ăscumpără obligațiuni de pe vremea lui Churchill. România
continuă să nu -și recunoască datoria interbelică
Available at: http://bloguluibalan.ro/index.php/analize/300 -regatul -unit-
rascumpara -obliga tiuni-de-pe-vremea -lui-churchill -romania -continua -sa-nu-si-
recunoasca -datoria -interbelica
15. Evoluția sistemului bănesc al leului (1859 – 1947) ; Available at:
http://www.stiucum.com/finante/finante -generale/Evolutia -sistemului -banesc –
al-42754.php

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