Sistemul de Sanatate Publica Abordari Conceptual Metodologice

=== 80e89e25e6d93e08085776d1403017611fd606df_698497_1 ===

The Public Health System: Conceptual-Methodological Approaches

Abstract

The title of this article is "The Public Health System: Conceptual-Methodological Approaches". Health is defined as "a complete state of well-being, mentally, mentally and socially, not just the absence of disease or infirmity." The World Health Organization (WHO) considers it "the fundamental right of any human being." In 1986, this definition has been extended, stating that the mandatory requirements for good health are peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem with trust, social justice and equality. Obviously, classical elements of health education, vaccines, or medical checks are insufficient. The current definition in the Encyclopedia of Global Health identifies public health as "the science of protecting and improving community health through education, promoting healthy and productive lifestyles by delivering society's interests in efforts to ensure conditions for people to be healthy . "In this context, public health actors are: public health agencies that operate under government control, health care systems, health education and research institutions, social communities to which the citizen belongs, workplace and the individual's employer, the media. Actually, public health is us and those around us.

Keywords: the public health system, health management, Health levels, Public health goals

Public health system and health management

The first elements of public health, an expression of the social need to protect the human community against illness, incapacity or premature death, arise with civilizations in Egypt, China, Greece and Ancient Rome. Because, always and everywhere, human illness and suffering have been a disadvantage for society and a disability for the individual, even if different value systems over time have sometimes made the social rhythm of the disease ignored.

The assertion of public health as a science was favored by the progress of medicine, the social awareness of the risk of the disease, the unfavorable consequences of morbidity on socio-economic evolution. But at the same time, the development of public health has been substantially limited by ignorance, poverty and sometimes insufficiency outlining its scientific bases. (Aizcorbe, 2008, p. 12)

Very different opinions on the content and concerns of public health and even the veracity of its existence as a well-defined field as a necessary branch of medical science (as a theory, method and practice) is explained by the ignorance, ignorance or non-application of the notable progress recorded in the methods of investigation and action in public health. Indeed, there has always been a gap, often unbearable, between the possibilities offered by the immense advances in the theoretical field of medical sciences and the practical possibilities, often limited by their application in the practice of community health protection.

Public health as a science of health promotion and protection, control, prevention and disease control through the organized and conjugated effort of the community has emerged as a reaction to the evolution of the population morbidity, the progress of medicine and social-political trends, the orientation and the content they vary substantially from one historical period to another. (Aizcorbe, 2008, p. 15)

As a branch of medical sciences, but especially as a medical education discipline, public health has over the years carried many names, which have often created confusion in this field: social hygiene, social medicine, health organization, organization of health care, public hygiene, and so on. For various reasons, they have attached themselves to this teaching discipline: demography, biostatistics, non-communicable disease epidemiology, health care and, more recently, health management. In today's world, where every society is obliged to rationalize and evaluate each activity, health insurance services are also forced to shape their requirements and activities according to their economic possibilities, by virtue of the principle of effectiveness. The principles of scientific leadership have penetrated in the last decades and in the healthcare sector as a necessity imposed by the evolution of contemporary society.

Modern economy regards health as an area of cost-effective services, giving it quality and efficiency. This has made the overall healthcare orientation aimed at introducing competitive market-specific elements in order to "make it profitable", and in a "controlled health market economy" health management plays a leading role.

Sanitary management means the art and science of leadership, mobilization, organization and management of the resources available to an organization (ministry, health department, hospital, hospital, health center, etc.) in order to solve closer or more distant objectives.

Health levels

The following health levels differ from the public health research experience:

I – individual health;

II – the health of small social or ethnic groups;

III – population health of an administrative-territorial unit;

IV – public health – of the society, the population as a whole.

Today, there is no single definition of individual health, but a plurality of definitions related to accumulated knowledge, the dynamics and the specificity of cultural values, and because health has a processual, evolutionary character. Hence the attempt to define health in a number of ways and to be measured according to different reference criteria.

In the very broad list of definitions of health, several criteria are used to define it, with each school adopting one, two or all three of the most frequently used criteria. These criteria are:

Functional well-being;

The body's ability to adapt to various living and working conditions;

The human condition that makes the creative individual (a criterion commonly used by the French).

Thus individual health is: (Erickson, 2014, p. 51)

– "the result of the optimal interaction between biological, human and genetic donation

the conditions of the environment or life and natural and social activity ";

– "the harmonious unity of the biological and social qualities that influence favorably

the life and activity of the individual and the lack of disease ";

– "the state that allows the individual to spend an unlimited life in his freedom, to exercise human functions and to respect a healthy way of life ";

– "a state in the process of adaptation that must guarantee the functioning of the body human and his participation in the socialization process ";

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines individual health as: "A state of well-being, complete from a physical, mental and social point of view and not only absence of illness or infirmity." (Akobundu et. all, 2016, p. 19)

The features of this definition are:

Is accepted by everyone as a "aspiration";

Its realization implies the responsibility of society;

Underlines the positive and multiaxial character of health.

The health of human groups could be defined as a synthesis of a individual health appreciated in a systemic, global (ecosystemic) vision. Public health is the set of knowledge, skills and attitudes population oriented to maintaining and improving it. The ways through which public health goals can be achieved presuppose organized effort of society. Thus, Hanlon defined public health as science protecting people and health, promoting and regaining health through the organized effort of society.

These efforts are supported by laws, prevention and control programs, sanitary, social, educational and population participation institutions and services.

Public health has a different content than other subjects, presenting as a particularize the object of concern: the group or groups of persons and not the person (Individual). It also addresses the role of the social factors that influence it health and has a preventive tinge.

The Algorithm of Diagnostic Judgment of the Health of a Collective human is analogous to what the doctor is doing before a patient (diagnosis of the health of a person), but with some specific nuances. (Colecchia, 2012, p. 24)

Object of public health are human groups.

Public health goals:

I. Promoting health, aiming for people to be healthier, able to participate in social life (it is achieved by developing sanogenic measures with the contribution of all sectors of the community and social groups).

II. Health care by maintaining and preventing illness.

III.Control of morbidity by fighting diseases and their consequences.

IV. The return of health, at whose achievement, the contribution of doctors, health and social services is substantial.

The main areas of public health. Public health as a science that promotes and protects the health of the population comprises the following scientific and practical fields:

Demographics;

Biostatistics;

Epidemiology;

Applying social and behavioral sciences to health because some of the diseases have a social determinism;

Medical-social services management;

Right;

Ethics.

In OMS normative acts, public health is often mentioned as a social quality. In relation to this, the OMS recommends the following main indicator for the assessment of public health:

I. Accessibility to primary medical-social services;

II. Covering the needs of the population with healthcare;

III. Level of population immunization;

IV. The level of the population's health culture;

V. Breakdowns of gross national product for the health system;

VI. Plenitude of the examination of pregnant women by qualified medical personnel; ARE YOU COMING. Condition of children's nutrition;

VIII. Infant mortality rate;

IX. Average life expectancy.

Conclusions

Most people consider health from the perspective of what they offer, assuming that they are as healthy as they may be and will probably remain in this state.

However, many aspects of our health are affected by what we do, by what we think. Having the right information, we can make an informed choice and improve both our health and our overall lives. The more healthy we are, the more tonus, vigor and enthusiasm we present, and so we will achieve important goals. Otherwise, the lack of information leads to significant limitations due to health problems.

Almost everyone of us has had a lifetime of full health but also periods that have to be improved. Traditionally, people have defined health in different ways. An athletic leader will say that health means regularly practicing a complex of exercises and arranging carefully prepared meals to maintain a normal weight and good physical condition. A doctor will consider health as the absence of the disease.

A psychologist will argue that health includes the ability to solve emotional problems and trauma. However, most specialists regard these definitions as well as others as being incomplete. According to these specialists, the prevention and treatment of health problems requires a definition close to the concept of health.

Being an abstract concept, health is not put on the scales, it does not sit at the door of the door to draw its chalk height, nor is it timed. For measuring public health, a number of indicators are used in complex, multi-layered analyzes.

The World Bank and WHO have been interested in the impact of diseases on a community, measuring, among other indicators, the financial costs borne by the community, mortality and morbidity. As a result of a global report in 1990, developing countries accounted for 90% of the global burden of disease, while they were only 10% of the funds available for global health.

Bibliography

Aizcorbe AM, Retus BA, Smith S. Toward a health care satellite account, Survey of Current Business. May 24–30, 2008.

Akobundu E, Ju J, Blatt L, Mullins CD. Cost-of-illness studies: A review of current methods. PharmacoEconomics. 2016.

Colecchia A, Schreyer P. The contribution of information and communication technologies to economic growth in nine OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies. 2012.

Erickson P. Evaluation of a population-based measure of quality of life: The health and activity limitation index (HALex). Quality of Life Research, 2014.