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Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference LUMEN EDU International Scientific Conference | Education, Quality &
Sustainable Development | November 22nd – 23rd, 2017 | Bucharest,
Romania

Learning of Breaststroke Swimming Style at
Physical Education and Sport Subject in the
Higher Education of other Profiles
Elena -Diana SIMA 1*
Abstract
This paper aims mainly to use efficiently the algorithmic diagram of linear -branched programmed
learning of the breaststroke swimming style in the physical education and sport subject for the first –
year students at higher education of other profiles. Metho ds of research used: bibliographic study of
specialty literature, pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment, method of tests, method of
linear and branch ing programmed instruction , statistical -mathematical method and graphical
representation method. This scientific approach entailed the organization of an experimental study
at „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest during the academic year
2015-2016. The subjects of the research were 27 students of first -year who choose to lea rn the
breaststroke swimming style at physical education and sport subject (1 3 from the Faculty of Dental
Medicine and 1 4 from General Medicine). The classes focused on improving the muscle strength in
the control tests by means of exercises for arms, legs and abdominal muscle strength. These exercises
were used in each class during the off -water training of the students. Preparatory, aiding and
control exercises were used during the on -water training, for learning and improving the
breaststroke swimming st yle. The results of the study reveal the level of arms, legs and abdominal
strength in girls and boys as well, their attendance at classes, participation in sports activities and
the final grade. The effective use of the preparatory, aiding and control exe rcises within the
algorithmic diagram for learning the breaststroke swimming style at physical education and sport
subject for first -year students contributed to the improvement of technique and the successful
participation in competitions.
Keywords: Swim ming; breaststroke; test events; algorithmic learning; performance .

1„Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Buchares t, Romania,
[anonimizat].

1. Introduction
Swimming stimulates the heart and lungs too, in addition to all
muscle groups; it improves the circulation of oxygenated blood in the body
and thus is considered the heal thiest and most relaxing sport [ 21]. Swimming
practic e enjoys a general interest , in academic environment inclusive ly, and is
demanded by more and more students in the last few years [23].
The absence of suitable facilities at national level, the rareness of
swimming pools in schools and faculties have determin ed that a significant
number of young people lack the minim um motor skills, abilities and
knowledge to practice this sport [24]. There is also no sufficient
methodological and scientific preoccupatio n in the higher education of other
profiles than sport aiming to present and deepen the basic elements of
swimming technique, as well as the methods of their learning and
improvement .
Because the material of this study refers to “ Swimming” subject in
the “Carol Davila” University of Medicin e and Pharmacy of Bucharest ,
where the students can learn a swimming style at their choice, the paper also
presents the requirements, norms and test events taken from the “System of
Students’ Assessment ” to be met .
2. Problem Statement
The activity of physical education and sport in higher education
bears the stamp of each institution , includ ing a large range of development
forms like [19], [25 ]: practical classes, training classes, lessons of Medical
Physical Culture and internal competitions withi n the institute. In this
respect, a review of the concept of physical education, test events and norms
is needed in order to assess the students in their activity of physical
education and to practice a more attractive swimmi ng, involving also the
students with medical exemption and the swimming at any age in the
physical education class and in leisure time as well [10], [14] .
The learning of the fundamental elements of swimming technique is
very important because its main goal is the body adapta tion to the
environmental specific conditions [21] and – within the training programs –
the metabolic, physiological and psychological adaptations [24].
The training process ( intended to strengthe n and improve the
dominant motor skills and abilities in the swimming styles available for
students – freestyle, breaststroke and backstroke) will focus on [12], [21],

[24]: technique of floating and breast or back slipping, movement of arms
and legs – their coordination, improvement of respiratory action etc.
Any type of learning involves the procedur e of transmission of
motor skills, abilities and knowledge from teacher to pupil / student and
vice versa , developed in order to obtain a result as qualitati ve as possible.
The “traditional” analysis of the specialized literature and the hierarchical
forms of „do like me” type learning are outdated . The emergence of
technologies, namely the programmed or program -controlled learning, was
the basis for effectiveness in the pedagogic field regarding the improvement
of the learning process [5].
Didactical technologies are performed during the i nstructiv e-
educati onal process, such as [1], [18] : pedagogic al functional equations ,
polydisciplinar y particula rities of motor skills development, technolog y of
transfer, algorit hms of linear -branched programming of the instructiv e
material , biologic al reverse connection in learning (verbal -motor, visual-
motor, vestibular -motor).
3. Research Questions /Aims of the research
Purpose of the study: efficient use of the algorithmic diagram of linear –
branched programm ed learning of the breaststroke swimming style by the
first-year students in higher education of other profiles than sports during
the physical education and sport classes.
Hypothesis of the research : the effective use of the preparatory, aiding
and control exerci ses within the algorit hmic diagram for learning the
breaststroke swimming style by the first -year students during the physical
education and sport classes will contribu te to the technique improvement
and successful participation in competitions .
4. Research Methods
This scientific approach entailed the organiza tion of an experimental
study in the „Carol Davila” Universit y of Medicin e and Pharmacy of
Bucharest throughout the academic year 2015 -2016. The research methods
used in this paper were : the bibliographic study of the specialized literatur e,
pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment, met hod of tests , method
of linear and branch ing programmed instruction , statistic al-mathematic al
method and graphical representation method . The subject s of the research
were 27 first- year students (13 from the Faculty of Dentistry and 14 from

General Medicine ) who chose to learn the breaststroke swimming style at
Physical Education and Sport discipline .
The swimming lessons aimed at improving the musc le strength for
the test events as follows: test 1 – abdominal strength evaluated by torso
raise from supine position in 30 sec.; test 2 – arms strength (upper limbs)
evaluated by continuously executed push -ups and test 3 – legs strength
(lower limbs) eval uated by jump squats in 30 sec.
These exercises were used in each class during the off -water training
of the students [17]. The training in water used exercises to learn and
improve the chosen swimming styles (freestyle, breaststroke and backstroke)
and t o assess the technique of starting and returning, the work of arms and
legs and their coordination with breathing. Students’ attendance at classes
and their participation in competitions were also monitored.
5. Findings
Tables 1 and 2 show the comparative results of the female and male students
at swimming lesson in “Physical Education and Sport” discipline de la
Dentistry Medicine and General Medicine of Faculty at „Carol Davila”
University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest.
Table 1. Compa rative r esults of the female students at
swimming lesson in “Physical Education and Sport”
discipline in the higher education of other profiles
Statist.
Ind. Attendance
(no. of
lessons) Improved
Breaststroke
style (sec) Test events
(reps no in 30 sec) Final
score
(pt.) Abd Arms Legs
DM GM DM GM DM GM DM GM DM GM
Mean 10.56 18.25 77.92 61.89 23.89 18.75 19.22 20.88 13.00 11.75 10.00
SEM 0.71 1.49 6.73 9.25 1.66 2.04 1.06 1.61 1.52 0.70 0
SD 2.13 4.23 20.18 13.08 4.98 5.77 3.19 4.55 4.55 1.98 0
Cv% 20.16 23.20 25.91 24.34 20.87 30.80 16.61 21.79 35.04 16.87 0
N 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 17
t, P 4.823; <0.001 1.798; >0.05 1.969; >0.05 0.875; >0.05 0.716; >0.05
Note: SEM – standard error mean, SD – standard deviation, Cv – coefficient of variation, N – number of cases, t –
t- Parametric Test (Assuming Equal Variances)Unpaired Comparison for Means, DM – Dent istry Medicine , GM –
General Medicine , CAI – Championships of first year, CCD –“Carol Davila” Championships, CU – University
Championships, reps no – number of reps, Abd – abdomen, Legs – Lower limbs, pt. – points.

Table 2. Results of the male students at swimming lesson in
“Physical Education and Sport” discipline in the higher
education of other profiles
Statist.
Ind. Attendance
(no. of
lessons) Improved
Breaststroke
style (sec) Test events
(reps no in 30 sec) Final
score
(pt.) Abd Arms Legs
DM GM DM GM DM GM DM GM DM GM
Mean 8.75 19.17 56.95 48.7 19.75 27.0 33.5 28.33 19.25 24.33 10.00
SEM 1.03 1.92 7.17 2.87 1.03 1.09 1.44 1.76 0.48 2.80 0
SD 2.06 4.71 14.34 7.02 2.06 2.68 2.88 4.32 0.96 6.86 0
Cv% 23.56 24.56 25.19 14.42 10.44 9.94 8.62 15.24 4.97 28.19 0
N 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 10
t, P 4.106;<0.001 1.229; >0.05 4.549; <0.001 2.081; >0.05 1.444; >0.05
Note: idem table 1.

Figure 1 presents the comparative results of the attendance in
swimming classes of the first -year students according to the number of girls
and boys from Dent istry Faculty and General Medicine Faculty.

Fig. 1. Comparative results of the attendance in swimming practical lessons
of the students -subjects of the study

Fig. 2 . Comparative results of the performan ces achieved in breaststroke
style by the students -subjects of the study
05101520
Dentistry
MedicineGeneral Medicine10.5618.25
8.7519.17no. of lessonsfemale male
020406080
Dentistry Medicine General Medicinesecfemale male

Figure 2 presents the comparative results of the performan ces
obtained in breaststroke style by the first -year students in terms of average
time achieved by girls and bo ys of the Dent istry Faculty a nd General
Medicine Faculty.
Figure 3 shows the comparative results of the test events of the first –
year female students of the Dent istry Faculty and General Medicine Faculty
regarding the average values achieved at abdominal strength , arms strength
and lower limbs strength (legs).

Fig. 3. Comparative results of the test events of the girls under study

Fig. 4 pre sents the test events comparative results of first -year male students
of Dent istry and General Medicine faculties as for the average values in
abdominal strength , arms strength and lower limbs strength (legs).

Fig. 4. Comparative results of the test events of the boys

Figure 5 shows the algorit hms of linear and branch ing programmed learning
of the swimming style by the first-year students in „Carol Davila” University
of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest in terms of purpose of learning ,
pedagogic tasks , parts of the instructiv e material with preparatory exerci ses,
additional preparatory -aiding parts, control, cor rection of the learning
proces s per each technical element of the swimming style and results of the
learning .
0510152025
Abdomen Arms Legsreps no in 30 sec
Test eventsDentistry Medicine General Medicine
010203040
Abdomen Arms Legsreps no in 30 sec
Test eventsDentistry Medicine General Medicine

Fig.5. Algori thm of linear and branch ing programmed learning of
breaststroke swimming style by first -year students
Note: PL – purpose of learning , PT – pedagogic al tasks , P1-P4 – parts of the
instructive material ( preparatory exercises ): P1 – technique of floating and breast slipping ,
P2- coord ination of arms , P3 – coord ination of arms and legs, P4 – coord ination of arms
and breathing ; P1.1 -4 –supplementar y preparatory -aiding parts of the instructiv e material
meant to improve the contents of the fundamental element s of breaststroke technique ; CC
– control and correction of the learning process for each technical element of the swimming
style; RL – result of learning .
6. Discussions
According to B.I. Onoprienko (1961), the analysis of swimming
styles technique must monitor separat ely the force of stroke movements and
the sum of forces revealing the real possibilities of the swimmers in one style
or an other [15]. These ones are differentiated by energy expenditure which is
twice higher in butterfly stroke and breaststroke than in freestyle and
backstroke [22]. In this sense, the requirements for muscles development are
increasing [20], which ensures the execution of the movement . Therefore the
coaches must use in their work [8] those theoretic al and practic al
recommendations presented in the papers of scientific research . The
practical recommendations for improvement of the learning of various
swimming t echnical variants are very useful [7], [11].
In order to improve swimmers’ technical skills, a special attention is
paid to the modeling of the rat ional movement in swimming styles [7].
The further development of swimming styles sports technique is made
according to the particularit ies of swimming movements, the evolution of
swimming styles, the classification of swimming styles etc used in the
practical activity [9].
The research on swimmers’ technical skills structure, especially the
swimmers specialized in comp lex swi mming distances , highlight s the fatigue
and the switching of progressive movement execution [26] as basic factors
that determin e changes in the technical parameters [16].

It is also known that the increase of the achievements in swimming
depend s on the development of speed -strength possibilities and is
determin ed by the ability to perform the strokes . So, during learning and
preparation , it is important [6] to pay more attention to the segments of
speed -strength development fallen behind in swimmers’ training ; thus it is
possible to enhance the quality of stroking movement even in the stages of
sports improvement of the elite swimmers [2], [3] .
The analysis of the comparative results of the swimming lesson
between the fist -year female students of Dental Medicine (DM) and General
Medicine (GM) (table 1, fig ures 1, 2 and 3) highlights (mean; ±SEM) ,
regarding the attendance in practical lessons, differences of the total number
of lessons per semester in DM 10.56; ±0.71 n o of lessons out of the total 14
/ semest er and in GM – 18.25; ±1.49 no of lessons out of the total number
of 28 lessons per semest er and significant differences between faculties at
p<0.001; performan ce at 25 m breaststroke style achieved in competition
highlights a value of 77.92 in DM ; ±6.73 sec while in GM – 61.89; ±9.25 sec
and insignificant differences between faculties at p>0.05; the test events
regarding abdominal strength in DM have a value of 23.89; ±1.66 rep s
while in GM – 18.75; ±2.04 and insignificant differences between faculties at
p>0.05, the arms strength in DM has the value of 19.22; ±1.06 rep s while in
GM – 20.88; ±1.61 rep s and insignificant differences at p>0.05, legs
strength in DM has the value of 13.00; ±1.52 rep s and in GM – 11.75; ±0.70
reps and insignificant differences between faculties .
The analysis of the comparative results of the swimming lesson
between the fist -year male students of Dental Medicine (DM) and General
Medicine (GM) (table 2, figure s 1, 2 and 4) highli ghts (mean; ±SEM) , as for
the attendance in practical lessons, differenc es of the to tal number of hours
per semest er in DM 8 /75; ±1.03 n o of lessons out of the total 14 / semest er
while in GM – 19.17; ±1.92 n o of lessons out of the total 28 lessons per
semester and significant differences between faculties at p<0.001; the
performan ce in 25 m breaststroke style achieved in competition highlights
the value of 56.95 in DM ; ±7.17 sec while in GM – 48.7; ±2.87 sec and
insignificant differences between faculties at p>0.05; the test events
regarding the abdominal strength in DM have a value of 19.75; ±1.03 rep s
while in GM – 27.00; ±1.09 and significant differences between faculties at
p<0.001, arms strength in DM has the value of 33.5; ±1.44 rep s and in GM
– 28.33; ±1.76 rep s and insignificant differences at p>0.05, legs strength in
DM has the value of 19.25; ±0.48 rep s while in GM – 24.33; ±2.80 rep s and
insignificant differences between faculties .
In the practic e of the sports exercises learning methodology, the
specia lized literature uses the notion of “macro -methods ” (as in women’s

artistic gymnastics material ), which involves a dynamic system of theoretical
and methods -instructive materials in the process of s ports training ; the most
important structural element is the long-term learning program based on the
logical -structural diagrams and the algorithms of the linear and branch ing
programming , neces sary for the scientifically -based distribution and
accomplishment of the instructiv e material [1], [18] .
In this respect, a linear and branching program for learning the
breaststroke style was created for the first -year students of „Carol Davila”
University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest . The development of the
algorithms of the linear and branching programming was based on the
concep t of Prof. Boloban, V. (2013) and adapted to the specific s of
swimming [4], [12], [13], [21], [24]. These are divided into three levels : 1)
central level: purpose of learning , pedagogic al tasks , parts of the instructiv e
material (preparatory exercises ) regarding the floating and breast slipping
technique, arms coordination , arms and legs coordination, arms and
breathing coordination and the results of learni ng; 2) higher level –
supplementary preparatory -aiding parts meant to improve the contents of
the fundamental elements of breaststroke style technique and 3) lower level
– control and correction of the learning proces s for each technical element
of the swi mming style .
7. Conclusions
The study comparative results highlight differences regarding the
total number of classes per week and semester; there are also differences
between students and better performances achieved in competitions by the
students (fema le and male) of the General Medicine Faculty .
The comparative analysis of the test events shows significant
differences between students in terms of abdominal strength , a different
level of training between students and faculties and the positive influence on
performan ces and final grade obtained at physical education subject .
The eff icient use of the preparatory, aiding and control exercises
within the algorithmic diagram for learning the breaststroke by the first-year
students contributed to the improve ment of technique and to the successful
participation in competitions , which confirms the hypothesis of the research .

8. Acknowledgement
As author – researcher, we are grateful to the first -year students of
the academic year 2015 -2016 from the Faculty o f Dental Medicine and the

Faculty of General Medicine, in the 9th Department –Medical Recovery,
discipline of Physical Education and Sport, from “Carol Davila” University
of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest, for their agreement to participate
in the stud y conducted. I hereby declare under my own responsibility that
the subjects participating in the research have been informed of the
voluntary nature of participation in the research, of the understanding of the
information received and of the understanding that withdrawal can be done
at any time, without any negative consequences on the participant. The
research respected the ethical standards of the research, the participants /
the next of kin of the participants gave their consent to take part in the
research.
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