Security And Diplomacydocx

International strategic security environment is continuously changing, due to the complexity of the interaction and interdependence of social phenomena and processes, economic, political, military, demographic and ecological world, which makes the interested states to its own defense and security. One such example is globalization, a phenomenon complex, multidimensional and pervasive, generating both positive and negative effects, such as security threats. Because globalization, security risks and threats pose challenges to all countries, their management seek appropriate solutions to overcome them. A viable security risks and threats appear to be regional integration. As regards this integration, states adopt a common security and defense policy, using human, material, financial and informational each participating in a collective manner.

The period of unprecedented peace and stability faced by Europe in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century is due to the existence of the European Union. She is the one that has generated not only a high level of economic development on the continent, but also a new approach to security, based on the peaceful settlement of disputes and multilateral international cooperation through shared institutions. In some parts of Europe, especially the Balkans, there were a series of crises since 1990 due to geopolitical rearrangements at the end of the Cold War. They took place especially within states rather than between them. European military forces have been deployed in regions such as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo or East Timor.

In the 90s cooperation and institutionalized dialogue manifested especially in the following organizations:

a) At the NATO level, who held a key role in strengthening Euro-Atlantic security after the Cold War. NATO has initiated and developed the political-military cooperation and strengthened dialogue with other former adversaries, including Romania; He showed interest and receptivity to new members;

b) At the OSCE, which was the most comprehensive regional security institution (including all European countries, Canada and the US) and has played a significant role in promoting peace and stability, in strengthening security through cooperation and the promotion of democracy and human rights throughout Europe.

c) At the UN, in particular through the Security Council, which held an important role in the international dialogue on security and world stability. This importance was confirmed by awarding the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize United Nations and its Secretary General.

The international security environment has seen a major shift after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. If, until now, phenomena such as terrorism, smuggling of drugs and weapons, illegal migration, money laundering almost acted separately, later it was discovered that, in practice, it could be seen a nexus of these different problems, used by domestic and transborder criminal networks as a way to improve their efficiency. It became apparent that the next September 11, 2001 is possible at any time, with different targets, resources, techniques and results.

In the period 1990-2000 occurred worldwide, 56 major armed conflicts in 44 different areas, most occurring between 1990 and 1994. Conflicts presented a number of specific features:

i) Production of civilian casualties. After 1990, about four million people died in wars, 90% of them civilians;

ii) Increased risk of involving children in arms and military-type operations

iii) International arms trade development

iv) Increasing the risk of use (particularly terrorist) radioactive substances, biological or chemical substances

v) Conflict development control power generated by oil and gas monopoly or export of raw materials and minerals

The formation of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact were that both the conflict and the international arms trade to change significantly. The main factor in the development of this trade is the existing surplus weapons since the war. New threats have included a wide range of voltages and risks, such as: ethnic tensions; trafficking in drugs, radioactive materials and human beings; transnational organized crime; political instability in certain areas; redistribution of zones of influence; proliferation weak state entities, so-called "failed states" (failed states), characterized by inefficient and corrupt governments unable to provide their citizens the benefits associated with shared management of public affairs.

A new category of risks are asymmetrical, non-traditional and non-armed armed action or deliberate, among which we can mention: transnational and international political terrorism, including in its biological forms and information; actions that may threaten the safety of domestic and international transportation systems; individual or collective actions of illegal access to information systems; action to damage the image of the country internationally; financial and economic aggression; deliberately inflicting ecological disaster.

Climate change is a new venture may lead social movements or migrations, but may be risk factor and energy dependence, given that Europe is the largest importer of oil and gas. New threats to the security of the European Union looming, three of which stands out in particular: international terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, weak state structures (failed states) and increasing crime. The European Union can respond through three strategic objectives: providing stability and good governance in the immediate vicinity, preparing a response to threats of a new type, creating an international order based on effective multilateralism.

The current security environment is influenced by the changes and transformations continue generating new risks and threats. In the post-Cold War context, these challenges require a redefinition of security; therefore, the future agenda should be based on new ways to address the risks of asymmetric and unconventional, encompassing new types of international solidarity. Europe evolving into a cooperative security environment, whose defining element is the political and economic integration and expanding community of states that promote democratic values. Although the risks of a major military confrontation continent decreased significantly, there are still occurrences of instability and crisis sub regional and trends of marginalization and isolation of some states. A serious challenge to the international system is the growing number of fragile societies and hence their inability to control developments within their own territories. We see, therefore, to develop new mechanisms for ensuring continental and global security, conflict prevention based on an increased role for diplomatic ways and civilian capabilities for crisis management.

The development of the European Security and Defense Policy and strengthening European capabilities for crisis management can only have a positive impact on NATO and transatlantic link, as long as they contribute to strengthening the European pillar of security and defense. Romania wants to contribute directly to the development of European security and defense policy, both politically and militarily. Along with other Member States, Romania contributes to the building of European security, even before becoming a member of this organization. A united Europe will be one voice that of a Euro-Atlantic partner with an economic and military potential to challenges of globalization processes.

In terms of US security strategy, adopted in December 2002, the priority is countering the global terrorist networks. All other goals are subordinate to this goal. For the US solidarity matter only to the extent that translates into policy support and support capabilities for their security strategy. This strategy is based on the concepts uni-polarism, unilateralism – in both its variants, namely "alone, if possible, together, if necessary" (Option Bush) or "together if possible, alone if necessary" (Option Clinton) – and not only preventive attack (which tends to neutralize the imminent aggression, threat), but also anticipation (which tends to exclude a possibility of aggression even if the danger is unlikely and therefore has not reached the be a definite threat).

Web spread globally, a decades-old invention has evolved. But so did the threats. Worms and viruses have transformed from simple little problems annoying the serious security challenges and perfect instruments of cyber espionage. The attacks carried out with the involvement of a large group of computers that generate refusing the services required (distributed denial of service – DDOS), regarded until now as, in fact, nothing more than some "jams protest" became a tool information warfare.

During the Kosovo crisis that NATO faced its first serious incidents caused by cyber attacks. This has led, among others, the NATO e-mail account be blocked for several days for external visitors and the Alliance website operation to be interrupted repeatedly. in a manner typical of the period, it was considered, however, that the cyber dimension of the conflict has done nothing to limit actions under NATO information campaign. Cyber-attacks were seen as a risk, but as one limited in scope and potentially destructive, requiring only limited technical responses accompanied by efforts to inform the public on a small scale.

During Georgia-Russia conflict occurred massive attacks against government websites and servers in Georgia, giving the term cyber war a more concrete shape. These actions have not produced, in fact, no physical damage. However, they have weakened the Georgian government during a crucial phase of the conflict. They also had an impact on its ability to communicate with a national and global public opinion very shocked.

Only the events in Estonia in spring 2007 prompted the Alliance to radically rethink its need for a cyber defense policy and to raise countermeasures to a new level. Therefore, the alliance has developed the first ever "NATO Policy on Cyber Defense", adopted in January 2008, which established three central pillars of NATO's policy in cyberspace. Subsidiary, for example assistance is provided only upon request otherwise apply its principle of responsibility worn by sovereign states; Non-duplication, for example, by avoiding an unnecessary duplication of the structures or capabilities – at international, regional and national level; Security, for example, cooperation based on trust, taking into account the sensitivity of information related to systems to be made available and possible vulnerabilities.

In 2008, one of the most serious attacks to date was launched against American system of computers. Through a single memory stick connected to a military laptop at a base in the Middle East, spyware has spread undetected both classified systems and in those classified. This event has achieved what amounted to a digital beachhead, through which thousands of data files have been transferred to servers under foreign control.ed to servers under foreign control.