Sarah Russu Universitatea Transilvania din Brasov Antoine Poulet Business Administration 3rd year I) Introduction II) Culture • What is the culture?… [609624]
Sarah
Russu
Universitatea
Transilvania
din
Brasov
Antoine
Poulet
Business
Administration
3rd
year
I) Introduction
II) Culture
• What
is
the
culture?
• How
is
culture
formed
&
learned?
• The
difficulties
of
the
culture
III) Cultural
dimension
Models
• Hofstede
• Trompenaar’s
7-‐D
IV) Cross-‐cultural
communication
• Functions
of
intercultural
communication
•
Functions
in
business
V) Conclusion
2
I) Introduction:
The
purpose
of
this
project
is
to
examine
and
find
ways
to
improve
the
communication
across
the
various
cultures
represented
in
our
class:
Romanian,
French,
Moldavian,
Argentinian,
Bulgarian
and
Syrian.
This
paper
will
help
you
to
understand
better
what
culture
is
and
how
intercultural
communication
should
work
in
order
for
people
with
different
cultural
backgrounds
to
be
able
to
understand
each
other
better.
Culture
is
what
makes
us
all
human
in
a
general
sense.
Every
culture,
past
and
present,
has
had
to
decide
how
to
satisfactorily
solve
common
human
problems.
«
Recognizing
cultural
differences
is
the
necessary
first
step
to
anticipating
potential
threats
and
opportunities
for
business
encounters
»
Schneider,
Barsoux,
Managing
Across
Culture
The
major
question
is
«
How
we
see
us,
how
they
see
us
».
II) Culture
A) What
is
culture?
The
sum
total
of
all
the
beliefs,
behaviors,
traditions
and
values
and
which
are
learned
and
shared
by
a
group
of
people.
So,
the
characteristics
of
a
particular
group
of
people.
Examples
of
different
cultures:
-‐ Arabic
language
is
written
from
right
to
left
and
almost
all
other
languages
are
written
from
left
to
right
-‐ In
America,
people
shake
hands,
and
even
hug
each
other.
But
in
India
we
just
join
hands
to
say
namaskar
B) How
is
culture
formed
&
learned?
è Immediate
environment
Upbringing
:
parents
è National
context
Education
system,
teachers
Political
system,
form
of
government
Laws
&
legal
system
Technology
Economy
Literature,
arts,
media
3
è Indirect
influence
/
rot
causes:
History
Religion
Geography
So
culture
is
formed
by
Personal,
Organizational
and
National.
C) The
difficulties
of
the
culture
We
can
compare
culture
to
an
iceberg.
Because
the
iceberg
has
a
visible
side
above
the
waterline
and
an
invisible
section
below
the
line.
So
culture
has
some
aspects
that
are
observable
and
others
that
can
only
be
suspected,
imagined,
or
intuited.
Also
like
an
iceberg,
the
part
of
culture
that
is
visible
(observable
behavior)
is
only
a
small
part
of
a
much
bigger
whole.
For
this
example,
we
can
quote
some
observable
behavior
which
are
emotional
low
like:
-‐ Food,
dress,
music,
visual
arts,
language,
celebration
etc.
The
deep
culture
is
below
the
line,
there
are
a
or
unconscious
rules
which
are
emotional
intense
like:
-‐ tone
of
voice,
facial
expression,
concept
of
time,
courtesy,
concept
of
“self”,
notions
of
friendship
or
leadership,
roles
related
to
age,
sex,
class,
family
etc.
Other
examples
of
behaviors
&
artifacts:
-‐ Organizational
structures
-‐ Work
processes:
meetings,
communication
(dress
codes)
-‐ Greetings,
making
contact
-‐ Forms
of
address
4
-‐ Personal
Space
-‐ Body
language
-‐ Age
and
gender
issues
(behavior
toward
old/young
people,
or
toward
women)
-‐ Status,
…
Interpreting
culture
could
be
difficult:
Observation
(behavior)
à
Interpretation
(Why
do
they
do
that)?
1) Barrier
1
is
understanding
the
culture:
Ethnocentric
thinking
“it’s
not
wrong,
it’
just
different”,
don’t
recognize
their
importance
(ex:
they’re
criticizing
my
country)
2) Barrier
2
to
culture
misunderstanding
:
Fear
Leave
your
comfort
zone,
try
new
thing,
new
food
Ex:
Is
it
ok
for
a
student
to
meet
a
professor
for
a
drink?
to
ask
question
in
class
?
disagree
with
the
teacher
?
Culture
makes
senses
…to
insiders
…but
can
be
learned
by
outsiders
…
is
not
“ethnic”
Another
thing
on
what
the
culture
is
different
according
different
people,
for
example,
CEO
unloading
a
truck?
Culture
evolves,
culture
is
a
lot
matters
with
the
value
level
of
culture
which
are:
è Time
è Work
è Money
è Change
è Success
A) Time:
Past-‐present-‐future
Short
term
–
long
term
Monochromic
–
polychromic
B) Work
• Job
=
identity?
• Work
to
live
or
live
to
work?
• Work-‐related
values:
• Achievement
• Challenge
• autonomy
• "working
hard"
• Efficiency
• commitment
to
the
firm
5
C) Wealth/Money:
• Importance
of
money,
material
possessions,
financial
security
• Transparency
issues
• Definition
of
individual
and
company
wealth:
how
much
is
enough?
• Shareholders'
wealth
• Reward
systems
D) Change:
• Desirable?
How
perceived?
• New
=
better?
à
tradition
vs.
progress
• Feasibility
of
change
à
risk-‐taking
attitude.
"Just
do
it?"
E) Success:
• "What
is
a
good
product?"
• Personal
&
company
success
criteria
• Results
/
profits
vs.
relationships
• Competition
vs.
solidarity
Now
we
talked
about
the
overview
of
the
culture,
we
going
to
talk
about
Cultural
dimension
framework
then.
Theses
tools
allows
us
to
better
understand
the
different
culture,
it’s
good
example
when
people
are
expatriated
in
foreign
country.
III) Cultural
dimension
Models
We
used
cultural
dimension
models
to
clarify
the
imperceptible
and
predict
behavior.
There
are
a
lot
instrumental
tools
to
understand
and
adapt
in
different
cultures.
Theses
tools
are
subjective
and
don’t
represent
each
people
in
the
same
country
but
it
could
be
help
for
expatriate
people
for
example.
The
major
framework
in
national
culture
are:
è Hofstede
è Trompenaars
è T.Hall
(icerbeg)
è Klockhon
&
Stodbeck
In
our
presentation,
we
going
to
talk
about
the
2
most
famous
which
are
Hofstede
and
Trompenaars.
A) Hofstede
Hofstede
developed
his
original
model
as
a
result
of
using
factor
analysis
to
examine
the
results
of
a
world-‐wide
survey
of
employee
values.
His
theory
is
for
cross-‐cultural
communication,
developed
by
Geert
Hofstede.
It
describes
the
effects
of
a
society's
culture
on
the
values
of
its
members,
and
how
these
values
relate
to
behavior,
using
a
structure
derived
from
factor
analysis.
This
model
is
divided
by
6
sections:
6
• Power
distance
:
Delegation,
hierarchy,
status,
structure
• Uncertainty
avoidance
:
risk
taking,
stress
level,
rules
vs
initatives
• Individualism
/
collectivism
• Masculinity
• Long-‐term
orientation
:
money,
promotion,
career
choices,
priorities
• Indulgence
vs
Restraint
(enjoy
life
and
gratification
vs
strict
social,
suppresses
gratification)
(On
the
left
it
represents
the
high
context
>50
and
on
the
right
the
low
context
>50)
If
we
want
to
compare
with
different
nationalities
in
our
classroom
we
obtain
this
graph:
France
Romania
Argentina
Bulgaria
Syria
To
power
68
90
49
70
80
To
risk
86
90
86
85
60
To
others
71
30
46
30
35
To
success
43
42
56
40
52
To
time
63
52
20
69
30
To
natural
drives
48
20
62
16
7
B) Trompenaar’s
7-‐d
model
Trompenaar’s
seven
dimensions
on
which
it
is
possible
to
distinguish
cultures
between
countries.
These
dimensions
are
considered
an
influence
on
the
management
style
of
the
companies,
the
aspiration
of
the
employees,
as
well
as
the
organization
and
operation.
We
can
divide
F.Trompenaars
is
3
sections
:
relationship
with
the
others,
management
of
time
and
relation
with
foreign
countries.
• Specific
or
diffuse
Specific
Diffuse
Relationship
are
limited
for
specific
purposes
Relationship
are
more
encompassing
Communication:
blunt,
precise,
direct
employees
want
clear
and
specific
directions
Communication:
indirect,
subtle,
ambiguous
Principled
moral
reasoning
Situation-‐based
moral
reasoning
Objectives
and
standards
Focus
on
continuous
improvement
Separate
private
and
business
lives
Mix
private
and
business
lives
• Universalism
or
Particularism
Universalism
Particularism
Treat
all
cases
the
same
Treat
cases
based
on
unique
circumstance
Focus
on
rules
Focus
on
relationship
Fixed
deals
&
contracts
Flexible
deals
&
contracts
Reality
is
absolute,
black
&
white
Reality
is
relative
:
shares
of
gray
Use
procedures
apply
to
all
Use
networks
to
get
things
done
Announce
changes
publicly
Keep
only
insiders
informed
• Neutral
or
Affective
Neutral
Affective
Don’t
reveal
feelings:
control
over,
emotions
inhibited
Reveal
feelings,
verbally
and
non
verbally
uninhibited
Act
under
control
Act
concerned
Physical
contact
limited
Physical
contact
common
Focus
on
“issues”,
keep
dialogue
to
the
point
Focus
on
the
personel,
emotional
outbursts,
tolerated
8
• Achievement
or
Ascription
Achievement
Ascription
Use
titles
when
relevant
Use
titles
often
Performance
main
qualification
for
management.
Mix
age
and
gender
Background,
diploma
and
age
main,
qualification
for
management
Emphasize
skills
and
performance
based
rewards
Emphasize
Seniority
• Control
orientation
(Internal
or
External)
Internal
control
External
control
Dominate
the
environment
Live
in
harmony
with
the
environment
Change
things,
fix
problems
Accept
situations/problems
Planning
Relationship
Emphasize
authority
Emphasize
patience
• Time
orientation
(monochromic
or
polychromic)
Sequential
(monochromic)
Synchronic
(polychromic)
One
thing
at
a
time
Several
things
at
once
Task-‐oriented
Relationship-‐oriented:
Family,
friends
Difficult
to
interrupt
Easy
to
interrupt
On
time
Rarely
on
time
Methodical
Impatient
Follows
the
program
Change
the
program
IV) Cross-‐cultural
communication:
A) Functions
of
intercultural
communication:
We
use
communication
for
different
reasons.
Whether
it
is
to
get
to
know
someone
or
to
extract
some
information
that
we
need,
communication
will
always
be
the
means
through
which
we
can
achieve
our
goal.
In
intercultural
communication,
even
more
so,
the
functions
of
communication
are
various
and
present
a
multitude
of
ways
to
get
to
know
people
of
different
cultures
and
understand
them.
Here
are
some
of
the
most
important
functions
of
intercultural
communication:
1.
Gather
and
share
personal
information
between
people:
when
we
meet
a
person
for
the
same
time,
from
the
very
beginning
of
the
conversation
we
start
collecting
data
about
them.
We
will
try
to
gather
the
needed
information
so
that
we
can
form
an
idea
about
that
person
but
also
to
know
how
to
behave
and
act
with
that
person.
In
intercultural
communication
the
latter
is
even
more
important.
Given
the
culture
differences,
we
will
try
to
make
sure
our
behavior
is
not
offensive
or
inappropriate
towards
the
person
we
talk
to.
9
2.
Fulfill
interpersonal
needs:
humans
are
social
beings
who
need
to
live
with
other
people,
communicate
with
them,
have
friends,
belong
to
different
social
groups,
have
a
family
and
the
list
goes
on.
As
humans,
communication
is
a
need
that
we
have
and
we
need
to
fulfill
it
with
the
help
of
other
people.
Intercultural
communication
does
that
to
a
higher
level.
It
helps
you
connect
with
people
that
are
not
necessarily
in
your
close
circle
of
interpersonal
connections.
It
widens
your
social
experiences.
3.
Influence
others:
like
it
or
not,
we
are
influenced
through
communication
a
lot.
During
a
day
we
are
faced
with
numerous
situations
in
which
through
communication
we
are
influenced
to
behave
a
certain
way
or
take
certain
actions.
Now
we
talking
about
cross-‐cultural
with
this
graph
we
can
see
how
the
message
going
from
the
sender
to
receiver
with
the
difficult
of
the
noise:
Noise
–
semantic
&
psychological
Sender
Receiver
Filtering
Filtering
Oral
apprehension
Distractions
Language
Poor
listening
skills
Culture
Culture
Filtering
by
receiver:
hearing
only
in
terms
of
my
experience,
motivation,
and
needs.
(selective
perception)
Another
thing
to
know
in
communication
the
non-‐verbal
communication
represents
75%
and
the
verbal
communication
represent
25%.
B) Functions
in
business
With
the
globalization
process
that
is
growing
more
everyday
we
face
new
challenges
at
the
work
place.
Managers
are
put
in
different
situations
where
they
have
to
manage
problems
and
issues
caused
by
cultural
differences
and
this
can
be
pretty
challenging.
Being
part
of
a
team
with
colleagues
of
different
cultures
can
cause
different
issues:
10
Ethnocentrism:
the
idea
that
one’s
culture
is
superior
to
others.
Although
we
may
think
that
this
kind
of
thinking
is
for
the
bigoted
and
ignorant,
it
is
actually
pretty
well
spread
even
among
the
enlightened.
It
is
an
attitude
many
have
because
they
think
that
their
behavior
is
logical
and
it’s
the
right
one
just
because
it
works
for
them.
They
accept
what
it
is
familiar
for
them
to
be
the
best
way.
And
it
is
because
of
this
that
people
start
regarding
different
behaviors
or
approaches
as
proper
or
improper,
wise
or
foolish,
and
even
right
or
wrong.
This
kind
of
attitude
in
the
work
place
can
lead
to
tension
and
problems.
This
is
why
it
is
important
that
employees,
managers
and
team
leaders
keep
an
open
mind
to
what
other
cultures
regard
as
“normal”.
And
instead
of
disregarding
someone’s
values,
work
ethic
or
approach
as
not
being
suitable
because
it’s
different
from
ours
we
need
to
show
respect
and
try
to
find
a
way
to
work
in
harmony.
Language
barrier:
language
is
one
of
the
most
cited
issues
that
can
appear
in
a
multi-‐cultural
work
environment.
The
most
often
issues
are:
gross
translation
errors,
subtle
distinctions
of
meaning
from
language
to
language
and
variations
of
terms
and
meanings
among
people
who
speak
the
same
language.
Gross
translation
errors,
while
most
of
the
times
can
be
easily
identified
and
corrected
can
lead
to
waste
of
time
and
energy
from
the
parties
involved
who
now
have
to
go
back
on
the
translation
and
make
sure
they
understand
the
information
correctly.
This
is
a
problem
that
can
be
easily
solved
in
most
of
the
cases
but
it
is
unpleasant.
Subtle
distinctions
from
language
to
language
is
a
very
sensitive
issue
especially
when
it
comes
to
business
negotiations
if
the
involved
parties
don’t
have
a
good
control
over
the
language.
As
we
know,
the
English
language
is
widely
used
in
the
business
world.
Not
having
a
good
control
over
this
language
can
cause
different
misunderstandings
and
unpleasantries
between
people
of
different
cultures.
The
variations
of
terms
and
meanings
appear
most
often
between
different
cultures
who
use
the
same
language
for
example
French
and
Canadians,
Spanish
and
Mexicans,
Americans
and
English.
Although
they
may
speak
the
same
language,
many
words
and
expressions
can
make
no
sense
to
the
other
party.
Different
understandings
of
non-‐verbal
communication:
Non-‐verbal
communication
means
everything
from
face
mimic
to
hand
gestures,
tone,
attitude
and
body
language.
These
things
can
cause
quite
some
issues
in
a
work
place.
For
example,
Latin
countries
are
known
for
talking
loud
and
always
sounding
like
they’re
arguing.
For
other
cultures
this
can
be
truly
stressful
as
they
can
imagine
that
their
colleagues
are
constantly
fighting
while
in
reality
they
are
only
having
some
pleasant
conversations.
Bulgarians
nod
when
they
say
“No”
and
shake
their
heads
when
they
say
“Yes”.
This
can
be
quite
confusing
for
a
person
used
to
nod
when
they
agree
and
shake
their
heads
when
they
disagree.
Different
approaches
to
completing
tasks:
this
can
be
a
real
challenge
when
working
on
a
team
with
colleagues
of
different
cultures.
For
example,
while
Hispanics
and
Asians
tend
to
put
more
accent
on
the
relationship
between
them
and
their
teammates
at
the
beginning
of
the
project
and
then
concentrate
on
finishing
the
task,
Europeans
and
North
Americans
tend
11
to
concentrate
on
the
task
and
let
the
relationships
develop
on
the
way.
none
of
these
approaches
is
wrong
in
any
way.
But
we
can
see
how
this
differences
can
create
discrepancies
in
a
project
and
misunderstandings
can
appear.
While
a
European
can
consider
a
Hispanic
lazy
for
concentrating
on
making
friends
first
and
then
the
project,
the
Hispanic
can
consider
the
European
unfriendly
and
mean.
Conceptions
of
authority:
in
different
cultures
authority
and
hierarchy
are
viewed
different.
In
the
North
European
countries
people
don’t
have
a
high
regard
for
authority,
the
manager
is
many
times
just
another
member
of
the
team,
they
work
together
and
the
other
employees
don’t
have
to
show
them
an
added
amount
of
respect.
On
the
other
hand,
Singapore
Airlines
are
known
to
have
the
best
service
in
the
world.
This
is
because
they
have
a
hierarchical
culture
where
they
are
thought
to
respect
and
serve
authority
or
anyone
who
is
above
them.
Bridging
the
differences
The
most
important
thing
is
not
that
there
are
culture
differences
in
the
place
we
work
in,
or
that
as
a
manager
we
lead
a
multi-‐cultural
team.
the
most
important
things
is
if
we
are
able
to
overcome
these
differences,
put
aside
what
we
ind
as
comfortable
and
acceptable
and
are
willing
to
open
up
to
new
ways
of
doing
things,
new
approaches
and
new
ways
of
thinking.
Here
are
few
ways
in
which
a
company
or
a
manager
can
bridge
the
difference
gaps
and
make
a
team/organization
work
effectively
in
spite
of
its
cultural
diversity.
Culture
management:
Is
a
management
system
that
helps
and
gives
advice
on
how
to
improve
the
relations
between
people
of
different
cultures
in
a
company.
Every
management
team
should
be
aware
of
culture
differences
and
make
sure
they
don’t
slow
down
or
even
worse,
damage
the
work
of
the
team.
Culture
management
means
that
a
team/company/corporations
teaches
its
employees
that
culture
is
relative,
there
is
no
cultural
absolute
and
therefore
culture
differences
doesn’t
make
someone
wrong
or
right.
For
example,
in
the
America
they
use
to
put
a
date
month
first
and
day
second.
In
Europe
it
is
done
the
other
way
around.
This
can
create
lots
of
confusions
when
it
comes
to
dates
for
shipments,
meetings,
deadlines
and
schedules
in
general.
It
doesn’t
mean
the
the
European
employee
or
the
American
employee
is
wrong.
There
just
has
to
be
a
more
thorough
understanding
of
cultural
differences.
These
problems
will
be
easily
avoided
once
there
is
a
cross-‐cultural
management
that
makes
sure
the
differences
are
adjusted
to
make
everyone
comfortable
and
happy
to
work
with
each
other.
Leadership
development:
Trends
and
behavioral
patterns
are
set
through
leadership.
It
is
a
leader’s
responsibility
to
lead
their
team
with
tolerance
towards
cultural
differences
and
establish
an
environment
where
no
matter
the
culture/race/religion,
people
feel
safe,
work
with
pleasure
and
don’t
feel
judged.
This
is
why
leaders
and
managers
need
to
develop
and
widen
their
understanding
of
cultures
(especially
the
ones
represented
in
their
tea/organization)
and
set
the
trend
of
tolerance
and
acceptance.
“Leaders
have
always
needed
to
understand
human
nature
and
personality
differences
–
that’s
nothing
new.
What’s
new
is
the
requirement
for
twenty-‐first
century
leaders
to
be
prepared
to
understand
a
wider,
richer
array
of
work
styles
than
ever
before
and
to
be
able
12
to
determine
what
aspects
of
an
interaction
are
simply
a
result
of
personality
and
which
are
a
result
of
differences
in
cultural
perspective.”
Erin
Meyer,
The
Culture
Map
(Public
Affairs)
Analysis
and
Evaluations
(CQ
Model)
It
is
important
to
keep
track
of
the
development
of
the
intercultural
collaborations.
CQ
(Cultural
intelligence)
is
the
capability
of
a
person
to
be
not
only
aware
of
cultural
differences
but
also
to
not
them
them
stop
the
collaboration
with
people
of
different
cultures.
A
cultural
intelligent
person
will
be
able
to
relate
and
work
effectively
with
other
people
of
different
cultures.
There
are
four
capabilities
that
a
CQ
person
have
to
develop:
CQ
Drive:
an
interest
and
willingness
to
learn
and
adapt
in
multicultural
situations
CQ
Knowledge:
an
understanding
of
the
similarities
and
differences
between
cultures.
CQ
Strategy:
an
awareness
and
ability
to
plan
and
work
in
multicultural
interactions.
CQ
Action:
an
ability
to
adapt
and
relate
when
working
interculturally.
There
are
CQ
models
of
analysis
and
surveys
that
can
help
a
company
understand
how
well
they
understand
and
relate
to
other
cultures
and
how
cultural
intelligent
their
employees
are.
V) Conclusion:
Intercultural
Communication
has
never
been
more
important
in
the
world
than
it
is
today.
As
a
business
who
wants
to
expend
beyond
its
borders
it
is
impossible
to
expect
to
only
have
to
work
with
one
culture.
Globalization
brings
us
closer
to
people
from
all
over
the
world
and
it
is
our
duty
to
understand
and
accept
other’s
opinions,
views,
ways
of
doing
things
and
habits.
If
we
are
to
be
successful
at
our
jobs,
have
successful
businesses
and
lead
successful
teams
we
need
to
widen
our
acceptance
and
tolerance
of
other
cultures
and
open
up
to
new
ways
of
having
things
done.
With
some
cultural
dimension’s
models,
these
can
help
people
to
understand
better
foreign
cultures,
it
can
help
also
expatriate
people.
It’s
not
impartial,
because
everyone
is
different.
Once
we
understand
the
culture,
we
have
to
adapt
our
communication.
For
example,
how
to
adapt
in
the
foreign
culture.
(How
to
say
hello,
how
to
negotiate
etc.).
Acknowledging,
understand,
accepting,
valuing
and
celebrating
the
differences
among
people
to
create
equal
employment
opportunities.
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