Relaxation space in harmony with nature [306879]

Transilvania University of Brasov

Product Design and Environment Faculty

Diploma Project

Graduate:

Diana – Alexandra TURTURICĂ

Programme:

Industrial Design

Scientific Coordinator:

Prof. Dr. Eng. Elena Eftimie

Brașov

2017

[anonimizat]:

Industrial Design

Brașov

2017

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We can meet in the works of contemporary courtyards and gardens a strong connection between the interior and the exterior. Thus, [anonimizat] ([anonimizat]) and bars or outdoor kitchens.

In the project of a landscaping can be taken into consideration modern concepts related to ecology and sustainability: green/[anonimizat] / [anonimizat], [anonimizat].

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Features for projects of gardens design and contemporary courtyards design:

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Textures and materials combination (usually natural)

[anonimizat], inviting, comfortable spaces

Create a [anonimizat] – grasses and perennials

Simplicity

Balanced geometry or the feeling that there is a geometry

Less materials used

Ideal for small gardens and courtyards

In a contemporary garden is appreciated the minimalism principle due to that "less is more". [anonimizat] a [anonimizat].

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In a contemporary garden is very important the choosing of decorations and garden furniture from a [anonimizat]. Some designers use plastics, concrete or a whole range of synthetic products, which have a strong contemporary tribute.

Nowadays there can be found more styles and ways of decorating a garden or an exterior personal area, such as:

Dramatic style. Such a garden is a scene full of symbols.

Exotic style. Green space is reconstituting a wild landscape, which does not prevent the choice of a theme. The theme in this case must have direct relation with nature and garden design itself will be conducted according to the annual transformation of natural phenomena.

Elegant style. Regardless of space constraints can add that touch of sophistication that can revive the art and ambiance. It just takes imagination and aesthetic sense.

Natural style. If you do not want a rigorous design, if you feel like a perfectly orderly garden brings a number of constraints, are certainly adept natural style. This type of garden needs a lynchpin to a less stylized: a greenhouse, a gazebo, a fountain etc.

Formal style. Creator of such an environment will try to shape plants, carve them, to create games of lights and shadows. This style, however, does not seek perfect symmetry, but aesthetic imperfections of nature.

Minimal style. Plants are no longer in the lead role, which combines functional elements, becoming in turn a part of the whole puzzle. The theme of this style usually continues the theme of the house, bringing with it a series of symbols.

There are also other types of gardens:

Formal garden

There are two ways to create a formal garden: symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Both sites can lead to the impression of disorder and neglect if not maintained regularly. Formal gardens are suitable for large and open surfaces, but also for small gardens surfaces, the space being optimized successfully. The high cost of labor for maintenance can be reduced by selecting plants easier to maintain.

Free garden

Such gardens are usually based on open landscape such as those found at countryside. It is ideal for gardens in the country or outside the city, trying to imitate natural forms in the garden

Mixed garden

This form tracks mixed combinations of the geometric formal elements and free form elements. For example: formal geometric style can be found in and near buildings reflecting their lines and surfaces. The free area is placed toward the back of the gardens marking its land borders. In larger gardens, it is possible to create corners or edges strictly formal garden where you can grow vegetables.

1.1. GENERAL ASPECTS ABOUT GARDEN FURNITURE

Garden furniture, also called patio furniture or outdoor furniture, is a type of furniture specifically designed for outdoor use. It is typically made of weather-resistant materials such as Aluminium which does not rust. The oldest surviving examples of garden furniture were found in the gardens of Pompeii.

Types of furniture:

Wooden furniture

Bamboo furniture

Wicker or rattan furniture

Metal furniture

Plastic furniture (a.k.a. acrylic furniture)

Glass furniture

Concrete furniture

Seating

Garden furniture is often sold as a patio set consisting of a table, four or six chairs, and a parasol. A picnic table is used for the purpose of eating a meal outdoors. Long chairs, referred to as chaise longue, are also common items. Recently seating furniture has been used for conversation areas using items like couches.

Temperature control

The British 'garden parasol' or American 'garden umbrella' is the term for a specialized type of umbrella designed to provide shade from the sun. Parasols are either secured in a weighted base or a built-in mount in the paving. Some are movable around outdoor tables and seating, others centred through a hole mid-table.

Patio heaters are used to enable people to sit outside at night or in cold weather. They can be permanently mounted on eaves and patio roofs, or portable and self-supporting. They can operate on electricity, propane, bottled butane (small units), or natural gas. The latter can be plumbed into permanent locations or attached to 'quick-connect' outlets.

Accessories

Current garden accessories include items like birdbaths, plant stands, planter boxes and trellises to add detail to an outdoor space.

Materials

The most commonly sold types of patio sets are made of plastic, wood, Aluminium, wicker, and wrought iron.

Wooden garden furniture can suffer through exposure to the elements and therefore needs to be periodically treated. Teak is a commonly used material for outdoor furniture. It naturally contains silica, which makes it resistant to fungal decay, many of the effects of water (such as rot, swelling and warping), as well as chemicals. It is also resistant to fire, acid and alkalis.

When Teak weathers it loses its original look but gains a majestic, almost silver glow. Many owners prefer the aged look of teak and because of its resistance to rotting and infestation, it can be appreciated without upkeep.

Aluminium garden furniture is robust and long-lasting. However, if the protective coating is compromised it will corrode. Plastic garden furniture is naturally waterproof, so it can be left out year-round. Waterproof outdoor furniture pieces are usually made of materials such as Mahogany, Teak, Cast Aluminum, PE Wicker, Plastic and PVC Wicker. These materials are durable and can withstand the elements of wind, rain and sun exposure.

Wicker outdoor living furniture was originally made from the stems of any one of 600 species of palms found in tropical regions all over the world. The palm stems were tightly woven into interlocking panels, and formed into the desired structure. Now, most modern wicker furniture is made from synthetic resin, increasing the life expectancy and reducing manufacturing costs. Today's resin furniture is often made of recycled plastic and incredibly durable, usually carrying warranties of 20 years or longer. It can be moulded to resemble real wood or wicker. [11]

1.2. GARDEN GAZEBOS (PAVILIONS)

About garden gazebos can be said that they are a tradition in the yards of medium and large size. Basically these garden gazebos are an outdoor room where you can enjoy privacy and protection being outdoors.

These buildings are really effective if when you plan these gazebos garden you take into consideration the materials they are made of, materials used for their coverage and foundation, the place where there are located and their size. Most often these gazebos garden are made of hardwood, but also of fir wood, especially if it is well protected and maintained with special substances for the wood that is subjected to weather conditions, varying moisture and varying temperatures. Most often garden pavilions are covered with shingle, but sometimes there is the possibility of using materials identical to those for the roof of the house located in the yard.

It is ideal that these towers to be built in the garden behind the house, in an intimate area, near one of the access roads of the house. It is not advisable for it to be built very close to home, but in a green area of the garden, being useful to have a casual access way possibly paved or concreted between the patio and the house, because the purpose of these towers garden is that of being an outdoor room.

When it comes to the purpose and usefulness of these gazebos garden they are multiple and depend on their size and how they are furnished. Permanent structure can be used for garden gazebos consisting of a table and fixed benches. The pavilion becomes the ideal place for dining, for socializing with friends and family, whether it is sunny or if it rains.

If you choose to make your garden one of those towers completely free inside, their destination varies depending on the pieces of furniture you put in. Garden gazebos can be a great summer open kitchen, dining room, an ideal outdoor place of watching television.

1.3. WOODEN PERGOLAS

Wooden pergolas are another interesting category of parts of furniture needed for development of outdoor areas. They are divided into two categories.

The first category includes those large pergolas that can be somehow confused with wooden terraces. They are made in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors, with supporting pillars, with main beams, arches and sleepers, in some cases even with two rows of sleepers.

The second category includes those wooden pergolas of much smaller size, serving as an ideal companion to support climbing plants. Those pergolas can be fixed on walls, on cement fences or they can be installed directly in the ground with metal anchors.

1.4. WOODEN TERRACES

Wooden terraces category includes those bodies of furniture made of softwood and which are intended for arranging outdoor spaces.

Wooden terraces have very much in common with pavilions, in terms of materials used, and in terms of design. But they have the advantage of being located in most cases adjacent to building, where the pavilions are unable to find their place. And like every other body of furniture, wooden terraces can be achieved both in a classic design and a modern design.

The main components of modern terraces are the pillars, the four beams and struts. They can be made in different sizes and thicknesses depending on your preference.

Speaking about the classic wooden terrace, here you also find banister handrail, and decorative fences made of chopped blades, which are located either on top of the terrace or on both sides of each of the four supporting pillars. In the upper part terraces are covered with shingle or a polycarbonate plate.

2. ECOLOGICAL AND MATERIALS DESIGN

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Ecological design is defined by Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan as "any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes." Ecological design is an integrative ecologically responsible design discipline.

It helps connect scattered efforts in green architecture, sustainable agriculture, ecological engineering, ecological restoration and other fields. The “eco” prefix was used to ninety sciences including eco-city, eco-management, eco-technique, eco-tecture. It was used by John Button in 1998 at the first time. The inchoate developing nature of ecological design was referred to the “adding in“of environmental factor to the design process, but later it was focused on the details of eco-design practice such as product system or individual product or industry as a whole. By including life cycle models through energy and materials flow, ecological design was related to the new interdisciplinary subject of industrial ecology. Industrial ecology meant a conceptual tool emulating models derived from natural ecosystem and a frame work for conceptualizing environmental and technical issues.

Living organisms exist in various systems of balanced symbiotic relationships. The ecological movement of the late twentieth-century is based on understanding that disruptions in these relationships has led to serious breakdown of natural ecosystems. In human history, technological means have resulted in growth of human populations through fire, implements and weapons. This dramatic increase in explosive population contributed the introduction of mechanical energies in machine production and there have been improvements in mechanized agriculture, manufactured chemical fertilizers and general health measures. Although the earlier invention inclined energy adjusting the ecological balance, population growth following the industrial revolution led to abnormal ecological change. [34]

Ecology is nowadays an every day topic. The building sector is directly targeted, being, from the ecological point of view, one of the most damaging for the environment. The variety of new materials is tremendous, and so is the variety of new ideas. But what are the characteristics an ecological building material should have? These also are varied:

They should be healthy for the users; natural materials are indicated

They shouldn’t consume energy for transportation, thus avoiding collateral pollution; local materials are indicated

They shouldn’t consume a great quantity of energy for fabrication; again, natural materials should be considered

High insulation qualities are necessary, in order to avoid excessive energy consumption; natural materials rarely respond to these requirements without exaggerating their thickness

Eventually the new materials and techniques should have beneficial effects on the environment; vegetation in buildings is indicated

They should be recyclable

They should be reusable at least once, or even several times

They should reuse residues; the reuse of non ecological materials can be an ecological undertaking.

2.2. ECOLOGICAL MATERIALS

1. Natural materials, obtained from the compounds that we find in nature and come from plants, animals or ground.

There are more types of this category:

Biotic materials

Wood (rattan, bamboo, bark etc.)

Natural fibers (silk, wool, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kapok, kenaf, moss, etc.)

Inorganic materials

Stone (flint, granite, obsidian, sandstone, sand, gems, glass, etc.)

Native metal (copper, bronze, iron, gold, silver, etc.)

Composites (clay, porcelain, plasticine, etc.)

Other natural materials

Soil

Minerals and the metals that can be extracted from them (without further modification) are also considered to belong into this category. [35]

2. Organic materials, which come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment and which have a low environmental impact in the production, use and recycling (whose processing requires low power consumption and are biodegradable);

Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

3. Healthy materials, which does not harm the health of the individual (which can be natural or synthetic, organic or not).

What are healthy materials?

The building materials should be healthy for the inhabitants/users. That means they should be:

Without pollutants and toxic components

Not causing unpleasant noises

Secure as radioactivity

Secure as electromagnetism.

If materials with high radioactivity should naturally be avoided, and so should asbestos (even if asbestos cement is not directly damaging in buildings, it becomes so at works of refurbishment or demolishment, reminding of the need to consider the full life cycle of any material), they are many other materials that are damaging. Some release for instance formaldehyde, incorporating certain solvents. Timber products are treated with chemicals, like insecticide, and composite materials incorporate certain resins. Some paints use toxic metals such as cadmium and lead.

As like in all design branches, ecological materials used in furniture design or buildings design are becoming very important. This is because of the fact that, natural resources are limited, whereas human wants are unlimited in our world. For this reason, designs made of ecological materials are becoming very interesting nowadays. The common characteristics of these designs comprise the most environment friendly, sustainable, the least distorting effect on environment and the most economical usage.

The most important characteristics of these ecological materials are that they are renewable, recyclable, free from addicted materials, and least distortive effect on environment. The application of these materials provides both simplicity and figuration. In addition to these, using ecological materials gives shapes to the furniture and usage.

2.3. MOST USED ECOLOGICAL MATERIALS IN BUILDINGS. PROPERTIES

1. Organic brick

It may be one of the ecological materials, which is insulating, with outstanding technical qualities for a healthy building.

Properties: highly resistant, unalterable, waterproof, fire and frost resistant, having a good thermal inertia (heat in the summer and cold in the winter). It provides good sound absorption, it is a hydrometric regulator and improves indoor air quality due to the natural porosity.

2. Terracotta

It is represented by the full bricks and terracotta handmade items.

Properties: its mass causes a good thermal inertia, behaving also as a regulator of temperature and humidity. It contributes to improve the air quality and has soundproofed qualities.

Composition: bricks are hand-finished or made in molds, using locally-sourced clay, then baked in the oven.

Application: masonry, tiles, floor coverings, wall coverings, decoration, dressing the existing masonry.

3. Expanded clay

It is present in the form of balls of clay for landscaping, insulation, drainage and lightweight concrete.

Properties: easy, rot-proof, fireproof, protects against humidity, serves as heat and sound insulation. Composition: clay with high content of carbon, expanded and baked in ovens.

Use: development of roads, terraces, platforms, plantation, sports.

4. The soil blocks

Properties: acts as a temperature regulator. Being absorbent, they return and regulates humidity, being also sound proofed.

Composition: they are made in wood casts, being "armed" with aggregate plant, and dry in the shade.

Use: interior or exterior walls, closures.

5. Solid timber

These structures are wood untreated elements with standard sections and various essences, from which can be made the roof structure or the whole building.

Properties: the essence of class 3 is naturally protected against humidity and against insects and fungi by natural insecticides and fungicides.

Application: wall structure, closures, floors, roof, plywood.

Wood is a building material with excellent properties: it has the great capacity of "breathing" can absorb much moisture, can clean the air and captures harmful substances, it is permeable to cosmic-terrestrial radiation, has a good thermal isolation, has a very high static load capacity, give off a pleasant scent when it was not applied a synthetic lake on it and, lastly, do not present any problem to remove and manufacture.

When building the house must be taken into consideration more the use of wood resin trees – pine, spruce and deciduous wood – maple, oak, locust and ash.

6. Green roof covers

They have an important impact on the external appearance of houses. Wooden roof covers, which are so familiar in traditional houses are made of roofing shingles or sieve. Properties: lightweight, waterproof, breathable, insulating heat and sound, weatherproof, vapor absorption.

Use: cover the roof structure.

The roofing plant: plant cover made of straw.

Properties: easy, soundproofed and thermally sealed from air currents, weather resistance. Composition: rye straw, wheat, cane, etc.

Use: roofs. [36]

2.4. MOST USED ECOLOGICAL MATERIALS IN ROOFS. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1. Thatched roofs

Benefits

Thatched roofs have a number of advantages, which is why this option worth considering. Reed is a durable material and a covering made and maintained properly can have a lifespan of over 50 years.

Insulation is appreciated, keeping cool in summer and in warmth in winter. It is also waterproof and is used in areas with humid climates.

With a lightweight covering, these roofs do not require a very solid structure.

Another advantage is that reed allows roof to breathe.

Cost is not a negligible aspect, the material being accessible from a financial standpoint.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage is that the reed is an increased fire risk material. If left untreated flame retardant, reed catches fire very quickly.

It requires a special maintenance, which means that it should be added new layers of reed regularly, every few years, as the old layer thin over time. In addition, it must be cleaned of moss and lichen which prevents air circulation and favors the appearance of pests.

For an increased durability, it is necessary to have a minimum roof pitch of 45 degrees to allow water to drain easily from the surface.

Another disadvantage is that it does not withstand frost very well.

2. Wood shingle roofs

Benefits

Shingle roofs covered with wood have a rustic, traditional and are very showy. Properly maintained, they can have a lifespan of up to 40 years. This type of roof is accessible in terms of cost and damaged shingles can be replaced easily.

In addition, these shingles are environmentally friendly, have a low weight and for the resistance structure is not required a large amount of wood. They also have flexibility and a degree of resistance increased, while wood is a good insulator.

This type of roof copes with any climatic conditions.

Disadvantages

In this case, the concern for resistance to fire occurs. To withstand fire, wooden roof requires special treatment.

Another concern would be water seepages. In order that the roof achieves a high durability it is recommended a steep slope, so that the water and snow to drain properly.

2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MATERIALS

Absolute rules can not be given for all situations or all the materials. One has to make choices. One of the questions is what would the environmental impact be and how can one assess it. When measuring the environmental impact several problems should be considered: energy use, resources supply, global warming, acid rain, toxins etc.

The complexity of the topic has to be clearly stated.

1. Calculating the embodied energy

The embodied energy figures are often given without stating how they have been obtained, or even if primary energy has been considered or delivery energy. It is important to know where the boundary has been drawn. The used energy in a factory does not include all the history of the fabrication of a finished product. Materials having:

very high energy requirements are: aluminum, plastics, copper and stainless steel (100 – 250 GJ/tone)

high energy requirements are: steel, lead, zinc, glass, cement (10 – 60 GJ/tone)

medium energy requirements are: lime, clay bricks and tiles, gypsum, timber (1 – 3.5 GJ/tone)

less demanding requirements are: sand, aggregate, volcanic ash and soil, with less than 0.5 GJ/tone.

These figures lead to a great range of energy costs. If one considers as unit the energy price for timber buildings, brick buildings will incorporate three times more energy, reinforced concrete 12 times and steel buildings 30 times.

2. Recycling and embodied energy

Refurbishment is a means of recycling existing buildings. But it is difficult to compare and decide if demolition and new build is more efficient energetically than refurbishment, because, in long term, a new building can be significantly more efficient than the older one over its life span will require less energy for its maintenance. From another point of view, demolition produces rubble that can also be damaging for the environment.

In front of this dilemma, things should be attentively studies and every step of the proposed activities should be assessed. Refurbishment has another characteristic: it seems to never end. An undertaking inevitably leads to another, and the costs are difficult to foresee.

3. Processing and embodied energy

The greater the number of processes a material undergoes the higher the embodied energy and waste quantities in production will be. As a result, the materials one should choose should be as close as possible to their natural state.

4. Transportation and embodied energy

The further a material has to travel, the greater the energy is used for transport. The weight of material will also be an important factor. Sometimes, the material travels several times. Granite for instance is quarried in very specific places. It is sometimes cut and polished even in a different country, and, at the end, can be used in a third very distant location. This process may make sense financially, but is unsustainable ecologically. Ecology and costs are sometimes difficult to harmonize.

5. Time and embodied energy

The embodied energy in building materials should be also related to the foreseen lifespan of the building, because the importance of the energy used for building material represents an important percentage for a building with a short life span, and is a small part of the whole energy used for a building that will last decades. The cradle-to-grave approach is called life cycle analysis. It is used to assess the total impact of a building and shows the importance of the life span. The longer a building will exist, the lower the impact of the energy consumption and pollution embodied in building materials and while erecting it will be. This embodied energy will be divided to the lifespan. The International Standard Organization includes a methodology for life cycle analysis in ISO 14000, although this standard is not specifically related to buildings, but to environmental policies. [37]

2.6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING ECOLOGICAL MATERIALS

3. ECODESIGN CONCEPT

3.1. DESIGN CONCEPT

If we search for the sense of the word “design” in dictionaries, we find that it has many meanings: plan, design, drawing, sketch, scheme, pattern, industrial model, composition, general idea, invention, etc. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the term “design” designates both the project of realizing the product and the product itself and its aesthetic appearance. To eliminate the confusion caused by multiple meanings, the Anglo-Saxon authors prefer the term industrial design, which would mean: conception, design and implementation of functional products, useful and aesthetic in the same time, in industrial series production.

Product design includes all undertaken activities to create products that satisfy a need, respecting the principles of serial production, thus exemplify machinery, appliances and work tools, household appliances, audio-video, etc.

A product of quality combines more attributes:

originality – is given by the capacity to stand out among similar products. Highlighting a product can be made through a brand symbol or the product logo;

significance – by the appearance of the product it is suggested the function and type of user to whom it is addressed;

ergonomics – it is translated through the human-product relationship (respecting the anthropometric values, safety standards and human habits), adapting the environment to human needs and possibilities;

aesthetics – represents balance and proportion of forms, harmony of colors, texture, etc;

utility – refers to the satisfaction of certain requirements, to the performance for which it was designed the product;

actuality – refers to the classification of the product in that historical moment (style, fashion).

3.2. EDUCATION FOR ECO-DESIGN

Eco-Design is the integration of environmental considerations at the design phase, considering the whole product life cycle from raw materials acquisition to final disposal. The syllable "eco" refers to both economy and ecology.

Eco-design is a new domain, required by the new trends and existing concerns worldwide, generated by the necessity of adopting new design principles. New design principles require the designer to provide a friendly relationship between the created concept, environment and consume. This "friendly" relationship should be valid both at present and in the future, generating new opportunities for product, product components or materials from which it was made. Awareness, by the designer, the importance of this new trend, permits the establishment of concepts that have as their objective the protection of present values and ensuring the legacy of future generations. Eco-design, by its principles, is involved in the design process, from early stage, the stage of product design. Priority objective of the designers will consist in reducing the negative effects on the environment through the entire life cycle and after it is taken out of use.

The main aspects of the eco-design will consider extending product exploitation, make better use of materials, reduction of emission of waste. The design process in the "eco" domain must be started by selecting the function of the concept, materials and technological processes, causing the shape of macro and micro-geometrics of the product through an analysis that involves optimizing and streamlining the product. [38]

The Product Development Process and Related Eco-Design Activities

3.3. THE BASELINE FOR ECO-DESIGN – LEGAL COMPLIANCE

Legal compliance is a “must” and a major driver for environmental efforts. However, legislation should not be the only reason for "green" activities as this will not lead to innovative strategies.

In recent years the European Union has pushed several activities for environmental legislation forward, affecting especially the electronics and electrical industry. The most important product-related policies and legislation are:

IPP – Integrated Product Policy

EuP – Eco-Design of Energy-using Products Directive

WEEE – Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

RoHS – Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances Directive

Whereas the IPP is an overall policy outlining the framework and philosophy of product related environmental legislation on European level, the directives set out the detailed requirements which are relevant for companies. [40]

EuP (eco-design of Energy-using Products)

The main aims of this directive are:

to optimize the entire lifecycle of products and their environmental impact

to set up eco-design requirements

to impose the implementing measures by establishing an eco-profile of the products

to use the CE marking required by EuP

to provide design control or a suitable environment management system

WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment)

The main aims of this directive are:

to improve management at the end of the product life cycle and increase the producer responsibility

to find the best ways of recycling or reconditioning of waste from electrical and electronic equipment. European legislation was introduced in 2004, with effect from January 2006

to increase the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and to encourage designers to create products taking into consideration the possibility of that product to be recycled. If this will be a major interest for designers, costs of collecting, recycling and reconditioning will be reduced

RoHS directive (restrictions on the use of hazardous substances)

The main aims of this directive are:

to restrict the use of certain hazardous substances (lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium VI, etc.) that are used in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment put on sale since 1 July 2006

to harmonize legislation across the European Union

to convince the manufacturers to improve or to change their production process so as to provide environmentally friendly products, reducing the use of chemicals (e.g. reducing the use of lead in electronic equipment) [4]

3.4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The most common definition of sustainable development is adopted in the report "Our Common Future", developed by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the United Nations in 1987:

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

Specifically, there are three major dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environment.

Sustainable development is about the necessity to find ways to develop the world economy on the long term without using up natural capital for current growth at the cost of long-term growth. In simpler words, sustainability means that in order to continue the social and economic development we, humans, should not take more than the nature/environment can offer to us. From the designer point of view, sustainable development is about designing objects that use limited resources; it is also about social responsibility and ethics.

Sustainable design

Eco-design and Design for environment offers scope and potential, not only to create more environmentally friendly objects, but also to stimulate innovation and creativity. Where are the Eco-design boundaries and how these can be pushed forwards?

Theoretically there are no limits for environmental approach in the design process and therefore the limits can be drawn according to the human creativity and power of mind. It is necessary a change in attitude and thinking in relation with the design process, the stress being on the necessity of a sustainable development of the human society.

Most important, the velocity at which this change must take place will increase dramatically over the next two or three decades. Sustainable products and services are imperative elements if the contemporary society’s intention is to fulfill a more self-sustainable pattern of production and consumption.

Eco-design is one of the levers acting upon environmental aspect. Sustainability is the goal and eco-design is one of the ways to achieve it. The need for a sustainable development will impose some limits on the consumption of resources, which in turn will determine designers to find strategies and solutions for acceptable solutions.

Sustainable future

Consuming less is not about producing less and reducing the economic growth leaving people unemployed, but is mostly about to stop wasting. In Europe, North America and South-Eastern Asia, most of the people belong to the “consumers’ class”.

Proportionally with the consumption level is the waste quantity; the more they buy the more garbage they store in the junkyards. The raw materials are coming from developing countries which are using very little of their wealth and continue to live in poverty. Their problems are sometimes very different from ours: we want a new car, they need drinking water, we want a fax machine they need a bunch of wood to cook their meal. Affected by the consumerism flagellum are all of us, living in poor or rich countries, but the benefits and the responsibilities for the damages are not even, which is not fair.

Designers have solutions to that situation. As previously mentioned, they can design products to last longer and avoid designing useless gadgets. Along the history, human societies have used objects to identify an individual’s or family’s status and to provide beauty and delight, but true waste is rare. We are living an exertion to this rule despite the fact that consumerism is not deeply ingrained into world’s cultures.

Humanity needs to make peace with the nature and people need to be educated in this spirit. The challenge for designers is to understand the critical role they play in shaping our future and to use their skills to move design into a sustainable future. [1]

3.5. DIVINE PROPORTION IN PRODUCT DESIGN AND BUILDINGS

When we talk about “design”, we are thinking at the process of creating an object, which mean: to realize the object specification, to choose which is the main purpose of that project and the environment where it can be used, more specifically, its destination, then to use a set of primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements, being subjected to some constraints. Another definition of design emphasizes that design requires a conscious effort to create something that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

The designer’s aim is to create an object with an attractive and pleasant look, so that the buyer to be manipulated to buy the product. Because the "golden ratio" plays a major role in human perception of beauty, many designers use this technique to make their product look better. Each designer uses this "golden ratio" consciously or unconsciously, to create a beautiful object.

Perhaps many people have already understood or have seen that nature has used in its "hazard" mathematical formulas that finally created everything around us. People continually try to understand nature and its laws, to feel the cosmic rhythms, actually to understand life, to achieve harmony with the environment.

The golden ratio is an irrational number, 1.618033 …, and can be defined in various ways, the most important mathematical concept associated with the golden rule being the Fibonacci sequence, a string of numbers in which each number is obtained from the sum of the two before him : 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55 etc. By dividing any number to its predecessor, it is obtained about the golden ratio.

The golden ratio can be calculated from the following equation:

= = 𝛗 , that leads to:

𝛗2 – 𝛗 – 1 = 0 and then to:

𝛗 = =1.6180339887…

Although this proportion is known since antiquity, only in 1835 is called "golden proportion" by the Greek mathematician Martin Ohm (1792-1872) and in the early twentieth century is symbolized by the Greek letter Phi, as a tribute to the great Greek sculptor Phidias, who used in the Parthenon building and in his sculptures the golden ratio.

Applications of the golden ratio can be found in putting in the proportion of the works in architecture, painting, sculpture, aesthetics and art in general, which confirms the interest manifested over time for this number.

Divine proportion led to the construction of the golden rectangle, where the ratio between the length and width is equal to the golden ratio. This rectangle is considered to be highly aesthetic and therefore was and it is still extensively used in architecture and art.

Even the Romanian scientist Henri Coanda used the golden number 1.61803 in the jet engine design. Specialists noted that in the construction of the profile shape of the wing (cross section) were used more elliptical shapes. There was not any surprise when they found that the ratio of long-range and short-range of the ellipse is even the Golden Number.

Other great artists, including Brancusi (in his famous "Bird"), used the golden ratio.

Fibonacci sequence appears also in biological structures, such as the arrangement of the branches of the trees, the leaves around the stem of the plants, the shells spirals, the arrangement of the pine cones, the branches of the ferns, the appearance of a pineapple, etc. It appeared the idea that all this can be partly understood as an expression of algebraic constraints specific to free systems.

Starting from two adjacent small squares with sides equal to 1, it can be drawn on top of them another one with the side 2 = (1 + 1). Further, it can be added another square with the side of 3, and below one of 5, and so on. This produces an arrangement of Fibonacci numbers into a set of squares and rectangles, having as length two consecutive Fibonacci numbers.

In fact, we deal with Golden Rectangles, their aspect ratio equal to the number Phi. Further, each square can draw a quarter circle, but so as to ensure the continuity of the line, obtaining a spiral way, which is a good approximation to those found in nature, in the living world (snail shells, the shells the arrangement of the seed or plant inflorescences). How sides squared original is the golden ratio, that spiral away from the center of his report φ = 1.618 after each quarter "rotation" so that each full rotation points of the spiral is from the center to a distance of φ 4 = 1.6184 = 6.854 higher. [13]

4. CASE STUDY

4.1. FORMULATING OBJECTIVES

Regarding the area and type of the garden

Create a formal garden – asymmetrical garden

Create a natural style

Regarding the place where it will be located

Poiana Marului is located in Caraș-Severin and is one of the most beautiful sights in Banat. The area is located at 700 meters altitude, guarded by the mountains of Țarcu and Muntele Mic.

It is considered to be the first place among all the places in Romania where the purest air is breathe. Here, air quality is provided by four essential components: ozone, negative ionization, natural aerosols and purity. In addition, some French researchers claim that the air of Poiana Marului is cleaner than the one in the Niagara Falls, due to the ionization which is ten times higher, being beneficial to health and preventing certain diseases.

The village of Poiana Marului was in the beginning a place with a forest house, later houses of hunters and fishermen appeared, then recreational houses. Currently, the resort is growing rapidly, being built numerous recreational villas, a church and several mini-hotels. All this, together with the hotel, which is being renovated, creates the premises of renaissance of tourism in the area, which is why the implementation of a little park/garden will be welcomed and will help at the development of the area, bringing more tourists to Poiana Marului. [14]

The relaxation area will be located in an open space, close to the lake, where people can have access and get easily there.

Regarding the category of people and age the park/garden is addressing

This recreation area will be for everyone, allowing both the big ones and the little ones to relax, enjoy the view, but also have fun.

Regarding the garden furniture

Design a rustic gazebo with green roof combining it with modern and elegant elements

Design a decorative pavilion pergola and an alley pergola

Introduce small decorative elements made of wood and logs

Design a bench and a swing of wood

Regarding the material used

Use ecological materials (organic brick, terracotta, expanded clay)

Use recyclable and reusable materials

Use natural materials, such as:

Wood (fir, rattan and bamboo)

Natural fibers (moss)

Stone (granite, glass)

Native metal (iron)

One of the most important aspects of building this space is ecology, using environmentally friendly and recyclable materials that will not only fit and harmonize with nature but will not harm it in any way.

Regarding the Eco-Design

Combine originality with ergonomics, aesthetics and utility

Design for a sustainable development

Regarding the Divine Proportion

Create the products dimensions according to the golden number

Place the objects in the garden according to the golden number

Regarding the obtaining of the energy

Photovoltaic panels will be placed on the gazebos to provide energy for both the lighting of the gazebos and the illumination of the entire relaxation area.

Regarding the aspect and the illumination

The aspect will be improved by adding coloured LED bulbs under different shapes that will be the joy and pleasure of children of discovering them in the night.

Regarding the costs

Use ecological materials, according more attention to quality and ecology

Have reasonable costs

Obtain water and material efficiency

Obtain energy from the photo-voltaic panels

4.2. CONCEPTUAL IDEAS

4.2.1. CONCEPTUAL IDEAS FOR GAZEBO

4.2.2 CONCEPTUAL IDEAS FOR PERGOLA

4.3. CRITERIA ANALYSYS FOR THE SELECTION OF GAZEBO/PAVILION DESIGN

In relation to the criteria analysis, it was obtained a ranking of the most suitable designs according to the location and the desired requests so as any category of people and age that come in the area to relax and feel good, in harmony with nature, enjoying all the conditions of a relaxing place.

For the gazebo, from five variants, there will be chosen only two variants, that are in the top of the classification, according to the criteria analysis:

For the pavilion, from two variants, there will be chosen only one variant, that is in the top of the classification, according to the criteria analysis:

5. ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR FUNCTIONAL DESIGN COMPONENTS OF THE PRODUCTS

5.1. TREE GAZEBO DESIGN

5.1.1. THE MAIN STRUCTURE

3D Model

This tower is made to look like it is created in a tree and is intended for both children and adults. It's a great venue for dining outdoors or a nice place where you can spend your free time and relax at the height admiring the landscape or by playing a game with your friends.

Ceiling holes are made to fix the solar panel that will generate power for spots and lights.

The hole in the support pillar is made to allow it to be fixed to the ground. Through this hole will enter another support pillar that will be grounded and covered with cement.

Platform and ceiling are made of multiple beams.

Wood/Colors available for the gazebo

Mahogany Oak

Pine Walnut

5.1.2. THE LADDER FOR THE TREE-GAZEBO

5.1.3. GROUND AND TOP LADDER FASTENING PARTS

The ladder is fixed to the bottom by a metal profile that will enter the ground and will be covered with cement up to the stair start level where it will be covered with earth.

Here the ladder is attached to the metal support by M10x70 steel screws and M10 steel nuts.

At the top, the staircase is fixed to the gazebo by a metal profile with M10x70 steel screws, M10 steel nuts and M10x90 steel bolts.

5.1.4. THE SUPPORT PILLAR

The gazebo is fixed to the ground by a metal profile in x-shape and a metal pillar that will enter through the pillar of the gazebo.

Till the x profile up to the start level of the pillar of the gazebo there will be cement.

From the total length of 3200 mm, the pillar of the gazebo enters the ground 200 mm.

5.1.5. THE TABLE WITH CHAIRS

5.1.6. THE SUPPORTING BEAMS

5.1.7. THE SUPPORT FOR SPOTS

There will be six spots on the gazebo, three on the one side of the inside roof and three on the other side.

Spot for gazebo

Colorful TRITON LED RGB spot

Description

Spot with LED

Power: 3×1 W

Colors: red, blue, green

It does not contain teleconference

Material: aluminum

D / H: 8/4 cm

The LED works with a crepuscular sensor. That means the LED turn on when it detects the light of the day is gone and it turns off when it detects the light.

5.2. DESIGN OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL FRAME

Product Design Specification

– Number of panels: N = 1

– Panel dimension: L x l x h=2000mm x1000mm x 732mm

– Area of ​​panel, A [m2]: 2

3D modeling of PV panels

3D modeling of Panel Frame

3D modeling of Panel Frame 3D Assembly Panel Frame + PV Panel

3D modeling of Frame

The panel frame is inclined by construction at an angle of 45 °.

3D

Assembly Frame + PV Panel

The PV panel is fixed (towards the South) on the ceiling of the gazebo by M16x140 steel screws, 16×30 steel washers and M16 steel nuts.

5.3. FINAL SOLUTION OF THE SUPPORTING ELEMENTS OF PANEL AND ASSEMBLY (FEM ANALYSIS)

Materials applied and mass of the components

Panel Frame

Frame PV panel

Calculation of Normal Weight

Gn = ( mpanel frame + m PVpanel ) * g * cos(α)

Where: m – body mass

g – Gravitational acceleration

α – Angle of inclined plane

g = 9,8 m/s2

α = 45o

Gn = (29.423 + 14.016) * 9.81 * cos (45)

Gn = 22.81 N

Von Mises stress

Displacement

5.4. FINAL ASSEMBLY OF THE GAZEBO

5.5. FINAL SOLUTION OF THE SUPPORTING ELEMENTS OF GAZEBO AND ASSEMBLY (FEM ANALYSIS)

Calculation for the force acting at the top of the gazebo

The weight of the PV panel

FG1 = g * ∑mi1

where:

g = 9.81 m/s2

mi = mframe+ N(mframe+ mPV)

mi1 = 87.257 kg + 1(29.423kg+ 14.016kg) = 130.69 kg

FG1 = 9.81 * 130.69 = 1282 N

The weight of the roof

FG2 = g * ∑mi2

m = ρ *V = 900 *0.65
{\displaystyle \rho }

mi4 = 585 kg

FG2 = 9.81 * 585 = 5738 N

The force applied on the roof The force applied to the pillars

Von Mises Stress

Displacement

Calculation for the force acting on the supporting pillars

The weight of the logs

FG1 = g * ∑mi1

mi1 = 2.5 * 56 = 140 kg

FG1 = 9.81 * 185 = 1373 N

The weight of the chairs

FG2 = g * ∑mi2

mi2 = 24 kg

FG2 = 9.81 * 24 = 235.44 N

The weight of the people

FG3 = g * ∑mi3

mi3 = 6 *70 = 420 kg

FG3 = 9.81 * 420 = 4120 N

The weight of the platform

FG4 = g * ∑mi4

mi4 = ρ *V = 900 *0.83
{\displaystyle \rho }

mi4 = 747 kg

FG4 = 9.81 * 747 = 7328 N

Von Mises Stress on the supporting pillar

On the platform is acting the weight force of the logs, chairs and people.

FG = 1373+235+4120=5728 N

On the pillars is acting the above force plus the weight force of the platform.

FG = 5728+7328=13056 N

Displacement on the supporting pillars

5.6. GAZEBO WITH “GREEN ROOF” DESIGN

Green Roofing Technical Systems

Complete Built-Up System — In a built-up system all of the elements of the green roof system are built in order to support vegetation and growth. These systems provide flexibility in substrate depth and vegetation requirements.

Root Barrier: The root barrier acts as a protection obstruction, which prevents the roofing system from being damaged by roots.

Protection Layer: The protection layer is a puncture resistant membrane that prevents the root barrier from being damaged when the green roof is installed. Certain protection layers also can absorb water and nutrients.

Drainage Layer: The primary function of the drainage layer is to allow excess water to run off, and is often constructed with lightweight materials.

Filter Layer: The filter layer segregates the plant and media from the drainage layer. The filter layer prevents the drainage layer from becoming clogged as well as retains important organic materials in the media that are needed for plant growth.

Growth Media: The growing media is the substrate that sustains growth in the green roof. It is a mixture of inorganic (crushed clay, expanded slate) and soil with organic and mineral additives (humus, sand, lava, peat). The media must provide nutrient, water, and air supply to the vegetation as well as resist frost, wind, and maintain a specific pH-value. The composition of growing media can vary in order to help reach a specific goal, such as water retention, fire retardant, or insulation value.

Plant level: The plant level contains different varieties of vegetation that are dependent upon the specific green roof project and location.

ff

Wood/Colors available for the green-roof gazebo

Mahogany Oak

Birch Pine

Walnut Cedar

5.7. PERGOLA DESIGN

The pergola is made to stand at the base of a tree trunk, which will pass through the free space of the pergola roof.

The tree will shade the pergola.

Supported by the trunk of the tree will be simple benches made of logs. Benches will also be supported by the pergola fence.

Wood/Colors available for the pergola

Cedar Mahogany

Pine Oak

Walnut Birch

5.8. BENCH DESIGN

Wood/Colors available for the bench

Walnut Pine

Oak Mahogany

Cedar Birch

5.9. TABLE WITH CHAIRS DESIGN

The data provided by anthropometry are further used by ergonomics. Ergonomics is the discipline of adapting work to man, with the aim of rationalizing the effort at work or, more simply, man in the environment in which he works. Ergonomics in interior design has the effect of producing objects in such a way that they offer comfort, safety and efficacy.

Taking into account that there are certain distances to the dining area, for example, the table should have a height of 71-76 centimeters and the height of the seat should be of 45 centimeters, the height of this table is of 75 centimeters and the height of the seat cushion of 45 centimeters. This dimensions fit perfectly into standard sizes.

The distance between the seat and the table is 30 cm.

Wood/Colors available for the table/chairs

Oak Pine

Cedar Walnut

Birch Mahogany

5.10. CHILDREN’S BENCHES IN THE FORM OF WAGONS

Wood/Colors available for the train

Oak Birch

Mahogany Pine

Walnut Cedar

5.11. LANTERN IN THE SHAPE OF A LOG

Isometric view of the lantern Top view of the lantern

The lantern is designed to look as natural as a log. There will be seven such lanterns arranged in the relaxation area, which will have colored LED bulbs that will be fed by the solar panel that is on the roof of the gazebo.

The lantern has a heat resistant glass platform on the top.

The cables will be pulled underground.

5.12. SWING

Swing – a place where you can spend the evening chatting with friends

A single swing

Support element dimensions

Swing dimensions Metal bar that supports
the swing dimensions

Gripping metal support for swing

5.13. PICTURE WITH ALL PRODUCTS OF RECREATION AREA

6. CALCULATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS/ SUBASSEMBLIES FOR THE PROPOSED PRODUCTS

6.1. CALCULATION FOR CHOOSING THE PV PANEL

Calculation of the PV panel was performed according to the steps presented in the pages 161-168 [2]

Diurnal calculation of electrical energy

CF = 

It is chosen CF = 0.9

The amount of electricity required to be produced by the PV module

K=0.75 – 0.85

It is chosen K = 0.8

The critical power of the PV module

Gbeta – the number of hours per day of standard solar radiation, equal to 1000W / m2 and noted with HRS.

Each watt of the photovoltaic generator is considered to provide about 4Wh of electricity per day, if the average radiation is 5kWh / m2 / day.

Pc = 986.11/3.30

Pc = 298.82 kW

Choose the photovoltaic panel with the following features:

Maximum power, Pm [W]: 250

Short circuit current, Isc [A]: 8.92

The idling voltage, Ug [V]: 38

Maximum current, Im [A]: 8.42

Maximum voltage, Um [V]: 17.8

Area of ​​panel, A [m2]: 2

Module works at G [W / m2]: 800

The temperature of the environment, Ta: 20

The number of required photovoltaic panels

Np = 298.82/255 = 1.17

Np ≈ 1

The total area of ​​the panels

SPV = 1*2 = 2 m2

Parameters of photovoltaic panel under operating conditions

1. Short-circuit current

Gst = 1000

Isc = 800*8.92/1000

Isc = 7.14 A

2. Average annual cell temperature

TC = 44

3. The idling voltage

N – number of cells from which PV is formed

N= 40

Ug = 36.25 V

Energy efficiency and economic efficiency of the photovoltaic system

1. The filling factor of the panel

FF= 0.75

2. Power produced by the photovoltaic panel

Pp = 194.62 W

3. Efficiency of photovoltaic panel

= 12.16 %

Battery capacity

Kd – battery discharge coefficient

Kd = 0.2 … 0.8

It is chosen Kd = 0.6

Nz – number of days of autonomous operation (no sun)

Nz = 3

Ec – daily energy consumption

C = ( 467.0784*3)/(0.6*0.8*0.9*12)

C= 270.3 Ah

Number of batteries of 150 Ah

Nb = C/150

Nb = 2

6.2. CALCULATION FOR COMMON SLOPES FOR STAIR RAMP

The relationship between the step length (l) and the height of the counterstep (h) leads to what is called the slope of the ramp. Jacques-Francois Blondel (1705-1774) introduced in his book "Architecture Course" an equation with two unknowns, which allows the stair design to be based on the two factors mentioned above:

2h + l = 62 – 64

The values 62 and 64 represent the optimal interval (given in centimeters) in which the result of the 2h + l assembly can be framed.

The length chosen for the step is 26 cm.

So, the minimum height:

2h + 26 = 62

2h = 62 – 25 = 36

h = 36/2 = 18 cm

The maximum height:

2h + 256 = 64

2h = 64 – 26 = 38

h = 38/2 = 19 cm

6.3. CALCULATION OF THE COMPRESSION SPRING

Calculation of the compression spring was performed according to the steps presented in the table 5.5 [3]

6.4. FEM ANALYSIS FOR SPRING

Spring Force applied

Von Mises Stress Displacement

7. FINANCIAL ESTIMATION

The financial analysis was made for the tree-like gazebo

Tree gazebo

Dried oak timber price – 1500 RON m3

Total kg = supporting beams (platform) + beams (platform) + supporting beams (ceiling) + beams (ceiling) + beams (space for LED) + beams (ladder)+ table

Total kg = 0.83 + 0.041*6 + 2*0.053 + 0.65 + 0.114 + 0.365+ 0.256 = 2.5 m3

Wood cutting – 100 RON

PRICE – 1500 x 2.5 + 100 = 3850 RON

Support pillar price – 800 RON m3

(diameter – 30cm+; length – 3m+) – 0.935 m3

(diameter – 25cm+; length – 2.5m+) – 0.133 m3

– Wood cutting – 100 RON

PRICE – 800 x 1.068 + 100 = 955 RON

Metal pillar price – Square steel 30 X 30 – S 235(6m) – 162 RON

– Steel cutting – 200 RON

PRICE – 162 + 200 = 362 RON

Total price – 5100 RON

Kit PV Panel price – 3330 RON

8. CONCLUSIONS

The main objective followed by this work was to conceive and design a recreation space in concordance with the concept of Building with Nature.

After a thorough study of the design and the way of arranging a recreation space, I created some concepts of gazebos and pergolas and designed them using the CATIA software.

These models were developed using natural materials that meet ecological requirements and do not affect the environment. One of the most important aspects of building this space is ecology, using environmentally friendly and recyclable materials that not only fit and harmonize with nature but not harm it in any way. Wood is the main material used. I preferred to be oak because of its good resistance, but it also can be used cedar wood, walnut, pine or birch. To withstand weather conditions and other destructive factors, this wood will be treated properly, using a permanent hydrophobic product of SiO2-base that seals the outer pores of wood and a concentrated insect-fungicide solution to combat cavities.

From the ergonomics point of view, there have been created products that meet certain standard ratios and requirements, such as: the distance from the ground to the seating place of the chairs, the distance between the seats and the table, the distance between the steps of the ladder and the ratio between their width and height.

The gazebos and the entire relaxation area are provided with electricity by the solar panel applied to the ceiling of the tree gazebo. They have their own energy, that is why they can be located in an area without electricity. The aspect is improved by adding colored LED bulbs that will be the joy and pleasure of children of discovering them in the night.

The gazebos are designed for both children and adults, being a great place to spend time and relax.

Regarding the costs, these are accessible and reasonable for a town hall or for a tourist resort that want to attract people in the area. The elements from the park can be ordered by anyone, even the owner of a hostel or any person permitting one or more of the elements that make up the relaxation area.

REFERENCES:

[1] – Anca BÂRSAN, Lucian BÂRSAN, ECODESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, Fundamentals. Transilvania University of Brasov Press, Brasov, 2007

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[6]- http://www.spatiulconstruit.ro/forum/gradini-contemporane.-ce-anume-face-o-gradina-sa-fie-moderna?renderer=detalii_subiect&subiect_id=9279&cat_id=196

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[8] – https://4e84b460-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/amenajezgradini/forme/gradina%20formala%20asimetrica.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7cqR0f7vyeyfjLi3UQmqfk_MvgioH_sCAGNX8dOR9Pb8TwG5rC9jKnQ3_ehLg6zmfH65F3UeE5NPtruQVhDXcoicuk6SJ0_xXvAIV8TUWL-WAJqpUIFRhXS3FgMFKGnD-8Tw9PruEd9nv8NygsIeOsfQRqDeMukmsSMazoJiqIk_oZLMtoG5KsvkWKTV15tnNWT5IM1bJ5nIC06kKgKCnfs6q4ReyfEcGTo6Be4OKR6pZ8NgOqcCIiAZ-83z39We8kFRK3K0&attredirects=0

[9] – https://4e84b460-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/amenajezgradini/forme/gradina%20libera.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7crO5ErHmikk5fqWS-vvFF7oX4TJoDPCuHKNDnsrU89JTnEcqjNnNYc3iR2B7ELUUofzoojfpSgDHIuusKjKRa9GcL_UkfujChtXOx0M2y7egGhm2tJJUG4dxTpH3rH12UsB5UfrEY9t5xr9rRtSAQATQc1v9q9meldiPRmi7si2W8mZ8dg34NsmsAkcqwYi4xcIeeak303CWD0tpunB3N8tpa7UB2nHXF8BTOT0dqoslv1lXaY%3D&attredirects=0

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[32]-https://www.google.ro/search?biw=1536&bih=759&tbm=isch&q=terase+din+lemn+lipite+de+casa&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrutXVkeHUAhVGLZoKHdleAJsQhyYIIw#imgrc=FMo-S3xh0W2GjM:

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[35] – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_material

[36] – http://sanatate.unica.ro/materiale-ecologice/1069/

[37] – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228373208_What_characteristics_define_ecological_building_materials

[38] – http://www.EcoDesignARC.info

[39] –

[40] –

[28] – http://www.pentrudive.com/2010/11/1618-numarul-de-aur-proportia-divina.html

[29] – https://thraxusares.wordpress.com/2015/02/18/numerele-lui-fibonacci-si-proportia-de-aur/

[30] –