PROGRAMUL DE STUDIU: GEOGRAFIA TURISMULUI [621674]

UNIVERSITATEA DIN ORADEA
FACULTATEA DE GEOGRAFIE, TURISM ȘI SPORT
PROGRAMUL DE STUDIU: GEOGRAFIA TURISMULUI
(ÎN LIMBA ENGLEZĂ)
FORMA DE ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNT: CU FRECVENȚĂ

LUCRARE DE LICENȚĂ

CONDUCĂTOR ȘTIINȚIFIC
Lector univ. MORAR CEZAR

ABSOLVENT: [anonimizat]
2020

UNIVERSITATEA DIN ORADEA
FACULTATEA DE GEOGRAFIE, TURISM ȘI SPORT
PROGRAMUL DE STUDIU: GEOGRAFIA TURISMULUI
(ÎN LIMBA ENGLEZĂ)
FORMA DE ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNT: CU FRECVENȚĂ

TOURISM IN THE URBAN AREAS.
THE CITY OF ORADEA CASE
STUDY

CONDUCĂTOR ȘTIINȚIFIC
Lector univ. MORAR CEZAR

ABSOLVENT: [anonimizat]
2020

Table of Contents
Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. .. 4
Chapter 1 – Tourism in the urban space ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 6
1.1. Urban tourism – historical considerations ………………………….. ………………………….. ……. 6
1.2. Urban tourism – definitions ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………….. 6
1.3. Factors that have a big influence in the development of urban tourism ……………………. 7
1.4. Strategic objectives of urban tourism development ………………………….. …………………… 8
1.5. The main coordinates of urban tourism worldwide ………………………….. …………………… 9
1.6. Urban tourism in Romania ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 9
1.7. Perspectives of urban tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 12
1.8. Forms of the urban tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………… 13
1.8.1. Cultural tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …… 13
1.8.2. His torical tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. … 14
1.8.3. Event tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……… 14
1.8.4. Business tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …. 14
1.8.5. Lei sure tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……. 15
1.8.6. Sports tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 16
1.8.7. Shopping tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. … 16
1.8.8. Gastronomic tourism ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 16
1.8.9. Visits to relatives ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …. 16
Chapte r 2 – Urban tourism and tourist urbanism ………………………….. ………………………….. . 17
2.1. Cities as a center of tourist reception ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 17
2.1.1. Tourist attractions of cities ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………… 17
2.1.2. Visitors ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 20
2.1.3. Tourism – a factor for the development of urbanism ………………………….. …………. 20
2.2. The impact of the tourist function in the organization and arrangement of cities ……… 21
2.2.1. Role of the architecture and design in tourism ………………………….. ………………….. 22
Chapter 3 – Oradea area ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……….. 25
3.1. Oradea area – general aspects ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 25
3.1.1. Geographic perspectives ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………… 25
3.1.2. Climate ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 25
3.1.3. Hydrography ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……….. 26

3.1.4. Vegetation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………….. 26
3.1.5. Fauna ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………. 27
3.1.6. Accessibility ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 27
3.1.7. Population dynamic ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …. 27
3.2. Touristic natural potential of Oradea area ………………………….. ………………………….. ….. 28
3.3. Touristic anthropic potential of Oradea area ………………………….. ………………………….. . 32
3.4. Event tourism in Oradea ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. 41
Conclusions ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. . 43
Bibliography ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………………. 47

Introdu ction

The evolution of con temporary society is characteriz ed by an accelerated growth of
urbaniz ation, a phenomen on marked by a multitude of conflicts related mainly to the
mismatch between population growth and the limits of the built physical environment. Urban
development was a continuous process of transformation of the urban environment which
reached important d imensions, especially in the second half of the twentieth century.
In the context of globalization, the role of cities in the world economy have become
more and more important, increasing competitiveness and quality of life, being a major
objective of ec onomic policy at the local and national level. These concerns are in the sphere
of the urban management and strategy, being integrated in the general objectives of economic
and social development in urban dynamics. The elaboration of development strategies is
mandatory in order to ensure a coherent, unitary evolution of the national economy, a
responsible use of natural material and human resources and also adaptation to economic
developments and context of a dynamic and competitive world.
Considering all the technological changes, the population growth and the density of
the cities all around the world, the issue of urban management reaches a very important place
in order to develop new urban areas that are also economically, socially, culturally and
territorially balanced. As a result, understanding the city as a c omplex organism that has it
own mechanism s of development, becomes an imperative of the evolution if society as a
whole, this taking a big contribution to ensuring the well -being of inhabitants, civilized living
conditions and probably the most important, a harmony between the natural environment and
build space.
In the space of the growth of the tourist phenomenon, on global level, the analysis of
the socio -economic factors in the urban agglom erations demonstrates the fact that the massive
contribution of tourists can determine an important modification of the urban balance. It was
demonstrated that cities have an important share in the total tourist traffic, this evolution being
influenced by the absence of an urbanism plans and land use plans, management politics and
urban marketing, programs to highlight both the big cities and the medium ones that have
tourist attractions, most of the times, the tourist activities having a negative influence on the
natural, social and cultural environment. On the other hand, tourism, in connection with other
urban functions, can contribute to the conservation and capitalization of built spaces,
essentially to the modeling of the urban landscape. It is therefo re necessary to assess the

possibilities of harmonizing the existing relations between the city and the neighboring areas
on the one hand, as well as the integration of tourism activities in other urban functions by
arranging the natural and historical fra mewor k, contributing to balance the economic , social
development and also the cultural development of local communities.
The necessity of this approach lies in the fact that the attractiveness of an urban tourist
destination is related not only to the qual ity of natural resources and services offered, but also
to ensuring, first of all, optimal living conditions for the inhabitants.
At the same time, there is the problem of preserving and conserving for future
generations the natural and built heritage, of achieving a balance between the costs generated
by such an approach and the benefits obtained from tourism. In the context of intensifying the
concerns of all those involved in urban management in order to ensure an adequate living
environment for the inha bitants, planning has a central role in the urban strategy.

Chapter 1 – Tourism in the urban space

Any geographical area in a potential carrier of tourist activities that, using the
development and specialization, can create tourist areas of different types and sizes. Over
time, specialized tourist spaces have appeared and developed in places where tourism is the
main activity, but also where tourist activities takes place in parallel with other activities.
Most of the time, between activities there is a mandatory complementarity that is
indispensable for the production and tourism consuming.
1.1. Urban tourism – historical considerations
The urban tourism is an old phenomenon, that it was noticed for the first time in
antiquity , when people needed n ew places for living or pilgrimage , these being the main
reasons for traveling.
In the following period, the city became more and more a landmark in the
development of travel, due to the fact that the facilities were used as resting places during a
long road. Also, the architecture of the buildings, monuments and sculptures used for
decoration of the markets and other public places took the eye of the travelers. Starting with
the XVI century, in urban spaces all around Europe begins a big expansion due to the new
castles, palaces, cathedrals, gardens and parks that get build. Some years after, premodern
cities have seen a more obvious rise as a result of economic development, the population
explosion and the growth of world trade. In metropolitan cities an d industrial cities, urban
planners and famous architects appear and try to change the urban landscape. This will lead to
the emergence of small and medium sized cities with a new architecture, which combines
local or regional traditions with the elements of modern urbanism.
Today we face an explosion of the urban space, due to the preoccupation of architects
for realizing new architectural styles and putting together old historical centers with modern
neighborhoods. Another reason for this explosion is t he progress of the economy,
development of sci ence and technology and the high mobility of people around the world.
1.2. Urban tourism – definitions
Currently, there is no unanimously accepted definition of urban tourism in the
literature. It is specified that it refers both to the movement of tourists in cities or urban
agglomerations, outside of the main residence, that plan to stay for at least one night in the

destination place but also at the movement of hikers for less than 24 hours spent in the urban
space.
In 1992, Law C., defines the urban tourism as a touristic phenomenon that escalated in
old industrial cities1, making a comparison between t he cities that are recognized for their
historical part where tourism needed almost nothing to increase, with the cites that grew up
due to a strong planning and revitalization of the industrial markets. Later, same author
affirms that urban tourism repre sents a complex of activities that are interconnected in the
cities or in special places with the goal of attracting visitors2.
According to European Commission (2008), the urban tourism includes all kinds of
activities as: spending free time in urban env ironment, public gardens or public markets;
business tourism, congresses that are related to the cultural life of the city; organized events;
concerts; expositions; shopping; visits of relatives or friends.
1.3. Factors that have a big influence in the de velopment of urban tourism
There are a great number or factors that can influence the development of urban
tourism.
If we think about the level of significance , we can consider the primary factors which
include the population’s income, its movement, the tourist offers and the le isure and the
secondary factors including visa facilities, international cooperation and organizational
measures.
As a second classification, we can organize these factors regard ing the social –
economical nature . So we have the economic factors (prices and rates, population’s income,
touristic offer), social factors (urbanization and leisure), demographic factors (numerical
evolution of the population, change in average life expect ancy, structuring by age and socio –
professional categories), psychological , educative and of civilization factors (training level,
temperament, desire for knowledge), technical factors (the performance of the means of
conveyance, the technologies used in c onstructions, the technical parameters of the
installations), political and organizational factors (visa policy, tourism facilities, border
facilities).
A third classification can be done considering the time of factors action . In this way
we can recogniz e factors that have a permanent influence as the power of buying, the
movement of the population or the political stability. Factors that have occasional influence

1 Law C.M, (1992), Urban Tourism and it Contribution t o Economic regeneration, Urban Sîudies, vol . 29, p ag.
597-616
2 Law C. M, (1994), Urban Tourism, Attracting Visitors to Large Cities, Manșe ll, p ag. 184

are the economic crises, the political unbalances, the natural catastrophes or meteorologica l
conditions.
Some other classifications can be made according to the nature of the factors and the
area of intervention or the marketing profile .
We can consider that the most important factors that have a determinant influence in
the evolution of tour ism are:
 Populations income which is the material support of all the tourism developments;
 Prices and costs that have repercussions at more than one plan;
 Touristic offer represented by touristic sources and equipment;
 Technical progress in the area of tra nsport has consequences in the level of the
population mobility;
 Demographic growing ;
 Urbanization process ;
 Leisure .
1.4. Strategic objectives of urban tourism development
These objectives are strongly related to the urban planning and are included in the
urban development plans. Also, the main objectives are related to the economic development
and thus the growing of the income in all economical segments that are involved.
The basic objectives must include:
 Increasing interest in historical sites and th eir conservation;
 Highlighting the shopping streets and including them in the touristic experience of
visitors, as a support for additional economic activities;
 Increasing the visit rate of museums;
 Looking for solutions to avoid the demolitions of the buildings and sanctuaries;
 Improving comfort and ambience inside museums or other tourist attractions;
 Improving tourist services and correlating quality with prices;
 Capitalization in good conditions of the urban tourist patrimony, by ensuring the
access roads, improving the infrastructure and decongesting the traffic;
 The association of different tourist resources, in order to create tourist circuits that will
develop the tourist product and ensure its viability;
 The participation of local communities and residents in the development of the tourism
process;

 Reducing the seasonality and ensuring the continuity of the tourist circulation
throughout the year;
 Avoiding the increase of tourist pressure in certain tourist centers or neighborhoods to
the detrimen t of the other urban areas through the distribution of tourists infrastructure,
accommodation, meals, leisure so as not to create imbalances;
 Increasing jobs through the development of the urban tourism and increasing the
income of the population.
1.5. The main coordinates of urban tourism worldwide
Since it appeared, the urban tourism faced a series of obstacles regarding the high cost
of transport, uncertainty and length of the trip, lack of convenience or other shortcomings that
limited the possibilitie s of traveling for some categories of population. Step by step, the urban
tourism developed as a result of economic progress, science and technology development,
becoming a really important factor in world economy.
In Europe, urban tourism represents alm ost 30% from the total travels and
approximately 20% of the total stays overnight3, most if the cities having more than one
possibility of spending free time, visiting cultural or historical monuments but also shopping
or sports. All aspects considered the re were classified three categories of touristic cities:
 Large metropolises, as main destinations for business and cultural tourism;
 Medium -sized cities specialized in certain fields of urban tourism;
 Small towns, with pronounced historical character, in t his category being included also
thermal resorts or those located near some tourist objectives with unique character.
It is well known the fact that the cities that receive most of the tourists have most of
accommodation spaces. In this category we can include France, Italy, Spain, Holland,
Belgium, Germany, UK that are represented by their cultural and historical potent ial, business
centers as great places for leisure activities.
1.6. Urban tourism in Romania
Beyond their social, economic, administrative functions, Romanian cities plastically
express the evolution of Romanian architecture. In this sense, the historica l evolution of the
Romanian historical provinces has led to the appearance of some differentiations in the
appearance and value of the present tourist objectives, in the main Romanian cities. Thus, in
their architecture appear elements of oriental art, Mus lim, Byzantine, Hungarian and German

3 www. inta -aivn.org

Gothic, Renaissance as well as the presence of German and French Baroque. These currents
intertwined and assimilated elements of traditional Romanian art. Later, the premodern as
well as the modern era brought new eleme nts of classicism, romanticism, French, German,
Italian eclecticism, later shaping a national style, as a result of the Romanian school of
architecture.
Many of the old buildings in the main cities have become the headquarters of cultural,
administrative, public, commercial or simple housing institutions. In some cases, the
concentration in the territory of several monuments and old buildings has led to the
emergence of valuable urban areas. These built areas (streets, neighborhoods, town centers or
localit ies as a whole) represent specific values for a certain era and a certain cultural space.
After 1950, in many Romanian localities, traditional architecture was gradually replaced by
collective buildings, with an inadequate style, almost unrelated to the past, many historical
monuments remaining isolated, undervalued, or covered by new buildings. Most of the
transformations took place during the 1970s and 1980s, some of which were irretrievable. The
old law on the systematization of cities and villages in 1974 left room for the widespread
demolition of Romanian towns, and the 1997 earthquake that damaged many buildings was
considered a pretext for the demolition of a large number of civil and religious monuments.
At the end of 1989, at least 29 cities under went important interventions with irreversible
effects on the built fund, among which can be mentioned: Suceava, Botoșani, Iași, Roman,
Pașcani, Huși, Bârlad, Targoviște, G alați, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Giurgiu or Baia Mare . All these
events have led to the disapp earance of some tourist attractions and the maintenance of others
in a situation of continuous degradation.
An analysis of Romania's cultural and historical potential demonstrates the existence
of a valuable heritage with special cultural value s in the formation of tourist traffic in
traditional urban centers. In this sense, take a remarkable place the prehistoric archeological
vestiges attesting the presence of man since the Lower Paleolithic, with testimonies found in
various museums from Craiova, Slatina, Bucharest and Deva . There are also important
vestiges of antiquity for the history of Roman civilization as: the ruins of Greek fortresses
from Constanta (Tomis), Mangalia (Callatis) and Istria (Histros), Daco -Roman fortresses
from Sarmiseg etusa, medieval vestiges that were well preserved as urban ensembles from
Sighisoara, Sibiu, Brasov, Targu -Mures, Medias or Cluj -Napoca, vestiges of the fortifications
and voivodship ensembles from old capitals as Curtea de Arges, Targoviste or Bucharest.
Historical monuments in a romantic stile can be found in Sighisoara or Reghin, while those
with a gothic or neogothic stile can be found in Brasov, Cluj -Napoca, Bistrita or Targu –

Mures. There are also renaissance influences in Alba -Iulia, Bistrita or Braso v and baroque
influences in Oradea and Timisoara .
To all these are added a series of cultural -educational events that attract, every year,
significant flows of visitors in the Romanian urban space: the Light Music Festival – Brasov,
the Medieval Theater Festival in Sighisoara, the Festival of folklore and winter customs –
Suceav a, the Sibiu Jazz Festival and many more.
Regarding Romania's offer for business tourism, in recent years there have been
remarkable advances in the field of business centers, electronic equipment to ensure an
operational communicati on and information system and the penetration on the Romanian
market of hotel chains that can provide services necessary for business travel. Of all the urban
centers of the country, the city of Bucharest is the main polarizer of business tourism,
especial ly due to the specific offer for organizing conferences and meetings. To be mentioned
in this regard, the International Conference Center – located in the building of the Palace of
Parliament, the necessary facilities being in line with international requi rements: located in
rooms with 20, 100, 400 or 900 seats, with simultaneous translation equipment up to 9 foreign
languages, ensuring thus conducting congresses, seminars, round tables organized by the
Parliament, Government and Presidency but also by othe r international bodies or legal entities
in Romania, World Trade Center totaling 6 modular meeting rooms with a capacity of up to
300 seats, Palace Hall with almost 8000 seats, Romexpo, Marriot, Intercontinental, Bucharest,
Hilton, Lido, Helvetia hotels, T urist Hotel Complex , Snagov Conference Center and so on.
Regarding the offer of the mountain area for business tourism, it is mainly focused on
Prahova Valley (Sinaia – Mara Hotels, Palace, Caraiman, International ), Poiana Brasov
(Favorite Complex, Sport Tourist C omplex – Bradul, Alpin Hotel ) and Băile Herculane and
the equipment for meetings and reunions located on the Black Sea coast are mainly
concentrated in Mamaia, Mangalia, Neptun -Olimp. Last but not least, there are several other
important business centers located in the immediate vicinity of areas with high economic
potential (Cluj, Timisoara, Brasov, Iasi, Sibiu, etc.). However, the existing limits regarding
the location of the centers should not be omitted business, most of the time, at a great di stance
from hotels with a high degree of comfort, the absence of air conditioning installations,
secretarial services, quick information, etc.
Regarding the capitalization of the tourist potential of the Romanian cities, the area
constituted by Bucharest, the county residence cities as well as the other urban localities
represent the area of cultural tourism as well as business trips and concentrates almost 64% of
Romanian tourists and 36% of those foreigners. From the point of view of the deg ree of

endowment with accommodation equipment, the urban area holds about 29% of the total
accommodation places and 57% of the total units opened in December 2004, representing a
satisfactory degree of tourist capitalization.
1.7. Perspectives of urban to urism
Recently, the tourist phenomenon has undergon e an impressive evolution due to the
opening of new tourism and accommodation markets and the expansion of travel to places
unimaginable a few decades ago: Antarctica, the Amazon rainforests, the Great W all of
China, the Isles of Scotland and more other . Of the 178 countries represented in the United
Nations, for more than half of them, tourism is one of the most important economic sectors,
France holding the leading position, followed by the USA, Spain, Italy, Austria, Great Britain,
Germany, Canada and Switzerland.
Recently, a series of transformations have taken place on the international market in
the structure of travel habits but also of the length of stay at the destination, a process that has
deter mined the amplification of competition, this phenomenon being manifested, most often
decisively. for the future of the tourist areas, the investment efforts becoming a major
preoccupation in the penetration on the market of some new tourist attractions or in the
modernization of the existing ones.
At the same time, event tourism is becoming more and more an essential component
of the strategies for attracting the tourist segments, the small localities starting to develop, as a
rule, by launching a festival or an event -event that will consecrate them. identity. These
efforts are usually doubled by actions of local tourism offices in the direction of media
coverage of specific events, festivals and holidays, on the one hand, as well as ensuring
adequate infra structure (stadiums, transit systems, conference centers, etc.). taking into
account the fact that the accessible location by concentrating the elements of attraction, of the
arranged spaces and services represents a basic condition for the creation of the magnetism of
a tourist destination.
Tourism and the business event hosting market have always been present in local
development strategies, whether or not they benefit from several options for balancing event
hosting strategies with other types of activi ties, within a general economic development plan.
In this sense, a series of trends related to the tourism -travel sector can be listed:
 the economic development plans of the cities will place more and more
emphasis on the contribution of tourism and the tr avel sector;

 better marketing information will result in greater market segmentation, and
marketing and strategic management in the field of tourism will play an increasingly
important role;
 travelers will more frequently combine business travel with perso nal travel,
with their preferences moving towards cultural and recreational activities, which will lead
host cities to adopt combined marketing;
 the increased degree of interest for sports and recreational activities will
involve investment efforts in outd oor and recreational facilities.
In developed countries, local tourism is increasingly based on public -private
partnership in planning , financing and implementation actions. The public authorities are
concerned with land clearing, systematization, cost evaluation as well as infrastructure
investments, and the granting of fiscal incentives for private investments in tourism, the
realizati on of transit systems, restoration actions, etc. they are the responsibility of local
administrations. In Central and Eastern European countries as well as in developing ones,
governments are responsible for planning and controlling the development of tour ism, the
expansion of tourism being almost entirely dependent on public investment, often inadequate.
However, there are also attempts to promote private investment through joint ventures, the
right of ownership granted to foreigners and collective renting (time sharing). A positive
example in this regard is the resorts of Puerto Vallarta, Cancun, Ixtapa (New Mexican
Riviera) by successfully combining mixed investment in tourism, in which state investment in
infrastructure is doubled by private investment i n tourism.
1.8. Forms of the urban tourism
1.8.1. Cultural tourism
The largest part of urban tourism (about 40%) is owned by cultural tourism. Cultural
tourism is a feature of urban tourism, which addresses the culture of a region, especially its
artist ic values. Experts believe that people who practice cultural tourism spend on average
more than standard tourists.
Cultural tourism includes:
 Youth tourism, in which the cultural – educational aspect predominates,
including trips for studies, for learnin g a foreign language, international youth camps;
 Participation in regional, national, international festivals;
 Pilgrimages to historical and religious places and monuments.

 Visiting the objectives of the historical heritage (archeological, historical
vestiges, monuments, castles, religious buildings, parks and gardens, etc);
 Visiting museums (archeology, history, natural sciences, art galleries, botanical
gardens, zoos, etc.);
 Participation in cultural events (opera, ballet, theater, music, dance, film,
traditional holidays, etc.);
 Industrial and technical tourism (visiting some economic objectives, specific
constructions, urban architectural ensembles, etc);
1.8.2. Historical tourism
Historical tourism, part of urban tourism, involves visiting historical or industrial sites,
which may include old canals, railway stations, etc. The general goal is to capitalize on the
past. Also, this type of tourism can be attributed to histo rical events, which have been
dramatized to attract more tourists. An example in this sense could be considered a tour of a
city, a tour with the theme of ghosts or Vikings.
Another form is represented by religious travels or pilgrimages. Many Catholics
around the world travel to the Vatican, a significant number of Jews have visited Jerusalem
and / or emigrated there. Some tourists visit sites that bring the Holocaust to the fore, others
go to Mecca.

1.8.3. Event tourism
Event tourism is increasingly be coming an essential component of strategies to attract
tourist segments, small towns are beginning to develop, as a rule, by launching a festival or an
event -event that enshrines their identity. These efforts are usually doubled by actions of local
tourism offices in the direction of media coverage of specific events, festivals and
celebrations, on the one hand, and ensuring adequate infrastructure (stadiums, transit systems,
conference centers, etc.). taking into account the fact that the accessible locati on by
concentrating the elements of attraction, of the arranged spaces and services represents a basic
condition for the creation of the magnetism of a tourist destination.

1.8.4. Business tourism
Business tourism has registered a great magnitude in rec ent years, the forms of
business tourism being structured in (Davidson R, 1994):

 general business tourism refers mainly to the activity of people who work, for a
short period of time, outside the regular workplace (eg: sales representatives, journalists, e tc.).
 meeting tourism is determined by participating in an event such as meetings,
conferences, symposia, colloquia, congresses and is considered one of the most common
forms of business travel. Meeting tourism is also booming, due to the growing need for
information exchange in all areas. Among the forms of meeting tourism is the congress
tourism, which attracts millions of visitors annually.
 fairs and exhibitions are "presentations of products and services, intended for
an invited audience, in order to de termine a sale or inform the visitor". As a form of tourism,
they stimulate the journey of two categories of people:
 incentive trips are short vacations, but with a very high level of comfort
(luxury), offered to certain categories of employees and, freque ntly, their families, with an
emphasis on fun, relaxation, etc., as a reward for outstanding performance obtained in the
professional activity. More recently, such trips are addressed to the best / loyal customers.
After all, they are a kind of legal bribe . This is why the demands are particularly high. The
clientele is part of the eternal travelers in the world of contemporary business: they have seen
everything, they have been everywhere, but they must be offered a "feeling" to remember.
Imagination has n o limits, as does impeccable organization. The groups are either small (15 –
30) or very large.
 team building is, in essence, a development program with positive
consequences on the evolution of the company as a whole. Viewed in terms of economic
efficiency, a team building will always remain an efficient investment, necessary and wise, an
investment that the company will recover through the surplus material and image recorded
due to the performance obtained at the team level.

1.8.5. Leisure tourism
Leisure tourism also has an important share in trips to urban areas, a special place in
the category of leisure, especially appreciated among tourists, being occupied by amusement
parks. If we take into account the top tourist destinations worldwide in terms of t he number of
visitors, at the level of 2007, in the first 25 destinations there are 12 amusement parks.
According to a study conducted by IAAPA (International Association of Amusement and
Amusement Parks), tourists prefer to spend more and more free time i n leisure complexes,

amusement parks, carnivals, traditional events, religious holidays are all so many ways to
spend free time in urban space .
1.8.6. Sports tourism
Sports tourism is also an important motivation of urban tourism, most possibilities
offering them, in the field of sports, events such as Olympics, tennis tournaments, world
championships which, in addition to cultural and educational purposes generate sig nificant
financial flows , representing a strong impulse towards the development of the economies of
the cities where such activities take place.
1.8.7. Shopping tourism
Shopping tourism is considered, by some specialists, as an important source of
genera ting financial income and is usually made in large shopping centers, located either in
the city center or on its outskirts. The inclusion of shopping in the field of urban tourism is
accepted with reservations by most specialists, the controversies being r elated to the difficulty
of separating tourist flows from those of city dwellers, there is no possibility to quantify the
volume of commercial services and goods purchased by tourists. In general, the interest for
shopping is accompanied by the desire for fun, many of the malls also offering leisure
services. The big multifunctional shopping centers have been, since the 80's, real points of
attraction in the urban landscape by combining commercial, sports, food and hotel activities,
leisure, etc. in the sam e perimeter.
1.8.8. Gastronomic tourism
Gastronomic holidays are planned in advance, their organization involving the
consultation of specialists in the culinary field, and have as objective the participation in
certain events in the gastronomic field, wine tastings, exhibitions and so on.
1.8.9. Visits to relatives
Visits to relatives and friends are characterized by a longer stay in the city (4 -5 days)
and are practiced 2 -3 times a year. Also included in this category are trips made in family
interest that do not involve tourist consumption and which usually refer to the travel of family
members living separately, in different cities or visits by the elderly (especially grandparents).
and who prefer green spaces and quiet places for rest and recreation.

Chapter 2 – Urban tourism and tourist urbanism

In the space of the growth of the world tourism phenomenon, the cities become more
and more attractive and the preoccupations aiming at the development of the specific
infrastructure, of the services, the conservation of the historical centers are situated more and
more in the attention of the municipalities. travel but also to outline the need to ensure a
balance between these concerns and the internal needs of achieving a proper living
environment.
2.1. C ities as a center of tourist reception
As it has already been shown, the urban space is the holder of a tourist offer, which
means what contributes to the materialization of different forms of urban tourism, the
presence of tourist objectives thus becomin g the source of attraction for many tourists.
2.1.1. Tourist attractions of cities
Analyzing the motivation of travel flows in the urban space, it can be concluded that
attractions such as history and famous people, cultural elements, recreation and enter tainment,
festive events and occasions, buildings, monuments and sculptural ensembles and natural
beauty are among the preferences of visitors and constitute defining elements in choosing the
travel destination. Of these, cultural attractions play an impor tant role.
Museums – through their function, these institutions that deal with the collection,
preservation and exhibition of objects that represent a historical, scientific, artistic interest,
etc., fall into the group of cultural buildings. The value an d size of the museum is closely
correlated with the possibilities of collection, systematization and conservation of the
organizers. This is how they can be differentiated:
a. the national museums that group objects of national patrimony as well as certain
pieces from abroad entered in the patrimony of the respective countries;
b. regional museums that have exhibits gathered from a given region;
c. local museums, of much smaller dimensions, which concentrate exhibits collected
mainly from the perimeter of the host s ettlement.
The specialized works and the tourist guides make ample presentations of these
objectives of maximum importance that attract millions of tourists annually. In many of the
tourist products launched by major tour operators are included in tourist programs, visits to
these unique objectives (British Museum, for example, includes 12 sections – paleontology,

antiques, manuscripts, ethnography, coins, oriental history, Greek, Romanian, etc.). The
Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg covers an area of about 9 ha and is occupied by 1057
exhibition halls, etc.
Memorial houses – can store references (objects and testimonies) regarding artistic,
cultural, political characters, etc. The tourist valences of this type of objectives materialize in
the flows of visitors, eager to know testimonies about the life and personality of the one who
was born or lived in that place. Among the memorial houses visited annually by a large
number of tourists we can mention: the house where Mozart was born, in the city of Salz burg,
many buildings that recall the places where the great painter was born or created some of their
works. of the world: the house of Rubesn in Antwerp, the house of El Greco in Toledo;
characters from the literary world: the birthplace of the great Engl ish playwright William
Shakespeare from Stratford -Upon -Avon, Goethe's house from Frankfurt am Main, etc.
Theaters and Operations – preserves the initial cultural function which, by itself,
becomes a source for the development of the tourist act. In some c ases, the tourist value of
these objectives increases through the features of their architecture. Famous in this respect are
the building of the Paris Opera, whose construction began in 1861, the Redoubt in Budapest
built to host official concerts and cere monies in the Hungarian Romanesque style, the Globe
Theater of Shakespeare with a capacity of 1600 seats. At the same time, antiquity is another
element that transforms these institutions into tourist attractions of maximum attractiveness.
In antiquity, th ey were represented by arrangements specific to the practice of the cultural act
in the open air, with a shape imposed by the topography of the land (linear or curved).
Theaters are established as elements of culture and civilization in most Greek cities, and later
in ancient Roman cities.
Also, the tourist value of religious buildings is given by the architecture of universal
religious cults (cathedrals and churches for Christians, mosques for Muslims, synagogues for
mosaics) and constructive style (roman tic, gothic, rococo, baroque, classical, neo -gothic).
Examples of this are: St. Peter's Cathedral, St. Sophia Cathedral, St. Mark's Basilica in
Venice, Westminster Abbey in London, Edinburgh Cathedral, the Cathedral of Milan, the
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, etc.
Also, churches and monasteries attract visitors through a series of common attributes
and other anthropic buildings (antiquity, grandeur), but also through particular, specific
features, such as architectural style or decorations .

Other buildings of a religious nature and which are attractive elements are mosques
whose specific elements are mosaics and minarets, synagogues, etc. with a wide spread
throughout the world.
Regarding the historical objectives, particularly interesting are the ancient vestiges
(Acropolis of Athens, Temple of Apollo at Delphi, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Rhodes
Island).
From the Middle Ages, fortified castles have been preserved, residences of feudal
lords whose fortification elements (walls, defense tower s, battlements, etc.) constitute a high
attractive potential.
Particularly interesting are, from a tourist point of view, the royal palaces and castles
that are found in many of the great metropolises of the world. Representatives are:
Buckingham Palace in London, the Royal Palace in Prague, the Royal Palace in Madrid, etc.
Monuments, mausoleums, statues, columns erected in honor of important historical figures,
etc. can also be included in the category of historical objectives.
Another attraction of the ci ties is the achievements of contemporary technology, new
materials and technical methods, underlying the emergence of spectacular buildings. For
example, the constructive style but especially the materials used made the Guggenheim
Museum in Bilbao one of t he most visited institutions of this type. The building was built in
1997 from limestone blocks covered with titanium and glass walls.
Also, in the great metropolises of the world there are impressive buildings that attract
attention through architecture a nd grandeur (BMW headquarters in Munich, General Motors
in Detroit, large exhibition complexes in Hanover, Osaka, Montreal, financial institutions in
Paris, London, Amsterdam, New York).
Cultural events are a source of tourist interest only at certain tim es of the year. Such
activities and human manifestations, specific to large urban centers, are: carnivals, art
festivals, fairs and exhibitions. The great metropolises of the world host such events every
year, an additional reason for tourists to choose th ese places as a tourist destination. Also
interesting are the international exhibitions with specifics, such as car shows, tourism fairs,
book fairs, etc.
Also, within the urban tourist destinations, there may be other elements such as the
beauty of the na tural environment, the public parks and gardens, the old neighborhoods of the
cities, the commercial arteries, etc. which should motivate the movement in the urban space
but which, acquires an important weight in the tourist circulation only insofar as the y are
completed with other attractions of the nature of those presented previously.

2.1.2. Visitors
Economic development has always been one of the priorities pursued in the process of
urban governance / management. However, the increase in competition be tween cities in
order to attract new segments of visitors, companies and investments has led local authorities
to reorient to the development of urban policies focused on developing strategies to build
competitive markets to meet demand, increasingly deman ding of buyers. The latter can come,
in principle, from four main target markets: a) visitors, b) residents, residents and workers, c)
business and industry, d) export markets.4
As for the visitor market, it is made up of two major groups: visitors traveli ng on business to
attend meetings and conferences or concluding transactions and non -business visitors who
may be represented by tourists or travelers. transit.
One of the most common strategies for attracting visitors is to set up tourism and
conference offices. In general, these offices dispute the funds intended to promote tourism in
the region they represent. For example, in the United States, in Pennsylvania, 54 such offices
compete for $ 7 million in grants. Another direction of action pursued is the improvement of
the centers and spaces arranged for conferences and meetings as well as their promotion
among the companies and employers' and professional associations concerned.
On the other hand, all measures to attract new segments of visitors and, on this basis,
to increase the attractiveness of cities can generate dissatisfaction among residents facing a
number of problems related to: environmental damage, increasing crime rates and
overcrowding of tourist destinations especially during the seasonal p eriods. An important role
in solving these problems will be played by the urban design process, which must take into
account the profile of visitors in the construction of tourism -specific infrastructure.
In the same sense are the concerns to outline the p rofile of visitors depending on the areas of
origin, demographic characteristics, the level of expectations, the frequency of travel and
income consumption.
Adapting to changes in lifestyles and consumer needs is a continuing concern of local
authorities in the context of demographic trends and changes in income and tourism
competition in a constantly expanding market.
2.1.3. Tourism – a factor for the development of urbanism
As already shown, many of the cities have an important tourist potential, which is
directly reflected in the development of the tourist function at the urban level. Thus, tourism

4 Kotler Ph., Haider D., Rein I., op. cit., pag. 29

contributes to increasing the attractiveness of cities through planning policy, but at the same
time, the evolution of cities, their expansion, contributes d ecisively to increasing tourist
travel, urban destinations becoming more attractive as the tourist phenomenon grows.
This evolution has led to the shaping and affirmation of cities as a motivation to travel in the
context of expanding their functions.
On t his basis, tourist cities with a well -defined identity according to the universal
cultural heritage were outlined as follows:
Museum cities
There are cities that owe their attraction especially to artistic values. Cities like
Florence or Dijon are visited for their museums, Reims for the cathedral, Versailles or
Fontainbleau attract through their castles.
There are cities that are themselves real museums, such as the Croatian city of
Dubrovnik or the ancient city of the Doges – Venice – remarkably through i ts canals.
Pilgrimage center
Cities known as pilgrimage centers are located in various parts of the world and attract
significant flows of visitors on the occasion of religious holidays. Examples include Mecca,
Medina or Fatima for the Islamic world, the V atican, Santiago de Compostela or the famous
Lourdes Cave of Miracles for the Christian world.
University cities
Among these, we can mention the small towns that host large universities: Cambridge
and Oxford in Great Britain, Uppsala in Sweden, Princetown in the USA, etc. At the same
time, in many cases, the university can be a city within a city.
Cities – festival and cities – congresses
This category may include cities dedicated to organizing international cultural events.
The form of cultural manifestat ions is more and more that of congresses, cities having
generous spaces specially arranged with spacious amphitheaters. At the same time, there is a
tendency for smaller, but well -located and well -arranged cities to demand the organization of
such internat ional events. Examples in this regard can be mentioned: Liege, Cannes, Monte
Carlo, etc.
2.2. The impact of the tourist function in the organization and arrangement of
cities
In the context of intensifying the concerns of all those involved in urban manag ement
in the direction of ensuring an adequate living environment for the inhabitants, urban planning

has a central role in the urban strategy; at the same time, as it appears from the presented
ones, the cities can constitute attractive tourist destinatio ns for a segment of visitors in
continuous growth. Given the role of tourism in the development of local communities, it is
essential that in the urban planning process, the development of tourism urbanism is a priority
option while ensuring a concordance between the requirements of tourism and meeting the
internal needs of residents.
2.2.1. Role of the architecture and design in tourism
The scale and specific features of tourism make it increasingly necessary to analyze its
architectural framework and the extent to which it meets current requirements and future
development directions. In the current context of intensifying tourist travel, a significant share
in the structure of travel motivations is the preference for large urban centers that house
values of ancient civilizations, with historic buildings, museums and performance halls,
conference rooms, amusement parks or large commercial centers. The relationship between
architecture and tourism must be seen in two ways: architecture as a starting point fo r tourism
activity but also as an element in a continuous dynamic as a result of the development process
of tourism urbanism. Thus, architecture is both a major objective for a large part of tourist
travel but also the setting in which tourism takes place.
In the actions of capitalization of the potential, the relationship between tourism and
architectural monuments must be taken into account in order to ensure a balance between the
orientation of visitors towards architectural and art objectives and the p rotection of
architectural heritage and, on this basis, between the principles of functionality and of urban
composition to meet the needs of visitors.
As a relatively recent concern, urban design finds its necessity in the architectural
framework of touri sm in which modeling participates, having as a sphere of concern from the
design of urban furniture to the arrangement of public spaces intervening in orientation and
advertising graphics but also in equipment design travel.
Of particular importance in the architectural space of tourism are the graphics of
orientation and advertising that contribute, in a coherent way, to the correct information of the
visitors. In addition to the functional aspect of direct communication, through images that can
be easily memorized, the general visual impression it creates for visitors is also essential. At
other times, the graphics are included in the architectural space, constituting an element of
attraction that can complete the overall image. Such elements are incorpora ted in the

architectural mass and, fulfilling their functional, socio -economic and aesthetic role, they are
composed with the overall image.
Through a harmonious process of arrangement of urban spaces, in which the design
also participates to an important extent, the architectural framework for tourism finally
outlines a unitary and dynamic character.
An essential aspect of local tourism planning is to ensure that tourist facilities are
located in accessible places and have an appropriate architecture. In t hese conditions, it is
especially important to plan the location of the buildings as well as the observance of some
development standards.
Regarding location planning, this process must take into account the location of
buildings which involves a number of basic considerations: – avoidance of environmental
risks (landslides, development of areas near beaches and sea coasts); – maintaining adequate
urban relations between buildings and recreation areas, landscape and preserved areas; –
maintaining the visibi lity plans and corridors towards the objectives that present visual
attraction.
Regarding the observance of development standards, they are also applicable to tourist
equipment and refer to:5
a. development density – in terms of hotels, it is expressed by the number of
rooms per unit area. Low -density buildings and houses have low density, medium -density
buildings have two -storey buildings and high density is found in buildings with about four
floors. As a rule, hotels in urban areas have a high density;
b. build ing height control – in many areas the maximum height is set at four floors
so that they are below the level of the tallest trees;
c. the more secluded location of the buildings compared to the edges of the area
in order to maintain an open space and an attra ctive landscape around the buildings. In the
case of seaside resorts, the buildings are usually located about 50 m from the beach;
d. standards regarding the proportion between living areas and building coverage,
ie the ratio between the total living area and the total area of the area. For resorts with a high
quality standard, a coverage of 20 -25% can be considered adequate allowing more space for
recreation;
e. the car parks around the hotels must be large enough to allow access to a large
number of vehicles but must also include large spaces for tourist buses.

5 Stanciulescu Gabriela, Managementul turismului durabil în centrele urbane, Editura Economică, București,
2004

Regarding the architecture, the tourist design must take into account the observance of
some basic principles:
a. the use of traditional or historical styles and motifs to preserve the uniqueness
of the ar ea;
b. the roofs of buildings must be of medium and low height;
c. the use of local construction materials, which would contribute to the
observance of the architectural styles and to the obtaining of benefits;
d. designing outdoor hotel lobbies for natural ventilation and landscape visibility.
e. ensuring access to tourist services for people with disabilities.

Chapter 3 – Oradea area

3.1. Oradea area – general aspects
Oradea, the county seat of Bihor, is one of the important economic, social and cultural
centers in N -W Romania, preserving these characteristics throughout history. The city is
located between the hills that separate and unify in a harmonious way the Crișana Plain and
the hilly endings of the Apuseni Mo untains.
Located on the banks of the Crisul Repede River, a river that divides the city into
almost two equal halves, it is the gateway to the Central European and Western European
world. Depending on the main cardinal points, the city is located in the no rthwestern
extremity of Romania, at the intersection of the parallel of 47 ° 03 ′ north latitude with the
meridian of 21 ° 55 ′ east longitude. Located approximately 10 km from Borș, the largest
border point on the western border, Oradea is the tenth large st city in Romania. Specifically, it
covers an area of 11,556 ha.
3.1.1. Geographic perspectives
The Oradea Metropolitan Area is located in the western part of Romania at the contact
between the Plain and the Western Hills between 470 15´52 ”in N, 460 54´42” in S North
latitude, 210 45´25 ”in W, 220 9´4 ”In E east longitude. The limit of the area is given by the
limits of the administrative -territorial units that compose it on a distance of 136.85 km in the
north, east and south and in the west, on a di stance of 35.64 km the border of Romania with
the Hungarian Republic.
The position within Romania is a special one due to its western limit, a limit that must
be viewed differently from the others precisely because of its restrictive character, at least in
terms of travel. This limit was a barrier that has become increasingly permissive, currently
tending to be abolished with the entry of our country into the European Community.
3.1.2. Climate
The location of the area in a wide sector open to the circulati on of air masses,
predominantly western and south -western, explains the mild -temperate, mild plain climate.
Temperature
The study is based on information obtained from the Oradea meteorological station.
The average multi -annual air temperature value is 10. 30C, oscillating between 9.0 in 1985
and 12.020C in 2000.

Rainfall
The influence of ocean air masses is also manifested by the amount and regime of
precipitation. In this sense, the relatively high average annual rainfall of 611.26 mm / year
(during 1961 -2003) compared to similar plain regions in the east or south of the country under
the influence of continental air masses should be noted.
Winds
In terms of wind speed, it is reduced by average multi -annual values approaching 3 m /
s. During the yea r there is a maximum in April when the average multi -annual wind speed is
3.4m / s.
Relative humidity
The relative humidity registers a maximum in the cold period of the year, more precisely in
January (91%). The minimum period overlaps with the summer se ason with a multi -year
minimum in August (47%).
Cloud
Nebulae peak in the coldest period of the year, more precisely in December (7.4)
3.1.3. Hydrography
The territory of the city is included in the hydrographic basin of Crișul Repede, with a
rich networ k of rivers and streams, tributaries, which are concentrated in its hydrographic
area.
It crosses the city right through the center, creating a meadow in the historic center and
giving an attraction to the whole area. The Peța thermal stream also passes th rough the
municipality of Oradea, as well as the Paris, Sălbatic, Adona streams, all tributaries of the
Crișul Repede.
3.1.4 . Vegetation
The vegetation belongs to the area of deciduous forests, the floor dominated by oak
(Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica), but in the meadow area afferent to Crișul
Repede we find tree -specific vegetation specifically hydro and hygrophilous, such as: wicker
(Salix alba), willow (Salix L .), poplar (Populus nigra, Populus alba, Populus tremula) and
alder (Alnus glut inosa). The herbaceous vegetation is dominated by poace.
Fruit trees can be found both in the hearth of the city and in the surrounding area,
Oradea having a serious horticultural and viticultural tradition thanks to the presence of slopes
with southern an d western solar exposure.

3.1.5. Fauna
It is also specific to the interpenetration between the plain and the hill region. Thus,
even within the municipality of Oradea, in areas such as the Dendrological Nursery no. 2,
Podgoria Forest, Crisului meadow, Dec antation Station, it will be possible to admire rodent
species such as hares (Lepus Europaeus), birds such as partridges (Perdix perdix), pheasants
(Phasianus colchicus), seagulls (Larus argentatus), leb Cygnus Cygnus), egrets (Egretta
garzetta), cormorant s (Phalacrocorax carbo), roosters (Grus grus), storks (Ciconia sarmatyca),
wild ducks (Anatinae) or birds of prey such as falcons (Falco vespertinus or evening vulture),
owls Buho).
The ichthyofauna present in Crișul Repede is dominated by: clean (Leuciscu s
Leuciscus), scobar (Chondrostoma Nasus), caras (Carassius Carassius), boarca (Rhodeus
sericeus amarus), red (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and pike (Esox Lucius).
3.1.6. Accessibility
Oradea is an important regional and European transport node, being loc ated at the
convergence of the two trans -European networks that cross Romania on the east -west
direction, respectively the Transylvania Highway and Axis 7 TEN -T, to which Oradea will be
connected by DN 76 and DN 79 modernized.
Access can also be done by t rain because Oradea represents an important important
railway junction for connections with European countries through the border crossing of the
Diocese of Bihor. Through Central Station and peripheral stations, passengers transit to / from
Central and We stern Europe, as well as from the country. The transit of the city by the railway
network creates difficulties related to noise pollution in its neighboring neighborhoods.
Currently, the local, county, regional network – up to Cluj, Arad, Satu -Mare – and t he
international one is not electrified. However, Oradea is the most important railway junction in
the northwest of the country.
Oradea benefits of an airport that serves national flights only.
3.1.7. Population dynamic
According to the data provided by the Bihor County Directorate of Statistics, at this
moment Oradea has a population of 221,413 inhabitants, of which 104,119 are male and
117,294 are female.

3.2. Touristic natural potential of Oradea area
The natural resources include all the conditions offered by the natural environment
through its components: relief, climate, flora, fauna, natural monuments, reservations. This
potential primary offer, made up of the natural components of the landscape, re presents
potential tourist resources and plays a decisive role in the development of tourism. Important
elements that need to be included in this category are:
 the curative value (balneoclimateric) of the bioclimatic or of the natural factors of the
area;
 recreational, aesthetic and landscape value, not infrequently decisive in choosing the
destination (mountain, hill, plain, coast or delta);
 the setting of some moments of relaxation or some hobbies (water mirrors, mountain
massifs, caves, torrents, hunting resources);
 cognitive value in the case of components designated as parks, botanical or zoological
gardens, scientific reservations or natural monuments.
From this point of view, in Oradea area we can speak about the thermal waters, breath
taking views an d also parks and a zoological garden.
Thermal waters
Oradea benefits from the presence of thermal waters in this area, developing in recent
years an impressive tourism around them. Except for the tourist objectives in the area, most
tourists enjoy the sw imming pools in Oradea and its surroundings, which have been
modernized and equipped with facilities useful in the treatment of various diseases.
The construction of the Nymphaea Aqua Park , the biggest aqua park from this side of
Europe, started in the wi nter of 2015, and the reception took place in 2016. The Nymphaea
aqua park has an area of 7 hectares, is located on the site of the former swimming pool of
Oradea and cost 88.3 million lei (of which 32.3 million lei come from the European Union,
the fina ncing being non -reimbursable).
The aqua park benefits from 6 bodies in which are the locker rooms, the restaurant, the
medical office, 13 covered pools, 4 slides that are inside. Certainly, the most beloved area will
be the one in body 4 where the outdoor slides were, the tower reaching 18 meters high. In
addition to those mentioned above, there are 5 outdoor pools (with waves, for jumping,
Olympic, for children and adults), a multifunctional sports field (basketball, football and
handball), 2 beach volleyb all courts, 2 tables for table tennis. The pools with recirculated

water, properly treated and filtered and the water massage present in 4 pools (3 indoor and 1
outdoor), make the Nymphaea complex to be the most modern aqua park in western Romania.
6

Zoological garden
Located in the southwestern part of Oradea, the Zoo has one of the most suitable
habitats, being under a vegetal bridge formed by over 40 species of trees, the secular trees
representing 20% of the flora here. The Oradea Zoo dates back to 1960 when the first animals
were brought, but for the general public it was opened in 1962. It covered an area of 3.2 ha
and had about 700 animals of 32 species brought here by care Forestry schools, which had the
task of harvesting from the field young specimens of animals to grow in the landscaped
spaces of the garden. Gradually, in addition to wild and domestic animal species, through
donations from passionate breeders in the region, exotic bird species have been introduced,
especially varieties adapted to the temperate climate. The size of the garden was increased in
2013 by another 3.5 hectares of land.
The animal collection of the Zoo is constantly evolving due to the collaboration
relati ons with the zoos in Romania, as well as abroad. At present, we have over 650
specimens of animals from over 140 species.
Administration opened a series of projects in order to draw attention of the
development of the Zoo and to make it more and more frien dly for visitors. Among this
projects we can see free passing for students that have perfect grades in Biology or the
possibility to adopt a pet. This project has also as an objective raising funds for the Zoo and
all the animals that are found inside. An other project is the Night of the Zoo that includes

6 Personal archive
Figure 1 – Nymphaea Aqua Park

interesting presentations and visiting the Zoo during night, in order to get closer to the idea of
natural environment.
7
Parks and view points
Compared to the number of inhabitants, Oradea can be proud of 25 sq m of green
space for each citizen, which is only 1 sq m below the minimum required by the European
Union, but places the city on the 1st place among Romanian cities. It is one of the main
reasons why Oradea received the title of Green Capital of Romania for 2011, a title it has held
for a year.
The Baroque Palace Park is a real dendrological park, with species of ash, thuja,
yew, magnolia and quercus, as well as three sequoia gigantaea trees, over 100 years old.
8

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Figure 2 – Zoo Garden alleys
Figure 3 – The Baroque Palace Park

The Urban Park , later called the Workers' Park, now Ion C. Bratianu. It is the largest
park in the city, under which there are several springs of thermal water that feed the nearby
Municipal Pool.
9

December 1st Park was built in the 1950s with the na me of August 23rd Park
(between 1950 -1989). At this location, at the beginning of the 20th century, there w as the
Great Square of the city, with a market destination and a bazaar, where the cattle fair was
held. 1 December Park is located in the city center, being an oasis of greenery in the heart of
the city. The park hosts: the House of Culture of the Trade U nions, two artesian wells and the
Statue of the Romanian Soldier, the work of the sculptor Iulia Onița symbolizing the heroism
of the Romanian army.
10

Mushroom Hill view point is one of the highest points in Oradea, giving a great view
of the city. Renovated in 2015, the hill became one of the most beautiful places in Oradea. As
a landscape arrangement, the public garden Mushroom Hill includes important areas plante d

9 Personal archive
10 Personal archive Figure 4 – The Urban Park
Figure 5 – December 1st Park

with trees, shrubs, perennials and spontaneous flora, as well as vines, thus contributing to the
improvement of the atmosphere and urban climate. The choice of species was made taking
into account the specifics of the location, in various areas of the in vestment area being planted
trees and shrubs of different sizes, various shapes and colors of the canopy or inflorescence.
11

There are many other parks and green spaces in Oradea among which we will
mention : Magnolia Park, Petofi Sandor Park, Freedom Park, Traian Park or The Peasants
Park.
3.3. Touristic anthropic potential of Oradea area
Over time man has created a series of buildings whose historical and aesthetic value
has increased , reaching the status of tourist potential .
Oradea, a city with a millennial history, located at the confluence of the West and the
East, a true "bridge city" between two worlds managed during its existence to absorb and
configure according to its own vision of the world everything that had the best two plates
Cultural "tectonics". The spiritual effervescence, the economic wealth of the community and
the taste for beauty made architects of great value and architectural styles very close to
Central and Western Europe find their place of manifestation here in the city on the banks of
the Crisul Repede. Considered by specialists in art history as a true "architectural reservation",
the city on the banks of Crisul Repede, Oradea is home to no less than 77 monumental
buildings officially registered in the lists of the National Commission for Historical

11https:/ /www.google.co.uk/search?q=ciuperca+oradea&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwimoeSMv83pAhVRgKQKH
SCXAQ0Q2 –
cCegQIABAA&oq=ciuperca+oradea&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIAB
AFEB46BAgjECc6BAgAEEM6BggAEAgQHjoECAAQHlDV3wRYkvAEYIXxBGgAcAB4AIABcogBvguSA
QM4LjeYAQCg AQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZw&sclient=img&ei=tO3KXqb3JNGAkgWgroZo&bih=879&biw=
2040&hl=en#imgrc=4QzlxrKLLymYaM Figure 6 – Mushroom Hill view

Monuments. A city closer to Central Europe, gravitating for centuries in the orbit of the
influences insinuated by the Hungarian royalty and the Viennese Court, the current city of
Oradea and its historical c ommunity has been impregnated one by one by the values peddled
through Central Europe.
Recently, Oradea became the only city from Romania that is included in the European
network of Art Nouveau cities. New art meant a return to nature. Nature is asymmet rical,
nature has a vital force that distorts any geometry, nature is something irrepressible that starts
from the seed, that's why art nouveau will cultivate almost everywhere this germ, the seed
from which the energy of life springs to the surface, on wi nding paths . Today's appearance of
Oradea in its historical center is terribly indebted to this current, it is totally indebted to this
current. What is happening now is restitution of this extremely diverse beauty, extremely
spectacular and of a completel y exceptional artistic and architectural quality.
Casa Darvas – La Roche
Designed by the architects Vágó László and József and built between 1909 and 1912,
the Darvas – La Roche House is another jewel of Oradea's Art Nouveau, with secessionist
influences. We find the building on Iosif Vulcan Street, number 11. Darvas House presents
very expressive ornaments, but still simple and balanced, combined with style. The stained
glass windows are inspired by the vegetable and floral world and combine colors such as blue,
green, olive, ocher and cream, with shades of purple and gray.
12

12https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oradeainimagini.ro%2Fwp –
content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F11%2FMuzeul -Art-Nouveau -Casa -Darvas -La-Roche –
02.jpg& imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oradeainimagini.ro%2Fde -vizitat%2Fmuzee%2Fmuzeul -art-
nouveau -casa-darvas -la-
roche%2F&tbnid=BglZHqfUly9u7M&vet=12ahUKEwjFs67rv83pAhXcgqQKHTumAIkQMygHegUIARDRA
Q..i&docid=90EBKcJ_OVsMTM&w=2048&h=1363&q=Casa%20Darvas%20 –
%20La%20Roch e&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjFs67rv83pAhXcgqQKHTumAIkQMygHegUIARDRAQ Figure 7 – Inside of a room from Casa Darvas – La Roche

Ullman Palace
13A building built in t he style of the Viennese secession, it is supposed to have been
designed by architect Löbl Ferenc and completed in 1913. The building consists of a
basement, a high ground floor, mezzanine and three floors that develop around an inner
courtyard. The top fl oor is attic, covered by a very high roof. In the plane of the façade, the
symmetry with respect to the central axis is noticed, the beautiful proportion of the beams,
both horizontally and vertically.

The Moskovits Palace
The Moskovits Palace, whose 1905 project belongs to the architect Rimanoczy
Kalman jr., Is one of the most beautiful e xamples of the secession style. The central area of
the façade from Republicii Street has a vertical, natural and intuitive treatment, as if from the
point of view of the succession of compositional and decorative elements, which induces a
pleasant feeling of comfort.

13https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A% 2F%2Fvoyagetube.com%2Fimages%2Fromania%2Fbiho
r%2Fpalatul_ullmann1%2Coradea.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyagetube.com%2Funitate –
obiective.php%3Fid%3D207&tbnid=rOBJ8dcgAc0y_M&vet=12ahUKEwjKv6LGwM3pAhWLr6QKHdMECP
8QMygOegUIARDdAQ..i&docid=cLPlDW4GsoxINM&w=600& h=400&q=palatul%20ullaman&hl=en&ved=2
ahUKEwjKv6LGwM3pAhWLr6QKHdMECP8QMygOegUIARDdAQ
Figure 8 – Ullman Palace

14
Queen Mary Theatre
The Theater building is one of the most important heritage buildings in Oradea. The
project was prepared by the famous architectural firm Fellner and Helmer from Vienna, and
its realization, which lasted only 15 months, from July 10, 1899 to October 15, 1900, was
carried out under the assistance of Oradea architects Rimanoczy Kalman, Gut tmann Jozsef
and Rendes Vilmos. The exterior harmoniously combines the neoclassical style, dominant
throughout the facade, with neo -renaissance and neo -baroque elements, while the interior
finishes and ornaments were imposed by an accentuated rococo tone. The building was
structured on three levels: hall, lodges, balcony. In the design of the performance hall, the
realization of a perfect acoustics was taken int o account. In addition, it was equipped with an
orchestra pit. These characteristics, unchanged, turn the location into an ideal space for
staging theater performances, opera performances and concerts. The hall currently has a total
capacity of 570 seats.
15

14https://ghidlocal.com/oradea/articole/palatul -moskovits -miksa -pe-strad a-republicii/
15https://infooradea.ro/programul -lunii-decembrie -la-teatrul -regina -maria -din-oradea/
Figure 9 – Moskovits Palace
Figure 10 – Queen Mary Theatre

Stern Palace
16This imposing building is one of the most significant architectural landmarks of the
elegant pedestrian arteries of Oradea. The palace offers a double architectural spectacle: o n
the one hand, it displays an elegant decoration on both facades, on the other hand, it offers
contemplation an interior space with a poetic atmosphere unparalleled in Oradea's
architecture. Stepping beyond the threshold of the two monumental gates, the s tucco vaults
and the arch of the staircase with its elegant hardware invite you to cross a circular space
suspended somewhere above time.

Astoria Hotel
Known in the past as Sztarill Palace and Emke Café . What characterizes this building
from an architectural point of view is the rhythmic rhythm in a certain style of the facade. The
same modern design of curtain walls is applied in an original way, which does not betray
anything of the tectonics of interi or volumetric.
17

16https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiSxbHPwc3pAhU
C2qQKHWwlDR0QjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro –
ro.facebook.com%2Fvisitoradea%2Fphotos%2Fpalatul -stern -arhitectura -deosebita -in-inima -orasului -oradea –
foto-photo -by-adam –
%2F1171835379615823%2F&psig=AOvVaw1JIopdIki5mzJQPeEK3eNy&ust=1590444504786194
17https://astoriaoradea.ro/
Figure 11 – Stern Palace
Figure 12 – Astoria Hotel

City Hall
The architectural composition is articulated around three inner courtyards, the building
covering an area of 5,508 square meters. The main façade and the one from Cri ș are the most
spectacular. The building r eceives the neoclassical style. The three registers have as key
elements, three monumental windows concluded on a semicircular route like symbolic
triumphal arches, windows that mark the great Meeting Room – Hall o f Honor. The four
allegorical figures and the statuary group majestically crown the en tire architectural
composition. Inside, the most spectacular architectural element of the City Hall is the main
staircase. The imposing stairca se was decorated with fresc oes. The only Art Nouveau
decoration is found on the friezes that decorate the secondary staircase. There, flowers and
leaves undulate in a supple rhythm, unfolding on undulating paths.
18

Black Eagle Palace
Probably the most monumental architectural achievement in Oradea and Transylvania,
the Black Vulture Palace has a secessionist constructive style. Consisting of two unequal and
asymmetrical buildings, connected to a third one located in the mi ddle and far away, the
complex was to house a theater, ballrooms, a casino, offices, etc. The Y -shaped passage and
the three entrances (the main one from Unirii Square, the secondary ones from V. Alecsandri
and Independenței streets), the dizzying avalanch e of curved lines, the alternation of stucco –
bas-reliefs with floral and figurative motifs, the stained glass windows and the huge
chandeliers are organized both so symmetrical that the distinction of the edifice cannot be
disputed.

18https://www.oradeaheritage.ro/palatul -primariei -oradea/ Figure 13 – City Hall

19

The stained glass window with the black eagle, which became an emblem of the
ensemble, was made in 1909. Great attention was paid to all the details and symbols used. The
curvilinear floral style, specific to the Berlin secession, makes, however, concessions to the
eclectic vision, with neo -baroque nostalgia, very appreciated at the time. The ornaments are
arranged on all interior elements (ceilings, vaults, windows, doors, paneling, railings, walls,
columns, s tained glass). The element that has remained until today one of the most
spectacular is the passage, now a real delight, due to the light that passes through the stained
glass, creating a fairytale atmosphere. The passage was built after the famous Vittori o
Emanuele gallery in Milan.

20

19 Personal archive
20 https://novicov.wordpress.com/2013/06/25/palatul -vulturul -negru/ Figure 14 – Balck Eagle Palace
Figure 15 – Black Eagle stained glass

Unirii Square
Unirii Square is today the historical and cultural center of Oradea. After a large -scale
rehabilitation in 2015 , Unirii Square takes the form that can be seen today. The square has
acquired its modern appearance following the renovation of the palaces that surround it:
Oradea City Hall, the Palace of the Greek Catholic Episcopate, the Black Eagle Palace, the
Adolf Moskovit s Palace and his sons. Tens of thousands of tourists are attracted by the
historic monument buildings located in Unirii Square, but also by the restaurants and cafes
that give life to the area. Whether you want to walk, have a good coffee or simply relax o n a
bench, Unirii Square in Oradea is a place that has it all.
21

Oradea's Fortress
Beside the number of art nouveau buildings, the mark of the city of Oradea is the
fortress . The fortress of Oradea is indisputably one of the most important late medieval
architectural monuments in Transylvania and throughout the country. It is the place where the
history of Oradea is best felt and seen. The fortress has been open since 2015 after a long
process of restoring the buildings, the courtyard and the bridge. The works continue with the
arrangement of the inner courtyard and the walls. Museums, craft workshops, medieval
demonstrations, events and restaurants have been around for a long time. Currently, the
Oradea Fortress is also the central point of Oradea's cultural events, from medieval festivals to
film evenings, spent on the grass in the Citadel Park.

21 Personal archive Figure 16 – Unirii Square

Museums
Oradea Military Mu seum is part of the network of Romanian military museums
under the patronage of the Ministry of National Defense
The Oradea branch has a valuable exhibition, organized in seven halls, of which six for
permanent exhibitions. Its current mission is to reflec t the military history of the Romanian
people, in sections from the modern era to the Second World War. The exhibits come from
the National Military Museum, being about weapons of the XVII – XX centuries, pistols,
rifles, swords, Turkish hangers, military unifo rms, photographs and documents. In addition to
this collection, in the museum can be seen pieces resulting from archaeological downloads,
dating from the Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, discovered in Bihor County and received from
the Museum of the Lan d of Criș. On the main hall can be admired a fresco presenting the
military history of the Romanians, m ade by the painter Horia Ghelu. Near the main entrance
of the building there are four cannons, of which one German from the First World War,
respectively a Romanian and two Soviets from the Second World War.
22

22https://www.oradeainimagini.ro/de -vizitat/muzee/unicul -muzeu -militar -din-transilvania/ Figure 17 – Oradea's Fortress
Figure 18 – Militaty museum of Oradea

The Museum of the Land of Criș is a museum complex and institution subordinated
to the Bihor County Council and an important cultural objective of Romania, being formed by
the Museum of the Land of Criș (with the sections of Archeology, History, Natural Sciences,
Ethnography, Art, Public Relations and Exhibitions), Memorial Museum “Iosif Vulcan”, the
“Aurel Lazăr” Memorial Museum, the “Ady Endre” Memorial Museum (museums that are
part of the Memorial Museums Section, Social Groups, History of Minorities) and the Vadu
Crișului Cave. The museum institution from Oradea, through its patrimony of over 450,000
pieces, is on the fifth place in Romania, according to a statistic of the Ministry of Culture.

23

3.4. Event tourism in Oradea
Forasmuch Oradea has developed from all po its of view, the event area is no
exception. We can mention Christas and Easter celebrations that were organized in Unirii
Square witch atractted both inhabitance of the city and the tourist. In the last two years were
also organized other events as Oradea city day, New Year’s Eve celebration, The City of
Good D eeds, Oradea FestiFall, TIFF, ORA Jazz Festival, F lower Carnival , Oradea Summer
Film, Citadel Delivery and many other more.

23https://mtariicrisurilor.ro/proiecte -2/ Figure 19 – The Museum of the Lang of Cris

24

25

24 Personal archive
25https://www.agerpres.ro/cul tura/2019/09/06/bihor -festivalul -international -de-film-transilvania -tiff-a-inceput –
vineri -la-oradea -in-cinci -locatii –365752 Figure 21 – Christmas market in Oradea
Figure 20 – Oradea TIFF Festival

Conclusions

From ancient times, society has faced the problem of human settlements, as a result of
the explosive growth of the population and, consequently, the proliferation of large
agglomerations, constantly requiring new urban remodeling. Given the trends in the evolution
of cities, their role in the economic growth of areas, diversification of functions and,
accordingly, functional areas, the impact on the environment, it bec omes increasingly
necessary to control them. In this context, urbanism, as a science of organizing cities, has the
task of ensuring the harmonious, balanced development of localities, responsible management
of material resources and environmental protectio n, improving the quality of life of people. At
the same time, the contemporary urban localities represent the place of carrying out extremely
varied activities that, zoned, generate the functional structure of the settlement. Overlapping
the relations that take place in the social and economic life of the inhabitants, extremely
complex and which often do not fit into a logical scheme but which contributes significantly
to the change of urban space, the development of the city often having unfavorable
conseq uences on space and the environment, on the quality of human life (consumption of
space, unrestricted exploitation of natural resources, especially non -renewable ones, urban
waste, pollution and degradation of green spaces, climate change, influences on wi ldlife, etc.).
For a long time, Oradea was not considered as a touristic city, due to the fact that all
the monuments and places that are worth visiting, were not renovated and in the center of
attention. This problem was now solved by developing strategie s for the economic and social
development of the community based on sustainable principles. At the same time, concrete
actions were taken in order to allow at the same time the integration of urban areas in the
dynamics of overall regional development.
In the process of urban development, the accelerated pace of change in the global,
economic, political and technological context, the evolution and degradation of urban space,
the multiplication of competitors on the urban supply market and the need to capit alize on
local resources to intensify competition arguments in the urban management policy which is
responsible for finding solutions to all these categories of problems. An important step in this
development was the establishment of a strategic concept t o meet the great challenges of the
turbulent environment, the integration of the concept of quality in programs and services and
diversification of economic activities and the creation of flexible adaptation mechanisms to
the ever -changing space. At the sa me time, by elaborating plans that include the objectives

and policies for the development of infrastructure and public services, economic development
resources, the perspective of residential development and applicable urban des ign rules, the
urban strate gy, as a component of the economic a nd social development strategy, contributes
to the creation of an environment favorable to the development of economic and social
activities and, on this basis, to the increase of the quality of life and attractiveness for the
business environment and population, constituting a support in the activity of urban centers.
In the space of ever -changing and rapidly changing markets, in order to be
competitive, Oradea are needed to base their local development strategies and f rom a
marketing perspective this being an indispensable element in the urban strategy, helping to
establish the overall vision of which leads to attracting new national or international
companies, consolidating infrastructure, developing tourism, diversify ing and improving
services by choosing appropriate ways of designing and organizing cities to meet the needs of
all segments interested in urban development. This approach is justified by the need to
develop strategies that contribute to increasing attract iveness by creating aesthetic values,
building a basic infrastructure compatible with the environment, developing services
according to user requirements and equipping with attractive cultural facilities for residents
and visitors. On the other hand, urban functionality can be ensured through a well -directed
marketing process that includes several phases of action, by formulating goals and strategies
related to establishing the relations between the economic, social and institutional
environment, the level of markets such as and the relationship between supply and demand. In
this way, urban marketing becomes a prominent feature of the local economic development
strategy being used to meet several economic and social objectives but also to create a
positive i mage for the community, attracting companies, institutions, tourists, labor
representing an approach which allows the conquest of profitable markets by analyzing
potential needs, proposing for this an adequate offer.
Another important aspect in the develop ment of this city was growth of tourism
worldwide, cities becoming increasingly attractive and concerns for the development of
specific infrastructure, services, conservation of historic centers are increasingly in the
attention of municipalities which con tributes on the one hand , to affirm the cities as travel
destinations but also to outline the need to ensure a balance between these concerns and the
internal needs of achieving a proper living environment. In the context of increasing global
competition in terms of increasing the number of visitors, tourist cities are facing a number of
problems related, on the one hand, to ensuring optimal living conditions and, on the other
hand, to achieving a balance between natural resources and the built environment , between

tourist flows and local movement, between the advantages offered by tourism for local
communities and the negative impact that tourism could have on the environment in the space
where tourism activity would not be planned and developed in accorda nce with present and
future requirements. In this sense, an important role belongs to the local authorities to ensure a
unitary, coherent policy, a set of tools, methods and techniques for the management of natural
resources and the built environment leadi ng to a better capitalization of the tourist heritage
and, on this basis, to increase the competitiveness of tourist cities in local and regional
context.
At the same time, the quality management of urban that contributed to the sustainable
development of Oradea, as a tourist city and, on this basis, to increase tourist satisfaction as
well as to ensure better economic and social conditions for local communities by identifying
local authorities responsibi lities for initiating measures, to contribute to the improvement of
the quality of tourist services as well as the integration of this approach in the development
policy of the city, of the tourist service providers by fulfilling the requirements related to
quality and standards, individual or collective ini tiatives to increase the notor iety of the tourist
destination, at meetings and surveys, the positive attitude towards tourists as well as by
respecting the rules established by local authorities regarding public cleanliness rehabilitation
of buildings, qua lity of the natural environment, use of public transport. At the same time, it
was necessary to make tourists aware of the respect for the cultural traditions of the local
community and to understand and support the efforts of local authorities in terms of
mitigating the impact of tourism on the natural and historical environment. Thus, cumulated,
all these actions will lead to increasing the quality of the urban environment and, on this basis,
to increasing the competitiveness of tourist cities internation ally.
As it has been shown, Oradea has an important tourist potential, which is directly
reflected in the development of the tourist function at urban level. Thus, tourism contributes
to increasing the attractiveness of the city through planning policy, bu t at the s ame time, the
evolution of the city , their expansion, contributes decisively to increasing tourist travel .
Adapted to the particularities of the tourist phenomenon, the urban planning process involve d
shaping a new concept, that of tourist urbanism, able to solve issues related to the
arrangement of urban space according to the requirements of visitors and residents. Thus, the
concept of tourist urbanism represents a set of principles and methods of ur ban space planning
with the general objective of developing tourism and its affirmation as a factor to increase the
competitiveness of tourist cities, one of its fundamental features being the creation of a
favorable image of the city, both among visitors and among locals and local communities as a

whole. On the other hand, the image of a tourist city includes not only elements related to the
natural and anthropic potential but is composed of many other factors related to economic
stability, p ublic services , infrastructure and living standards, which together contribute to
affirm the identity of the urban destination.
In essence, the fundamental objectives of the tourism urban development strategy refer
to the modernization of human settlements and increase the quality of life, thus understanding
the development of basic infrastructure, improving living conditions, environmental
protection, local government policy being focused on conservation and balanced use of
resources things that the municipality of Orad ea manage to control in order to become one of
the most beautiful city in Romania.

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DECLARAȚIE DE AUTENTICITATE A
LUCRĂRII DE FINALIZARE A STUDIILOR

Titlul lucrării
Tourism in the Urban Areas. The city of Oradea Case study
____________________________________________________ __

Autorul lucrării BÎRSAN DARIA

Lucrarea de finalizare a studiilor este elaborată în vederea susținerii
examenului de finalizare a studiilor organizat de către Facultatea de
Geografie, Turism și Sport din cadrul Universității din Oradea, sesiunea IULIE
anul 2020 .
Prin prezenta, subsemnatul (nume, prenume, CNP)
__ BÎRSAN DARIA, CNP 2981221055098
declar pe proprie răspundere că această lucrare a fost scrisă de către mine, fără
nici un ajutor n eautorizat și că nici o parte a lucrării nu conține aplicații sau
studii de caz publicate de alți autori.
Declar, de asemenea, că în lucrare nu există idei, tabele, grafice, hărți sau
alte surse folosite fără respectarea legii române și a convențiilor inte rnaționale
privind drepturile de autor.

Oradea,
Data Semnătura
16 IUNIE 2020