Particularitatile Lexico Gramaticale In Traducerea Textelor Specializate

PROIECT DE LICENȚĂ

Particularitățile lexico-gramaticale în traducerea textelor specializate

(studiu de caz)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

The topic of my licence project is “Lexico-Grammatical Peculiarities in Translating Specialized Texts (Case Study)”.

The main goal of this research project is to determine and analyse the legal and sports texts, their peculiarities, as well as the difficulties met during the translation of legal and sports texts from Romanian into English and from English into Romanian. In order to achieve the goal, I have set some objectives: to determine de modality of the formation of legal and sports terms, to describe their origin from the legal and linguistic point of view, to emphasize the lexical peculiarities of this kind of texts, to analyse them from the grammatical point of view and to study the techniques and procedures of sports and legal terms in translation from Romanian into English and vice versa.

The practice in translation has been performed from November 10, 2014 till December 17, 2014 at the “F.C. Dacia Chișinău”, in Chișinău as a translator of the English, Romanian and German languages. “F.C. Dacia Chișinău” is a football team from the National Division of Republic of Moldova. All the translations were performed from the field of football, in written form.

During the translation practice I performed translations of different texts from the field of football. I have also translated employment contracts, interviews with different players and coaches, notifications, and other documents. The texts were translated from English into Romanian as well as from Romanian into English.

During the practice I had to find solutions for many difficulties and misunderstandings. First of all, the difficulties appeared during the translation of the texts from Romanian into English. As English is not my native English, it was very difficult to translate into English, in a short period of time. I found it helpful to read different articles and information from the football domain. I also searched for different models of employment contracts in the field of football issues management in order to get acquainted with the terminology of this field. During my translation practice, I used online dictionaries, such as explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, terminological records and glossaries, informative articles, even sites related to football and sites of different football clubs.

During my practice translation I understood that to deliver accurate translations and to have a successful career in the field of translation it is essential to have a good knowledge of both languages – the Source Language (SL) and the Target (Language TL), and also to have the ability to deal with semantic differences. A superficial knowledge does not allow performing a smooth and understandable translation.

As a translator you need to make a great effort in the work you are doing. Because every document, regardless of the domain that it belongs to, requires full attention and concentration, because at the end of the translation everything needs to make sense, the details must be correct and the person that is reading the translation needs to have a proper of the target text (TT).

One of the problems that I met during my practice of translation was the use of synonyms. Given the diversity of synonyms, I had to choose carefully the appropriate words for my translation.

While translating different types of texts I have used different techniques, such as: generalization, which helped me to generalize the information, concretization, which helped me to make some ideas to be more explicit in the target language. Also some of the most used techniques were calque, description, addition and omission.

In conclusion it is important to mention, that this practice offered the opportunity to learn new things about this domain, it was a great experience to work and translate such texts with specialized context.

The structure of the project, consists of the Introduction, two sections, Conclusion, Bibliography and the Annexes.

In the first section “Theoretical Considerations on the Lexico-Grammatical Peculiarities in translating Specialized Texts”, I will enlarge upon some theoretical considerations on the lexico-grammatical peculiarities in translating specialized texts. In the second section “Difficulties in translating Official Documents and Sports Articles” I will present my findings in regard to the difficulties in the translation of official documents, and sports articles. In this section, I will also analyse the terms from the texts that I translated during my translation practice at ‘F.C. Dacia Chișinău”.

In the Conclusion part, I will sum up all the sections and the result of my overall work in regard to this licence project. The Bibliography contains the sources that I used during my work on this licence project, and the Annexes will display some documents related to my translation work.

I. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ON THE LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL PECULIARITIES

IN TRANSALTING SPECIALIZED TEXTS

I.1. Theoretical approach to the lexicological aspects relevant for the translation process

Lexicology is a scientific discipline dealing with the study of the vocabulary of a language from different perspectives and different methods. The term lexicology comes from Greek and is composed of two morphemes: ‘lexis’, which means ‘word’ and ‘logos’, which means ‘science’. Therefore, the literal meaning of the term lexicology is ‘the science of the word’.

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, which studies the lexical system of a language, namely how it is organized, how it works, how it changes and how it enriches the vocabulary of a language. Therefore, lexicology is the scientific study of the vocabulary (or lexicon) .From the point of view of the temporal relationship, lexicology, like other linguistic disciplines, distinguishes the synchronic or descriptive lexicography, the aim of which is to study the current state of lexical system; and the diachronic or historical lexicology, which deals with the vocabulary of a particular language at a certain time. The two lexicological aspects of the study complete each other, in the way that the description of the current lexical system is based on data from historical studies, while the diachronic study serves as a comparison of the current state of the lexical system [4, p. 7].

Modern English Lexicology studies the problems of word structure and word formation (the creation of new words). There is a series of methods of word formation, and they are:

Affixation – the linguistic process speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), in the middle (infixation) or at the end (suffixation) of words:

En: attacker = ‘attack’ + ‘-er’;

Ro: atacant = ‘atac’ + ‘-ant’;

De: die Mannschaft = ‘Mann’ + ‘schaft’.

Compounding-the combination of two separate words which make up a single form:

En: face + book = ‘Facebook’;

Ro: scurt + circuit = ‘Scurtcircuit’;

De: Tor + Raum = ‘Torraum’.

Blends – deals with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word:

En: Wireless + fidelity = Wi- Fi.

Clipping – the action of making up new words by shortening parts of long words:

En: Mathematics = Maths;

Ro: matematică = mate, profesor = prof;

De: der Schiedrichter = der Schiri.

Conversion – also called zero derivation, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form:

En: ‘Google’ = ‘to google’;

Ro: a marca = marc;

De: der Anschreiber = ‘anschreiben’.

Acronyms – the abbreviation of a long term using the first letter of each word and reading them as a word:

En: NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization;

Ro: O.N.U. = Organizația Națiunilor Unite;

De: FIFA = der Fußballweltverband.

Onomatopoeia – the formation of a word by the sound a thing is making:

En: Boom!

Ro: Bum!

De: Bumm!

Eponyms – a person or thing for whom something is named, or believed to be named:

En: Elizabeth I of England is the eponym for the Elizabethan era [23, online];

Ro: Adidași;

De: Guillotine.

Lexicology is connected with many branches of linguistics, for example: general linguistics, phonetics, stylistics, grammar and others.

The relation between lexicology and stylistics helps us to study many problems which are created in lexicology. Here we are talking about the problems of synonymy, meaning, functions and styles, and other aspects.

Lexicology has a really close connection with grammar, which is concerned with different ways of expressing grammatical relations between words as well. The grammatical function and form of the word affects its lexical meaning. A good example is the English verb ‘go’ when in the continuous tenses, followed by ‘to’ and an infinitive, serves to express an action in the near and immediate future, or an intention of future action.

The translation of legal documents is one of the most popular translation services all around the world. Legal translation requires a great attention to all the details, knowledge of legal terminology, accuracy in use and a high level of professionalism. Legal texts contain specific terminology and concepts. Only competent translators which are in the field of legal translation can make a good and qualitative translation.

The translation of sports documents is also very popular in the world, but in our country is not as popular as the legal one. Regardless of the domain we are translating in, it is very important to have a very good knowledge of it and deliver accurate TTs.

Undoubtedly, certain difficulties of grammatical and lexical order arise when performing translations in such fields and in the following paragraph we will select some theoretical statements which are aimed at helping in further translation activities.

I.2. Solutions for handling translation difficulties

The primary task of a translator is to ensure that the TT he delivers is in line with ST, which means that the translator is supposed to transfer the meaning and also the effects created by the ST on its target readers so that the target readers of the TT are subject to the same effects.

In this regard, equivalence is a very important factor in human translation. As S. Bassnet outlines in her book, A. Popovič distinguishes the following four types of equivalence:

(1) linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts, i.e. word-for-word translation.

(2) paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis, i.e. elements of grammar, which A. Popovič, in S. Bassnet’s book, sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence.

(3) stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.

(4) textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape [2, p. 33].

The difficulties raised in translation can be divided into two major categories: lexical difficulties and syntactical difficulties.

As the theme of my research project is “Lexico – Grammatical Peculiarities in Translating Specialized Texts”, I would like to specify some lexical and grammatical transformations, which will help me further on, in my practical section of this research project. To begin with, I will enlarge upon the lexical transformations in the translation process.

As a rule, the object of translation is not a list of separate lexical units but a coherent text, in which the SL words make up an integral whole. Although every word in each language has its own meaning, the information transmitted in a text largely depends on its context.

The lexical transformations can tions can change the semantic context of a translated word. They can be classified into the following types and sub-types:

Lexical substitution, which is using a word instead of another one. Many times it outcomes from diverse semantic structures of the SL and TL terms. For example, the English word ‘goal’ is not always translated as ‘gol’, as it depends on its word combinability: ‘He made a penalty in front of the goal’ is equal to ‘El a faultat în fața porții’. This translation equivalence is determined by the combination of words that is used.

Deliberate substitution as a translation technique can be of different sub-types:

Specification, or the substitution of words which have a wider meaning with words having a narrower meaning, as in the following example:

En. Managers ins and outs in 2015;

Ro. Antrenori care au venit și părăsit echipele în 2015;

De. Trainern die, im Jahr 2015 kamen und verließen haben.

The underlined English words have a wider purpose of meaning than their Romanian counterparts and their specific semantics is known from the context.

Generalization is a process in which a word with a specialized meaning has become generalized in order to cover a wider concept. [4, p. 43] Let us consider the following examples:

En: Logging on to Hotmail, the Manager got a notification from the president of the football club.

Ro: Conectându-se la căsuța poștala, antrenorul a primit o înștiințare de la președintele clubului.

De: Anmeldung an Hotmail, die Verwaltunsgesellschaft hat eine Mitteilung des Präsidenten des Fußballvereins.

In this example, I have generalized the name of the brand “Hotmail”, as this information is not so important for the receptor.

Another type of substitution is differentiation which is a rare technique. Translators use this technique when they want to substitute a word by another one with a similar meaning:

En: bamboo curtain

Ro: cortină de fier

De: Eiserner Vorhang.

Another type of lexical transformation is compensation. It is used when something cannot be translated, and the lost significance is expressed in another way in the TT. For example, the English word ‘manager’ from the football field will be translated in Romanian as ‘antrenor’.

In order to achieve full and clear transfer information from SL into TL it is necessary to resort to different interlinguistic grammatical transformations. They are subdivided into the following types: substitution, transposition, omission, and supplementation.

Substitution is divided into two sub-types: substitution of part of speech and substitution of the grammatical form of a word. The transformation by substitution may be required for different reasons, such as the absence of a grammatical form or construction in the TL, the absence of a part of speech with the same meaning.

En: The results from the first part of the championship were very poor.

Ro: Rezultatele din prima parte a campionatului au fost foarte slabe.

De: Die Ergebnisse aus dem ersten Teil der Meisterschaft waren sehr schlecht.

Transposition is considered to be the change of the position of the linguistic elements in the TL in relation with the SL. The grammatical structures are not often similar in different languages. Usually, an English sentence has a ‘Subject+Predicate+Object+Adverbial Modifier+Place+Time’ word order. In Romanian the adverbial modifier of time can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

En: I haven’t received any offers from Dinamo.

Ro: Nu am primit nici o ofertă de la Dinamo.

De: Ich habe kein Angebot von Dinamo erhalten.

Omission is used when a translator may omit the words that are semantically redundant and the text might be understood without those words.

En: Luis Suarez bit Giorgio Chiellini during the match between Uruguay and Italy in their final group at the World Cup.

Ro: Luis Suarez l-a mușcat pe Chiellini în timpul meciului disputat între Uruguay și Italia, în grupa finală de la Campionatul Mondial.

De: Luis Suarez hat Giorgio Chiellini während des Spiels zwischen Uruguay und Italien im letzten Gruppen bei der WM gebissen.

Addition is a grammatical expansion for clarity of meaning. [6, p. 63]

En: The referee waved him on.

Ro: Arbitrul i-a făcut semn să continue jocul.

De: Der Schiedsrichter winkte ihn zu spielen.

The information rendered above is a compilation of some of the theoretical considerations on the lexical and grammar peculiarities in the translation process. The purpose is to use this information as a ground and starting point for the practical part of this licence project.

II. PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS AND SPORTS ARTICLES

In this section of my licence project I shall work with the texts translated during my practice at the Football Club “F.C. Dacia Chisinau”. I will point out the formation of the terms, their origin, analyse them from the grammatical and lexical point of view and emphasize the translation techniques that I made use of. The examples will be followed by appropriate comments and conclusions.

Therefore, I will include a number of original fragments and their translation, from the texts that I translated during my practice at “F.C. Dacia Chisinau”, and I will analyse the most relevant terms from it.

ST: Dacia central defender Denis Ilescu commented on the poor results of his team in the last two rounds, noting that every Yellow Wolf will put in maximum effort to reclaim the rightful top spot.

TT1: Fundașul central al Daciei, Denis Ilescu a comentat cu privire la rezultatele slabe a echipei sale obținute în ultimele două etape, menționând că fiecare Lup Galben va depune efortul maxim pentru a recupera locul cuvenit în top.

TT2: Dacia Verteidiger Denis Iliescu kommentiert in den letzten zwei Stufen erhalten schlechte Ergebnisse seines Teams, unter Hinweis darauf, dass jeder Yellow Wolf wird größte Anstrengungen, um ihren rechtmäßigen Platz an der Spitze zu erholen machen.

Central defender (adj + noun)

Definition – A player in a football team, one of the two defenders who plays in the middle of the pitch [15, online].

Translation TT1 – Fundaș Central

Translation TT2 – der Innenverteidiger

The structure of the term above, is a word combination based on affixation.

Poor results (n)

Definition – very bad, unsatisfactory results.

Translation TT1 – rezultate slabe

Translation TT2 – schlechte Ergebnis

While translating this combination of words, I used the lexical substitution translation technique, as we can see, the English word ‘poor’ is not always translated as ‘sărac’ in Romanian. The word combinability that was used in our context did not allow translating the collocation in a word-for-word manner.

ST: Any other legal entity may not conclude such a player contract without the prior written consent of the competent national football body and/or FIFA.

TT1: Orice altă entitate legală nu poate încheia un asemenea contract cu jucătorul fără acordul prealabil în scris al organului fotbalistic național competent și/sau FIFA.

TT2: Jede andere juristische Person kann nicht so ein Spielervertrag ohne die vorherige schriftliche Zustimmung der zuständigen nationalen Fußball-Körper und / oder der FIFA zu schließen.

Contract (n)

Definition: a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself [15, online].

Translation TT1: Contract

Translation TT2: Der Vertrag

Word Origin: Latin.

As we can observe, when translating this term from ST into TT1, we used the technique of borrowing, because the word has the same Latin root both in English and in Romanian.

FIFA (n)

Explanation: the organization that controls international football and organizes the World Cup [15, online].

Translation TT1: FIFA

Translation TT2: FIFA

Word Origin: French

FIFA is an acronym, an abbreviation of the long term International Federation of Association Football. When translating this acronym, I used the borrowing technique.

ST: I have many wishes. Give me Chelsea, their budget and the green light, and my team will play!

TT1: Am multe dorințe. Dați-mi pe Chelsea, bugetul lor, undă liberă și echipa mea va juca!

TT2: Ich habe viele Wünsche. Gib mir Chelsea, ihr Budget, Fahrt frei und mein Team zu spielen!

give the green light to smth. or smbd. (idiom)

Explanation: to give permission for someone to do something or for something to happen [15, online].

Translation TT1: a avea undă liberă

Translation TT2: jdm. freie Fahrt geben

This is a fixed expression which cannot be translated word by word because the meaning would be impaired. Therefore the technique that suits best in this case is finding an equivalent idiomatic expression in TT1/TT2.

ST: Any other legal entity may not conclude such a player contract without the prior written consent of the competent national football body and/or FIFA.

TT1: Orice altă entitate legală nu poate încheia un asemenea contract cu jucătorul fără acordul prealabil în scris al organului fotbalistic național competent și/sau FIFA.

TT2: Jede andere juristische Person kann nicht so ein Spielervertrag ohne die vorherige schriftliche Zustimmung der zuständigen nationalen Fußball-Körper und / oder der FIFA zu schließen.

The English word ‘conclude’ is polysemantic and some of its meanings are:

to end a speech, meeting, or piece of writing;

to complete an official agreement or task, or arrange a business deal;

to judge or decide something after thinking carefully about it [15, online]

In my translation, I used the second meaning because the text is an official one. The term was translated with the help of the substitution technique.

ST: Were you nervous before the Chișinău derby?

TT1: Ai fost nervos înainte de derby-ul din Chișinău?

TT2: Waren Sie nervös vor dem Derby von Chisinau?

Derby (n)

Definition: a sports event between teams in the same area [ibidem].

Translation TT1: Derby

Translation TT2: das Derby

This term was translated with the help of borrowing technique. As we can observe, TT1/TT2 contains exactly the same spelling of the word as in the ST. The word is of English origin.

ST: There is some nervous excitement before every game but, going onto the field, I leave all my concerns in the locker room.

TT1: Există unele momente de nervositate înainte de fiecare meci, dar, mergând pe teren, îmi las toate preocupările în vestiar.

TT2: Es gibt einige Momente der Nervosität vor jedem Spiel, aber geht auf dem Feld, alle Bedenken in den Umkleideraum verlassen.

Locker room (n)

Definition: a room with lockers where people can keep clothes and other things, especially while taking part in a sport [ibidem].

Translation TT1: Vestiar

Transaltion TT2: das Umkleideraum

The English word combination ‘locker room’ is based on affixation (‘lock’ + ‘er’) and juxtaposition by adjectivation (the noun ‘locker’ is subject to adjectivation as he precedes, as an adjective, the noun ‘room’).

Concern (n)

This term has more meanings, so it is a polysemantic word. Some of its meanings are:

something that relates or pertains to a person, business, affair;

a matter that engages a person’s attention, interest, or care, or that affects a person’s welfare or happiness;

worry, solicitude, or anxiety;

important relation or bearing;

a commercial or manufacturing company or establishment [21, online].

The definition that suits the best in our context is the third one.

Word origin: Latin ‘concernere’.

ST: Fans left the stadium before the final whistle.

TT1: Fanii au părăsit stadionul înainte de fluierul final.

TT2: Das Publikum verließ das Stadion vor dem Schlusspfiff.

At the end of this sentence above, a partial transformation occurred in TT1, and more precisely the word order was changed within the word combination.

ST: The national legislation of the country where the club is duly registered applies if another legislation is not otherwise agreed.

TT1: Legislația națională a țării unde clubul este înregistrat în mod corespunzător se aplică, dacă o altă legislație nu este aprobată.

TT2: Die nationalen Legislation des Landes, in dem der Verein ordnungsgemäß registrierten gilt, wenn ein anderer Rechtsvorschriften nicht zugelassen.

Legislation (n)

Definition: a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament [15, online].

Translation TT1 – legislație

Translation TT2 -die Legislation

The term was translated from ST into TT1 based on the calque technique, and from ST into TT2 with the transliteration. This term was borrowed from the French noun ‘législation’.

(…) if another legislation is not otherwise agreed.

Translation TT1: (…) dacă o altă legislație nu este aprobată.

Translation TT2: (…) wenn ein anderer Rechtsvorschriften nicht zugelassen ist.

In this part of the sentence I used the omission technique to translate from the ST into TT1. When translating from ST into TT2, I used the transposition technique, because the word order has changed.

ST: This is good for me and for my new team, because this is the beginning where we need to keep pace with our rivals.

TT1: Aceasta este bine pentru mine și noua mea echipă, deoarece acesta este începutul unde avem nevoie să ținem pasul cu rivalii noștri.

TT2: Das ist gut für mich und mein neues Team, weil es ist der Anfang von, wo wir brauchen, um mit unseren Konkurrenten Schritt zu halten.

Rival (n)

Definition: person, company or thing that competes with another in sport, business,etc. [13, p. 382].

Translation TT1: Rival

Translation TT2: der Konkurrent

This term comes from Latin, from the word ‘rivalis’ [17, online].

To keep pace (idiom)

Explanation: Move or progress at the same speed or rate [22, online].

Translation TT1: a ține pasul

Translation TT2: mit jdm. Mithalten

As it is a fixed expression, it was translated with the help of the equivalence technique.

ST: We lost two points in Tiraspol.

TT1: Am pierdut două puncte la Tiraspol.

TT2: Wir verloren zwei Punkten in Tiraspol.

In this case I made use of two translation techniques. The first one, is the omission, as I have omitted the personal pronoun ‘we’ in the TT1. The second technique used in this sentence is the transliteration technique for the name of the town Tiraspol.

ST: Fac apel la ficare fan adevarat al Daciei să ne susțină din primul minut până la fluierul final.

TT1: I call upon every real Dacia fan to support us from the starting minute to the final whistle.

TT2: Ich appelliere an jeden wahren Fan von Dacia, uns von der ersten Minute bis zum Ende Pfeife zu unterstützen.

Din primul minut (prep. + num. ord.+subst.)

Translation TT1: from the starting minute

Translation TT2: von der ersten Minute

The Romanian phrase was translated with the help of the substitution technique in TT1 and based on the calque technique in TT2.

Fan (n)

Definition: Admirator entuziast, pasionat, al unei vedete, al unei mișcări artistice etc.; simpatizant [16, online].

Translation TT1: Fan, which means a very keen suporter [13, p.160].

Translation TT2: der Fan

In this situation we have used the borrowing technique from the ST into TT1 and TT2.

Word origin: Old English ‘fann’.

ST: Fundașul lateral al Daciei vorbește despre meciul cu FC Tiraspol.

TT1: The wingback of Dacia talks about the match against Fc Tiraspol.

TT2: Der Verteidiger von Dacia, spricht über das Spiel gegen FC Tiraspol.

Fundaș lateral (subst. + adj.)

Definition: Fundașii laterali joacă un rol important în ofensivă, pe lateralele terenului unde ajută la construcția jocului sau la centrări [23, online].

Translation TT1: Wingback, which means a player who plays in a wide position on the field, taking part both in attack and defence [22, online].

Translation TT2: der Verteidiger

The Romanian collocation ‘fundaș lateral’ was translated into TT1 as ‘wingback’, which is a compound word. The translation method used is equivalence.

ST: Nu aș vrea din nou să medităm din ce cauză antrenorul principal îi ignoră pe jucătorii noștri, dar cum considerați, în echipa noastră sunt fotbaliști care merită să fie convocați la echipa națională?

TT1: I don’t want us to reflect again why the head coach ignores our players, but what do you think, are there football players in our team who deserve to be convened in the national team?

TT2: Ich möchte nicht uns wieder zu meditieren, warum der Haupttrainer unsere Spieler ignoriert, aber was denken Sie, gibt es Fußballspieler in unserer Mannschaft, die in die Nationalmannschaft einberufen zu verdienen?

Antrenor principal (subst.+ adj.)

Definition: Persoană calificată care se ocupă cu antrenarea sportivilor [16, online]

Translation TT1: Head Coach

Translation TT2: der Haupttrainer

The syntagm above, was translated into TT1 with the lexical substitution method. The term in the TT2 ‘der Haupttrainer’, was formed with the compounding technique, ‘Haupt’ + ‘Trainer’.

A convoca (v)

Definition: A chema, a face să vină într-un anumit loc o persoană, un grup de personae etc., cu un anumit scop [ibidem].

Translation TT1: to convene

Translation TT2: einberufen

The Romanian verb ‘a convoca’ was translated into the TT1 based on the principle of calque translation, due to the fact that the term has exactly the same meaning in both languages. As talking about the word structure in TT2, we have prefixation. The prefix ‘ein’ was added at the beginning of the word ‘berufen’.

ST: Although it is finally up to the parties (clubs and players) or their representative organizations to agree on a final wording for the collective bargaining agreement or each individual player’s contract, as applicable, we encourage all our members to ensure that the minimum requirements as supported by the FIFA Executive Committee are regulated and agreed as a minimum.

TT1: Deși, în cele din urmă depinde de părți (cluburi și jucători) sau organizațiile lor representative să cadă de acord asupra unei formulări finale pentru contractul colectiv de muncă sau fiecare contract individual al jucătorului, dacă este necesar, încurajăm toți membrii noștri să se asigure că toate cerințele minime susținute de Comitetul Executiv FIFA sunt reglementate și minim convenite.

TT2: Obwohl hängt letztlich von den Parteien (Vereine und Spieler) oder ihre vertretenden Organisationen, um auf einer Formulierung Badewanne endgültige Tarifverträgen oder Einzelarbeitsverträgen der einzelnen Spieler vereinbaren sind, falls erforderlich, bitten wir alle unsere Mitglieder zu gewährleisten, dass Mindestanforderungen durch das FIFA-Exekutivkomitee unterstützt werden reguliert und vereinbarten Mindest.

Party (n)

Definition: A person or people forming one side in an agreement or dispute [22, online].

Translation TT1: parte (contractantă)

Translation TT2: die Vertragspartei

The term ‘party’ is a polysemantic one. Some of its meaning are as follows:

a social gathering of invited guests, typically involving eating, drinking, and entertainment;

a formally constituted political group that contests elections and attempts to form or take part in a government;

a group of people taking part in a particular activity or trip;

a person or people forming one side in an agreement or dispute [22, online].

The best variant in our context is the last meaning. ‘Party’ is a specialized term as it represents one of the participants of the agreement or contract. It originates from the old French ‘partie’ [17, online].

To agree (v)

Definition: To have the same opinion [15, online]

Translation TT1: a cădea de acord

Translation TT2: vereinbaren

When rendering the translation from ST into TT1, I have used the addition technique, with the aim of giving a clearer meaning to the term.

Collective bargaining agreement (adj + n)

Definition: A contract where wages, hours, rules and working conditions are negotiated and agreed upon by a union with an employer for all the employees collectively whom it represents [21, online].

Translation TT1: Acord de negociere colectivă

Translation TT2: der Tarifvertrag

I have translated this word combination based on the method of calque translation.

Executive Committee (adj+ n)

Definition: An executive committee, as a type of subcommittee, has well-defined executive powers (usually spelled out in a charter or in by-laws) and meets frequently to manage the affairs and further the purposes of an organization or entity [23, online].

Translation TT1: Comitet executiv

Translation TT2: der Exektivkomitee

The word combination ‘Executive Committee’ was translated into TT1 with the help of calque translation method.

ST: (…) hereinafter referred to as the player.

TT1: (…) denumit în continuare jucătorul.

TT2: (…) nachfolgend als Spieler bezeichnet.

Hereinafter (adv.)

Definition: Further on in this document [22, online]

Translation TT1: în continuare (într-un document)

Translation TT2: nachfolgend

This term is used especially in the texts of contracts or agreements. It is not so difficult translating this word from English into Romanian, but when we deal with translations from Romanian into English, we have to be careful not to translate it as ‘in continuation’ or ‘further on’. The translation method applied in this case is equivalence.

From the figure shown in Annex 1 below, it can be seen that the most used translation technique during my translation practice was the borrowing method, which was followed by the calque, equivalence and substitution. This can be explained by the fact that the language of football is an international one. During my practice, it could be noticed that a lot of words were similar in all the three languages, English, Romanian and German. As football was born in England, a lot of football terms were borrowed from the English language.

CONCLUSION

In this licence project, which is aimed at investigating the lexical and grammatical peculiarities in translating specialized texts, I have come to the following conclusions.

Having analysed the peculiarities of the sports texts and their translations, I came to the idea that lexicology and grammar play a great role in the building-up of a text. I analysed the terms with the help of the lexical and grammatical transformations in translation. The lexical translation techniques which are applied at the word level are the calque, borrowing, generalization, concretization etc. I would like to specify that a great part of the terms were translated based on the calque and borrowing methods. As the football was born in England, a lot of the Romanian and German words were borrowed from the English language. Some examples are: ‘derby’, ‘fan’, ‘champion’, etc.

Even though many words are similar in all the three languages, it is not easy for a translator to work with such texts. The analysis demonstrated that the language of the football is a particular one with a great number of fixed expressions and terms. This means that a translator should have a good knowledge of both SL and TL, in the field of football, in order to give an accurate translation, and to transfer the right message and meaning of the text to the target reader. At this point, I would like to bring the example of the Romanian noun ‘poartă’ from the football field. In English it will be translated as ‘goal’, but an unexperienced translator might translate it as ‘gate’; such mistake would give another meaning to the message.

As regards the grammatical peculiarities in translating the football texts, I have used some of the grammatical transformations, such as: substitution, transposition, omission etc. I would like to point out that I translated many phrases with the help of the omission technique (especially, when translating from English into Romanian).

As lexicology is the scientific study of the vocabulary, I want to specify that the major part of the words that I dealt with, are of French and Latin origin. These words were borrowed from foreign languages for different purposes, such as to designate a new object / place / phenomenon, or to describe better a new object / place / phenomenon that it refers to.

The most important ways to cope with the translation problems in the sports texts are, first of all, to detect these problems, to have specialized knowledge of the referred field and to be able to use the right methods for the translation of the terms, phrases and idioms.

In order to investigate my topic of research, I have used materials like dictionaries, books on lexicology and grammar, and other additional sources to help us understand better the lexico-grammatical peculiarities in translating texts in general so that I can apply that theoretical background to the texts from the field of football.

To sum up, I want to mention that translation has a very close connection with lexicology and grammar, being highly dependent on these two branches of the linguistics. Indeed, a professional translator needs substantial preparatory training in the field of these two academic subjects before proceeding to the study of the subjects related to the translation process.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker M. In Other Words. A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge Group, 2006. 317 p.

Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London: Routledge Group, 2002. 188 p.

Camenev, Zinaida. Difficulties in Teaching/Learning English Grammar. Chișinău: Moldova State University, 2006. 214 p.

Ginzburg, R.S. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow: Vysšaya Škola, 2004. 269 p.

Lipka, Leonhard. English Lexicology. Tübingen: Narr, 2002. 249 p.

Lupan, Rodica. Written Translation Techniques. Chișinău: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, 2011. 160 p.

Noden, Harry R. Image Grammar: Using Grammatical Structures to Teach Writing. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 1999. 71 p.

Proshina, Zoya. Theory of Translation. Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Press, 2008. 276 p.

Гальперин, И.Р. Стилистика английского языка. Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. 316 с.

Dictionaries

Hornby, Albert S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 1428 p.

Isbășescu, Mihai, Dicționar German-Român. București: Teora, 2007. 1024 p

Levițchi, Leon; Bantaș, Andrei. Dicționar Englez-Român. București: Teora, 1992. 1344 p.

Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. Fourth edition. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 528 p.

Internet sources

Bosco, Gabriela. Translation Techniques, available at http://www.interproinc.com/translation-techniques (visited 16.04.2015).

Cambridge Dictionaries, available at http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (visited on 25.04.2015).

Dicționar Explicativ Online, available at http://dexonline.ro/ (visited on 19.03.2015).

Etymology Dictionaries, available at http://www.etymonline.com/ (visited on 27.04.2015).

González Matthews, Gladys; Orrantia, Dagoberto. Translation Procedures: the Technical Component of the Translation Process, available at http://ebooklibrary.gopagoda.com/master/translation-procedures/ (visited 22.03.2015).

Halverson, Sandra. The Concept of Equivalence in Translation Studies: Much Ado about Something, available at http://www.itcanet.ir/ITCA/Articles/Translation/The%20Concept%20of%20Equivalence%20in%20Translation%20Studies.pdf (visited 25.04.2014).

Nida, Eugene A. Theories of Translation, available at http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf (visited 25.02.2014).

Online dictionary, available at http://dictionary.reference.com/ (visited on 7.04.2015).

Oxford Dictionaries, available at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (visited on 25.04.2015).

Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym (visited on 18.04.2015).

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1. Translation techniques used in my translation practice

Diagram 1. Translation techniques used in my translation practice

ANNEX 2. The borrowings in football texts

Diagram. 2 The borrowings in football texts

ANNEX 3. Notification for explanation of absence

Source Text

Republic of Moldova, MD-2020

87/7, Gh. Madan street, Chisinau

Tel./fax: +373 (22) 804-604, 83-96-40

Site: fcdacia.md

30.04.2014 To: Football Player ________________

Notification

about providing in written form explanations of absence in team

In connection with the absence in team (on workplace) (from 8.00 a.m. till 17.00 p.m. 04.11.2013 and up till 30.01.2014) and the fact that we haven’t been able to connect You for 5 months, we propose You to provide us with the explanations of Your absence from workplace from 04.11.2013 till 30.04.2014 and the reasons of Your violation of the terms of the employment contract from 21.06.2013 concluded between You and FC «Dacia», in written form till 02.05.2014, according to part 1 art. 208 of the Labor Code of Republic of Moldova.

Attachment:

Act of absence on the training from 20.11.2013 (copy)

Deputy Director

on Legal Issues ____________

Taking into account the absence of Your contact details we kindly ask You to provide us with Your postal address and, if it is possible, Your fax, as to connect You.

Familiarized with the notification, copy of the notification received

__________________ _________________

(date) (signature)

Target Text

Notificare de solicitare a motivelor de absentare

Target Text

Republica Moldova, MD-2020

Chisinau, str. Gh. Madan, 87/7

Tel./fax: +373 (22) 804-604, 83-96-40

Site: fcdacia.md

30.04.2014 Pentru: Jucătorul de Fotbal _________

Notificare

cu privire la prezentarea explicației în scris în privința absentării din echipă

În legătură cu absența din echipă (de la locul de muncă) ( de la 8.00 până la ora 17.00, din data de 04.11.2013 până la data de 30.01.2014), precum și faptul că nu am fost în măsură să vă contactăm timp de 5 luni, vă propunem să ne oferiți explicații referitoare la absentarea dumneavoastră de la locul de muncă din data de 04.11.2013 până la data de 30.04.2014 și motivul dumneavoastră de încălcare a termenilor contractului de muncă din 21.06.2013, încheiat dintre dumneavoastră și FC Dacia, în formă scrisă până la data de 02.05.2014, în conformitate cu art. 208 , partea 1 din Codul Muncii al Republicii Moldova.

Anexă:

1. Actul de absență de la antrenamentul din data de 20.11.2013 (copie)

Director adjunct

pe probleme juridice __________

Având în vedere lipsa datelor dumneavoastră de contact, vă rugăm să ne furnizați adresa poștală, și dacă este posibil, faxul dumneavoastră pentru a vă putea contacta.

Familiarizat cu notificarea, copia notificării primite

_________________ _________________

(data) (semnătura)

ANNEX 4. Glossary of football terms

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker M. In Other Words. A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge Group, 2006. 317 p.

Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London: Routledge Group, 2002. 188 p.

Camenev, Zinaida. Difficulties in Teaching/Learning English Grammar. Chișinău: Moldova State University, 2006. 214 p.

Ginzburg, R.S. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow: Vysšaya Škola, 2004. 269 p.

Lipka, Leonhard. English Lexicology. Tübingen: Narr, 2002. 249 p.

Lupan, Rodica. Written Translation Techniques. Chișinău: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, 2011. 160 p.

Noden, Harry R. Image Grammar: Using Grammatical Structures to Teach Writing. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 1999. 71 p.

Proshina, Zoya. Theory of Translation. Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Press, 2008. 276 p.

Гальперин, И.Р. Стилистика английского языка. Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. 316 с.

Dictionaries

Hornby, Albert S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 1428 p.

Isbășescu, Mihai, Dicționar German-Român. București: Teora, 2007. 1024 p

Levițchi, Leon; Bantaș, Andrei. Dicționar Englez-Român. București: Teora, 1992. 1344 p.

Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. Fourth edition. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 528 p.

Internet sources

Bosco, Gabriela. Translation Techniques, available at http://www.interproinc.com/translation-techniques (visited 16.04.2015).

Cambridge Dictionaries, available at http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (visited on 25.04.2015).

Dicționar Explicativ Online, available at http://dexonline.ro/ (visited on 19.03.2015).

Etymology Dictionaries, available at http://www.etymonline.com/ (visited on 27.04.2015).

González Matthews, Gladys; Orrantia, Dagoberto. Translation Procedures: the Technical Component of the Translation Process, available at http://ebooklibrary.gopagoda.com/master/translation-procedures/ (visited 22.03.2015).

Halverson, Sandra. The Concept of Equivalence in Translation Studies: Much Ado about Something, available at http://www.itcanet.ir/ITCA/Articles/Translation/The%20Concept%20of%20Equivalence%20in%20Translation%20Studies.pdf (visited 25.04.2014).

Nida, Eugene A. Theories of Translation, available at http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf (visited 25.02.2014).

Online dictionary, available at http://dictionary.reference.com/ (visited on 7.04.2015).

Oxford Dictionaries, available at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (visited on 25.04.2015).

Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym (visited on 18.04.2015).