Optimal Combination of the Training Influences on the Preparation [631681]

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Title: Optimal Combination of the Training Influences on the Preparation
of Performance Judokas in Annual Cycle La combinaison optimale des
influences de l'entraînement sportif dans la préparation des judokas de
performance dans le cycle annuel

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: effort; entraînement; planning; principes; performance sportive
effort; training; planning; principles; sport performance

Corresponding Author: Professor Vladimir Potop,

Corresponding Author's Institution:

First Author: Veaceslav Manolachi

Order of Authors: Veaceslav Manolachi; Vladimir Potop; Victor Manolachi,
Professor

Abstract: Objectives
This paper is intended to define and bring the scientific argumentation
of performance judokas' optimal preparation in the stages of annual
training cycle.
Methods
A study was conducted to this end in the men's national judo team of the
Republic of Moldova in 2017, with a group of 24 athletes, aged from 18 to
25 years. The research focused on the elaboration of experimental methods
for judokas' preparation during the annual training cycle by the
successive solutions of the tasks of physical, technical -tactical,
competitive and regeneration training. A pre -competitive training mezzo –
cycle (MZC) was planned by distributing the effort parameters to the 5
micro-cycles (MiC), calculating the mean; ± SD and the correlation of the
indices of the training MiC -s with the help of the Spearman Rank
Correlation nonparametric test.
Results
The detailed analysis of the annual training plan highlights its
structure formed of three periods, 12 MZC -s, the relationshi p of the
physical, technical – tactical and regeneration training. The results of
the statistical calculations reveal (mean; ±SD) the number of days per
MiC of 3.6; ±0.89 days; total duration per MiC – 280.35;±35.1 min, total
duration per training session s – 80.77;±17.3 min; total duration of the
general physical training (GPT) 24.51;±10.1 min and of the special
training (ST) -45.3;±56.3 min. Regarding the ratio of the effort volumes
per MiC, it is 19.08; ±2.5 %; GPT is 30.0;±9.9 %, ST -70.0;±9.9 % and
the ST means – 129.34; ±42.92 reps ; RANDOURI and SHIAI – 10; ±5.0 min.
The results of the correlation reveal strong connections between all the
indices of effort and the training means in each micro -cycle of
performance judokas pre -competitive training at p<0.001, p<0.01 and
p<0.05, which confirms that the combination of different components of
the training improves the motor skills development and the technical –
tactical mastery.

Conclusion.
The combination of the various training components according t o the
principle of separate and successive concentrations in the micro – and
mezzo-cycles of training for judokas increases the effect of the mutual
influence of the training efforts, improves the motor skills development
and leads to technical -tactical mas tery.

La combinaison optimale des influences de l’entraînement sportif dans la préparation des
judokas de performance dans le cycle annuel

Optimal Combination of the Training Influences on the Preparation of Performance
Judokas in Annual Cycle

Combination of the Training Influences on the Pre paration of Performance Judokas

Veaceslav Manolachi1, Vladimir Potop2*, Victor Manolachi3
1, 3 State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
2 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ecological University of Bucharest, Romania

*corresponding authors: Vladimir Potop, phone +40721324867; email address:
vladimir_potop @yahoo.com a) Title/Authors/Address

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65 1
La combinaison optimale des influences de l’entraînement sportif dans la
préparatio n des judokas de performance dans le cycle annuel
Optimal Combination of the Training Influences on the Preparation of
Performance Judokas in Annual Cycle
Résumé
Objectifs
Le but de cet ouvrage est de d éfinir et pr ésenter les arguments scientifiques concernant la
préparation optimale des judokas de performance dans les étapes du cycle annuel
d’entra înement .
Méthodes
À cette fin, une étude a été réalisée dans l’équipe nationale masculine de judo de la
République de Moldavie de 2017, avec un group e de 24 athl ètes, âgés de 18 à 25 ans. L’étude
s’est concentr ée sur le développe ment des méthodes expérimentales d’entraînement des
judokas dans le cycle annuel par la résolutio n succe ssive des tâches d’entraînement physique
(général et spécial), techni que – tactique, comp étitif et de récupération . On a planifié un
mezzo-cycle (MZC) pré -comp étitif d’entraînement par la distribution des paramètres de
l’effort par 5 micro -cycles (MiC) , en calculant la moyenne ; ± SD, ainsi que la corr élation des
indicateu rs des MiC-s d’entraînement à l’aide du test non param étrique Spearman Rank
Correlation.
Résultats
L’analyse en d étail du plan annu el d’entraînement démontre sa structure divisée en tro is
périodes , 12 MZC -s et la relation de l’entraînement physique, technique – tactique, compétitif
et de récupération . Les résultats des calculs statisti ques mettent en évidence (moyenne ; ±SD)
le nombre de jours par MiC : 3,6; ±0,89 jours ; dur ée totale par MiC – 280.35;±35,1 min ;
durée totale par entraînement – 80,77;±17,3 min; durée totale de l a préparation physique
générale (PFG) 24,51;±10,1 min et durée totale de la préparation spécial e (PS) –45,3;±56,3
min. En ce qui concerne le rapport des volumes d’effort par MiC, c’est 19,08; ±2,5 %; PFG
est 30,0; ±9,9 % et PS –70,0;±9,9 % tandis que les moyens de la PS – 129,34; ±42,92
répétitions ; RANDOURI et SHIAI – 10; ±5,0 min. Les résultats de la corrélation prouvent
l’existence de fortes connexions entre tous les indicateurs d’ effort et les moyens
d’entraînement dans chaque micro – cycle de préparation des judokas de performance dans
l’étape pr é- compétitive à p<0.001, p<0.01 et p<0.05 ; cela confirme le fait que la *b) Manuscript/Manuscrit

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combinaison de différents composants de l’entraînement améliore le développement des
qualités motrices et la maîtrise tactique et technique .
Conclusion
La combinaison de différents composants de l’entraînement en respectant le principe ces
concentrations séparées et successives dans les micro – et mezzo – cycles d’entraînement des
judokas accroît l’effet de l’ influence réciproque des efforts d’entraînement, augmente les
qualité s motrices et conduit à la maîtrise tactique et technique .
MOTS CLÉS: effort ; entraînement; planning ; princip es; performance sportive

Summary
Objectives
This paper is intended to define and bring the scientific argumentation of performance
judokas’ optimal preparation in the stages of annual training cycle.
Methods
A study was conducted to this end in the men’s national judo team of the Republic of
Moldov a in 2017, with a group of 24 athl etes, aged from 18 to 25 years. The research focused
on the elaboration of experimental methods for judokas’ preparation during the annual
training cycle by the successive solutions of the tasks of physical, technical -tactical,
competitive and regeneration training . A pre -competitive training me zzo-cycle (MZC) was
planned by distributing the effort parameters to the 5 micro -cycles (MiC) , calcul ating the
mean; ± SD and the correlation of the indices of the training MiC-s with the help of the
Spearman Rank Correlation nonparametric test.
Results
The detailed analysis of the annual training plan highlights its structure formed of three periods , 12
MZC -s, the relationship of the physical, technical – tactical and regeneration training . The results of
the statistic al calculations reveal (mean; ±SD) the number of days per MiC of 3.6; ±0 .89 days; total
duration per MiC – 280.35;±35 .1 min, total duration per training sessions – 80.77;±17 .3 min; total
duration of the general physical training (GPT) 24.51;±10 .1 min and of the special training (ST) –
45.3;±56 .3 min . Regarding the ratio of the effort volumes per MiC, it is 19.08; ±2 .5 %; GPT is
30.0;±9.9 %, ST –70.0;±9.9 % and the ST means – 129.34; ±42 .92 reps ; RANDOURI and SHIAI –
10; ±5 .0 min. The results of the correlation reveal strong connections between all the indic es of effort
and the training means in each micro -cycle of performance judokas pre -competitive training at
p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.05, which confirms that the combination of different components of the
training improves the motor skills development and the technical -tactical mastery.

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Conclusion.
The combination of the various training components according to the principle of separate and
successive concen trations in the micro – and mezzo -cycles of training for judokas increases the
effect of the mutual influence of the training efforts , improves the motor skills development
and leads to technical -tactical mastery.
KEYWORDS : effort ; training ; planning ; princ iples ; sport performance
1. Introduction
Nowadays, the exigencies to which the athletes are subjected, the competition extent and
permanent increase of the number of competitors for the highest awards within the
international famous competitions entail the sc ientists and practitioners’ concern for the
identification of some new means and methods for performance athletes ’ training [1–4].
A method to increase the effectiveness of training consists in the proper structuring and
realization of the training process at different stages of the annual cycle [5]. According to the
traditional macro -cycle training periodization, the entire program h as been divided into
smaller units : preparatory, competitive and transitional peri ods [6,7].
Training is the activity of planning the accurate objectives of detailed training and
performance, as well as the means, methods and forms of the organization appr opriate goals.
The training structure determines the number of macro -structures per year, also the number of
mezzo -structures whose content is given by the methodological requirements of the training
and conduct of competitive effort. The objectives of the mezzo -structure determine the tasks,
content, duration and peculiarities of the micro -structure [8]. The training for sport is a
complex process carried out systematically and continuously, to adapt gradually the athlete's
body to the intense physical and mental effort involved by the participation in competitions
[9].
The physical effort in judo is characterized by carrying out the specific techniques that
lead to the stress of changing homeostasis level [10,11] .

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The tendency of increasing the unidirectional efforts provides the means and methods
oriented towards the preponderant solving of a specific task, which is manifested by the
development of certain physical qualities or the technique improvement [12]. Altho ugh a
course of the training effort, formally as a methodical process of their structuring, does not
correspond to the complex training principles of athletes, the application of such kind of
efforts in special micro – and mezzo -cycles increases the effecti veness of the training process.
This is achieved by concentrating the influence of the unidirectional training session s at
certain stages of the annual cycle, thus contributing to the increase of athlete’s special
physical training level [13].
In terms of targeted program concept, the training process constitutes a unified whole,
differentiated into parts (stages, mezzo -cycles, micro -cycles) with certain tasks well defined,
with objectives arising from the development laws of the body adaptation process to a
specific regime of muscular activity [14]. The establishment of this system of premises
ensures the respect of conditions necessary to achieve the training actual effect, which can be
consid ered a basic and objective idea for solving the special tasks i n athlete’s preparation.
The implementation characteristics of the training methods, ways and conditions
(highlighted within the pre -competitive training phases of performance judo players) involved
the elaboration of the methodology for pre-competitive tr aining of performance judo players.
However, the scientific facts and conclusions confirmed an obvious contradiction between
the requirements related to judokas’ training activity and the requirements specific to their
competitive activity and also some im perfections of their training methodology within the
annual cycle. The solution of this contradiction by the scientific development of the best
relation of various aspects of performance judokas’ training in the annual preparation cycle is
the aim of this research.

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The main purpose of the study is the elaboration and the scientific argumentation of
the optimum relationship of the different components of performance judokas’ preparation
during the stages of the training annual cycle which determines its timeliness.
Hypothesis of the study . The co mbination of different components of the training
according to the principle of separate and successive concentrations in micro – and mezzo –
cycles of judokas’ training sessions can increase the effect of the mutual influence of training
efforts and improves the development of motor skills and technical -tactical mastery.
2. Equipment and methods
2.1. Participants
A number of 24 judokas, 18 to 25 years old , in the categorie s U18 – cadets, U21 – junior
and U23 – youth (n=25; 5 athletes in competition categor y of 60 kg, 4 – 71 kg, 4 – 81 kg, 4 –
90 kg, 4 – 100 kg and 4 – at +100 kg), members of men’s national judo team of the Republic
of Moldova, participated in this study . The study was conducted during the competitive year
2017 aiming at the participation in thr ee major competitions and monitored the relationship of
the various components of performance judokas’ preparation in the stages of the training
annual cycle.
2.2. Paramet ers of training effort
In order to highlight the combina tion of the training influenc es during the annual training
cycle we selected the example of the pre-competitive mezzo-cycle (MZC) which had as
performance goal the participa tion in the World U18 Championships Santiago de Chile,
World Cadet Championships, 9 – 13 Aug 2017, Santiago de Chile, Chile. The pre -competitive
MZC is formed of 5 micro -cycles (MiC) : I – introductive, II – model, III – regeneration , IV –
specialized and V – maintenance (keeping fit and to the parameters of effort ). For this purpose
we analyzed and roughly calculat ed the effort parameters in each training micro -cycle,
namely : the micro -cycles duration (days), the volume of training effort expressed in time

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duration (min), the volume of training effort (%), the volume of general physical training
means (%), the volume of special training means (%), the relation of training effort
according to intensity areas (%): minimal, medium, big, maximum, the medium i ntensity of
micro -cycles (points), the proportion of effort on micro -cycles (no of reps) and the number of
training combat s, coaching and control. There were also planned the training means used in
each MiC of the judokas -subjects of the study , highlightin g the content and duration of the
general and special physical training , the proportioning of the effort expressed in sets and
number of reps per one minute, 2 minute s and total, pause between sets and/or combat .
2.3. Experimental methods applied
The practical achievement of judokas’ training process structuring was performed on the
basis of the so -called principle of superposition in the organization of the effort with different
preponderant direction s. The compliance with this principle requires such a distribution of
the efforts in the annual cycle to ensure the successive application of the more intensive and
specific influences on the consequences of adopting the previous activities. There were
established an appropriate program, the sequence, as w ell as the improvement duration of the
coping mechanisms of the various systems of fighters’ body. Thus, the corresponding
sequence was predetermined by solving the training problems related to the increase of
physical training level, technical -tactical ma stery and competitive activity within the annual
cycle.
Another particularity of the structuring of the training process experimental
methodology throughout the year consists not only in the effort centralization with similar
preponderant target in a particular stage, but also in the distribution over time of t he efforts
with different target of training sessions influence. Thus the steady effect of the specific
adaptation within a certain period of time was achieved .
2.4. Statistical analysis

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The correlative analysis was made between the effort parameters and the training means
of each micro -cycle of the pre -competitive training of performance judokas. The ”KyPlot”
program for statistical calculation (mean; ±SD) and the nonparametric test Spe arman Rank
Correlation were used to this end. These indicators refer to micro -cycles: horizontal variables
(types of micro -cycles, n=5) and vertical variables (paramet ers of the training effort analyzed
in the pre -competitive MZC, n=12).
3. Results
Earlier, the structuring particularities of the training process of judokas have been
objectively established, in different periods of the annual cycle of preparation, including the
following parameters: the specific relationship of the most important aspe cts of fighters’
preparation in the main training periods of the year; the dynamics of physical and
technical -tactical training level indices, depending on the influence of these periods and
the informativity of the tests and judo players’ training lev el indices consistent with the
periodization of the training annual cycle.
The record of the listed principles and other positive parameters, established in the
activity process, allowed us to determine and concretize the ways of developing the
structuring experimental methodology of the judo players’ annual training cycle on the basis
of the optimal relationship of various aspects of the preparation during a certain period of the
training process.
In order to organize judokas’ training process, it was basi cally applied the procedure
of concentrated efforts which consists in the centralization of the volume of special physical
training means at certain stages of the annual cycle. This fact created objective conditions for
ensuring the training adequate influ ence on the athlete’s body as a prerequisite for increasing
the capacity for work of this one .

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Taking into account these theoretical and methodological principles regarding the
problem of optimal structuring of athletes’ training annual cycle, some experimental methods
for the judokas’ training were developed. The structure of these methods is schem atically
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 here
The detailed analysis of the data presented in Figure 1 demonstrates the fact that the
spectrum of athletes’ training optimization within the training annual cycle includes
successive solutions of the tasks of phys ical training and regeneration based on the principle
of successive association f or training effort organization , recommended by Verkhoshansk y
(1985 ) [15] and adapt ed by us to the specific character of performan ce judo .
The main strategy of structuring the training process involves the gradual increase of
the effort basic parameters in terms of specialization activity. The development rhythm of the
capacity to execute the high -intensity efforts in the beginning exceeds th e tempo of growth of
the effort required by the competitive activity. This contributes to a more advanced level of
physical training and creates the conditions to achieve the competitive tasks of maximum
intensity that must be solved when the competitive p eriod starts [16,17] . The concentrated
application of physical training means may cause a temporary decrease of some functional
parameters; this fact requires, in turn, training activity conditions oriented towards the
improvement of athletes’ technical an d tactical mastery. Among the particularities of the
experimental methodology, we can mention the application of special and general physical
training (GPT , SPT ) means throughout the presented period of the annual cycle . The given
period is divided into th ree stages: one shorter initial stage with the predominant application
of the GPT means and two longer stages of physical training and technical training. During
the stage of technical training, the role of the technical and tactical -oriented training task s

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becomes more important while the means of physical training become less important, taking a
backseat.
All the physical training means implemented during the preparatory period are divided
into three groups, corresponding to the monitoring system of the training influence exerted by
these means on the judokas’ bodies. It results that the moderate i ntensity exercises (see figure
1– PT1), executed in the first half of the period, are achieved by gradually increasing the
volume intended to prepare the body f or activity and intensive development of resistance to
repeated efforts. The means of physical training wit h a high potential (see figure 1 – PT2) and
a large volume during the physical training stages are applied for optimizing the parameters of
the train ing influences intensity. These means should provide a considerable influence upon
judokas’ bodies in order to ensure the restructuring for adaptation. The special physical
training means of very high intensity (see figure 1- PT3) are mainly used at the st age of
technique development and are meant to ensure the effectiveness of judokas’ activity in
conditions similar to the competitive activity.
The optimal combination of the three types of physical training means for the athletes
during the preparatory p eriod guarantees the creation of favourable conditions for the
technical and tactical mastery improvement; the predominant settling of the tasks will be
performed starting from the second half of the period.
The technical and tactical means of training (see figure 1 – TTM) play a primary role
in the training process, maintaining their significance along the entire competitive period.
This stage increases the role of competition preparation ( CP) which ensures, along with the
technical and tactical training, a maximal training effect and guarantees the success of the
competitive activity. The annual training cycle focused on the participation in three very
important competitions where the athletes -subjects of the study ranked as follows: E.M. (18
years old): 3rd place – European Cadet Championships U18 Kaunas, European Cadet

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Championships, 30 Jun – 1 Jul 2017, Kaunas, Lithuania ; 1st place –World U18
Championships Santiago de Chile, World Cadet Championships, 9 – 13 Aug 2017, Santiago
de Chile, Chile iar D.G. (23 years old): 1st place – European Championships U23 Podgorica,
10 – 12 Nov 2017, Podgorica, Montenegro.
A natural reduction of the effort intensity, along with the predominance of GPT means
consistent with the regeneration ones (see figure 1), occur during the intermediate period of
the annual training cycle. This fact entails the gradual decrease of the mai n indicators of
judokas’ training and the optimal training necessary for raising the effort in the next annual
training cycle.
For demonstrating the efficien cy of combin ing the different component s of the training
according to the principle of their separa te and successive concentration into micro and
mezzo-cycles of training within the annual training cycle of the judokas – subjects of the
study, we analyzed and estimat ed the varia tion of the effort parameters in the competitive
period (pre-competitive mezzo -cycle 7) having as performance goal the partici pation in the
World Cadet Championships U18. The main characteristics of the training effort settings in
the pre -competitive training methodology of the performance judokas are presented in table 1.
Tabl e 1 here
The detailed analysis of the content of this chart demonstrates that considering from the
goals of pre -competitive training phase, the training effort (according to experimental
methodology) is divided into 5 relatively independent micro -cycles (MiC) lasting 3 to 5 days .
The first MiC effort is oriented towards the optimal restructuring of body adaptation
maximum efforts . The dynamics of the training effort volume has a cyclical character . The
biggest indices of volume are scheduled in the introductive MiC, which has 330 min and on
the training – 82.5 min , namely 23.6% of the training volume of MZC. The v olum e of the
general training per training session has a share of 45.2 % e quivalent of 37.2 minute s and of

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special training of 54.8 % – 45.3 minute s. Regarding the content of the general training
volume estimat ed in the Introductive MiC, in the case of TAISO (warm -up): running, squats,
push -ups, exercises for abdomen strength and UKEMI (falls) this one includes 4 sets x 15
reps with 30 sec pause between sets . As for the special training : TANDOKU -RENSHU
(starting the procedure without opponent ) 10 se ts x 2 min = 280 rep s, UCHI -KOMI ( with
opponent ) – 5 sets x 2 min = 150 rep s, total izing 429 rep s / training session and 1716 rep s /
MiC. The indic es of efforts medium intensity during the MiC have an oscillating character
well defined. In the introduct ory MiC, these ones have a level bigger than the usual and
represent 5.2 points. Depending on the ob jectives of the MiC, there were planned 6 lessons
with training , coaching and control fights . The training used the method of serial repetition
with basic guiding meant to ensure the adaptation to effort.
In the second MiC it was created the efficient competitive model for the automation of
appropriate stereotypes required by the specific conditions of real contests. The v olum e of
effort in the model MiC, expressed in training duration , is 240 min and on training – 80 min,
namely 17.1 % of the MZC. At the same time, in the next MiC is planned a considerable
improvement of the special training volume and the analyzed correlation shows that the
volume of general training per workout session dropped by half related to the introductory
MiC with a weight of 20.2 % equivalent to 16.16 minute s while the volume of special training
– of 79.8 % equivalent to 63.84 minute s. The content of the means of the general training
volume estimat ed in the model MiC is: for TAISO and UKEMI , each one 2 sets x 10 rep s
with 30 sec pause between sets; special training: UCHI – KOMI ( with opponent ) – 10 se ts x 2
min = 300 rep s, BUTSUKARI -GEIKO (study of the procedure or combinations with a
partner who does not offer resistance and with different partners ) – 5 x 2 min = 160 rep s,
totalizing 464 reps / training session and 1392 rep s / MiC; RANDORI ( with task ) – NE-
WAZA( ground fighting with var ious partners of different size) and SHIAI (fight similar to a

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competition, keeping the score without penalties and changing the opponent ) – 2-3 x 5 min,
pause 5 min. In the model MiC, the level of training intensity increases up to 5.2 points. There
were planned 8 lessons with training, coaching and control fights. The training used the
method of competitive modeling with basic guiding for the creation of the competitive
stereotypes .
The third MiC has a character of relief and creation of healthy conditions for
regeneration after the maximum efforts. The v olum e of effort in the MiC expressed in
training duration is 265 min and on training – 88.33 m in, namely 18.9 % of MZC. The
volume of general preparation per training session increases related to the model MiC by a
share of 34.6 % equivalent to 30.56 minute s and the volume of the special training – 65.4 %
equivalent to 57.77 minute s. Concerning the content of the means of the general training
volume estimated in the model MiC model : at TAISO and UKEMI too the number of sets
increases up to 4 sets x 10 rep s with 30 sec pause between sets, while at special training:
TANDOKU -RENSHU ( starting the procedure without opponent ) – 4 x 2 min = 120 rep s with
30 sec pause between sets , UCHI – KOMI ( with opponent ) – 3 x 2 min = 96 reps, YAKU –
SOKU -GEIKO (repeating the combinations ) – 4 x 2 min = 120 reps with 30 sec pause
between sets , with a total of 355 rep s / training session and 1007 rep s per MiC. In the MiC of
regeneration , the level of training intensity decreases up to 3.8 points. In this training there
were not planned lessons with training, coaching and contr ol fights. The training used the
method of gradual reps with basic guiding meant to ensure the regeneration after maximal
effort.
The fourth MiC (specialized one) has the purpose of active restructuring of the
assimilated special training potential in cons tant dexterities of the technical -tactical mastery,
achieving the competitive activity conditions . A substantial dynamics is attested in the
correlation of general and special training means of judo players. The v olum e of effort in MiC

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expressed in training time is 300 min and on training – 100 min, namely 21.4 % of the MZC.
The v olum e of the general preparation per training session decreases by 25.8 % (equivalent to
25.8 minute s) related to MiC of regeneration while the volume of special training is 74.2 %
equivalent to 74.2 minute s. As for the content of the general training volume estimat ed in the
specialized MiC at TAISO and UKEMI too, there are 3 sets x 10 rep s with a pause of 30 sec
between sets; for the special training: UCHI -KOMI ( with oppone nt) – 6 sets x 2 min = 180
reps, YAKU -SOKU -GEIKO – 6 x 2 min = 178 rep s, NAGE -KOMI (reps at the preferred
procedure, with partner throwing ) – 6 x 2 min = 168 rep s, with a total amount of 530 rep s per
training and 1590 rep s / MiC; RANDORI ( with task ) NE-WAZA (grounding fight ) and SHIAI
– 1-2 x 5 min, pau se of 5 min. In the specialized MiC, the level of training intensity increases
up to 5.3 points. There were planned 6 lessons with training, coaching and control fights. The
training used the method of seri al reps with basic guiding for the transformation of the
accumulat ed potential .
The fifth MiC has a character of maintenance and solves the issues regarding the
optimum increase of judo players’ training level. The v olum e of the effort in this MiC
expressed in the training time is 265 min and on training – 53 min, namely 18.9 % of the
MZC. The volume of general training per training session decreases related to the specialized
MiC by a share of 24.2 % equivalent to 12.82 minute s, while the volume of special training
increases – 75.8 % equivalent to 40,18 minute s. Concerning the content of the volume of
general training means estimat ed in the MiC of maintenance , we notice that in the case of
TAISO and UKEMI as well, the number of sets decreases up to 1 set x 10 rep s with a 30 sec
pause between sets. As for the special training: TANDOKU -RENSHU ( starting the procedure
without opponent ) – 2 x 2 min = 56 reps with 30 sec pause between sets , UCHI -KOMI ( with
opponent ) – 2 x 2 min = 52 reps, BUTSUKARI -GEIKO – 2x 2 min = 52 rep s, YAKU –
SOKU -GEIKO – 2 x 2 min = 48 reps, pau se of 30 sec between sets , with a total of 206 reps /

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training and 1034 reps per MiC. In the maintenance MiC, the level of training intensity
increases up to 3.9 points. There are no lessons w ith training, coaching and control fights. The
training used the method of gradual repetition with basic guiding meant to develop the
optimal preparation status.
The results of the statistic al calculations highlight the following values: the mezzo-cycle
has 18 days; (mean; SD) with 3 .6; ±0 .89 days; total duration per MiC-s de 1400 min with
280.35;±35 .1 min, total duration per training = 403.83 min with 80 .77;±17 .3 min; the total
duration of the general physical training is 150 min with 24,51;±10,1 min ; special training –
241.11 min with 45 .3;±56 .3 min – the detailed presentation of the effort parameters can be
found in figure 2.
Figure 2 here
In terms of ratio of the volum e effort pe r MiC, the total amount of the MiC-s is 100 %
with 19 .08; ±2 .5 %; the ratio of the volum e of general physical training is 30 % with
30.0;±9.9 % and the specific training – 70 % with 70 .0;±9.9 %; the effort parameters are
shown in detail in figure 3.
Figure 3 here
In terms of number of reps of the special training means within the MZC , we notice that
TANDOKU -RENSHU has a total of 456 reps with 152; ±115 .3 reps; UCHI -KOMI – 778 reps
with 155 .6; ±94 .5 rep s; BUTSUKARI -GEIKO – 212 reps with 106 .0; ±76 .4 reps; YAKU –
SOKU -GEIKO – 346 reps with 115 .3; ±65 .1 reps and NAGE -KOMI – 168 reps; the detailed
presentation of the specific training means is shown i n figure 4.
Figure 4 here
A non -parametric correlation analysis (Spearman Rank Correlation) was performed
for highlighting the influence of the training means and effort indic es in the micro -cycles for
the pre -competitive training of performance judokas (table 2) .

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The results of the correlation reveal strong connections between all the indic es of
effort and the training means in each micro -cycle of performance judokas pre -compet itive
training at p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.05, which confirms that the combination of different
components of the training increases the effect of the mutual influence of training efforts and
improves the motor skills development and the technical -tactical mastery.
4. Discussions
Taking into consideration the qualification requirements at the Olympic games and
according to the timetable of the International Judo Federation, the judo players are required
to participate in 10 international competitions at least (Grand Prix, Grand Sla m, Masters,
European and World Championships). Hence, it is necessary to structure the competitive
stage as follows: the period of time is longer (9 months), including 10 pre -competitive mezzo –
cycles. In structuring these mezzo -cycles, a special attention should be given to the
regeneration micro -cycles, lasting 5 days .
The experimental method of training includes a concrete sequence of intensive and
extensive training methods; the enhancement of the influence that the exercises exert on
athletes’ body was done by gradually increasing the exercises intensity based on the inclusion
of means with higher training effects into the training process and also by raising the volume
of extensive training resources.
The annual training plans and the training macro -cycle are early forms of planning and
can be found in the description of the training to be carried out [18]; the dynamics of judo
players’ ability development was studied in the context of current and timel y correction of the
training process [19].
The specialized literature highlights various practical – methodic and leg al aspects of
performance judokas’ training in terms of self -improveme nt of sports mastery [20,21 ]. It was
also possible to create general mathematical models meant to determine the characteristics of

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athletes’ individual motor skills and the specific features of elite judokas’ fighting style [22].
The current scientific opinions of the Russian and foreign specialists (coaches, athletes and
scientists) on the most important features of quality judo training for competition were
thoroughly studied [23]. An analysis was made regarding the competitive level training of the
young Russian judo competitors (aged 18 to 20 years) representing the Krasnoyarsk territory
and the Siberian Federal District [24]. The basic technical skills (throws) in 17 -19-year-old
judokas and their performance level were determined [25]. The kinematics of kuzushi/tsukuri
phases was studied in the case of the harai -goshi throw in competitive and non -competitive
conditions [26]. An analysis was made regarding the center of mass information from the judo
players engaged in diffe rent types of throwing [27].
Because the number of competitions has increased in the last deca des, a new approach to the
periodization in judo was necessary [28]. The specialists focused on the development of the
annual training process planning as basis for creating the individual plan of training of a
qualified triathlete [29]. There were also st udied the training effort regulation based on the
complex assessment of judo players’ special training and the principles and mechanisms of
athletes’ inclusion in weight c ategories in judo events [30].
The physical condition of a group of expert judokas was evaluated with the purpose to
develop a field test to determine the specific and individual aerobic -anaerobic transition zone
of judokas and to create a simple, not expensive, noninvas ive and app licable test [31]. Studies
were made to perform a time -motion analysis and specific physiological and performance
measurements after judo matches for providing a better understa nding of judo physiology
[32]. The effectiveness of training process control wa s increased by means of the prompt
correction of training loads depending on the heart beats ra te indicators in judokas [33].
The changes which occur in attention processes in relation to body activation caused by
judo-specific effort, the connection of the psycho -physiological features with different levels

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of motivation for attaining high performance in judo athletes were also monitored [34].
Another concern was to determine whether a rapid weight loss by means of typical diets and
followed by the 4-th regeneration period would affect the high -intensity anaerobic
performance of judokas [35]. There were identified the possibilities of increasing the
muscular strength of judo players by means of electrical stimulation and of gaining isometric
and isokin etic strength without a concomitant increase in muscular bulk [36]. Specific studies
were performed to assess the energy demand during a judo match and the kinetics of
regeneration by measuring the metabolites of the oxypurine cascade, the lipolytic activi ty and
the glycolytic pathway [37]. The effect of liquid losses during the training sessions of the
competitive period on some biochemical values of the male Judokas competing in the U18
catego ry was also investigated [38].
Other authors evaluated the VO2 max responses in consecutive training stages (general
preparatory period GPP, special period SP, competitive period CP) and checked the specific
effectiveness of training in judokas’ group in order to determine their sporting level [39]; they
also establis hed the peak lactate after a judo match with respect to the duration of this match
[40].
Thus, the systemic effect of training influence was provided in the experimental
methodology by the following means and methods:
– selection of specialized means content which has the necessary training potential and
is able to stimulate the planned adaptation parameters of the body;
– organizing the opportune interaction of training efforts effect by different routing;
– development of the training effect based on the organized introduction of training
means with high potential;
– the optimal duration of the training means application for creating a steady effect of
adjustment;

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– compliance of physical specific training means with th e working regime under
competitive activity conditions;
– focusing of the training means to enhance the body working schedule at the planned
stage of the annual cycle;
– adequate guidance of physical training means in order to improve the technical and
tactical mastery.
5. Conclusion s
This study revealed the structure of the training annual plan of the performance
judokas through the successive solution of the tasks involved by the general and special
physical training , technical-tactical training , comp etitive training and regeneration training
based on the principle of succe ssive association in the organization of the training effort.
There were also highlighted the weight of effort parameters within the pre -competitive
mezz o-cycle of judokas in terms of time characteristics ; the relationship of the general and
special physical training volume and the variation of the special training means depending on
the tas ks of the training micro -cycles; the optimal proportion of effort by the number of sets,
reps and minutes of combat.
The combination of training different components consistent with the principle of
separate and successive concentrations in micro – and mezzo -cycles of judokas’ training
enhances the effect of the mutual influence of training efforts and improves the development
of the motor skills and technical -tactical mastery, which validates the hypothesis proposed by
this paper.
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to Mr. Bacal Veaceslav , coach of men’s national judo team of the
Republic of Moldova for his kind support in the achievement of this study.
Disclosure of interest

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The author reports no conflict of interest.
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Table 1 The characteristics of judo players’ pre -competitive trainin g methodology .
Training ways and efforts
indices Total ;
Mean; ±SD Micro -cycles
I
Introductive II
Model III
Regeneratio
n IV
Specialized V
Maintenance
The micro -cycles duration
(days) 18;
3.6; ±0 .89 4 3 3 3 5
The volume of training
effort (min / MiC);
(min/ training) 1400 ;
280;±35 .1
403.83;
80.77;±17 .3 330;

82.5 240;

80 265;

88.33 300;

100 265;

53
The volume of training
effort (%) 100.0;
19.98;±2 .5 23.6 17.1 18.9 21.4 18.9
The volume of
general training
means % 30.0;
30.0;±9.9 45.2 20.2 34.6 25.8 24,2
min 150; 37.2 16.16 30.56 25.8 12,82
24.51;±10 .1
TAISO, UKEMI no rep . + 4 x 15 2 x 10 4 x 10 3 x 10 1 x 10
The volume of
special training
means (%) % 70.0;
70.0;±9.9 54.8 79.8 65.4 74.2 75.8
min 241.11;
45.3;±56 .3 45.3 63.84 57.77 74.2 40,18
TANDOKU –
RENSHU no rep . 456;
152;±115 .3 280 – 120 – 56
UCHI -KOMI no rep . 778;
155.6;±94 .5 150 300 96 180 52
BUTSUKARI –
GEIKO no rep . 212;
106.0;±76 .4 – 160 – 52
YAKU -SOKU –
GEIKO no rep . 346;
115.3;±65 .1 – – 120 178 48
NAGE -KOMI no rep . 168;
160; 0 .0 – – – 168 –
RANDORI min 15- 25 – 10 -15 – 5 -10 –
SHIAI min 20-25 – 15 – 5-10 –
Total rep. /special
training no rep . 1968 430 464 336 530 208
The relation of
training effort
according to
intensity areas
(%)
minimal 20.0 25.5 18.5 22.8 18.0 15.2
medium 50.0 47.0 22.5 71.4 41.0 68.1
big 15.0 17.5 10.0 5.8 25.0 16.7
maximum 15.0 10.0 49.0 0 16.0 0
The medium intensity of
micro -cycles (points) 4.8 5.2 5.8 3.8 5.3 3.9
The proportion of effort on
micro -cycles ( no rep .) 6720 1716 1392 1007 1590 1034
The number of training
battles, coaching and control 20 6 8 0 6 0
The preponderant
application of the methods repeated in
series competitive gradually
repeated repeated in
series gradually
repeated
The basic directionality of
micro -cycles the
insurance
of adapta –
tion to the
effort the formation
of
competitive
stereotypes reestablish
ment after
the
maximum
effort the modif i-
cation of
accumulated
potential formation of
the optimum
training state
Note. MiC – micro -cycle;

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Table 2 Correlation of the indic es of effort parameters in performance judokas’ pre –
competitive training (n=12) .

Rho Micro -cycles Summary
values I
Introductive II
Model III
Regeneration IV
Specialized V
Maintenance
I Introductive 0.895*** 0.935*** 0.972*** 0.914*** 0.838***
II Model 0.735** 0.867*** 0.721** 0.694*
III Regeneration 0.907*** 0.964*** 0.801**
IV Specialized 0.928*** 0.796**
V Maintenance 0.792**
Note . Nonparametric Correlation, Rho – Spearman Rank Correlation, *** – p<0.001, ** – p<0.01, * – p<0.05 ;
These in dicators refer to micro -cycles (n=12): 1) the micro -cycles duration (days), 2) the volume of training
effort (min), 3) the volume of training effort (%), 4) the volume of general traini ng ways (%), 5) the volume of
special training means (%), 6 – 9) the relation of training effort according to intensity areas (%): minimal,
medium, big, maximum, 10) the medium intensity of micro -cycles (points), 11) the proportion of effort on
micro -cycles ( no. repeats ) and 12) the number of training battles, coaching and control

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Figure 1. Experimental methodology structure of the annual training cycle of the performance
judokas in 2017
Note. GPT – general physical training ; SPT – special physical training ; ST – special training;
TTT – technical -tactical training ; RM – regeneration mezzo -cycle (intermediate period); ECC –
European Cadet Championships U18, Kaunas, Lithuania ; WCC – World Cadet
Championships U18, Santiago de Chile, Chile; ec -U23 – European Championships U23,
Podgorica, Montenegro.

Figure 2. Time characteristics of training effort volume
Note. MiC – micro -cycles; MiC1 – Introductive; MiC2 – model; MiC3 – Regeneration ; MiC4 –
specialized; MiC5 – maintenance

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Figure 3. Ra tio of training effort volum e per training session in each micro -cycle

Figure 4. Varia tion of the number of reps of the specific training means in each micro -cycle

Table 1. Content of the training micro -cycle no 1 – introduction
Training ways and efforts indices MiC Content of the training General
training (min) Special training
(min) Proportioning (no rep.)
sets /
min set s/ 2
min total
The micro -cycles duration (no. day) 4 1
The volume of training effort (min) 330 82.5 37.2 45.3
The volume of training effort (%) 23.6
The volume of general raining (%)
45.2

TAISO (warm -up): running,
squats, push -ups, exercises for
abdomen strength
UKEMI – falls
4 x15; pau se 30 sec /sets
The volume of special training (%)

54.8 TANDOKU -RENSHU
(starting the procedure
without opponent) 10 x 2 min.;
pause 30-60 sec. 14 28 280
UCHI -KOMI (with opponent) 5 x 2 min.; pau se
30-60sec. 15 30 150
The relation of
training effort
according to
intensity areas (%) – minimal 25.5
– medium 47.0
– big 17.5
– maximum 10.0
The medium intensity of micro –
cycles (points) 5.2
The proportion of effort on micro –
cycles ( nr. repetari ) 1716 429
The number of training battles,
coaching and control 6 1-2
Table

Table 2 . Content of the training micro -cycle no 2 – model
Training ways and efforts indices MiC Content of the training General
training (min) Special training
(min) Proportioning (no rep.)
sets /
min sets / 2
min total
The micro -cycles duration (no. day) 3 1
The volume of training effort (min) 240 80 16.16 63.84

The volume of training effort (%) 17.1
The volume of general raining (%)
20.2 TAISO (warm -up): running,
squats, push -ups, exercises for
abdomen strength
UKEMI – falls

2×10 rep.; pause 30 sec/ sets
The volume of special training (%)

79.8 UCHI -KOMI (with opponent) 10 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 15 30 300
BUTSUKARI – GEIKO 5 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 16 32 160
RANDORI ( with task ) 2-3 x 5 min;
pause 5 min 10 -15
SHIAI 3 x 5 min; pauza
5 min 15
The relation of
training effort
according to
intensity areas (%) – minimal 18.5
– medium 22.5
– big 10.0
– maximum 49.0
The medium intensity of micro -cycles
(points) 5.8
The proportion of effort on micro –
cycles ( nr. repetari ) 1392 464
The number of training battles,
coaching and control 8 2-3

Table 3. Content of the training micro -cycle no 3 – Regeneration
Training ways and efforts indices MiC Content of the training General
training (min) Special training
(min) Proportioning (no rep.)
sets /
min sets / 2
min total
The micro -cycles duration (no. day) 3 1
The volume of training effort (min) 265 88.33 30.56 57.77
The volume of training effort (%) 18.9
The volume of general raining (%) 34.6 TAISO (warm -up): running,
squats, push -ups, exercises for
abdomen strength
UKEMI – falls

4×10 rep.; pause 30 sec / sets
The volume of special training (%) 65.4 TANDOKU -RENSHU
(starting the procedure
without opponent) 4 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 15 30 120
UCHI -KOMI (with opponent) 3 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 16 32 96
YAKU – SOKU -GEIKO 4 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 15 30 120
The relation of
training effort
according to
intensity areas (%) – minimal 22.8
– medium 71.4
– big 5.8
– maximum 0.0
The medium intensity of micro -cycles
(points) 3.8
The proportion of effort on micro –
cycles ( nr. repetari ) 1007 335
The number of training battles,
coaching and control 0

Table 4. Content of the training micro -cycle no 4 – Specialized
Training ways and efforts indices MiC Content of the training General
training (min) Special training
(min) Proportioning (no rep.)
sets /
min sets / min sets / min
The micro -cycles duration (no. day) 3 1
The volume of training effort (min) 300 100 25.8 74.2
The volume of training effort (%) 21.4
The volume of general raining (%) 25.8 TAISO (warm -up): running,
squats, push -ups, exercises for
abdomen strength
UKEMI – falls

3×10 rep.; pause 30 sec / sets
The volume of special training (%) 74.2 UCHI -KOMI (with opponent) 6 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 15 30 180
YAKU – SOKU -GEIKO 6 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 15 30 178
MAGE -KOMI 6 x 2 min.;
pause 30 sec 14 28 168
RANDORI (with task) (NE –
WAZA) ground fighting 1-2 x 5 -10; pau se 5 min
SHIAI 1-2 x 5-10; pau se 5 min
The relation of
training effort
according to
intensity areas (%) – minimal 18.0
– medium 41.0
– big 25.0
– maximum 16.0
The medium intensity of micro –
cycles (points) 5.3
The proportion of effort on micro –
cycles ( nr. repetari ) 1590 530
The number of training battles,
coaching and control 6

Table 5. Content of the training micro -cycle no 5 – Maintenance
Training ways and efforts indices MiC Continut training General
training (min) Special training
(min) Proportioning (no rep.)
sets /
min sets / min total
The micro -cycles duration (no. day) 5 1
The volume of training effort (min) 265 53 12.82 40.18
The volume of training effort (%) 18.9
The volume of general raining (%) 24.2 TAISO (warm -up): running,
squats, push -ups, exercises for
abdomen strength
UKEMI – falls

1×10 rep.; pauza 30 sec / serie
The volume of special training (%) 75.8 TANDOKU -RENSHU
(starting the procedure
without opponent) 2 x 2 min.;
pause 30-60 sec 14 28 56
UCHI -KOMI (with opponent) 2 x 2 min.;
pause 30 -60 sec 13 26 52
BUTSUKARI -GEIKO 2 x 2 min.;
pause 30-60 sec 13 26 52
YAKU – SOKU -GEIKO 2 x 2 min.;
pause 30-60 sec 12 24 48
The relation of
training effort
according to
intensity areas (%) 15.2
– medium 68.1
– big 16.7
– maximum 0.0
The medium intensity of micro -cycles
(points) 3.9
The proportion of effort on micro –
cycles ( no. rep. ) 1034 206
The number of training battles,
coaching and control 0