Nanomedicine applications in [624565]

Nanomedicine applications in
diabetes management
Ph.D student: [anonimizat]
=chronic metabolic disorder  high circulating glucose
Causes : – defects in insulin secretion (relative or complete)
– defect in insulin action
– both
Epidemic proportion:  the 7th leading cause of death in 2030
Common consequences:
• 2-3X risk of heart attacks and strokes
• reuced blood flow + neuropathy  foot ulcers, infection ±need for limb amputation
• diabetic retinopathy blindness
• kidney failure
Treatment:
• diet
• physical activity
• smoking cessation
• insulin  type 1 diabetes
• anti-diabetic medication ± insulin  type 2 diabetes

Nanomedicine in diabetes
Nanomedicine = the medical application of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology = the engineering of functional systems at the molecular
scale (1-100 nm)  building machines on the scale of molecules:

nanometers wide motors computers (smaller than a cell) robot arms

Evolution of glucose monitoring
1776 1900 1971 1999
Urine testing
(sweet taste of
urine)
Matthew Dobson
Urine test strips
Glucose meters
Anton Hubert (Tom)
Clemens
Implanted
electrochimical
glucose sensors
Adam Heller
GLP-1 Based Therapies
Real time CGM System

Nanomedicine application in glucose monitoring
1.Glucose nanosensors
2. The layer- by-layer (LBL) technique
3.Carbon nanotubes
4.Quantum dots
5.Contact lenes
Nanomedicine in management of diabetes
1.Oral insulin
2.Microsphere for oral insulin production
3.Artificial pancreas
4.Nanopumps
5.Nanoparticles anti oxidative role in diabetes

Nanomedicine application in glucose monitoring
Polymeric nanosensors for ͞sŵart Tattoos͟
– composed of glucose-responsive, fluorescence-
based nanosensors implanted into the skin
– interrogated from outside  gives non-invasive
measurements

1.Glucose nanosensors

Nanomedicine application in glucose monitoring
1.Glucose nanosensors
a.b. Standard glucose oxidase (GOx) based electrochemical
biosensors: recognize glucose  generate an electrochemical signal 
transferred from the enzyme through O2 reduction to H2O2 (a) or
reduction of another chemical mediator (b) c. Single nanomaterial sensors
d. Nanocomposite sensors =multiple nanomaterials working together

Nanomedicine application in glucose monitoring
2. The layer- by-layer (LBL) technique
Electrostatic layer- by-layer (LBL) nanoassembly of
capsules :
-composed of alternating layers of positively and
negatively charged polymers  a very thinfilm with
tunable permeability and controlled biocompatibility
– typical thickness ~ 10 nm for six bilayers
– used in construction of microvesicles for glucose
sensing
-might be implanted in the skin or subcutaneous
tissue as a ͚sŵart tattoo͛  the semipermeable
capsules allowing entry of glucose from the
interstitial fluid but containing and protecting the
sensor materials

Contact lenses to monitor glucose levels
• Concept initiated by Prof. Barak Parviz
(University of Washington, Seattle) + Dr.
Brain Otis +Google’s experiŵeŶtal X Lab

• contains between 2 layers of hydrogel
matri a miniaturized electrochemical
glucose sensor (connected to a tiny battery
and a tiny wireless chip placed onto an
electronic ring) and a small hole in the lens
that allows tears to drip into the sensor 
blood glucose readings  smartphone
device

• Google͛s experiŵeŶtal X Lab is workiŶg to
improve these lenses

Artificial pancreas

http://medicalfuturist.com/the-most-
exciting-medical-technologies- of-2017/

Bibliografie
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
Mathers CD, Loncar D . Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med, 2006, 3(11):e442

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701486
http://mappingignorance.org/2015/01/02/contact-lenses-monitor-glucose-levels-sweet-solution-diabetic-patients/

Cash KJ1, Clark HA.Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes. Trends Mol Med. 2010
Dec;16(12):584- 93.