Mijloace de Traducere ale Textelor Specializate din Romana In Engleza Si Vice Versa

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Mijloace de Traducere ale Textelor Specializate din Romana In Engleza Si Vice Versa

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

Mijloace de traducere ale textelor specializate din română în engleză și

vice versa

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Practical training in translation is a part of the educational process that ensures the fundamental principles of the initial training process and dynamic act to appropriate professional behavior. It is the interfering segment of the studies and work, the first evidence of adaptation and integration in the professional field. The internship is a practical application of knowledge and terminology similar during three years of study and foray into a new field applied depending on the status and direction of the organization is receiving training.

The practice of translation was spent from November 12th, 2014 till December 12th, 2014 at the company Royal Angora” with the Director Mrs. Bulba Olga as a translator of the English, Korean and Romanian languages. For the entire period of practice I was guided and helped by the Director of the Company in order to understand very well what to work as a professional means.

The goal of the project is to determine the main means of translation of specialized texts from English into Romanian and vice versa

The objectives of project were the following:

to determine the features of language for special purpose;

to specify the main difficulties in translation of specialized texts;

to recognize and adequately deal with linguistic and stylistic features of specialized texts types;

to use the most efficient variant of translation of specialized phenomena out of the given ones;

to use diverse strategies and conventions when dealing with specialized types of texts.

This practice was a new opportunity to show, to develop and to evaluate my skills in this field. During practice, I have translated many documents from various fields, especially regarding tourism, airlines, tickets and others. While translating I avoided deviations from the meaning of texts and ideas, I tried not to create ambiguities in translations, make it difficult or even impossible the receiving of basic ideas of texts.

During the practical training I had the opportunity to perform both oral and written translation as well as to do some activities dealing with translations (booking tickets, accompanying foreign visitors to various sights and places of interests and not only, following presentations etc).

During all this time I have met a lot of issues. There were a lot of words, expressions, phrasal verb and idioms that had no equivalence in Romanian language or vice versa. To solve the problem I used all my knowledge that I accumulated at the theoretical lessons. I used dictionaries like ‘’The Oxford English Dictionary’’, “The Cambridge Dictionary” and the Romanian dictionaries ’’DEX’’, ”Dictionar de sinonime’’, ”Dictionar de expresii frazeologice” etc.

The practice of translation helped me to develop myself, to enrich my vocabulary, to improve my pronunciation in English and taught me to work, because the main purpose of the practice is to teach the students to work like professional translators and to be responsible.

Structure of the project. The project consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography and glossary.

In Chapter I “Issues in Specialized Language and Its Translation” the problem of concept of terminology, variety of genres, criteria as well as the relationships between the term, legal language, certain phrases, syntactical differences and peculiar stylistic features of phrases and expressions are discussed.

Chapter II “Linguistic and Translational Analysis of Specialized Texts”, being a practical one, includes synonymy, semantic and structural analysis of legal terms, as well presents the investigation of abbreviated forms of the terms. A special attention is given to word order.

In Conclusion we specify the results of our research stating the most important aspects of theoretical and practical order.

Bibliography includes the list of literature which served as a theoretical basis for our research; the number of sources used is 20 units.

Annex presents examples of translated texts as well as diagrams.

I. ISSUES IN SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE AND ITS TRANSLATION

I.1. On the Notion of Specialized Language and its Features

Generally, it can be said that the specialized languages are vectors of the specialized knowledge. This remark is “obvious” and it might need, on the one hand, to be established in relation to what are they regarded as specialized languages”, and, on the other hand, if is it aware that a specific language is defined in relation to the common language”. It would be better to establish what connections exist between them in the following lines.

Specialized languages are sub-assemblies of the common language and lexical units of the common language, too. It should be emphasized that it is meant by “common language” “the unmarked, unspecialized language” (the specialized language is different to the common language and the “general language” designates the whole of the language: “common language” – “specialized language”. There is rather a difference of degree between the common languages and the specialized ones than a difference of nature; the peculiarity of the specialized languages is mainly relevant in use [6, online].

Therefore, “common language units are used in situations that can qualify them as unmarked”.

The situations containing specialized languages can be considered as marked. Going back to the very broad definitions given above, it can be said that the specialized languages are different from the common languages regarding the usage and the information they convey. It should be taken into account the circularity of these definitions, which explains the difficulty to precisely define the term “specialized language”.

Below is given a combination of different definitions of the specialized languages according to three stages:

– “the specialized languages” are linguistic codes, which are different from the common language, consisting of rules and specific units. According to this aspect, a specialized language would, therefore, be an independent language; in this case, it should be clarified how can it be perceived a clear barrier between the specialized language and the common language. It takes into account that “linguistic phenomena” that differentiate the specialized language from the common one are very important to settle a barrier between them.

If a specialized language was a genuine specific code, it would be difficult for it to be understood by a non-specialist, because he does not know this code. But this aspect is not always valid [10, online].

Furthermore, the popularization of the scientific discourse, to a smaller degree of specialization, which is understood by many speakers, is very useful nowadays.

A specialized language is not limited to the use of jargons, symbols, acronyms; it can be accessible to a large number of people. Only the degree of specialization is different. Every specialized language can be updated at different levels of specialization. The peak of the pyramid corresponds to the communication between specialists, and its ground corresponds to the communication (popularization) for the general public. The subject defines the specialized language and a text does not cease to be a specialized text, as long as it aims at vulgarization, its degree of specialization being simply smaller.

The specialized fields, such as e-commerce use technical language (informatics, economics), which are not known by a non-specialist. Many e-commerce terms come from English, being expressed by acronyms; thus, the e-commerce language means the use of an “encrypted” code. Only the specialists can decode it. Eventually, vulgarization plays an important role, because the non-specialists are able to understand e-commerce terms, so as to use them properly [4, online].

Through the literature study, it was learned that specialized texts use a special kind of language. Such a language of specialized knowledge (in English often referred to as LSP – language for special purposes) has its own technical lexicon, the fundamentals of which are a particular system of terminology, and specific rules of introducing terminological units into a text, namely its own cognitive syntax. The syntax of specialized texts should serve as a means to obtain clarity, univocal character and precision of thought.

As for the terminology, it is always based on specific terms, relevant to a particular field. In general, a term is one word or a few words taken together, an abbreviation, or combination of word and symbol that express different notions.

Sufficient frequency of using a lexical unit in relation to a given notion has a decisive role in constituting a term. Terms are not charged emotionally. That is why diminutive or augmentative suffixes are not typical of specialized vocabulary in languages in which they are generally accepted. Multi-word and international terms (often with Greek or Latin roots) are also used [9, online ].

As for the importance of terms in specialized texts, opinions are divided. Terms constitute 20-30% of the whole vocabulary of such texts. Terms generally tend to be used in their primary logical meaning, as they indicate with precision a particular scientific concept and particular objects. Hence no problem of polysemy arises (with only some exceptions). Neutral words constitute the majority of the vocabulary of scientific style (60-70%) with some proportion of common literary vocabulary, including such learned words as: approximately, respectively, indicate, in consequences of, etc. (about 10%). Academic science and technology are also characterized by a high degree of nominalization, which finds its expression in the abundant use of nominal groups [11, online].

Nominalization of scientific texts may be explained as the predominance of nouns and adjectives over verbs and adverbs and prepositions over conjunctions.

The following attestation of success corroborates this idea. An important feature of specialized texts is creating overt meanings of text units without undertones (lack of polysemy), realized through consistent repetitions of once used terms, which always refer to the same notions. Another major characteristic of specialized texts is their syntactic conciseness, often resulting in the introduction into a text of a symbol rather than repeated terms. A typical feature of specialized texts is the extensive use of some grammatical structures, such as the passive voice with the verbs: suppose, assume, conclude, infer etc.

It reflects the impersonal style of specialized texts. Participle structures, the use of the third person singular or plural, frequent performatives, such as: declare, confirm, commit, or consent verbs, like: permit and authorize are typical of legal texts especially. The same is true of the extensive use of modal verbs characteristic of contracts, as they regulate obligations, rights and prohibitions. On the other hand, some grammatical constructions, like imperatives, are not typical of specialized texts [9, online].

The layout of specialized texts is always made in units. Such text division is most characteristic of the so-called codified texts (e.g. a contract of employment, business contract, medical diagnosis, petition etc.), among which an academic certificate should also be placed. Codified texts are characterized by an officially stated and organized structure of their components. Each component is obligatory.

Such components give the text the status of an official document and, at the same time, introduce the contents through the accepted vocabulary.

A specialized language will be recognized in the scientific-technological style, mainly because of its professionally restricted range of vocabulary. But the language will bage will be specialized not only because of the lexical layer, but also because of syntactic elements or grammatical constructions mentioned, characteristic of scientific style [3, online].

I.2. Categorization of Specialized Translation

Classification and theorization are useful, but cannot replace the reality from which they originate. Classifications usually contain a strong subjective component. So, translation scholars should be aware that classifications of translation must evolve, that the activity of translation must be the hallmark for their proposals. We should also remember that, to date, classifications of translation are not to straightforwardly related to different ways of translating, to specific problems, strategies and solutions and their usefulness is therefore rather limited when we think of translating and training translators [8, p. 7].

The activity of translation can be subjected to different kinds of categorization according to different criteria. We can describe translation according to two different axes, both related in different ways, to the concept of specialization of the texts translated:

Horizontal, extensive axis (subject matter of the texts): economic, commercial, legal, scientific, technical, medical.

Vertical, intensive axis (grade of specialization of the texts): general translation, specialized translation [8, p. 1 ].

Specialized translation is translation on specialized subjects. It is a high quality translation, used for the most important documents – corporate material, product brochures, or user manuals. The quality of these documents has to match the company image: a professional company, offering quality products [12, online].

An important feature of specialized texts is creating overt meanings of text units without undertones (lack of polysemy), realized through consistent repetitions of once used terms, which always refer to the same notions.

A typical feature of specialized texts is the extensive use of some grammatical structures, such as the passive voice with the verbs: suppose, assume, conclude, infer etc. This is frequent in both the Romanian and the English Languages e.g. (a fost declarat admis =has been declared admitted; este emis = is issued). It reflects the impersonal style of specialized texts.

Such components give the text the status of an official document and, at the same time, introduce the contents through the accepted vocabulary. A specialized language will be recognized in the scientific-technological style, mainly because of its professionally restricted range of vocabulary [1, p. 169 ].

One might ask what is so special about specialized language, why it is different from the general language, and why it is worth studying in itself. Although specialized language is an undoubtedly language, and thus possesses many of the same features as general language, it also can be said to have distinctive characteristics because of the semantic load of terminological units, which designates entities and processes within a scientific or technical field.

Specialized language texts have unique characteristics. Because their general function is usually the transmission of knowledge, they are characterized by a greater repetition that usually of terms, phrases, sentences, and even full paragraphs. Such texts are also terminology-rich because of the quantity of specialized language units in them [3, p. 2 ].

I.3. Difficulties in Translating Specialized Texts

Specialized language is more than a technical or particular instance of general language. In today’s society with its emphasis on science and technology, the way specialized knowledge concepts are named, structured, described, and translated has put terminology in the limelight.

The information in scientific and technical texts is encoded in terms or specialized knowledge units, which can be regarded as access points to more complex knowledge structures. As such, they only mark the tip of the iceberg. Beneath the waters stretch the tentacles of a many-splendored conceptual domain, which represents the implicit knowledge underlying the information in the text. In order to translate this type of specialized language text, translators must go beyond correspondences at the level of individual terms, and be able to establish interlinguistic references to entire knowledge structures. Only then can they achieve the level of understanding necessary to create an equivalent text in the target language [9, online].

When approaching translation of a specialized text, the translator has to bear in mind several steps that he or she has to follow. First of all, the translator has to analyze the text-type, once the distinction is made and the translator is to deal with a specialized text, he or she must define the subject field which the text comes from. Then it is also important to distinguish the aim of the text, whether it is a pure specialized text or a theoretical one. Only then the translator is able to choose the proper method of approach to the translation of the text having in mind the general rules of the translation process paying attention to the peculiarities of specialized language. The individual categories of texts and the language used in them will be described further on and it will be clarified which category the specialized discourse belongs to [13, p. 46].

As a result of this translation activity I have learnt how to:

– follow ethical standards that look after the confidentiality of information.

– recognize and resolve divergences related to the meaning of words and practices.

– translate messages simultaneously or successively into specified languages.

– edit and modify the translated materials.

– check translations of terms and terminology to ensure that they are correct.

– read the written materials, such as legal documents, contracts or news reports, and rewrite the material into specified languages.

– refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation precision [13, p. 52].

It is natural that any translator faces great difficulties when he tries to translate an ‘old monument’ of a language into another without any literary traditions. The exact reproduction of the content and form of the original text is a complicated task because every language has its own individual way of reflecting the environmental reality, organizing differently the data of the experience [9, online].

There are many cases when the translator is not concerned about the specific nature of the original document, about the aims which the author intended to emphasize and about the content which is exposed. In such circumstances the translator denies to use the specific equivalents and this could lead to an inaccurate and to a meaningless translation. Also, there are many translators who use the first equivalent they know which will not convey the same message as the one conveyed by the Source Text (ST); in such a way they are making an inappropriate translation. So, the problem of choosing the equivalents is time-consuming but essential, because the suitable equivalent makes the content more comprehensible and appropriate to the originality and the quality of the ST. It is worth noting that an experienced translator should have an extensive experience, he/she must know how to adapt the TT to the ST, because the task of the translator is to re-create a text using the TL. In general, the translator has to deal with a lot of varied information, due to the fact that the translator has to follow specific steps in this process of translation and also in the analysis of the translation [13, p. 55].

As it is specified in the book “Translation of specialized texts” by Emma Hradecka, “the analysis of a translation task should take into consideration the following aspects: the translation brief, the pedagogical objective of the task, the analysis of the original and the analysis of the translation. While assessing the quality of a translation, customers use to analyse the original text and pay special attention to the following criteria:

intentionality;

acceptability;

situationality;

intertextuality;

informativeness;

coherence” [ 2, p. 210].

In their book “The theory and practice of translation” Eugene Nida and Charles R. Taber underlined the idea that “anything that can be said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is an essential element of the message” [cit: 3, p. 48].

Whatever the type of translation is, the main task of a translator is to convey the same meaning. In case of a literary translation we should be focused on using various stylistic devices, while in case of specialized translation the translator should prioritise the work on the terminology specific to the given field.

II. liNGUISTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL Analysis OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS

II.1. General Characteristics of Translated Texts

During practical training I translated a number of texts all of them belonging to the style of official documents. They were official letters, a contract and a packet of verification rules. The contract and verification rules represented a real challenge for translation. The main function of these documents is based on the stating conditions binding two parties in an undertaking and reaching agreement between them.

As these documents belong to the official style among their peculiarities we distinguished the following:

Concreteness, brevity, clearness and strict of the established idea. In the officiаl text the dominating the role belongs to thought idea (in contrast, for example to expressivity and figurativeness). The declared thoughts, statements have to be surely reasoned. In the following example, there is a concrete description of the aftermaths in case of confidentiality’s loss:

EN: Any violation of the confidentiality of this Agreement may result in its immediate cancellation.

RO: Orice încălcare a confidențialității a prezentului acord poate duce la anularea sa imediată.

KO:

High efficiency of information and absence of subtextual information. The business etiquette demands that documents were reliable, evidential, objective, convincing. Accuracy in selection of the facts, assessment of the situation is especially necessary in documentation in order to avoid conflict moments in the sphere of business and official relations. Stylistic features of forms of expression of politeness, despite dryness, officiality and a rigid stylistic framework of business documents, consist in a statement of the facts and requests, in accuracy of registration and clearness of style, at last, even in peculiar business "ceremonial", i.e. rules of drawing up, signing, passing and implementation of documents [12, online].

EN: The ticket report shall include details of applicable sectors, ticket number, date of travel, routing, class of service, market share, and fare.

RO: Raportul referitor la bilete trebuie să includă detalii ale sectoarelor aplicabile, numărul biletului, data de călătorie, ruta, clasa de serviciu, cota de piață, și tariful.

KO:

EN: The Travel Agency is responsible for supplying the Airline with a Ticket Report on a monthly basis.

RO: Agenția de Turism este responsabilă de prezentarea Companiei a Raportului lunar referitor la bilete.

Emphasis on the main idea by means of repetitions of the word. The fact of repetition of one of the same word deals not only with the idea of emphasis of a concept, but the unwilling use of synonyms in official style. The word or the term is a keyword here, and its replacement by close words and expressions will impair the quality of the text, it message and stylistic value. In the following example the key words are discount and ticket underlining the idea of the lack of tickets’ discounting:

EN: No additional discounts may be taken on tickets. Tickets are not eligible for any bonus or incentive commisions that Airlines may introduce from time to time, or for any other discount.

RO: Nici o reducere suplimentară nu poate fi luata la biletele. Biletele nu sunt eligibile pentru orice bonus sau comisioane de stimulare pe care Singapore Airlines le poate introduce din timp în timp, sau pentru orice alte reduceri.

KO:

Use of words in logical, not emotive, dictionary meaning, special system of clichés and set expressions. The special lexicon is the basic core round which the document is built in the lexical plan. The use of this lexicon has an impact on the other layers of lexicon offering a certain stylistic coloring. The following factors also influence the language of the document, namely, the subject of a question, target orientation of the document etc [6, online].

Clichés and set expressions became the neutral and standard phenomenon in business and official language because the majority of the situations requiring documenting belong to the repeated situations, and imply steady verbal formulas which provide the possibility of standardization of texts of documents. Clichés allow save speech efforts, promoting speed of information transfer and providing the accuracy of the speech and unambiguity of understanding. For example, in the following sentences there is the use of special clichés proper to the official style:

EN: In accordance with article 1 of Agency Agreement between Singapore Airlines Limited with Sky Bird Travel (Agency), this letter hereby amends in their entirety the discounts, fare types revenue, validity dates and reservations &ticketing conditions set forth in Appendices A and B to the Agreement.

RO: În conformitate cu articolul 1 din Acordul Agenției între Singapore Airlines Limited cu Sky Bird Travel (Agenția), prin prezenta scrisoare se modifică integral reducerile, tariful pe venit, termenii de valabilitate și rezervările și condițiile de emitere a biletelor stabilite în Anexele A și B la acestui acord.

KO:

e) Use of terminological units. Term is known to be a word or a verbal complex, which has some correlation with the concepts of a certain branch (of science or technologies). As every science is a system, in which the notions occupy exact (precise) positions, forming the system of notions of the given science. Sometimes there is a mixture of terms from different branches of science in the framework of one text. For example, agreements and contracts with commercial character are quite often built on the mixture terminology from areas of economy, law, external trade, sea branch. All these give the language of the document a special peculiarity that is distinctive from other layers of the vocabulary [10, online]. In the following example one can see terminological units from the field of economy as the translated text was a contract:

EN: In this Agreement the following expressions shall have the following meanings: value of qualifying sales less all applicable commissions, taxes, charges (including fuel surcharges), security fees, and any sales incentives…

RO: În prezentul Acord, următoarele expresii se vor utiliza în următoarele semnificații: valoarea vânzărilor de calificare mai mică comisioanelor aplicabile, taxe, tarife (inclusiv suprataxe pe combustibil), taxe de securitate, precum și orice bonus pe vânzări…

KO:

Special obligatory forms of address, opening and concluding. Business letters usually contain heading, addressing, salutation, the opening, the body, the closing, complimentary clause, the signature. Further we present the body and the closing of the translated official letter. The full text of the letters can be seen consulting Annex 2:

EN: The parties agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of both the Agreement and this Amendment to the Agreement.

This amendment will become effective on May 1, 2014 without further action by Agency or Airlines.

Sincerely,
AlanGauder

RO: Părțile sunt de acord să să respecte termenii și condițiile atât ale acordului și acestei modificari a acordului.
Acest amendament va intra în vigoare la 01 Mai 2014 fără acțiuni suplimentare de către Agenție sau Airlines.
Cu stimă,

Alan Gauder

Encoded character of language: use of abbreviations and conventional symbols. Abbreviations represent one of the means of language economy. The essence of language economy in the framework of abbreviations is based on the compression of the means of expression and in the generalized perception of the substantial side of long language units, as well as the communicative function of language amplification. Abbreviation reduces a material layer of communicative units, increasing that speed of delivery of the information from person who is writing /speaking to the one who is reading/ listening. Succinctness and precision are highly valued, and abbreviations can contribute greatly to a concise style [7, p, 104].

Further we give two examples with the use of abbreviations. In the first example letters V, K,Q, H, M, B, Y, Z, J represent a fare basis code that is an alpha or alpha-numeric code used by airlines to identify a fare type and allow airline staff and travel agents to find the rules applicable to that fare. Fare codes starts with a single letter, called a booking code or class, which matches the letter code that the reservation is booked in the conditons for each code vary [18, online]:

EN: 9% Commission on V, K,Q, H, M, B, Y, Z, J, C/classes out of Toronto to Cairo and to all onward Destinations worldwide on EGYPTAIR’s flights…

RO: 9% a Comisionelor privind V, K, Q, H, M, B, Y, Z, J, C / clase din Toronto către Cairo și către toate destinațiile ulterioare la nivel mondial cu zborurile EgyptAir.

KO:

In the following examples the abbreviations CAI, TUN, TIP, ALG, CMN, RAK represent the short form of International airports from certain countries. Therefore, CAI is , TUN is , TIP is , ALG is (), CMN is located in , RAK is located in . In the process of translations these abbreviations are preserved being an international system of codes:

EN: All destinations and departures to Africa (even if flight is in more than 8 weeks) excluding Northern Africa – CAI, TUN, TIP, ALG, CMN, RAK- for these destinations we can apply test verification.

RO: Toate destinațiile și decolarile spre Africa (chiar dacă zborul este odata la mai mult de 8 săptămâni) cu excepția Africii de Nord – CAI, TUN, TIP, ALG, CMN, RAK- pentru aceste destinații se poate aplica verificarea de probă.

KO:

Division of the text into chapters, paragraphs, points which are often numbered (structure composite structure of the document). SEE annaex

The specificity of the official speech’s culture includes ability to imply two various aspects: textual, referring to the rules of document’s creation, and rules of its its substantial scheme expansion as well as lingual, referring to the norms of selection of language material for filling of the substantial scheme of the document. The distinction of these two types of aspects of business language helps to understand the orientation and stages of cognitive work on the text of the document: judgment of an official situation → selection of the document genre corresponding to it → explanation of the rules of creation of the text corresponding to the genre of the document → a certain choice proper to a genre and form of the document [ 13, p. 88-89].

In Annex 3 there is an example of logical division of ideas presented in a letter and divided into passages.

Restricted choice of syntactical patterns: Syntactical features of business letters are – the predominance of extended simple and complex sentences (combining several pronouncements into one sentence), wide use of participial constructions, homogeneous members. Official style documents use long complex sentences with several types of coordination and subordination (up to 70 % of the text), for example:

EN: Contractor, on behalf of itself and its Sales Outlets, acknowledges that it has read, understands and agrees to be bound by this Amendment, including all Exhibits and the Attachments, which are attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

RO: Contractorul, din partea sa și a Centrului de vânzare, recunoaște că a citit, înțeles și este de acord să fie legat de acest Amendament, inclusiv toate materialele și Anexele, care sunt anexate la prezentul regulament și incluse aici prin referință.

KO:

Morphological features. Among the morphological peculiarities of the analyzed texts we can mention the use of modal verbs and passive constructions, which make the texts impersonal and unemotional. Modal verb shall play the main role in giving the features imperativeness to the document which possesses a certain semantic variety in this genre. This modal verb usually denote obligations, but also act in its softened option without categoriality that makes it similar to the modal verb may in the value of permission or possibility of action.

EN: Virgin must be designated as the issuing/plating carrier.

RO: Virgin are să fie desemnat drept transportatorul emitent / de placare.

KO:

EN: Retroactive commission may not be claimed.

RO: Comisionul retroactiv nu poate fi invocat.

KO:

EN: Agency shall use its best efforts to meet the Airlines revenue target of USD$20,000.00 for every 12 month period for the term of this Amendment.

RO: Agenția trebuie să depună toate eforturile pentru a atinge obiectivul de a obține un venit în valoare de USD $ 20,000.00 pentru fiecare perioadă de 12 luni pe termenul acestui amendament impus de compania Airlines

KO:

EN: The Airline will review the Travel Agency’s performance regularly and reserves the right to amend or re-negotiate the Agreement upon review.
RO: Compania aeriană va revizui performanța Agenției de Turism in mod regulat și își rezervă dreptul de a modifica sau re-negocia Acordul la revizuire.
KO:

The translation of office documentation is considered one of the most difficult types of translation. The transfer of the meaning can’t be made correctly without the use of special knowledge of the corresponding area, without the knowledge of specifics of a concrete type of document. It is necessary to be guided in the world of business, and also to possess special lexicon and to know about features of use of foreign terminology in a concrete context.

II. 2. Structural Classification of Terms

Classification is a process categorizing something according to shared characteristics. It is mainly used in classifying animals and plants in taxonomic groups. Naming the different groups of categorization is the final part of classification [17, online].

The present point deals with classification of terms which make part of our texts and partly included in the Glossary. According to the performed analysis all the terms are divided into simple, derivative and compound / 2-3 member terms/

The group of simple terms include such terms as agency (agenție), ticket (bilet), fare (tarif), record (înregistrare), class (clasă), fee (taxă), carrier (purtător), sales (vânzări), benefit (beneficiu), failure (eșec) , contract (contract), tax (taxă), flight (zbor), revenue (venit), account (cont), schedule ( program) etc. The majority of lexical units included in our glossary are words which function in general language as common words, but in the framework of the translated they acquired a specialized meaning.

Here are some examples of other words in sentences with their Romanian equivalents:

EN: Discounts valid for tickets issued from May 1, 2014 through March 31, 2015.

RO: Reducerile sunt valabile pentru biletele vândute în perioada de la 1 ai 2014 pâna la 31 martie 2015.

KO:

EN: Failure to abide by the terms, fares, rules and regulations of this Agreement may result in its termination.

RO: Nerespectarea termenilor, tarifelor, normelor și reglementărilor din acest acord poate duce la încetarea acestuia.

KO:

EN: The passenger is the card holder.

RO: Pasagerul este titularul cardului.

KO:

The group of pure derivative lexical units includes terms which are formed by means of derivation is rather numerous. The majority of lexical units formed bz derivation are based on affixation, i.e. ormation of lexical units by means of prefixes and suffixes: agreement (acord), payment (plată), reservation(rezervare), replacement (înlocuire), transaction (tranzacție), discount (reducere), modification (modificare), cancellation (anulare), ownership (proprietar), etc.

EN: Discount will automatically be renewed at their expiration.

RO: Reducerile vor fi reînnoite automat la expirarea acestora.

KO:

EN: If an itinerary has a combination of different applicable commission rates, for example different fare classes or Markets, the lowest applicable commission rate will apply to the entire ticket.

RO: În cazul în care un itinerariu are o îmbinare de procente de comision aplicabil în mod diferit, de exemplu, diferite clase tarifare sau piețe, cea mai mică rată de comision aplicabil se va aplica pentru întregul bilet.

KO:

EN: The agent agrees not to engage in rebating or discounting in any manner that disrupts the market.

RO: Agentul este de accord să se implice în micșorare sau scontare în orice mod ce ar influența negativ (perturba) piață.

The group of compound terms include two and three member terms.

The subgroups of two member terms is the biggest one in the group of compound terms (31 units – 15,5%) and include terms following the formulae Noun + Noun, Adj +Noun, Participle I/II+Noun., for example: fair revenue (venit pe tarif), travel agency (agenție de turism), joint trips (călătorii mixte), business class (clasa business) , economy class (clasa economă); market share (cotă de piață, validity date (data valabilității), biling address (dresă de facturare), mixed classes (clasă mixtă)m ticketing code ( cod de ticket) etc.

The subgroup three member terms includes 15 terms (7,5%) which have the most commonly met following structures:

Noun +Noun+ Noun: market share target (obiectivele cotei de piață); passenger's name in reservation ( numele pasagerului în rezervare)

Participle + Noun +Noun: biling phone number (numărul de telefon de facturare);

Numeral +Noun + Noun: one way ticket ( bilet într-o direcție).

In the process of translation of specialized texts we met different combinations of the above mentioned formulae and here are some examples of terms’ translation in sentences with their Romanian and Korean equivalents:

EN: Any changes require a ticket reissue fee of USD 120.

RO: Orice modificare necesită o taxă de reemitere a biletului în valoare de 120 USD.

KO:

EN: A child 2-11 years pays 75% of the accompanying adult fare.

RO: Copilul în vărstă de la 2 pînă 11 ani achita 75% din tariful unui adult însoțitor.

KO:

EN: This Agreement is based on mutual trust and reflects a preferential business relationship.

RO: Acest acord se bazează pe încredere reciprocă și reflectă o relație preferențială de afaceri.

KO:

As the results of our investigation show the number of one member terms constitutes 77% (the majority of terms being nouns). However the number of compound terms is smaller consituting 23% ( the detailed per cent representation of each subgrpup can be seen in Annex 1, Diagram 1-2).

II.3. Means of Translation of Specialized Texts

While making translation of our text we met many difficulties in correct rendering of SL aviation terms into the TL as it was not so easy to find the equivalent. Equivalence in our texts usually emerges at word level and above word level. So we had to start analyzing the SL terms looking at the words as single units in order to find a direct 'equivalent' term in the TL. This means that the translator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering a single word or word combination. Further we should analyze some difficult cases in finding the equivalents.

First of all we would like to start with paradoxes of translation of abbreviations which represented a great number in our texts causing serious difficulties in translation. Translation of abbreviations is a real challenge. In modern linguistics rendering the external form of abbreviation from SL into the TL takes place on the basis of transliteration, borrowing of the abbreviation in its initial form and creation of another form in the TL. Let’s analyze the first example,

EN: Now, UA has dedicated RBDs for different ET RBDs. For instance, ET "O" class may allow UA "G" class… But ET "H" class would not allow UA "G" class even if "G" were available.

RO: Acum, UA a indicat RBD’urile pentru diferite ET RBD’uri. De exemplu, clasa "O" a ET corespunde clasei "G" a UA… Dar clasa "H" a ET nu corespunde clasei "G"a UA, chiar dacă clasa "G" a fost disponibilă.

KO:

First of all, it should be noted that abbreviation ET and UA are polysemantic even in the framework of aviation terminology: ET – Ethiopian Airlines, External Task , Executor Task, while UA is deciphered as Ukraine and United (States) Airways, the latter being our case. Having consulted specialized dictionaries it was found out that RBD is a Reservation Booking Designator, a code used in reservation transaction to identify the booking class. As these abbreviations represent a system of internationally accepted codes and names of companies they are borrowed in its initial form into Romanian.

Another feature of this text is the translation of English dedicated rendered into Romanian as indicat, although the dictionary meaning of both words does not correspond: to dedicate – devote (time or effort) to a particular task or purpose [14, online], while a indica – a arăta pe cineva sau ceva; a face cunoscut, a semnala, a recomanda, a prescrie [15, online] Here the modulation technique was used, namely, using a phrase that is different in the sores and target language to convey the same idea.

The same issue deals with the combination with the modal verb may (ET "O" class may allow UA "G" class), which is translated as corespunde. In our view, may allow as let (someone) have or do something (dictionary meaning), being translated into Romanian as poate permite / va permite is not an exact equivalence as the utterance does not refer to the action of ability of doing something but a statement of association of one system of tickets’ classes with another one.

Another example implying the use of abbreviations accompanied by literal is the following:

EN: Tickets refunded, exchanged or used on OAL are subject to commission recall.

RO: Bilete rambursate, schimbate sau utilizate de alte companii aeriene sunt supuse retragerii comisionului.

KO:

English abbreviation OAL is also polysemantism, the full form of which denoting the code of Capital do Café (Cacoal, Brazil), Olympic Airlines (Greece) and other airlines; the latter meaning being the subject of our sentence. It is interesting that in English it is an abbreviation, while its Romanian equivalent is a phrase alte companii.

Another example of translation of abbreviation deals implies the use the explicitation technique in translation:

EN: In case the phone number cannot be verified, as an additional question cc holder has to verify any recent activity on his card.

RO: În cazul în care numărul de telefon nu poate fi verificat, ca o întrebare suplimentară titularul cardului de credit trebuie să verifice orice activitate recentă efectuată pe cardul lui.

KO:

English abbreviation cc holder the full form of which is credit card holder, should be translated into Romanian as titularul cardului de credit as Romanian equivalent cannot be abbreviated. Moreover, on translating English phrase any recent activity on his card we added the verb “ a efectua” in order to fit stzltic aspects of the Romanian language: orice activitate recentă efectuată pe cardul lui.

Another interesting example implying the semantic technique of translation attempting to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures, taking more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, deals with English phrase whose principal place of business in US corresponding to Romanian sediu:

EN: VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYS LIMITED, an English Company with registered office at The Office, Manor Royal, Crawley, West Sussex, RH10 9NU, England and whose principal place of business in US is at 75 North Water Street, South Norwalk, Connecticut 06854, hereinafter referred to as the “Airline”…

RO: Virgin Atlantic AIRWAYS LIMITED, companie engleză cu adresa juridică Oficiu Principal, Manor Royal, Crawley, West Sussex, RH10 9NU, Anglia și al cărui sediu în SUA este 75 North Water Street, South Norwalk, Connecticut 06854, denumită în continuare "Companie Aeriana”….

KO:

From our point of view the phrase whose principal place of business in US may have a double meaning: it may refer not only to the registered office of the company but also the country, area, territory of business. By using semantic translation we settled on the address of on of the branches of the company.

It should be noted that word-for-word technique when the SL word order is preserved and the words are translated by their most common meanings. Here there are some examples:

EN: Virgin (932) must be designated as the issuing/plating carrier.

RO: Virgin (932) trebuie să fie desemnat drept transportator emitent / de placare.

KO:

EN: The Airline has agreed to provide the Travel Agency with a TOT Commission as outlined in Schedule 1.

RO: Compania aeriană fost de acord să furnizeze Agenției de Turism Comisionul TOT cum este prezentat în anexa nr 1.

KO:

EN: The Airline will review the Travel Agency’s performance regularly and reserves the right to amend or re-negotiate the Agreement upon review.

RO: Compania aeriană va revizui performanța Agenției de Turism în mod regulat și își rezervă dreptul de a modifica sau re-negocia Acordul după revizuire.

KO:

EN: Tickets must be sold and issued in by authorized travel agents only.

RO: Biletele trebuie să fie vândute și eliberate în doar de agențiile de turism autorizate.

KO:

An interesting instance of translation using reformulation technique, when something specific to the SL is expressed in a totally different way that is appropriate to the TL. Here is the example:

EN: Failure of the Travel Agency to pay for any outstanding Debit Memos within 30 (thirty) days of invoice receipt, will result in an immediate suspension of this contract until the amount owed is received by Virgin

RO: Nerespectarea de către Agenției de Turism să plătească pentru orice notificare pe debit intirziată în termen de 30 (treizeci) de zile de la primirea facturii, va duce la suspendarea imediată a acestui contract până când suma datorată va fi transferată companiei Virgin .

KO:

According to the Oxford Dictionary the adjective outstanding usually has a positive value, meaning exceptionally good, but in the given sentence it has a negative meaning of not paid, resolved or dealt with. Its Romanian equivalent literally should be translated as neachitat, but logically it is better to be rendered as notificare întârziată. Moreover, in translation of the phrase is received by Virgin Atlantic into Romanian va fi transferată companiei Virgin we introduced the noun companie due to stylistic aspects of the Romanian language. While translating these sentences both the lexical units and grammar structures of the source and target languages are preserved in order to render the message of the utterance.

Speaking about grammatical issues in translation, further we will give an example of the translation of the English Present Perfect Tense which in Romanian is rendered as Trecutul Simplu ( Past Simple):

EN: As you know, EgyptAir has implented a 0% commission policy for all agents throughout the , as of July 1st.

RO: După cum știți, EgyptAir a introdus o politică de comision de 0% pentru toți agenți din Statele Unite ale Americii din 1 iulie.

KO:

In this example English the verb has implemented used in the Present Perfect Tense ( expressing a past action ref that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present, the result being emphasized) has a Romanian equivalent of the verb a introdus used in the Past Simple, while the phrase as you know preserves its Present tense in Romanian după cum știți.

In translation of compound terms from English into Romanian the method of transposition is used which implies the replacement of a word class by another word class without changing the meaning, for example:

Economy class ( N+N) = clasă economică ( N+ Adj);

Gross profit ( N+N) = adaos comercial ( N+Adj);

Contract warranty (N+N) = garanție contractuala ( N+Adj);

asistența turistică (N+Adj) = passenger assistance service (N+N+N);

bilet dus-întors (N + Adj +Adj) = round trip ticket ( Adj + N+N)

rata bancară de cumparare (N+Adj+N) = Bank buying rate (N+ Part I +N);

compensarea rezervarii neonorate (N+N+Adj) = denied boarding compensation ( Part II + N +N);

data prevazută a plecarii ( N +Adj +N) = estimated date of departure ( Part II + N + prep +N);

linie specială ( N+ Adj) = dedicated line ( Part II + N);

duty-free shop ( N +Adj + N) = magazin scutit de taxe vamale ( N+ part II + prep + N + Adj).

There are cases when a simple term in source language is rendered by a compound term in the target language:

Ghid (insotitor) ( N) = tour conductor ( N+N)

airpass ( N) = abonament aerian ( N+ Adj);

ghișeu (N) = ticket office counter ( N+N+N); Ticket window ( N+N), booking office ( N+N);

Extrasezon ( N) = Low season ( Adj +N).

Thus, in the process of translation of specialized texts one has to be attentive in order to avoid deviations from the meaning of the text, not to create ambiguities in translation, make it difficult or even impossible the receiving of basic ideas of text as technical translation is a kind of exchange of special information in the field between people speaking different languages.

CONCLUSION

The practice of specialized translation represents an important stage for my future career as a translator, because a good translator is obliged to deal with various fields in order to provide adequate and qualitative translations. During my specialized practice of translation I had the opportunity to apply my knowledge into practice, and also I began to know how is to be a true translator.

The specialized practice of translation represented for me a great challenge but at the same time I’ve got a very good experience because during that time I had the possibility to change ideas, to operate with new terms and – what is the most important – to provide qualitative and good translations. Translating specialized texts was anew and challenging activity for me and it was even a little difficult in some situations because I had to analyse and to explain, to understand the terminology which belongs to the economic and aviation field. Certainly, I met a lot of challenges especially from the very beginning but I overcome them successfully. I understood that the profession of translator is not as easy as it seems to be. Just the other way round, it is very complicated because first of all an experienced translator who wants to ensure high quality translations in any field ought to hold deep information in both languages engaged in the translation. The best friends of any translator are considered to be the dictionary and the experience. Without these two important aspects, a translator cannot get a good job in the field of translation.

For a better understanding of the Source Text, the translator has to find equivalents, synonyms, appropriate words which can be substituted, to analyse the author’s intention in order to convey the same message. A translator will be able to provide useful information only if he/she understands exactly the author’s intention. The exchange of information between two foreign languages is possible only with the help of the translator, so in this way he plays an important role because in many situations he is extremely responsible for the quality of the performed translation. So, a translator is going to be loyal, honest and trustful. From my point of view, the translator has the right to change the context depending on the circumstances, especially if it contains a lot of mistakes. However, the translator is entitled only to make corrections and not to change the idea of the context. In such case, his work turns into a very hard one because the translator has to identify and clarify what the client wanted to say and at the same time to operate with the notions, terms in both languages. The specialized translation depends a lot on the key terms as they represent the focal points that make the translation belong to the respective field.

When I was performing my practice of specialized translation, I had the chance to improve my knowledge in written translation, and to make the distinction between the strategies and methods of translating a specialized text and the strategies and methods of translating other types of documents. The correctness is a major aspect in the process of translation because the translator’s attention depends on it and it also demonstrates its knowledge.

At the same time, I found out how to adapt the translated text to the original one. Also, I have learned the principle of fidelity which is one of the principal elements for my future career: to be loyal it means to keep confidential the information that was entrusted for translation and not to divulge the content to anyone. The translator has no right to add some additional commentaries to the information he works with. The practice of translation gave me the opportunity to get new qualifications, new aspirations, and also it has contributed a lot to the development of my knowledge. The practice of translation has improved my English language skills, both at oral and written level. One of the major achievements that I have reached during this period is the experience and I am sure that this experience has set the foundation for the beginning of my future career as a translator. For me, it is not enough that a translator only hold knowledge specific to the translation field; being aware of the cultural background of the translational context and being able to express the content accurately and to refresh his ideas, thoughts every day is a strong asset in the translator’s work.

I consider that the practice of specialized translation is a very important step in the process of training professional translators. The field of translation is a large one, but it is very interesting to interact each day with many people, to discover new concepts, to change opinions, and first of all to gain experience. To translate is a very difficult and meticulous task, because a good translator has the tendency to verify each word, to find it in the suitable dictionary, either in electronic or paper format.

During the translation practice, I had the opportunity to translate specialized texts only in written form, but the work of a translator is not limited here. The translator also has to know how to interpret a text, how to make an oral translation either at a conference or at an ordinary daily event. The oral translation is a painful task because it implies having a well-trained memory in order to remember all the details and at the same time to reformulate the whole message and to convey it to the audience. This kind of translation should be done in two different ways: in simultaneous and consecutive way. Both of them are difficult but if the translator has a strong ambition and a deep knowledge, he/she would definitely cope with these challenges.

In conclusion to the translation work that I have made during the practice, I can state that it was a real opportunity for me as a student and as a future translator to know better the field in which I was engaged to translate. Finally, I came to the conclusion that any translator is obliged to observe some rules and also that his success depends on the timeframe allocated for translation and on the quality of the translation.

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Annex 1

Diagram 1. Structural Classification of Technical Terms

Diagram 2. The Distribution of One Member Terms according to the Parts of Speech

Annex 2

EXAMPLE OF LOGICAL DIVISION OF INFORMATION

(PARAGRAPHING)

English: AGENCY DODAS

Singapore Airlines (or SQ) hereby agrees to allow Sky Bird Travel, located at 2050, , to deduct discount off published fare at point-of-sale for Singapore Airlines on-line international originating from cities in the to all Singapore Airlines. Ticketing permitted only by Sky bird Travel, numbers appearing in Appendix C.

Agency shall use its best efforts to meet the Singapore Airlines revenue target of USD$20,000.00 for every 12 month period for the term of this Amendment. Singapore Airlines will review Agency’s revenue flown on Singapore Airlines every 3 months.

Discount will automatically be renewed at their expiration.

Discounts valid for tickets issued from May 1, 2014 through March 31, 2015.

No additional discounts may be taken on tickets. Tickets are not eligible for any bonus or incentive commisions that Singapore Airlines may introduce from time to time, or for any other discount.

Romanian: AGENȚIA DODAS

Singapore Airlines (sau SQ) este de acord să permită Sky Bird Travel, situat la 360 N.Sepulveda Blvd 2050, El Segundo, CA 90245 să efectueze reduceri pe bilete eliberate la-punct de vânzare la nivel internațional pentru Singapore Airlines on-line originare în orașele SUA pentru toate puctele de vînzare a biletelor companiei Singapore Airlines. Bilete de avion permise numai cu Sky Bird Travel, numerele care figurează în Anexa C.

Agenția trebuie să depună toate eforturile pentru a atinge obiectivul de a obține un venit în valoare de USD $ 20,000.00 pentru fiecare perioadă de 12 luni pe termenul acestui amendament impus de compania Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines va revizui venitul Agenției înnaintat companiei Singapore Airlines odată la fiecare 3 luni.

Reducere vor fi reconsiderate automat la expirarea acestora.

Reduceri sunt valabile pentru biletele emise din 01 Mai 2014 pina la 31 martie 2015.

Nici o reducere suplimentară nu poate fi luata la biletele. Biletele nu sunt eligibile pentru orice bonus sau comisioane de stimulare pe care Singapore Airlines le poate introduce din timp în timp, sau pentru orice alte reduceri.

ANNEX 3

ANNEX 4

SELECTIVE GLOSSARY OF TERMS

STATEMENT*

regarding the originality of the contents of the Licence’s Project

I, the undersigned …………………………………………… in my capacity of graduate of Free International University of Moldova, Faculty of …………………………, specialty………………………………………………, year of graduation……………………………………, declare on my own responsibility that the Licence’s Project entitled ……………………………………………… ……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………, which has been elaborated under the supervision of Mr. / Mrs. ………………………………… and is to be presented to a committee, is original and I am the sole author.

I hereby declare that I have not plagiarized any Licence Projects, monographs, specialized works, articles, etc.; published or posted on Internet, as well as other biographical sources consulted in the process of the thesis elaboration for awarding Licence Title.

I declare that I agree to my Licence Project being checked in any legal ways in order to assess its originality, thereof its content being introduced in a database for such purpose.

Date………………………………. Student’s signature……………………

*The student shall fill out this statement form in blue ink with a ballpoint or fountain pen. This statement form shall be inserted at the end of the student’s final paper as an integral part of such paper.