Mijloace de Traducere a Terminologiei Engleze de Afaceri In Romana

Economie

Mijloace de Traducere a Terminologiei Engleze de Afaceri In Romana

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

PROIECT DE LICENȚĂ

Mijloace de traducere a terminologiei engleze

de afaceri în română

INTRODUCTION

I. THEORITICAL APPROACH TO THE PECUILIARITIES OF SPECIALIZED TEXT

I.1 Difficulties of Specialized Text

I.2 Terminology in Linguistics

I.3 Approaches to Defining and Characterizing Business Terminology

I.4 Peculiarities of Translating Business Terminology

II. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH BUSINESS TERMINOLOGY INTO ROMANIAN

II.1 Procedures Used for Translating Business Terminology

II.2 Equivalent

II.3 Literal Translation

II.4 Borrowing

II.5 Explicitation

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEX

INTRODUCTION

The main aim of the present research project was to explore first
theoretical and then practical aspects of problems that occur during the translation English Business terminology. The practice in translation has been performed from November 10, 2014 till December 12, 2014 at the Bureau of Translation SC “Vasilos&Partenerii” SRL, Chisinau, as a translator of the English language. Under the supervisor of Mrs. Ciobanu Evghenia and Mrs. Cameneva Zinaida who guided my practice activity.

Today translations have a very important role in a continuously increasing global marketplace, but sometimes there are cases when they are approached too lightly, which can lead to poor results. It is important to mention that there are structural differences between languages and they lie in grammar or syntax complexity differences which vary from one language to another.

There are various subject fields and in each of them, different people use expressions that do not belong to our everyday language and those who are not familiar with these subject fields find it difficult to understand what exactly experts are talking about. This type of language is called specialized language and its common areas include medicine, science, engineering, economics and law. Each special language has its own terminology, which is a special technical language used in a particular field of interest also called LSP (language for special purposes). The understanding of the specialized text consists first of all in comprehending the terminological units used in the text. The business language is a living language and, at the same time, a very technical one, which makes reading difficult for ordinary people. The business language, permanently connected to the ever-changing reality, generates numerous registers, thus resorting to medicine, the automotive field, army, meteorology etc.

The actuality of the present licence project is determined by problems in dealing with the business terminology where we may often be at a loss regarding the translation of certain terms or structures from English into Romanian.

The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that terminology is an important area in business English and it needs to be approached as such when it comes to learning and rendering it because there is no ideal overlap between English and Romanian when it comes to translate business terminology. Thus, such linguistic differences may create confusion in translation, we tried to show the ways to deal with them and to facilitate their understanding, by using different translation techniques.

The theoretical value of our study consists in the presentation of facts outlining the importance of terminology peculiarities research and its implementation in contemporary translation studies. It puts the basis of the concept of terminology as a unifier of texts from different business fields, such as accounting, banking, finances, management and others.

The practical value of the work consists in investigating how business terminology can be translated from the texts corpora such as contracts, certificates and bills.

The theoretical basis of the study is grounded on the hypothesis that terminology is a crucial element in translation of business texts. Without knowledge of theories, techniques and methods of term it will be difficult for any translator or interpreter to work with texts from business field and their rendering from English into Romanian.

The aim of our study is to focus on the terms specific to the business discourse. It also tackles the translation difficulties that may come along when dealing with business texts and their rendering from English into Romanian and vice versa.

The main goals of the present study were to apply in practice the theory studied at the university, as well as to gain knowledge of ethical-professional standards. Due to the fact that goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback seriously enhances the quality of student’s learning, we were looking to improve our translation skills of different types of business documentation.

Our objectives were the following:

to improve my translation abilities;

to work with new terms from different scientific fields;

to improve the quality of translation;

to improve the formation of the professional norms;

to develop the skills of quick and qualitative written translation of different documents.

Materials used for our study comprise various studies of famous linguists which provide an accessible overview of the key contributions to translation studies, as well as dictionaries and glossaries of business terminology.

Methods and methodology that we used consist from various innovative analytical methods that helped us reach the goals and objectives of the given study, and are the following:

Bibliographical method. This method was used to get necessary knowledge about business terminology in the English and Romanian languages. This allowed us to get acquainted with the contributions of linguists and translators towards this topic.

Qualitative research. This method was used for an accurate description, decoding and interpreting of the business terminology from the English and Romanian languages.

Comparative method. This method was used in our practical part of the work for comparing the English and Romanian and vice versa transformations in the process of translation business texts. This helped us to implement the theories, to fill the linguistic and translation gaps between English and Romanian languages, to confirm or deny the classifications and hypothesized peculiarities of translation methods, as well as to establish the validity and importance of these peculiarities.

Our study consists of an Introduction, two parts, Conclusion, Bibliography and Annexes.

I. Theoretical Approach to the Peculiarities of Specialized Texts contains well-organized information based on many scholars’ theoretical approaches and points of view about the peculiarities of specialized texts. In this part we defined specialized language and business terms, afterwards we have analysed the role of terminology in linguistics. The aims of the first part was to present the techniques of translation used for working with translation of business terminology.

II. Translation of English Business Terminology from English into Romanian contains subchapters where were exemplified translation techniques used for rendering business terminology.

Conclusion contains summarized ideas that emerged from the study of specialized texts translation from English into Romanian. The conclusion suggests that this topic would help translators, interpreters and students of the English language faculties to familiarize with the translation of business terminology. We tried to emphasize the importance of choosing a suitable translation technique for translating business terminology.

Bibliography comprises a list of 9 titles of scientific books, used in the research regarding specialized texts, theories of translation and terminology, applied both in the theoretical material and the practical one. Besides, a list of 9 dictionaries, which helped in the identification of terms in the English and Romanian languages.

Keywords: specialized translation, business terminology, term, TL, SL, translation techniques.

I. THEORITICAL APPROACH TO THE PECUILIARITIES OF SPECIALIZED TEXT

I.1. Difficulties in the Translation of Specialized Text

Words are considered to be the building blocks of language and it is commonly acknowledged that one distinctive feature of specialized language is the complex and unique specialized vocabulary. The specialized vocabulary in a language, includes both specialized concepts and specialized usage. Specialized terminology is the most visible and important linguistic feature of specialized language as a technical language, and it is also one of the major sources of difficulties in translating specialized texts.

According to the main theories of translation, we can conclude that there are three main rules that a translation should follow [8, p.19]:

give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;

style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original text;

the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

In the translation of business terms there are many lexical or terminological features and problems but the four major terminological areas that may pose problems in translation of business terms are [Lane, Alexander, Legal and Administrative Terminology and Translation Problems, in Jean-Claude Gémar (ed.), Langage du droit et traduction, Montreal, Conseil de la langue française, 1982. p. 219–232 , p.56]:

conceptual issues and the question of equivalence and nonequivalence of specialized concepts in translation;

terms that are bound to one of the specialized fields;

specialized language as a technical language in terms of ordinary ones;

terminological difficulties arising from linguistic uncertainty such as vagueness and ambiguity.

We can conclude that the importance of meaning should be rendered equally in the TT’s form and style of writing, and should respect the rules laid down by the ST, and certainly the message should be conveyed in the TT as clearly as in the ST.

I.2. Terminology in Linguistics

Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are simple words and compound words that in a specific context acquire specific meanings, that may differ from the meaning the same words have in other contexts or in everyday language. Terminology is a discipline that studies the formation of terms, their concepts, conceptual systems, labels and their interrelationships within culture [9. Lane, Alexander, Legal and Administrative Terminology and Translation Problems, in Jean-Claude Gémar (ed.), Langage du droit et traduction, Montreal, Conseil de la langue française, 1982, p.219].

Terminology studies the labelling or designating of concepts that belong to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity. It does this through research and analysis of terms in context for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage.

According to a famous linguist, terms are considered to be depositories of knowledge and units with specific reference in that they “refer to discrete conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject field” [9, p.79].

Terminology can be limited to one or more languages and in this case it is known as multilingual terminology, also it can be focused on the use of terms in different fields. The main task in terminology consists in building a terminological data base containing relevant terms. The main features of terminology are the following [3, p.94]:

identifying the terms assigned to the concepts;

establishing correspondences between terms in the various languages, in the case of bilingual or multilingual terminology;

analyzing the concepts and concept structures used in a field or domain of activity;

compiling the terminological units in specialized glossaries, on paper or in databases;

managing terminology databases.

There are two types of terminology [5, p.52]:

– Ad hoc terminology, which deals with a single term or a limited nu[3, p.94]:

identifying the terms assigned to the concepts;

establishing correspondences between terms in the various languages, in the case of bilingual or multilingual terminology;

analyzing the concepts and concept structures used in a field or domain of activity;

compiling the terminological units in specialized glossaries, on paper or in databases;

managing terminology databases.

There are two types of terminology [5, p.52]:

– Ad hoc terminology, which deals with a single term or a limited number of terms

– Systematic terminology, which deals with all the terms in a specific subject field or domain of activity

Ad hoc terminology is frequently used in the work of a translator, when translation for a specific term (or group of terms) is required quickly to solve a particular translation problem.

Terminology and Cognitive Linguistics have common areas of focus. Topics such as conceptual structure, category organization and knowledge representation can be attributed to both of them. Terms are complex knowledge structures and cognitive linguistics explains the way such structures are organized and their meaning.

I.3. Approaches to Defining and Characterizing Business Terminology

Business English is English especially related to international commerce. Business communication encompasses a variety of topics, including marketing, branding, customer relations, consumer behavior, advertising, public relations, media relations, corporate communication, community engagement, research and measurement, reputation management, interpersonal communication, employee engagement, online communication and event management.

Business English, as part of English language learning and teaching, became in time also a fundamental form of business communication, meaning part of the communication used to promote a product, service, or organization; relay information within the business; or deal with legal and similar issues. So, Business English has at least two fundamental components:

the linguistic component or communicational component

the business component or the economical component.

Business English means different things to different people. For some, it focuses on vocabulary and topics used in the worlds of business, trade, finance, and international relations. For others it refers to the communication skills used in the workplace, and focuses on the language and skills needed for typical business communication such as presentations, negotiations, meetings, small talk, socializing, correspondence, report writing, and so on.

It is important to remember that business terms can be used as [10, p.152-157]:

business lexis items, e. g. department, forecast, goal, instrument, opportunity, task, team;

business collocations, e. g. easy credit terms, focus group, generate profits, labour market, make money, reasonable price, shop steward, shortlisted applicants, target customers;

multi-word expressions (formulae) and phrases, e. g. apply for a job, at your earliest convenience, keep up with competitors, meet the quality standards, payment is due on, place an order with;

figurative language elements (metaphorical expressions), e. g. bottleneck, business angel, deadline, economic recovery, flat organization, fringe banks, money laundering, poison pill, repayment holiday, sleeping partner, tax haven;

acronyms, e. g. AIDA, CEFTA, CEO, CIF, HR, IMF, PR, OPEC, PLC, R&D, SWOT, USD;

abbreviations, e. g. ad, co-op, demo, e-bank, est., FOREX, fi-fo, info, INCOTERMS, int'l, rep, repo.

Business English changes over time – now, probably faster than ever before. Evidence of the real business English currently used should be up-dated regularly. It is in the last decades that the words like “ageism”, “cafeteria plan”, “cluster”, “e-tailing”, “flexitime”, “hybrid car’, “tax haven” and ‘teleworking” appeared. New business words identified when examining the corpus texts can be attributed to some changes in business. These include:

progress in information technology and the extended use of the internet in business, e. g. bricks and mortar, dot com business, e-banking, e-commerce, golden-collar worker or on-line shopping;

changing realia in the world of business, e. g. biofuel, business angel, go green, mystery shop test, no-frills airlines, personal shopper, quality audit;

globalization, e. g. nearshoring, off-shoring or outsourcing;

greater importance of human resources in business, e. g. outplacement, flexitime, temporary secondment or work-life balance;

progress in management studies, e. g. bottom-up management, crisis management or knowledge management;

greater importance of advertising in business, e. g. ambient advertising, B2B, brand image, digital signage, infomercial, pop-up advert, shock campaign or viral web advertising.

A number of words from Business English that became familiar to Romanians and their significance in the process of barrowing words. Lexical borrowings or loanwords are a necessity of a language to cover a notion or concept that didn’t exist before and the Romanian language cannot create a correspondent to cover that meaning [2, p. 112-4]. There are more kinds of borrowings:

1. The necessary borrowings (loanwords), e. g. antitrust, briefing, broker, business, cash and carry, consulting, direct marketing, establishment, internet banking, trust, job, full-time job, part-time job, leasing, low cost, management, mass-market, promoter, PR, retail, touroperator, team building , team, meeting, voucher, discount, salesman, leasing, show-room,;

2. The unnecessary borrowings, e. g. manager (director), workshop (seminar), advertising (publicitate).

We can conclude that due to the newest information technologies and their fast developing in the business field, people prefer to use a borrowed word, either as it is or with Romanian inflection, instead of coining one in the mother tongue.

I.4. Peculiarities of Translating Business Terminology

Terminology represents not only an integral part of the lexis specific to the business language, but also one of its defining features, which, together with other language means, gives its status of specialized language. The building of the business terminology system is a complex and permanent process, which is accomplished with all the means to enrich vocabulary (external, internal and mixed). Knowing and explaining business terms in the light of their origin often represents an important stage for a more efficient assimilation. The economic specialized language is divided into sub-fields, so that there is a business language, a language of transportation, one connected to finance, insurance, human resources, management, tourism and other subfields.

In the economic specialized language, the stages of translating texts from English into Romanian differ from the general case only in point of the specific discourse, lexical or stylistic features of the text given. After a thorough reading of the text to be translated, in order to have a mental overview of what is to be transferred in another language, after recognizing the economic sub-field addressed, the register of the text, and after detecting the difficulties regarding syntax or the terminology itself. An important stage is that of the research, which supposes searching for terms and the choice of equivalences – by consulting specialists to explain terms or contexts, but especially with the help of a wide range of economic and business dictionaries and encyclopedias in/ from English and Romanian, as well as by using data bases on web sites.

In the translation of business documents, the main source of difficulty comes from the technical character of the terms and from their contextual acceptance. Once translators have identified the terms or phrases with established equivalences in the text, they can vent their creativity to render more or less complex formulations. Another problem to be overcome by translators of specialized texts in the field of economics is represented by the equivalence of terms, which they have to master, given that the fixed expressions in the source language have to be found, under one form or another, also in the target language. To support this action, Michel Ballard proposed an equivalence scheme, divided into two categories, direct and indirect equivalence, where there can be either a simple substitution of terms, or a morphosyntactical change or adaptation [Ballard, M.: Versus: la version réfléchie, repérages et paramètres. Paris. Ophrys, 2003, p.283].

It is very important that during the translation process, the translator to notice the connotation differences and, in addition, the readings can guide them from the use of the meanings the words have in everyday language, towards a pertinent interpretation from a contextual point of view (for example, price from the common language will be translated preț if it is about the market, or curs, if it is about the fluctuations of the stock exchanges, i.e. cursul petrolului not prețul petrolului. Certain difficulties are caused by the existence of the terms which are very precise in English, but which need to be enriched in Romanian in order to preserve their meaning. This enrichment consists in using more words in Romanian than were used in English to express the same idea. Thus, the term policy can have different translations within different economic contexts. After the meaning has been identified and inserted into a sentence, policy decision will be translated into Romanian both by decizie de politică monetară/financiară etc., and by decizii strategice (management), whereas policy instrument will be rendered by instrument strategic.

Translators are not free to define unknown terms which may be too specialized to occur in a dictionary. They have to search in previously translated documents, on the internet, or contact domain specialists. Studies show that a translator needs 40 % of the working time for inquiries on unknown terminology [6, p.61].

The comparison of texts in different languages inevitably involves a theory of equivalence. Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field.

II. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH BUSINESS TERMINOLOGY INTO ROMANIAN

II.1. Procedures Used for Translating Business Terminology

Translation is used for transferring written or spoken texts from one language in to equivalent written or spoken texts in another language. Written translation is aiming to reproduce different types of texts in another language and thus making them available to a greater number of readers. There are different translating theories regarding the translation of business terminology. Linguists propose the following methods of translation organized in [4, p.94]:

Syntactic strategies

Semantic strategies

Pragmatic strategies.

In contrast to translation strategies, translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Translation procedures are methods used by translators when they formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the ST to the TT, such as: loan, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation and others. More than one procedure can be used in one translation, and some translations may result from a cluster of procedures that is difficult to discern.

During our study we had the opportunity to use several procedures in our translation practice.

II.2. Equivalent

This procedure is used when the translator renders a set phrase, collocation or term from the SL with a set phrase, collocation or term from the TL which expresses the same idea, although in a different way. Approximate equivalence of complete statements, accounting for the same situation in different terms. Different from modulation in that it belongs to the semantic level, not to the lexical level.

The award of any subcontract is subject to the consent of the USAID contracting officer, and Checchi has no control over the granting or withholding of that consent.

Orice subcontract va fi încheiat doar cu acordul ofițerului contractant al USAID, iar Checchi nu poate influența în nici un fel asupra oferirii sau reținerii acordului.

La concesión de cualquier subcontrato está sujeto a la aprobación del oficial de contrataciones USAID y Checchi tiene ningún control sobre la concesión o la denegación de ese consentimiento.

In the above example I used equivalence procedure for translating business collocation granting consent as oferirea acordului.

Each Offeror that intends to submit a proposal in response to this RFP should register immediately with ROLISP.

Fiecare ofertant care intenționează să înainteze o ofertă în baza prezentei Cereri de acordare a ofertei comerciale, trebuie să se înregistreze imediat la ROLISP.

Cada Oferente que tiene la intención de presentar una propuesta en respuesta a esta solicitud de propuesta debe registrar inmediatamente con ROLISP.

In the example I used the procedure of equivalence for translating business collocation in response to as- în baza, though the literal translation would be ca răspuns la, but I have translated it at the semantic level.

Offerors are expected to examine the Scope of Work (SOW) — Annex A and all instructions contained in this Request for Proposal.

Ofertanții vor examina Obiectul contractului – Anexa A și toate indicațiile incluse în prezenta Cerere de acordare a ofertei comerciale.

Los Oferentes examinarán el Objeto del contrato (SOW) – Anexo A y todas las instrucciones contenidas en esta solicitud de propuesta.

I used the procedure of equivalence for translating Scope of Work as Obiectul contractului, though the literal translation would be scopul lucrului, but I have translated it at the semantic level.

The Offeror must submit the original hard copy of both the technical proposal and a cost proposal.

Ofertantul trebuie să depună originalul tipărit al ofertei tehnice, precum și cea a costului.

El Oferente deberá presentar la copia impresa original, tanto de la propuesta técnica y una propuesta de costos.

The equivalence procedure was used for translating hard copy as tipărit, though the literal translation would be copie tare, but I have translated it at the semantic level.

Payment shall be made within 30 days after the Contractor signed a deed of acceptance with the Offeror.

Plata se va efectua în termen de 30 (treizeci) de zile, după ce Contractantul a semnat actul de primire al Ofertantului.

El pago se efectuará dentro de los treinta (30) días después de que el Contratista ha firmado la recepción de la Oferta.

I used equivalence procedure for translating deed of acceptance as actul de primire. Here we have 100% of equivalence in structure although the word act is polysemantic and we selected one of its meanings according to the context.

Review all relevant documentation, including national strategic policies and normative documents.

Revizuirea documentației relevante, inclusiv a politicilor strategice naționale și a documentelor normative.

Revisar toda la documentación pertinente, incluidas las políticas estratégicas y documentos normativos nacionales.

In this example I used equivalence procedure for translating the term policies as politicilor, though it can be translated differently in different fields, but I have chosen the closest term at the semantic level.

All payments made under this Sales Contract are non-refundable and shall be forfeited.

Toate plățile executate în conformitate cu prezentul contract de vînzare nu sunt rambursabile, și urmează a fi reținute.

Todos los pagos realizados en virtud de este contrato de venta no son reembolsables y serán confiscados.

The equivalence procedure was used for translating business collocation forfeited payments as plățile reținute.

The Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods shall not apply.

Prevederile convenției de la Viena privind vînzarea internațională de mărfuri nu vor fi aplicate.

Las disposiciones de la Convención de Viena sobre Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías no se aplicarán.

In this example I used equivalence procedure for translating the term International Sale of Goods as vînzarea internațională de mărfuri, though it can be translated differently in different fields, I have decided to use the closest term on the semantic level.

Has not filed articles of merger or consolidation that have not become effective.

Nu a prezentat contract de fuziune sau consolidare care nu a intrat în vigoare.

No ha presentado artículos de fusión o consolidación que no ha entrado en vigor.

In the above example I used equivalence procedure for translating articles as contract, though in legal terminology, for example, it would be articol.

Is on the Register of Companies.

Este în Registrul Societăților Comerciale.

Es en el Registro Mercantil.

In the above example, I used equivalence procedure for the translating Register of Companies as Registrul Societăților Comerciale, though the literal translation would be Registrul Companiilor.

Proposals not received by the closing date and time will not be accepted and will be returned unopened to the Offeror.

Ofertele care vor veni după expirarea termenului limită, nu vor fi acceptate și vor fi returnate Ofertantului.

Las ofertas vendrán después de la fecha límite no serán aceptadas y serán devueltas sin abrir al Oferente.

In the above example I used equivalence procedure for translating business collocation closing date and time as expirarea termenului limită.

II.3. Literal Translation

Literal translation means a form which matches the individual words of the original as closely as possible to individual words of the target language. The translator seeks to translate an original word by the same target word as much as possible (this is technically called concordance). In addition, the order of words of the original language will be followed as closely as possible [7, p.62].

The prices proposed by the Offeror shall be considered to include all applicable taxes and duties.

Prețurile propuse de către Ofertant vor include toate taxele și impozitele aplicabile.

Los precios propuestos por el Oferente deberán incluir todos los impuestos aplicables.

For the translation of the business collocation taxes and duties from the above sentence I have used literal translation and translated it as taxele și impozitele.

Cost Proposal: A detailed (itemized) cost proposal in U.S. dollars (USD) should be submitted.

Costul ofertei: Se vor prezenta în detalii informații privind costul ofertei în dolari USD.

Costo Propuesta: Se presentará información sobre los detalles de los costos de la oferta en USD.

I used literal translation in the above example, for the translation of the term Cost Proposal and translated it as costul ofertei.

Transparency and accountability of key justice sector institutions.

Transparența și responsabilitatea instituțiilor cheie din sistemul judecătoresc.

La transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de las instituciones clave del sector justicia.

In the above example, for the translation of the business collocation transparency and accountability I used literal translation and translated it as, transparența și responsabilitatea.

Is not in voluntary liquidation.

Nu este în lichidare voluntară.

No es en la liquidación voluntaria.

For translation of the business collocation voluntary liquidation I used literal translation and translated it as lichidare voluntară.

Has paid all fees and penalties due under the Act.

A achitat toate taxele și penalitățile datorate conform Legii.

Ha pagado todos los impuestos y sanciones debidas en virtud de la Ley.

In the above example, for translation of business collocation fees and penalties I used literal translation and translated it as taxele și penalitățile.

Has not filed articles of merger or consolidation that have not become effective.

Nu a prezentat contract de fuziune sau consolidare care nu a intrat în vigoare.

No ha presentado artículos de fusión o consolidación que no ha entrado en vigor.

In the above example, for the translation of business collocation merger or consolidation I used literal translation and translated it as fuziune sau consolidare.

The main goal of the present purchase order is to contribute to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the National Institute of Justice […].

Scopul principal al prezentului ordin de cumpărare este de a contribui la îmbunătățirea eficienței Institutului Național de Justiție […].

El objetivo principal de la presente orden de compra es contribuir a la mejora de la eficiencia y la eficacia del Instituto Nacional de Justicia […].

In the above example, for the translation of business collocation purchase order I used literal translation and translated it as ordin de cumpărare.

All payments made under this Sales Contract are non-refundable.

Toate plățile executate în conformitate cu prezentul Contract de vînzare nu sunt rambursabile.

Todos los pagos realizados en virtud de este Contrato de venta no son reembolsables.

In the above example, for the translation of business collocation Sales Contract I used literal translation and translated it as contract de vînzare.

A proposal that is 20% more expensive than the lowest priced offering gets 20% fewer points.

O ofertă care este cu 20% mai mare decît prețul cel mai mic, va primi cu 20% mai puține puncte.

Una oferta que es 20% más alto que el precio más bajo recibe 20% menos puntos.

In the above example, for the translation of business collocation lowest priced I used literal translation and translated it as prețul cel mai mic.

The technical proposal should contain Offeror's contact information, Offeror's CV related to eligibility criteria (max. 3 pages), […].

Oferta tehnică trebuie să conțină datele de contact ale Ofertantului, CV-ul Ofertantului privind criteriul de eligibilitate (maxim 3 pagini), […].

La propuesta técnica deberá contener la información de contacto del Oferente, CV del Oferente relacionada con los criterios de elegibilidad (máx. 3 páginas), […].

In the above example, for translation of the business collocation eligibility criteria I used literal translation and translated it as criteriul de eligibilitate.

II.4. Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. It refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts. There are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure:

borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords).

borrowing with changes in form but without changes in the meaning (mixed loanword).

borrowing when a part of the terms is native and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).

During proposal review, ROLISP may at any time request clarifications and/or request additional information from any Offeror.

Pe durata examinării ofertei, ROLISP poate interveni cu solicitări de clarificare și/sau acordare a informațiilor suplimentare de către Ofertant.

Durante la investigación de la oferta, ROLISP puede ocurrir con las solicitudes de aclaración o información adicional a cualquier Oferente.

In the above example I used borrowing procedure for translating the term Offeror as Ofertant which is a mixed loanword with changes in form but without changes the meaning.

Because this is a USAID-funded program, ROLISP and its subcontractors are required to respect the provisions of the United States Foreign Assistance Act and other United States laws and regulations.

Întrucît este un program sponsorizat de Agenția SUA pentru Dezvoltare Internațională (USAID), ROLISP și subcontractanții săi vor respecta prevederile Actului de Asistență străină al Statelor Unite, precum și alte legi și regulamente.

Puesto que este es un programa financiado por USAID, ROLISP y sus subcontratistas deben cumplir con las disposiciones de la Ley de Asistencia Exterior de los Estados Unidos, así como otras leyes y reglamentos.

In this sentence there is an example of borrowing procedure for translating the term subcontractors as subcontractanții which is a mixed loanword with changes in form but without changes of the meaning.

Offerors will not be reimbursed by ROLISP.

Ofertanții nu vor fi rambursați de către ROLISP.

Los licitadores no serán reembolsados por ROLISP.

I used borrowing procedure for translating the term reimbursed as rambursați which is a mixed loanword with changes in form but without changes of the meaning.

All charges included by Subcontractor remain subject to ROLISP and/or USAID audit and subsequent adjustment.

Toate taxele incluse de către subcontractant vor fi supuse auditului ROLISP și/sau USAID, precum și ajustărilor ulterioare.

Todos los impuestos incluidos por el subcontratista serán auditados ROLISP y / o de la USAID, así como los ajustes posteriores.

In the above example I used borrowing procedure for translating the term audit as auditului which is a mixed loanword with changes in form but without of changes the meaning.

II.5. Explicitation

Explicitation is the process of introducing information into the target language which is present only implicitly in the source language, but which can be derived from the context or the situation. Some authors [7, p.6] include explicitation among the translation shifts in the category of "additions", to be used only when there is a mismatching of the lexical units of the two texts. For other authors [1, p.5], however, explicitation is an intrinsic feature of translation: a higher level of explicitation in the translated text.

Responses that comply with the stated mandatory criteria will be technically evaluated by an internal ROLISP proposal review committee in accordance with the Evaluation Criteria included in this RFP.

Propunerile care vor corespunde criteriilor obligatorii stabilite, vor fi examinate tehnic de către un comitet intern de evaluare, în conformitate cu criteriile de evaluare ale Cererii de acordare a ofertei comerciale.

Las propuestas que satisfagan los criterios obligatorios establecidos serán examinadas por un comité de evaluación técnica interna de acuerdo con los Criterios de Evaluación de la solicitud de una oferta comercial.

In the ST from the above example we see an acronym RFP which is Request For Proposal, when translating this sentence I decided to use a full form with additional information – Cererii de acordare a ofertei comerciale, and therefore I used explicitation procedure.

Because this is a USAID-funded program, ROLISP and its subcontractors are required to respect the provisions of the United States Foreign Assistance Act and other United States laws and regulations.

Întrucît este un program sponsorizat de Agenția SUA pentru Dezvoltare Internațională (USAID), ROLISP și subcontractanții săi vor respecta prevederile Actului de Asistență străină al Statelor Unite, precum și alte legi și regulamente.

Puesto que es un programa auspiciado por la Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), ROLISP y sus subcontratistas deben cumplir con las disposiciones de la asistencia extranjera Act de los Estados Unidos, así como otras leyes y reglamentos.

Here is again an example of acronym USAID which is United States Agency for International Development, when translating this sentence I decided to use a full form with additional information – Agenția SUA pentru Dezvoltare Internațională, and added the ST term in brackets, therefore I used explicitation procedure.

The technical proposal should contain Offeror's contact information, Offeror's CV related to eligibility criteria (max. 3 pages), Offeror's cover/motivation letter, recommendation letters and references if any, […].

Oferta tehnică trebuie să conțină datele de contact ale Ofertantului, CV-ul Ofertantului privind criteriul de eligibilitate (maxim 3 pagini), scrisoarea de intenție/motivare, scrisoarea de recomandare, dacă există, […]

La propuesta técnica deberá contener la información de contacto del Oferente, CV del Oferente relacionada con los criterios de elegibilidad (máx. 3 páginas), carta de presentación / motivación del Oferente, cartas de recomendación y referencias en su caso, […].

In the above example I have translated the term references as scrisoarea de recomandare, using the explicitation procedure.

Has not filed articles of arrangement that have not yet become effective.

Nu a prezentat contract privind reorganizarea, lichidarea sau vânzarea activelor sale, care nu a intrat în vigoare.

No se muestra en el acuerdo de reorganización, liquidación o venta de sus activos, que no ha entrado en vigor.

In this example I used explicitation procedure by adding additional information, and articles of arrangement was rendered as contract privind reorganizarea, lichidarea sau vânzarea activelor.

[…]a detailed cost proposal in U.S. dollars (USD) requested for the work envisaged in the section "Deliverables & Timetable", other attachments (if any).

[…]calculele în detaliu ale costului proiectului, în dolari americani (USD), menționate în secțiunea „Rezultate și termene”, alte anexe (dacă există).

[…] una propuesta detallada de costos en dólares (USD) solicitó para el trabajo previsto en la sección "Entregas y Horarios", otros accesorios (si los hay).

In this example I also used the explicitation procedure by adding additional information, and detailed cost proposal was rendered as calculele în detaliu ale costului proiectului.

Concluding the results of my practical work, it can be noticed the following:

As it is seen from the above table, the most frequently used translation procedure is literal translation, used in 10 examples, then follows the equivalent translation procedure with 11, explicitation and borrowing procedures with consequently 5 and 4 examples, as we see with fewer examples than the procedure of literal and equivalence ones.

CONCLUSION

In the current economic context, with increasing transactions between countries, it has become essential to find effective and efficient strategies to translate, edit and even technically rewrite or adapt business and economic texts from English into Romanian and vice versa.

All large transnational corporations which have their sister companies all over the world implement their business-like co-operation with the help of interpreters. An interpreter is an obligatory conferee, his services are essential when effecting a business transaction. But an interpreter, of course, is not an independent conferee; he can’t express his own opinion and points of view. He plays a role of an instrument with whose help business negotiations take place in the most effective way. The best interpreter for me is the one who is insensible at the dialogue and at the same time provides this dialogue in such a manner that business partners start to think that they communicate with each other in the language spoken by both of them. That’s what I was trying my best for.

The translation of economic texts in general and of business terminology in particular, is a demanding process, requiring accuracy and exactitude. The key to a an accurate translation that would seem just like a source text and not a translated one, is first of all finding or creating the proper equivalences, that would employ the appropriate syntactic or grammatical structure of the terms, and second is a collaboration with an expert that has knowledge of the field.

As a result of this activity I have learnt how to:

Follow ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information.

Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meaning of words, concepts, practices or behaviors.

Translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context and style as much as possible.

Proofread, edit and revise translated materials.

Check translations of terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions.

Read written materials, such as legal documents, scientific works or news reports, and rewrite material into specified languages.

Refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy.

Compile terminology and information to be used in translations, including technical terms such as those for legal or business material.

Listen to speakers’ statements to determine meanings and to prepare translations, using electronic listening systems as necessary.

The goals of practical training were the following:

1. To apply all the theory studied at the university into practice. Due to the preliminary competences acquired at ULIM, during such academic courses as Theory and Practice of Translation, TAM, literary, and consecutive and simultaneous translation, I was able to perform qualified and eligible translation.

2. During this practice I realized the importance not only of a rapid and qualified translation but also the significance of keeping ethical relationships with colleagues and employers.

3. One of the things I achieved during my practice of translation is that to produce good translations it is not enough to have a superficial acquaintance with another language.

4. To work with different types of documents.

One of the problems I met during this practice of translation was the problem of the use of synonyms. The existence of a great number of synonyms in the English language makes sometimes the work of the translator very difficult.

At the end of my practice it became clear that students who want to acquire core business terminology need a list of the most frequent terms which is based on both, experience and intuition of course-book authors, and on quantitative corpus study evidence. The corpus from which core business terminology is excerpted should include authentic and up-to-date texts used by business professionals. It should be well balanced and cover all basic areas of business. Today effective language teaching and learning requires teaching materials that prioritize highest frequency specialized terms, business lexis items and other language elements that are most typical of the language of business. These highest-frequency language elements should be included in Business English course-books and other supplementary materials prepared by teachers.

For obtaining good results in this domain just theoretical studies are not enough at all, it is practice that is necessary. Only by practicing one can finally achieve the ability to make a really good translation and may become a specialist in domain. This practice was a new opportunity to show, to develop and to evaluate my skills in this field. I learned to insist on the quality of translation but, nevertheless to make it quicker; to work with terms and dictionaries, trying to find the best translation for a word. It was the first step in my future career as a translator.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. REFERENCES

Cabré, Maria Teresa and Sager, Juan. Terminology: Theory, Methods, and Applications. John Benjamins Publishing. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 1999. 247 p.

Călărașu, Cristina. Globalizare lingvistică și anglicizare, în Aspecte ale dinamicii limbii române actuale, Actele colocviuliui de limba română, coordonator: prof.univ.dr.Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, Universitatea din București. 2004.

Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood and Hasan, Ruqaiya. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective, Melbourne, Deakin University. 1991. 126 p.

Gentzler, Edwin, Contemporary Translation Theories, Multilingual Matters, 2001. 232 p.

Gotti Maurizio, Specialized Discourse. Linguistic Features and Changing Conventions. Bern: Peter Lang, 2003, 351 p.

Larson, Mildred L. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, London: University Press of America. 1998. 586 p.

Newmark, Peter. About Translation: Multilingual Matters. Clevedon, Philadelphia, Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd.1991, 184 p.

Nida, Eugene Albert. The Theory and Practice of Translation. BRILL, 2003, 218 p.

Sager, Juan. Practical Course in Terminology Processing. John Benjamins Publishing, 1990. 264p.

Sim, M. A. and Pop, A. M., 2012. Managing Problems When Translating Economic Texts. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 21(2), pp.152-157.

B. DICTIONARIES

Business and management terms dictionary, http://www.businessballs.com/business-dictionary.htm#P-definitions (visited on 25.03.2015).

English to Romanian glossary of translations. Business/Commerce Terminology, http://www.proz.com/glossary-translations/english-to-romanian-translations/15 (visited on 25.03.2015).

Friedman, Jack P. Dictionary of Business Terms. Barron's Educational Series, 2000. 767 p.

Gadsby, Adam, ed. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Ltd., 2009. 2081 p.

Glossary of key financial terms,

http://www.business.gov.au/business-topics/tax-finance-insurance/business-finances/Pages/glossary-of-financial-terms.aspx (visited on 23.03.2015).

Online English Dictionary, http://www.engleza-online.ro/dictionar-englez-englez.php (visited on 27.04.2015).

Online English – Spanish Dictionary, http://www.wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?tranword=certificate (visited on 28.04.2015).

Popescu, Teodora and Toma, Mariana. English-Romanian Dictionary of Business Collocations. Alba Iulia: Aeternitas, 2009. 356 p. Available at https://www.academia.edu/1014100/Dictionary_of_Business_Collocations_With_Romanian_translation_and_practice_section (visited on 27.03.2015).

Woodford, Kate and Jackson, Guy, eds. Cambridge Advanced Learner´s Dictionary. 2008, 1799 p.

ANNEX

Annex 1

STATEMENT*

regarding the originality of the contents of the Licence’s Project

I, the undersigned …………………………………………… in my capacity of graduate of Free International University of Moldova, Faculty of …………………………, specialty………………………………………………, year of graduation……………………………………, declare on my own responsibility that the Licence’s Project entitled ……………………………………………… ……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………, which has been elaborated under the supervision of Mr. / Mrs. ………………………………… and is to be presented to a committee, is original and I am the sole author.

I hereby declare that I have not plagiarized any Licence Projects, monographs, specialized works, articles, etc.; published or posted on Internet, as well as other biographical sources consulted in the process of the thesis elaboration for awarding Licence Title.

I declare that I agree to my Licence Project being checked in any legal ways in order to assess its originality, thereof its content being introduced in a database for such purpose.

Date………………………………. Student’s signature……………………

Annex 2

Glossary of business terms