Metode de Traducere ale Textelor Specializate

PROIECT DE LICENȚĂ

Metode de traducere ale textelor specializate (studiu de caz)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. METHODS OF TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS

I.1. The Notion of Translation

I.2. Translation Procedures and Methods

II. ANALYSIS OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS: PRACTICAL APPROCH

II.1.Stuctural Classification of Legal Terms

II.2. Comparative Analysis of Methods of Translation

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEX

INTRODUCTION

The practice in translation has been performed from November 10, 2014 till December 19, 2014 at the “SRL Promo Lingua” Translation Agency. This Translation Agency has been a successful provider of different services, such as translation of various documents and texts from/into most European languages, legal advice and drawing up of personal and commercial documents, notary services, as well as international courier mail both for individual and corporate clients.

“SRL Promo Lingua” Translation Agency provides highly professional translations of texts and documents from/into majority of European languages, on a wide range of subjects, the most popular of which are:

commercial documentation (contracts, agreements, proposals, claims, business correspondence, etc.);

constituent and other documents for companies (articles of association and contracts, agreements, memoranda, licenses, extracts of laws and court decisions, letters of attorney, registration certificates, etc.);

scientific and technical documentation (articles, reports and presentations, books, operating manuals, reference books, textbooks, etc.);

translation from into 27 language;

medical and pharmaceutical literature.

Having the opportunity to perform my practice at this Translation Agency made me understand what the profession of an interpreter/translator actually means and made me feel its deepest essence and hidden features and secrets.

Personally, I think that the role of an interpreter/translator in our society and our world is very important because they make possible for many people to understand others. Professional interpreters/translators provide communication between cultures and languages which they know very well, and between many speakers and many client groups.

They represent other people’s mouthpiece and keep their own opinions, if they have any, to themselves.

There are ethical rules of conduct to make sure that the interpreter/translator provides a high-quality service in an atmosphere of mutual trust:

Interpreters/translators must be effective in getting the message across, have proven language skills, be personally suited to verbal communication, respect speakers and listeners, be discreet and restrained, and observe confidentiality and the terms and conditions of work.

During my practice, I strictly followed these rules, and did my best to provide the best translation for the original texts and especially, to listen carefully to clients’ needs, to respect them and understand their terms and conditions.

So the main goal of the research is to perform a theoretical and practical study regarding methods of translation. The study will focus on analyzing the material that was translated during the translation practice.

The objectives of this project included:

Strengthening and deepening the theoretical knowledge, skills and abilities of formats for teaching in the classroom.

Professional skills training in the production process by applying efficient methods of working.

Knowing the rules of professional conduct and spiritual values ​​specific to the chosen profession.

Technological knowledge base of the profession, the professional problem-solving methodology.

Knowledge acts regulating professional activity.

Knowing the specific activity of the institutions within which business operates.

Determining specific professional activity from different perspectives: social, legal, , technical, economic, .

Using management tools to manage and achieve flexible practice.

Testing of modern machinery in the process of problem solving training.

Design and organization processes/production of professional activity within the institution.

I did not have any big problems during this practice, although I can mention coming across a lot of new words and terminology, which I had to look up in dictionaries in order to find the right equivalent. As I translated mostly official and judicial documents, I learnt a lot of law terminology. Even my glossary includes more legal terms.

The license project consists of: Introduction, two parts, Conclusion, Bibliography and Annexes.

In the Introduction the main purpose is to write about our practice and the challenges that we have met, about things that we have learned and also to describe the license project itself.

The Part I, METHODS OF TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS, includes and some theoretical statements of different linguists on the methods of translation, which will help us in the practical part.

Part II, METHODS OF TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS, the practical part itself. In this chapter the terms and texts I have worked with during the translation practice are analyzed. Here the theory is applied and the differences between methods of translation are explained.

In Conclusion is expressed our own opinion on both theoretical and practical part.

In Bibliography there are enumerated the sources used in the theoretical part. Also we have to write what dictionaries we have used the whole project.

The last part of our project is Annex which includes the glossary of terms we have used, a diagram of the terms, and samples of translated texts

METHODS OF TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS

I.1. The Notion of Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text [9, online]. It is well-known that translation and/or interpretation is one of the oldest professions in the world. When people first discovered other lands, they understood that in order to make peace with other nations they need somebody who would speak both languages. Finding out that this is possible they began to develop the translation. So it all developed to this point when people ask for a good translation at translation agencies, when they go abroad to travel and ask for an interpreter. From a simple need it has developed into a very profitable business. The is not an exception, translation is very popular in this country too. Here people usually ask for the translation of some documents like: identity card or birth certificate, or even some more legal documents like: apostille or power of attorney, some authors want their books to be translated in some foreign languages. Nowadays people ask for the best quality of translation, more than that, politicians always ask for the best translators or interpreters because if something is translated incorrectly it might bring to a political scandal. The project is focused on the specialized texts and different ways of translation that is why it requires a closer look on the specialized texts.

Every language is so different even if they have the same roots, they have different culture, religion, therefore the procedure of translation is very challenging. But regardless our culture, religion or political view a translator should always focus on the best quality of translation. Being the languages so different between them some of the problems in translations are: proverbs, idioms and false friends of the translator. Knowing more languages for many years one can notice that some proverbs can be translated with the closest equivalents, but other don’t even have equivalents so they can’t be translated. As regards the false friends of translators they should be always omitted, it is better to consult a dictionary than to make such a great mistake [9, online].

Translation is seldom considered of as essentially a matter of converting a source-language text into an equivalent target-language text. In order to have a good translation, the translator should follow some rules, he must be guided by a communicative purpose and must be acquainted with the filed that he is working with of both target and source languages. In other words he should be a professional translator [9, online].

It is believed that there are translators and then there are professional translators. The former are people who translate on the side, using their knowledge of a particular field to translation work. For instance, it can be a mathematician who translates a book on advanced mathematics from French to English. But such people are not considered to be professional translators [3, p.56].

Professional translators are applied linguists whose ability to work with language, write well and to operate a business represents their source of income. Professional translators are people who are dedicated to their languages and the nations, societies, and cultures which come with them. They are devoted to improving their ability to understand their source language and write in their target language. They recognize that translation is both an art and a skill. As such, they are also committed to deepening their knowledge of the fields they translate in, and to cultivating greater facility for writing about such matters. They also have nurtured a deep respect for business ethics, aware that they are in many instances the communications conduit for a product or service, for information or opinion, and so must consider the consequences of their linguistic decisions. Finally, professional translators know that they can always improve and polish their translation ability [3, p.57].

So while translating a specialized text from the source-language into the target-language, a professional translator should know what translation procedures, strategies and methods he uses. So defining following terms, will be easier to apply them in practice for every translator: specialized text or translation, strategies of translation, translation procedures, and methods of translation.

Specialized translation is one of the most complex translation, based on the certain terminology and the specific content. It is the translation provided for: document translation, medical translation, technical translation, financial translation, web site translation, etc. Specialized translation requires the best translators and highly trained linguists.

Respectively specialized text is a text dealing with special terminology and more precisely: economical, medical, administrative, computer, literary and technical terminology.

Strategies of translation are the steps that a translator take when he meets a difficulty. Basically said is the idea that he has for overcoming the problem and to achieve an outcome.

Leppihalme proposes a set of strategies for translating the proper name allusions:

Retention of the name:

using the name as such.

using the name, adding some guidance.

using the name, adding a detailed explanation, for instance, a footnote.
Replacement of the name by another:

replacing the name by another SL name.

replacing the name by a TL name.

Omission of the name:

omitting the name, but transferring the sense by other means, for instance by a common noun.

omitting the name and the allusion together[1, p.79].

The theory of translation is a linguistic science which teaches how to translate. It teaches laws and rules of translation, analyses various problems connected with process of translation. Translation is a means of intralinguistic communication, a transfer of mng across culture or cultures. More specifically translation is the process and result of creating in a TL a text which has approximately the same communicative value as the corresponding text in a SL [12, online].

I.2. Translation Procedures and Methods

In contrast to translation strategies (the translators’ global approach or plan of action on a given text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used fong in a TL a text which has approximately the same communicative value as the corresponding text in a SL [12, online].

I.2. Translation Procedures and Methods

In contrast to translation strategies (the translators’ global approach or plan of action on a given text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT) [2, p.83].

Graedler puts forth some procedures of translating CSCs:

Making up a new word.

Explaining the meaning of the SL expression in lieu of translating it.

Preserving the SL term intact.

Opting for a word in the TL which seems similar to or has the same "relevance" as the SL term [7, online].

Defining methods of translation is very simple. Methods of translation is strategy or the idea of translation.

So in the beginning might seem that methods or procedures of translation are countless, but there are eight methods of translation which can be used either on their own or together. The problem in using any method of translation is next: the translator always thinks to translate literally or freely? Now in the 21st century the solution of this problem is very clear and simple. Every method has its place and its time of application. And as said above it’s the 21st century translators already feel freely while translating.[9, online]

Newmark mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" [3, p.81]. He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:

Word-for-word translation: This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-t ran slat ion process.

Literal translation: the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved [3, p.45].

Faithful translation: it attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.

Semantic translation: it differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on 'meaning' where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents – une nonne repassant un corporal may become 'a nun ironing a corporal cloth' – and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator's intuitive empathy with the original [3, p.46].

Adaptation: this is the 'freest' form of translation. It is used mainly for plays, comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have 'rescued1 period plays.

Free translation: it reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called 'intralingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.

Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.

Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership [3, p. 47].

Commenting on these methods, I should first say that only semantic and communicative translation fulfil the two main aims of translation, which are first, accuracy, and second, economy. A semantic translation is more likely to be economical than a communicative translation, unless, for the latter, the text is poorly written. In general, a semantic translation is written at the author's linguistic level, a communicative at the readership's. Semantic translation is used for 'expressive' texts, communicative for 'informative' and 'vocative' texts [3, p.47]

So, the opinion of the highly trained linguists is that there are eight methods of translation. But nowadays researchers think differently. As mentioned above a few times this the 21st century, a century of development, a century of computers. The researchers think there is the ninth method of translation which is machine and computer based translation.

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT (not to be confused with computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation (MAHT) or interactive translation) is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another. On a basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one language for words in another, but that alone usually cannot produce a good translation of a text because recognition of whole phrases and their closest counterparts in the target language is needed. Solving this problem with corpus and statistical techniques is a rapidly growing field that is leading to better translations, handling differences in linguistic typology, translation of idioms, and the isolation of anomalies [8, online].

So this is just one of the researchers’ opinions, they still argue about it and it will take a long time till machine translation will be considered officially as method of translation. Applying this method one can see that there is not a big difference between this method and word-for-word translation.

As for the process of translation, it is often dangerous to translate more than a sentence or two before reading the first two or three paragraphs, unless a quick glance through convinces you that the text is going to present few- problems [3, p.51].

ANALYSIS OF SPECIALIZED TEXTS: PRACTICAL APPTOCH

Structural Classificationof Legal Terms

During my practice I have worked with many different texts and tried to select the best and possible the hardest words for my glossary. So I consider the best way to begin the practice analysis is to speak about structural classification of the terms. The classification consists of four groups, that I will analyze carefully.

One member terms

This group contains of 104 terms (52%) which includes:

Noun 77 terms (38.5%)

Verb 6 terms (3%)

Adjective 15 terms (7.5%)

Adverb 6 terms (3%)

The One member terms group is the largest group. Further we are going to analyze some examples:

Insurance – noun, in Romanian asigurare, in Spanish seguro.

En.: Compulsory civil liability insurance for damage cause by vehicles.

Ro.: Asigurarea obligatorie de răspundere civilă a deținătorilor de autovehicule.

Sp.: El seguro obligatorio de responsabilidad civil por daños causados por vehículos.

To surpass – verb, in Romanian a depăși, in Spanish superar.

En.: The euro has the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.

Ro.: Moneda euro are cea mai mare valoare combinată de bancnote și monede aflate în circulație în lume, după ce a depășit dolarul american.

Sp.: El euro tiene el más alto valor combinado de los billetes y monedas en circulación en el mundo, después de haber superado el dólar estadounidense.

Statutory – adj., in Romanian statutar, in Spanish estatutario.

En.: The employer is not liable to pay the statutory employer’s contributions.

Ro.: Angajatorul nu este obligat să plătească contribuțiile statutare ale angajatului.

Sp.: El empleador no está obligado a pagar las cotizaciones patronales estatutario.

Herinafter – adverb, in Romanian în continuare, in Spanish en lo sucesivo

En.: Hereinafter referred to as “Terms of Insurance”.

Ro.: În continuare se referă la ”Condițiile de asigurare”.

Sp.: En lo sucesivo denominado "Términos de Seguros".

Therefore the conclusion of this group is that in each language English, Romanian or Spanish, noun, verb, adjective, adverb will remain the same after translation. It will not change its part of speech. The only change that may happen is the noun can get an article.

Two member terms

This group consists of 69 terms (34.5%), therefore is on the second place. It contains many different word combinations like:

N+N or N+ Prep.+ N – 21 word combinations (10.5%). Noun plus noun form a compound noun.

Insurance Premiums – N+N, in Romanian prime de asigurare, in Spanish prima de seguro.

En.: IIC “MOLDASIG” offers discounts up to 25% of the amount of insurance premiums.

Ro.: SIA “MOLDASIG” acordă reduceri de pînă la 25% din primele de asigurare.

Sp.: CII "MOLDASIG" ofrece descuentos de hasta el 25% del importe de las primas de seguros.

Risks insurance – N+N, in Romanian asigurarea riscurilor, in Spanish el seguro de riesgos

En.: Risks insurance covers losses from natural disasters.

Ro.: Asigurarea riscurilor acoperă pagubele produse de calamitățile naturale.

Sp.: El seguro de riesgos cubre las pérdidas por desastres naturales.

A compound noun also can consist of all parts of speech, not just N+N, it also can consist of more word combinations (of which will mention later).

Adj.+ N – 47 word combinations (23.5%).

Developed country – Adj.+ N, in Romanian țară dezvoltată, in Spanish país desarrollado.

En.: A developed country, industrialized country, or “more economically developed country” is a sovereign state.

Ro.: O țară dezvoltată, țară industrializată, sau “ o țară mai mult dezvoltată din punct de vedere economic” este un stat suveran.

Sp.: Un país desarrollado, un paíse industrializado, o "económicamente un país más desarrollado" es un estado soberano.

Natural person – Adj.+ N, in Romanian persoană fizică, is Spanish persona física.

En.: The company offers discounts of insurance to natural persons that pay on time every year.

Ro.: Compania ofera reduceri de asigurare a persoanelor fizice care plătesc la timp în fiecare an.

Sp.: La empresa ofrece descuentos de seguro a las personas físicas que pagan a tiempo todos los años.

The thing that should be mentioned here is that in English adjective goes before noun, but in both Romanian and Spanish, noun goes before adjective.

Art.+Adj.+N – 4 combinations (2%)

The Industrial Revolution – Art.+Adj.+N, in Romanian Revoluția Industriaăl. In Spanish , for example:

En.: The Industrial Revolution in Britain during the late eighteenth century, which spread to Europe over the next fifty years, exercised a profound influence on the shape of things to come.

Ro.: Revoluția Industrială din Marea Britanie in timpul secolului al XVIII-lea, care sa răspândit în Europa în următorii cincizeci de ani, a exercitat o influență profundă asupra formei de lucrurile viitoare.

Sp.: en Gran Bretaña durante el siglo XVIII, que se extendió en Europa durante los próximos cincuenta años, ejerció una profunda influencia en la forma de lo que vendrá.

Three member terms

This group consists of 23 word combinations (11.5%). It is on the third place right after Two member terms group. So further we will analyze some examples.

Adj.+Adj.+N or Adj.+N+N – 15 word combinations (7.5%).

General liability Insurance – Adj.+N+N, in Romanian Asigurarea de răspundere civilă generală, in Spanish Seguro de responsabilidad civil general, for example:

En.: The Terms of General Liability Insurance of the company have concluded the present Agreement.

Ro.: Condițiile de asigurare de răspundere civilă generală ale companiei au încheiat prezentul contract.

Sp.: Los Términos de Seguro de Responsabilidad Civil General, de la empresa han concluido el Acuerdo presente.

Annual Administrative Fee – Adj.+Adj.+N, in Romanian taxa administrativă anuală, in Spanish cargo administrativo annual.

En.: The annual administration fee for your registered plan is automatically deducted from your account.

Ro.: Taxa administrativă anuală pentru planul dvs. înregistrat este dedusă automat din contul dvs.

Sp.: El cargo administrativo anual para su plan registrada se deduce automáticamente de su cuenta.

Here we can see that in English there are just three words, but in Romanian and Spanish there are four words and preposition. What I mean is, whe should be careful while translating, we are not suppose to translate word for word.

N+N+N – 7 word combinations (3.5%).

Law enforcement agency – N+N+N, in Romanian agenția de aplicare a legii, in Spanish agencia de aplicación de la ley, for example:

En.: Notify the police or other law enforcement agencies about the car accident immediately after its occurrence.

Ro.: Să notifice organele poliției sau alte agenții de aplicare a legii despre accidentul de autovehicul imediat după producerea lui.

Sp.: Notificar a la policía u otras agencias de aplicación de la ley sobre el accidente de coche inmediatamente después de su ocurrencia.

Art.+Adj.+Adj.+N – 1 combination (0,5%)

The International Monetary Fund – Art.+Adj.+Adj.+N., in Romanian Fondul Monetar Internațional, in Spanish El Fondo MonetarioInternacional.

En.: Based on the International Monetary Fund estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the eurozone is the second largest economy in the world.

Ro.: Pe baza estimărilor Fondului Monetar Internațional din 2008 PIB-ul și paritatea puterii de cumpărare între diferite monede, zona euro este a doua cea mai mare economie din lume.

Sp.: En base a las estimaciones del Fondo Monetario Internacional de 2008 el PIB y la paridad del poder adquisitivo entre las distintas monedas, la zona euro es la segunda economía más grande del mundo.

Four and more member terms

This group consists of just 4 word combinations (2%) and it is the last group. It comes right after the third, three member terms group. Here are presented some examples of different word combinations like:

Abbr. – 2 combinations (1%)

MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) – Adj.+Adj.+ Adj.+N, in Romanian ȚMDE (Țară ), in Spanish PEMD (país económicamente más desarrollado)

En.: A developed country, industrialized country, or “more economically developed country” (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure.

Ro.: O țară dezvoltată, țară industrializată, sau ” o țară mai dezvoltată economic” (ȚMDE), este un stat suveran care are o economie foarte dezvoltată și infrastructură tehnologică avansată.

Sp.: Un país desarrollado, país industrializado, o "país económicamente más desarrollado" (PEMD), es un país soberano que tiene una economía altamente desarrollada y la infraestructura tecnológica avanzada.

Art.+Adj.+Adj.+N+N – 2 combinations (1%)

The European Financial Stability Facility – Art.+Adj.+Adj.+N+N, in Romanian Fondul European de Stabilitate financiară, in Spanish El Fondo Europeo de Estabilidad Financiera, for example:

En.: Since late 2009, the euro has been immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis which has led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility.

Ro.: Începând cu sfârșitul anului 2009, moneda euro a fost scufundată în criza datoriei suverane europene, care a dus la crearea Fondului European de Stabilitate Financiară.

Sp.: Desde finales de 2009, el euro se ha visto inmersa en la crisis de la deuda soberana europea, que ha llevado a la creación del Fondo Europeo de Estabilidad Financiera.

Art.+Adj.+Adj.+N+N+N – 2 word combinations (1%)

The Compulsory Civil Liability Motor Insurance – Art.+Adj.+Adj.+N+N+N, in Romanian Asigurarea obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto, in Spanish El seguro obligatoria de responsabilidad civil auto, for example:

En.: The Compulsory Civil Liability Motor Insurance is directly obtained with the conclusion of an Insurance Agreement.

Ro.: Asigurarea obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto se realizează nemijlocit prin încheierea contractului de asigurare.

Sp.: El seguro obligatoria de responsabilidad civil auto se obtiene directamente con la firma de un Contrato de Seguro.

In the conclusion I can say that when we translate a word it is all very easy, but when we have a word combination we should be very careful, because some of the words might change, probably take articles or more than that when translating a text and using these word combination terms, some of the words might come in the beginning of the sentence other in the end as in some of our examples. While translating we should be careful what method of translation we use.

Comparative Analysis of Methods of Translation

So in this part of the project we will try to see the difference between the word-for-word method of translation and other methods of translation. As mentioned before a good translation is the translation that can transmit the same message from the source text to the target text. Here we will analyze a few texts that I have translated during my license practice in translation. The main purpose of the analysis is to see if the word-for-word method of translation is close to the original text or to other methods of translation. The analysis should provide some information about the differences and similarities between source and target text.

So in the first example I would like to compare and analyze Word-for-Word Translation versus Communicative Translation.

Original – Each of us would like their loved ones to be safe at all times, but not many are those who can insure such lasting security. IIC “MOLDASIG” LLC offers insurance against accidents to all members of your family, as well as to employees of the company you manage. The Voluntary Accident Insurance is a cost-effective way to protect your and your loved ones’ health and life against certain unexpected circumstances. The Insurance Policy will help to compensate the costs deriving from the occurrence of insurance events, providing the insured or the third party beneficiary with monetary compensation. (En)

Word-for-Word Translation – Fiecare dintre noi ar vrea lor iubit unii să fie siguri toate timpurile, dar nu mulți sunt cei care poate asigura astfel durabilă securitate. SIA ”MOLDASIG” SRL oferă asigurare împotriva accidentelor tuturor membrelor voastră familie, la fel și angajaților companiei voi administrați. Voluntara Accident Asigurare este un cost efective drum prntru a proteja voastră și voastră iubiți unii sănătate și viața împotriva anumitor neașteptate circumstanțe. Asigurarea Poliță va ajuta să compensați costul survenit de la întîmplarea asigurîrii evenimentelor, oferind asiguratului sau a treia parte benificiar cu monetar compensare. (Ro)

Word-for-Word Translation – Cada de nosotros gustaría su amado unos ser seguro todo el tiempo, pero no mucho son aquellos quien pueden asigurar tal perdurable seguridad. SIA ”MOLDASIG” SRL ofrece seguro contra accidentes para todos membros de su familia, así como empleados de empresa vosotros gestionáis. El voluntario Accident Seguro es un costo effectivo camino para proteger tu y su amado unos salud y vida contra cierto inesperado aparición de seguro eventos, proporcionando el asegurado o la tercera parte beneficiario con monetario compensación. (Sp)

Communicative translation – Fiecare dintre noi dorește ca persoanele apropiate să fie în permanentă siguranță, însă puțini sunt cei care le pot oferi această siguranță. SIA ”MODASIG” SRL, vă propune să asigurați contra accidentelor membrii familiilor Dvs. și angajații întreprinderii pe care o conduceți. Asigurarea benevolă de accidente este o modalitate rentabilă de a proteja sănatatea și ciața Dvs. și a celor dragi, de apariția unor situații neprevăzute . Polița de Asigurare vă va ajuta să compensați cheltuielile survenite în urma producerii cazurilor asigurate, oferind persoanei asigurate sau benificiarului numit de aceasta, indemnizație bănească. (Ro)

Communicative translation – Cada uno de nosotros les gustaría que sus seres queridos estén seguros en todo momento, pero no son muchos los que pueden asegurar tales seguridad duraderas. CII "MOLDASIG" LLC ofrece un seguro contra accidentes a todos los miembros de su familia, así como a los empleados de la empresa que usted maneja. El Seguro de Accidentes voluntario es una forma costo-efectivo para proteger la salud y la vida de su y sus seres queridos contra ciertas circunstancias inesperadas. La póliza de seguro ayudará a compensar los costes derivados de la ocurrencia de eventos de seguros, roporcionando el asegurado o el tercero beneficiario con una compensación monetaria. (Sp)

As we can see sometimes the word-for-word translation is a nice translation when translating just a few words, but not the whole text. The whole text doesn’t make sense e.g. Original text: Each of us would like their loved ones to be safe at all times, Word-for-Word Translation: Fiecare dintre noi ar vrea lor iubit unii să fie siguri toate timpurile (Ro,) Word-for-Word Translation: Cada de nosotros gustaría su amado unos ser seguro todo el tiempo (Sp). The meaning of the text is lost because of many problems. One of the problem is the order of the words in a sentence and wrong grammar. The correct translation is: Communicative translation – Fiecare dintre noi dorește ca persoanele apropiate să fie în permanentă siguranță (Ro), Cada uno de nosotros les gustaría que sus seres queridos estén seguros en todo momento (SP). Also another problem is that there are some terms and word combinations that in the source text come together, but should be replaced between them e.g. Original text: The Voluntary Accident Insurance, Word-for-Word Translation: Voluntara Accident Asigurare (Ro), El voluntario Accident Seguro (Sp).As we see the word combination doesn’t make any sense, again because of the grammar. In English the adjective comes before the noun, while in both Romanian and Spanish it is noun that comes before the adjective, but if we translate word-for-word we don’t follow this rule. The correct translation is: Communicative translation: Asigurarea benevolă de accidente (Ro) El Seguro de Accidentes voluntario (Sp).

For the second example I chose to compare Word-for-word Translation with Semantic translation .

Original – IIC “MOLDASIG” offers discounts up to 25% of the amount of insurance premiums to individuals who have reached retirement age and persons with locomotive impairment owning motorcycles and vehicles adapted to their abilities. (En)

Word-for-Word translation – SIA “MOLDASIG” oferă reduceri pînă la 25% din cantitatea de asigurări prime a indivizilor care au ajuns retragerea vîrstă și persoanele cu locomotivă deteriorare deținînd motociclete si autovehicule adaptate pentru a lor abilități. (Ro)

Word-for-Word Translation – CII “MOLDASIG” ofrece discuentos hasta 25% de cantidad de seguro primas para personas que han alcanzado jubilación edad y personas con locomotora discapasidad poseer motocicletas y vehículos adaptado por su abilidades. (Sp)

Semantic Translation – SIA ”MOLDASIG” acordă reduceri de pînă la 25% persoanelor fizice pensionate și celor cu dificiențe locomotorii (Ro)

Semantic Translation – CII "MOLDASIG" ofrece descuentos de hasta el 25% a las personas que han alcanzado la edad de jubilación y las personas con deterioro de locomotoras (Sp)

As we see again we can’t apply the Word-for-Word method of Translation, because it has too many mistakes like: Original text : individuals who have reached retirement age; Word-for-Word translation: indivizilor care au ajuns retragerea vîrstă (RO); personas que han alcanzado jubilación edad (Sp).

The semantic translation doesn’t have any mistakes and that’s a big advantage using this method. While using it we just translate by transmiting the main meaning of the source text. The semantic translation ommite a lot of details. Even if this is a good translation it is not close to the source text. It is more meant for interpretation than translation. However on this paragraph we can aslo apply the communicative translation.

Communicative Translation – SIA “MOLDASIG” acordă reduceri de pînă la 25% din primele persoanelor fizice pensionate și persoanelor cu deficiențe locomotorii posesori de motociclete și de autoturisme adaptate infirmității lor. (Ro)

Communicative translation – CII "MOLDASIG" ofrece descuentos de hasta el 25% del importe de las primas de seguro a las personas que han alcanzado la edad de jubilación y las personas con deterioro de locomotoras que posee motocicletas y vehículos adaptadas a sus capacidades.

As we can see using the Communicative Translation, we translate the text as it’s supposse to be translated. It is reproduced 100% close to the source text. So if we have to translate some legal texts the besat method to use is Communicative Translation. The translator is not the sender of the source text message but a text producer in the target language who adopts somebody’s texts in order to produce a communicative text, that means to bring the closer and qualified translation.

CONCLUSION

Being a translator is not that easy as it looks. Many people say if you know two or more languages, you already can be a translator. I want to say that this statement is totally wrong. In order to become a translator one have to study, and not just study three or more years at University, but study during the whole life. If one found a job as a translator, he/she should study more than he/she did when he/she was still a student and should always strive for the best.

All I am trying to say is that three years are not enough to become a professional translator. One thing has to be admitted this project wouldn’t be done without the knowledge that I have gained during my education at University. All the subjects that I have studied helped me during my theoretical and practical part. The subjects that I have studied and really helped me are: Lexicology, Stylistics, Grammar, Linguistics, Specialized and Oral Translations. All the good pieces of advice that I took from my teachers helped me as well, having somebody besides you that will guide you through your carrier is a blessing. After becoming a translator, one should always consult a wiser linguist in order to become better, he should always analyze his mistakes and his achievements.

Speaking of the project I have to say that I have translated many texts of different types from easy ones to really hard ones, from text of one page to texts of seven pages. In the research itself I used the most interesting parts of the texts. During my translations I have applied almost all the methods of translation, in some translations I have applied one method, but in other I have applied even two or three methods in a text.

The beginning is always hard for everything you do, and translation is not an exception. When I have started my translations I’ve begun by analyzing the terms I had never met before. I have used many dictionaries: explicative dictionaries, dictionary of synonym, English-Romanian dictionaries, English-Spanish and Romanian-Spanish. I have worked with the terms till the moment there were no more unknown terms left.

Once I have finished with the terminology I started to translate the whole texts. As I mentioned above I used almost all the methods during my translations, but mostly I was focused on Communicative translation. To me this is the most effective method. It is a very free method, with almost no restrictions. It is the best for the types of text that I had.

As my texts were mostly informative type, I consider the best method to be Communicative, because after translation the target text is very similar to the source text. And this is exactly the result that we need.

In the practical part of the license project I have compared Word-for-Word Translation with the Communicative Translation and semantic translation, the same texts were translated in both Spanish and Romanian and in Word-for-Word translation and Communicative translation and semantic translation. There were places where all the methods were applied and I have to say there is a very big difference between all these methods.

First of all speaking of Word-for-Word Translation I can say that this is a very terrible translation when translating a whole text. Using this method, the target text might produce on the reader a negative effect. He might think that the translator does not appear to be successful in this problem (as we might say), the reader can consider going to another translator as one that use this method can’t make his job well.

This method can be used while translating an unknown word or sometimes even half a sentence as we noticed in the Part II. 2. of the practical work. Even if the Romanian version of the target text is a little bit similar with the Spanish version of the target text, both translation make no sense and can’t be used for official documents. Using this method we can notice that the sentences of the target text are not constructed grammatically. There are too many mistakes concerning the order of the words, the verbs and the possessive case. Another problem that I had met during this method of translation is false friends of the translators, they confuse you very often, and even if you use a dictionary you take the first word, but not that is most appropriate. This method can be used not by translators, but by those who are not familiar with the source language so they could at least understand what the source text is about.

As I noticed Word-for-Word Translation requires a lot of adaptation but in this case we will have another method of translation.

As for me during the practical part of the project I understood that Communicative translation is the best method for my texts. There are cases when a term has many meanings and during this method the translator can chose the best one and make the target text as interesting and understandable as the source text.

As mentioned a few times during this project a good translation can be done without reading two or three chapters.

To sum up, I can say that translation/interpretation is one of the most difficult jobs in the world and as I know the oldest one. Even though at the first sight, it seems that everyone who knows two different languages can be a translator/interpreter, this is not true. Only theory is not enough. A very good translator/interpreter should practice almost every day in order to become a professional. Only with practice you can really acquire the knowledge, the speed, the trust of the clients, and you can do your job at the highest level.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Leppihalme, Ritva. Culture bumps: an empirical approach to the translation of allusions. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1997. 256 p.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall, 1988. 292 p.

Podoliuc, Tatiana. The Ethics of Translator. Chișinău: ULIM, 2012. 187 p.

Dictionaries

Alvarez García, Teresa. Harrap's Spanish and English Dictionary. New-York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. 554 p.

Irimia, Marian. Dicționar englez-român. Chișinău: Cartier, 2011. 412p.

Soanes, Catherine. The Dictionary of Current English. : Routledge, 2005. 598 p.

Internet sources

Mahmoud, Ordudar. Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods, available at http://translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm (visited 15.05.2015)

Online free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation (visited 05.05.2015)

Online free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation (visited 13.04.2015)

http://dictionary.reference.com/ (visited 23.03.205)

http://hallo.ro/ (visited 02.05.2015)

http://lingtown.ru/blog/theoretical_grammatic/76.html (visited 14.05.2015)

http://www.thesaurus.com/ (visited 24.04.2015)

http://www.wordreference.com/ (visited 08.04.2015)

Annex1

Annex 2

GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS

Annex 3

Original Text

Voluntary General Accident Insurance

Each of us would like their loved ones to be safe at all times, but not many are those who can insure such lasting security. IIC “MOLDASIG” LLC offers insurance against accidents to all members of your family, as well as to employees of the company you manage.

The Voluntary Accident Insurance is a cost-effective way to protect your and your loved ones’ health and life against certain unexpected circumstances. The Insurance Policy will help to compensate the costs deriving from the occurrence of insurance events, providing the Insured or the third-party beneficiary with monetary compensation.

THE CONCEPT OF VOLUNTARY ACCIDENT INSURANCE

By “accident” is meant a sudden external event, unintended and unforeseen, resulted in a short-term or permanent impairment of functional capacity and/or death of the Insured.

The following events are considered as accidents:

injury occurred in the domestic environment;

injury occurred in the workplace environment;

frostbite, burns (thermal, chemical), drowning, exposure to electric current, or electrocution due to lightning;

bites of insects or poisonous snakes;

asphyxia due to accidental aspiration of a foreign body;

anaphylactic shock;

accidental acute poisoning by poisonous plants, chemicals (industrial or household), altered food products (except for bacterial gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera), or medications.

RISKS INSURED

temporary loss of working capacity by the Insured Party;

permanent loss of working capacity by the Insured Party (with the assignment of disability evaluations: Grade I; Grade II; Grade III).

the Insured Party’s death caused by an accident.

POSSIBLE OPTIONS FOR INSURANCE

Depending on the category of insured persons, Moldasig S.A.offers the following types of insurance:

Voluntary Accident Insurance of Individuals (families);

Voluntary Accident Insurance of Entities (collective security);

Voluntary Accident Insurance for Drivers and Passengers;

Voluntary Accident Insurance of Bank Borrowers (with banks as a beneficiary).

Depending on the period of insurance length:

24 hours a day;

at the time of performance of work duties by the Insured, not including travel time to and from work (unless otherwise specified by the Insurance Agreement);

Depending on the territory of insurance coverage:

In the ;

In countries of the CIS.

Traducerea din limba engleză în limba română

Asigurarea benevolă generală de accidente

Fiecare dintre noi dorește ca persoanele apropiate să fie în permanentă siguranță, însă puțini sunt cei care le pot oferi aceasta siguranța. Societatea Internațională de Asigurări “MOLDASIG” SRL, Vă propune să asigurați contra accidentelor membrii familiilor Dvs. și angajații întreprinderii pe care o conduceți.

Asigurare benevolă de accidente – este o modalitate rentabilă de a proteja sănătatea și viața Dvs. și a celor dragi, de apariția unor situații neprevăzute. Polița de asigurare Vă va ajuta să compensați cheltuielile survenite în urma producerii cazurilor asigurate, oferind persoanei asigurate sau beneficiarului numit de aceasta, indemnizație bănească.

NOȚIUNEA DE ASIGURAE BENEVOLĂ DE ACCIDENTE

Prin noțiunea de “accident” se subînțelege un caz neprevăzut, nepremeditat, în urma căruia Asiguratul a suportat o traumă, care a avut drept consecință pierderea capacității de muncă (temporară sau permanentă) sau decesul.

Sunt considerate accidente:

traume suportate în condiții casnice;

traume suportate la locul de muncă;

degerarea, arsuri (termice, chimice) înecul, impactul curentului electric, lovitura fulgerului;

mușcăturile de insecte sau șerpi veninoși;

asfixia rezultată din nimerirea întâmplătoare a unui corp străin în căile respiratorii;

șocul anafilactic;

intoxicarea accidentală acută cu plante otrăvitoare, substanțe chimice (industriale sau de uz casnic), produse alimentare alterate (cu excepția toxico-infecției alimentare, salmonelozei, dizenteriei, holerei), cu medicamente;

RISCURILE ASIGURATE

Pierderea temporară a capacității de muncă de către Persoana Asigurată;

Pierderea permanentă a capacității de muncă a Persoanei Asigurate cu atribuirea gradului de invaliditate: gradul I; gradul II; gradul III.

Decesul Persoanei Asigurate în urma unui accident;

OPȚIUNILE POSIBILE DE ASIGURARE

În dependență de categoria persoanelor asigurate, SIA “MOLDASIG”, Vă propune următoarele opțiuni:

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a persoanelor fizice (familiilor);

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a persoanelor juridice (colectivelor);

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a conducătorilor auto și pasagerilor;

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a persoanelor care iau credit la bancă (beneficiar banca).

În dependență de perioada de asigurare:

24 din 24 ore;

în timpul îndeplinirii obligațiilor de muncă.

În dependență de teritoriul de asigurare:

Pe teritoriul RM;

Pe teritoriul statelor CSI.

Original Text

Discount

IIC “MOLDASIG” offers discounts up to 25% of the amount of insurance premiums to individuals who have reached retirement age and persons with locomotive impairment owning motorcycles and vehicles adapted to their abilities.

At the conclusion of domestic Compulsory Civil Liability Motor Insurance agreements with entities operating in the field of international freight and passenger traffic in the “TIR-CARNET” and “INTER-BUS” systems, up to 60% of premium discounts are granted, excluding where international carriers prove ownership of the “Green Card” unsurance policy valid for 12 months.

In determining the insurance premiums that the Insured shall pay, IIC “MOLDASIG” applies the bonus-malus system in accordance with the procedure established by the Supervisory Authority, which provides for annual reductions of 5% – but not more than 50% over a 10-year period – for Compulsory Civil Motor Liability insurance premiums to users who, over a period of 10 years, have not caused vehicle accidents, as well as increase in insurance premiums for people who have caused motor vehicle accidents.

Obligations of the Insured

In the case of a road accident, the Insured or the user of the vehicle shall:

take all possible measures to reduce the damage caused;

notify the police or other law enforcement agencies about the car accident immediately after its occurrence, requiring the preparation of documents on the accident’s causes, circumstances, and consequences;

within 48 hours after the accident, regardless of the results of finding the offender, notify IIC “MOLDASIG”, and not take any own measures to address the damage;

notify the accident’s participants, the injured party or his/her relatives about owning an insurance policy and provide them with the necessary information about IIC “MOLDASIG”.

Traducerea din limba engleză în limba română

Reduceri acordate

SIA “MOLDASIG” acordă reduceri de pînă la 25% din primele de asigurare persoanelor fizice pensionate și persoanelor cu deficiențe locomotorii posesori de motocicluri și de autoturisme adaptate infirmității lor.

La încheierea contractelor de asigurare obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto internă cu persoane juridice care activează în domeniul transportului internațional de mărfuri și pasageri, încadrați în sistemul TIR-CARNET și INTER-BUS, se acordă reduceri de pînă la 60% din prima de asigurare, exclusiv în situația în care transportatorii internaționali fac dovada deținerii poliței de asigurare “Green Card” valabile pentru o perioadă de 12 luni.

La stabilirea primelor de asigurare pe care asiguratul urmează să le plătească, SIA “MOLDASIG” aplică sistemul bonus-malus, conform procedurii stabilite de Autoritatea de supraveghere, ce prevede reduceri anuale de 5%, dar de cel mult 50% pe parcursul a10 ani, a primelor de asigurare obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto pentru utilizatorii care, în decursul a 10 ani, nu au comis accidente de autovehicul, precum și majorarea primei de asigurare pentru utilizatorii care au comis accidente de autovehicul.

Obligațiile asiguratului

La producerea accidentului de autovehicul, asiguratul sau utilizatorul de autovehicul este obligat:

să întreprindă toate acțiunile posibile pentru diminuarea pagubelor produse;

să notifice organele poliției sau alte organe de drept despre accidentul de autovehicul imediat după producerea lui, cerînd întocmirea actelor referitor la cauzele și circumstanțele producerii accidentului, precum și la consecințele lui;

în 48 de ore din momentul producerii accidentului indiferent de rezultatele constatării vinovatului este obligat să înștiințeze SIA “MOLDASIG” și sînt obligați să nu întreprindă de sine stătător măsuri de reparare a pagubelor;

să notifice participanții la accident, păgubitul sau apropiații lui despre faptul că posedă poliță de asigurare și să pună la dispoziția acestora informațiile necesare despre SIA “MOLDASIG”.

Original Text

Developed countries

A developed country, industrialized country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate.Developed countries have post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. They are contrasted withdeveloping countries, which are in the process of industrialization, or undeveloped countries, which are pre-industrial and almost entirely agrarian. According to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 65.8% of global nominal GDP and 52.1% of global GDP (PPP) in 2013, the ten largest advanced economies by nominal GDP were the , , , ,the , , , , and . By PPP GDP, they were the , , , , the , , , , , Australia.In the span of world history, the distinction between industrialized and developing economies, or rich and poor countries, is relatively recent. It surfaced in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In fact, one thousand years ago, Asia, Africa and , taken together, accounted for more than 80% of world population and world income. This was attributable in large part to Asia, where just two countries, and , accounted for approximately 50% of world population and world income.

The overwhelming significance of these three continents in the world economy continued for another five centuries until 1500. The beginnings of change are discernible from the early sixteenth century to the late eighteenth century, as created the initial conditions for capitalist development. Even so, in the mid-eighteenth century, the similarities between Europe and were far more significant than the differences. Indeed demography, technology, and institutions were broadly comparable.

The Industrial Revolution in during the late eighteenth century, which spread to over the next fifty years, exercised a profound influence on the shape of things to come. Yet in 1820, less than 200 years ago, Asia, Africa, and still accounted for almost three-fourths of world population and around two-thirds of world income. The share of and , taken together, was 50% even in 1820.

Traducerea din limba engleză în limba română

Țările dezvoltate

O țară dezvoltată, țară industrializată, sau "mai mult punct de vedere economic țară dezvoltată" (MEdC), este un stat suveran care are o economie foarte dezvoltată și infrastructură tehnologică avansată în raport cu alte națiuni industrializate mai puțin. Cel mai frecvent, criteriile de evaluare a gradului de dezvoltare economică sunt produsul intern brut (PIB), venitul pe cap de locuitor, nivelul de industrializare, cantitate de infrastructură larg răspândită și standardul general de trai. Care sunt criteriile pentru a fi utilizate și care țări pot fi clasificate ca fiind dezvoltate sunt subiecte de dezbatere.

Țările dezvoltate au economii post-industriale, ceea ce înseamnă că sectorul serviciilor oferă mai multă bogăție decât sectorul industrial. Acestea sunt în contrast cu țări în curs de dezvoltare, care sunt în proces de industrializare, sau țări subdezvoltate, care sunt pre-industrial și aproape în întregime agrar. Potrivit Fondului Monetar Internațional, economiile avansate cuprinde 65,8% din PIB-ul nominal global și 52,1% din PIB-ul global (PPP) în 2010. În 2013, cele mai mari zece economii avansate cu PIB-ul nominal au fost Statele Unite ale Americii, Japonia, Germania, Franța, Regatul Unit, Italia, Canada, Australia, Spania și Coreea de Sud. Prin PIB PPP, au fost Statele Unite ale Americii, Japonia, Germania, Franța, Marea Britanie, Italia, Coreea de Sud, Canada, Spania, Australia.

În interval de istoria lumii, distincția dintre economiile industrializate și în curs de dezvoltare, sau țări bogate și cele sărace, este relativ recentă. Ea a apărut în ultimul sfert al secolului al XIX-lea. De fapt, în urmă cu o mie ani, Asia, Africa și America de Sud, luate împreună, au reprezentat mai mult de 80% din populația lumii și a veniturilor mondiale. Aceasta poate fi atribuită în mare parte în Asia, în cazul în care doar două țări, China și India, au reprezentat aproximativ 50% din populația lumii și a veniturilor mondiale.

Semnificația covârșitoare a acestor trei continente în economia mondială a continuat pentru încă cinci secole până 1500. Inceputurile de schimbare sunt perceptibile de la începutul secolului al XVI-lea până în secolul al XVIII-lea, precum Europa a creat condițiile inițiale de dezvoltare capitalistă. Chiar și așa, la mijlocul secolului al XVIII-lea, asemănările dintre Europa și Asia au fost mult mai semnificativă decât diferențele. Într-adevăr demografie, tehnologie, și instituții au fost în mare măsură comparabile.

Revoluția Industrială din Marea Britanie in timpul secolului al XVIII-lea, care sa răspândit în Europa în următorii cincizeci de ani, a exercitat o influență profundă asupra formei de lucrurile viitoare. Totuși, în 1820, în urmă cu mai puțin de 200 ani, Asia, Africa și America de Sud încă au reprezentat aproape trei sferturi din populația mondială și aproximativ două treimi din venitul mondial. Ponderea Chinei și Indiei, luate împreună, a fost de 50%, chiar și în 1820.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Leppihalme, Ritva. Culture bumps: an empirical approach to the translation of allusions. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1997. 256 p.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall, 1988. 292 p.

Podoliuc, Tatiana. The Ethics of Translator. Chișinău: ULIM, 2012. 187 p.

Dictionaries

Alvarez García, Teresa. Harrap's Spanish and English Dictionary. New-York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. 554 p.

Irimia, Marian. Dicționar englez-român. Chișinău: Cartier, 2011. 412p.

Soanes, Catherine. The Dictionary of Current English. : Routledge, 2005. 598 p.

Internet sources

Mahmoud, Ordudar. Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods, available at http://translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm (visited 15.05.2015)

Online free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation (visited 05.05.2015)

Online free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation (visited 13.04.2015)

http://dictionary.reference.com/ (visited 23.03.205)

http://hallo.ro/ (visited 02.05.2015)

http://lingtown.ru/blog/theoretical_grammatic/76.html (visited 14.05.2015)

http://www.thesaurus.com/ (visited 24.04.2015)

http://www.wordreference.com/ (visited 08.04.2015)

Annex1

Annex 2

GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS

Annex 3

Original Text

Voluntary General Accident Insurance

Each of us would like their loved ones to be safe at all times, but not many are those who can insure such lasting security. IIC “MOLDASIG” LLC offers insurance against accidents to all members of your family, as well as to employees of the company you manage.

The Voluntary Accident Insurance is a cost-effective way to protect your and your loved ones’ health and life against certain unexpected circumstances. The Insurance Policy will help to compensate the costs deriving from the occurrence of insurance events, providing the Insured or the third-party beneficiary with monetary compensation.

THE CONCEPT OF VOLUNTARY ACCIDENT INSURANCE

By “accident” is meant a sudden external event, unintended and unforeseen, resulted in a short-term or permanent impairment of functional capacity and/or death of the Insured.

The following events are considered as accidents:

injury occurred in the domestic environment;

injury occurred in the workplace environment;

frostbite, burns (thermal, chemical), drowning, exposure to electric current, or electrocution due to lightning;

bites of insects or poisonous snakes;

asphyxia due to accidental aspiration of a foreign body;

anaphylactic shock;

accidental acute poisoning by poisonous plants, chemicals (industrial or household), altered food products (except for bacterial gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera), or medications.

RISKS INSURED

temporary loss of working capacity by the Insured Party;

permanent loss of working capacity by the Insured Party (with the assignment of disability evaluations: Grade I; Grade II; Grade III).

the Insured Party’s death caused by an accident.

POSSIBLE OPTIONS FOR INSURANCE

Depending on the category of insured persons, Moldasig S.A.offers the following types of insurance:

Voluntary Accident Insurance of Individuals (families);

Voluntary Accident Insurance of Entities (collective security);

Voluntary Accident Insurance for Drivers and Passengers;

Voluntary Accident Insurance of Bank Borrowers (with banks as a beneficiary).

Depending on the period of insurance length:

24 hours a day;

at the time of performance of work duties by the Insured, not including travel time to and from work (unless otherwise specified by the Insurance Agreement);

Depending on the territory of insurance coverage:

In the ;

In countries of the CIS.

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Asigurarea benevolă generală de accidente

Fiecare dintre noi dorește ca persoanele apropiate să fie în permanentă siguranță, însă puțini sunt cei care le pot oferi aceasta siguranța. Societatea Internațională de Asigurări “MOLDASIG” SRL, Vă propune să asigurați contra accidentelor membrii familiilor Dvs. și angajații întreprinderii pe care o conduceți.

Asigurare benevolă de accidente – este o modalitate rentabilă de a proteja sănătatea și viața Dvs. și a celor dragi, de apariția unor situații neprevăzute. Polița de asigurare Vă va ajuta să compensați cheltuielile survenite în urma producerii cazurilor asigurate, oferind persoanei asigurate sau beneficiarului numit de aceasta, indemnizație bănească.

NOȚIUNEA DE ASIGURAE BENEVOLĂ DE ACCIDENTE

Prin noțiunea de “accident” se subînțelege un caz neprevăzut, nepremeditat, în urma căruia Asiguratul a suportat o traumă, care a avut drept consecință pierderea capacității de muncă (temporară sau permanentă) sau decesul.

Sunt considerate accidente:

traume suportate în condiții casnice;

traume suportate la locul de muncă;

degerarea, arsuri (termice, chimice) înecul, impactul curentului electric, lovitura fulgerului;

mușcăturile de insecte sau șerpi veninoși;

asfixia rezultată din nimerirea întâmplătoare a unui corp străin în căile respiratorii;

șocul anafilactic;

intoxicarea accidentală acută cu plante otrăvitoare, substanțe chimice (industriale sau de uz casnic), produse alimentare alterate (cu excepția toxico-infecției alimentare, salmonelozei, dizenteriei, holerei), cu medicamente;

RISCURILE ASIGURATE

Pierderea temporară a capacității de muncă de către Persoana Asigurată;

Pierderea permanentă a capacității de muncă a Persoanei Asigurate cu atribuirea gradului de invaliditate: gradul I; gradul II; gradul III.

Decesul Persoanei Asigurate în urma unui accident;

OPȚIUNILE POSIBILE DE ASIGURARE

În dependență de categoria persoanelor asigurate, SIA “MOLDASIG”, Vă propune următoarele opțiuni:

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a persoanelor fizice (familiilor);

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a persoanelor juridice (colectivelor);

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a conducătorilor auto și pasagerilor;

Asigurarea benevolă de accidente a persoanelor care iau credit la bancă (beneficiar banca).

În dependență de perioada de asigurare:

24 din 24 ore;

în timpul îndeplinirii obligațiilor de muncă.

În dependență de teritoriul de asigurare:

Pe teritoriul RM;

Pe teritoriul statelor CSI.

Original Text

Discount

IIC “MOLDASIG” offers discounts up to 25% of the amount of insurance premiums to individuals who have reached retirement age and persons with locomotive impairment owning motorcycles and vehicles adapted to their abilities.

At the conclusion of domestic Compulsory Civil Liability Motor Insurance agreements with entities operating in the field of international freight and passenger traffic in the “TIR-CARNET” and “INTER-BUS” systems, up to 60% of premium discounts are granted, excluding where international carriers prove ownership of the “Green Card” unsurance policy valid for 12 months.

In determining the insurance premiums that the Insured shall pay, IIC “MOLDASIG” applies the bonus-malus system in accordance with the procedure established by the Supervisory Authority, which provides for annual reductions of 5% – but not more than 50% over a 10-year period – for Compulsory Civil Motor Liability insurance premiums to users who, over a period of 10 years, have not caused vehicle accidents, as well as increase in insurance premiums for people who have caused motor vehicle accidents.

Obligations of the Insured

In the case of a road accident, the Insured or the user of the vehicle shall:

take all possible measures to reduce the damage caused;

notify the police or other law enforcement agencies about the car accident immediately after its occurrence, requiring the preparation of documents on the accident’s causes, circumstances, and consequences;

within 48 hours after the accident, regardless of the results of finding the offender, notify IIC “MOLDASIG”, and not take any own measures to address the damage;

notify the accident’s participants, the injured party or his/her relatives about owning an insurance policy and provide them with the necessary information about IIC “MOLDASIG”.

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Reduceri acordate

SIA “MOLDASIG” acordă reduceri de pînă la 25% din primele de asigurare persoanelor fizice pensionate și persoanelor cu deficiențe locomotorii posesori de motocicluri și de autoturisme adaptate infirmității lor.

La încheierea contractelor de asigurare obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto internă cu persoane juridice care activează în domeniul transportului internațional de mărfuri și pasageri, încadrați în sistemul TIR-CARNET și INTER-BUS, se acordă reduceri de pînă la 60% din prima de asigurare, exclusiv în situația în care transportatorii internaționali fac dovada deținerii poliței de asigurare “Green Card” valabile pentru o perioadă de 12 luni.

La stabilirea primelor de asigurare pe care asiguratul urmează să le plătească, SIA “MOLDASIG” aplică sistemul bonus-malus, conform procedurii stabilite de Autoritatea de supraveghere, ce prevede reduceri anuale de 5%, dar de cel mult 50% pe parcursul a10 ani, a primelor de asigurare obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto pentru utilizatorii care, în decursul a 10 ani, nu au comis accidente de autovehicul, precum și majorarea primei de asigurare pentru utilizatorii care au comis accidente de autovehicul.

Obligațiile asiguratului

La producerea accidentului de autovehicul, asiguratul sau utilizatorul de autovehicul este obligat:

să întreprindă toate acțiunile posibile pentru diminuarea pagubelor produse;

să notifice organele poliției sau alte organe de drept despre accidentul de autovehicul imediat după producerea lui, cerînd întocmirea actelor referitor la cauzele și circumstanțele producerii accidentului, precum și la consecințele lui;

în 48 de ore din momentul producerii accidentului indiferent de rezultatele constatării vinovatului este obligat să înștiințeze SIA “MOLDASIG” și sînt obligați să nu întreprindă de sine stătător măsuri de reparare a pagubelor;

să notifice participanții la accident, păgubitul sau apropiații lui despre faptul că posedă poliță de asigurare și să pună la dispoziția acestora informațiile necesare despre SIA “MOLDASIG”.

Original Text

Developed countries

A developed country, industrialized country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate.Developed countries have post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. They are contrasted withdeveloping countries, which are in the process of industrialization, or undeveloped countries, which are pre-industrial and almost entirely agrarian. According to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 65.8% of global nominal GDP and 52.1% of global GDP (PPP) in 2013, the ten largest advanced economies by nominal GDP were the , , , ,the , , , , and . By PPP GDP, they were the , , , , the , , , , , Australia.In the span of world history, the distinction between industrialized and developing economies, or rich and poor countries, is relatively recent. It surfaced in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In fact, one thousand years ago, Asia, Africa and , taken together, accounted for more than 80% of world population and world income. This was attributable in large part to Asia, where just two countries, and , accounted for approximately 50% of world population and world income.

The overwhelming significance of these three continents in the world economy continued for another five centuries until 1500. The beginnings of change are discernible from the early sixteenth century to the late eighteenth century, as created the initial conditions for capitalist development. Even so, in the mid-eighteenth century, the similarities between Europe and were far more significant than the differences. Indeed demography, technology, and institutions were broadly comparable.

The Industrial Revolution in during the late eighteenth century, which spread to over the next fifty years, exercised a profound influence on the shape of things to come. Yet in 1820, less than 200 years ago, Asia, Africa, and still accounted for almost three-fourths of world population and around two-thirds of world income. The share of and , taken together, was 50% even in 1820.

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Țările dezvoltate

O țară dezvoltată, țară industrializată, sau "mai mult punct de vedere economic țară dezvoltată" (MEdC), este un stat suveran care are o economie foarte dezvoltată și infrastructură tehnologică avansată în raport cu alte națiuni industrializate mai puțin. Cel mai frecvent, criteriile de evaluare a gradului de dezvoltare economică sunt produsul intern brut (PIB), venitul pe cap de locuitor, nivelul de industrializare, cantitate de infrastructură larg răspândită și standardul general de trai. Care sunt criteriile pentru a fi utilizate și care țări pot fi clasificate ca fiind dezvoltate sunt subiecte de dezbatere.

Țările dezvoltate au economii post-industriale, ceea ce înseamnă că sectorul serviciilor oferă mai multă bogăție decât sectorul industrial. Acestea sunt în contrast cu țări în curs de dezvoltare, care sunt în proces de industrializare, sau țări subdezvoltate, care sunt pre-industrial și aproape în întregime agrar. Potrivit Fondului Monetar Internațional, economiile avansate cuprinde 65,8% din PIB-ul nominal global și 52,1% din PIB-ul global (PPP) în 2010. În 2013, cele mai mari zece economii avansate cu PIB-ul nominal au fost Statele Unite ale Americii, Japonia, Germania, Franța, Regatul Unit, Italia, Canada, Australia, Spania și Coreea de Sud. Prin PIB PPP, au fost Statele Unite ale Americii, Japonia, Germania, Franța, Marea Britanie, Italia, Coreea de Sud, Canada, Spania, Australia.

În interval de istoria lumii, distincția dintre economiile industrializate și în curs de dezvoltare, sau țări bogate și cele sărace, este relativ recentă. Ea a apărut în ultimul sfert al secolului al XIX-lea. De fapt, în urmă cu o mie ani, Asia, Africa și America de Sud, luate împreună, au reprezentat mai mult de 80% din populația lumii și a veniturilor mondiale. Aceasta poate fi atribuită în mare parte în Asia, în cazul în care doar două țări, China și India, au reprezentat aproximativ 50% din populația lumii și a veniturilor mondiale.

Semnificația covârșitoare a acestor trei continente în economia mondială a continuat pentru încă cinci secole până 1500. Inceputurile de schimbare sunt perceptibile de la începutul secolului al XVI-lea până în secolul al XVIII-lea, precum Europa a creat condițiile inițiale de dezvoltare capitalistă. Chiar și așa, la mijlocul secolului al XVIII-lea, asemănările dintre Europa și Asia au fost mult mai semnificativă decât diferențele. Într-adevăr demografie, tehnologie, și instituții au fost în mare măsură comparabile.

Revoluția Industrială din Marea Britanie in timpul secolului al XVIII-lea, care sa răspândit în Europa în următorii cincizeci de ani, a exercitat o influență profundă asupra formei de lucrurile viitoare. Totuși, în 1820, în urmă cu mai puțin de 200 ani, Asia, Africa și America de Sud încă au reprezentat aproape trei sferturi din populația mondială și aproximativ două treimi din venitul mondial. Ponderea Chinei și Indiei, luate împreună, a fost de 50%, chiar și în 1820.

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