MASTERAT: TRADUCTOLOGIE LIMBA ENGLEZĂLIMBA [619497]

UNIVERSITATEA DIN PITE ȘTI
FACULTATEA DE TEOLOGIE, LITERE, ISTORIE ȘI ARTE
MASTERAT: TRADUCTOLOGIE – LIMBA ENGLEZĂ/LIMBA
FRANCEZĂ

LUCRARE DE DISERTAȚIE

Îndrumător Științific
Lect.univ.dr. Cristina Miron

Masterand: [anonimizat]

2018

UNIVERSITY OF PITEȘTI
FACULTY OF THEOLOGY, LETTERS, HISTORY AND ARTS
ENGLSH TRANSLATION STUDIES – MA PROGRAMME

ASPECT OF ANGLIC ISMS IN THE ROMANIAN IT
LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY

Scientific Advisor
Lecturer Cristina Miron, PhD

Defender ,
Răducu Maria -Larisa

2018

Cuprins

List of Abbreviations

BCE Before Common Era
IP Internet Protocol
IT Information Technology
SL Source Language
TL Target Language

Introduction

This thesis entitled, Aspect of the Anglic isms in the Romanian IT Terminology , approaches
the study of Information Technology Terminology, along with usage of Anglicisms in Romanian
language.
Because of the contemporary context and rapid development of intercultural relations, it
would be impossible for a language not to undergo t ransformations demanded by the changing
society. Considering that numerous languages do not have definitions for new inventions, matters;
or the words do not correspond to the reality in that country, therefore they tend to borrow them
from other countries .
The subject that will be discussed targets the importance of new terms, and how they can
enter and change other languages’ vocabulary according to their influence, in our case Anglicisms,
taking into consideration their status in the world and the need for them.
I chose to study the Anglicisms in the Information Technology and Communications field
because it contributes to human’s evolution, and also I noticed how they contributed to our
vocabulary. More and more Anglicisms from this domain enter our lan guage, either borrowed or
translated/adapted. They have a great importance and this subject requires extensive research which
involves innovation, creativity and knowledge of both source language and target language.
However, before proceeding to the theo retical and practical part on the corpus analysis, we
are forced to make some preliminary remarks that will be used to establish concepts.
After the first chapter dedicated to Translation Studies, presenting its brief history and the
most important figures , the second chapter of this study will deal with the theoretical part of
terminology, presenting its history, its founder, Eugen Wüster and a short introduction of
anglicisms.
The third chapter represents the rapport on the survey. The research studies th e respondents’
perspective regarding Information Technology and Communications Terminology and the impact
of English on Romanian language. Its purpose is to observe how important it is to the vocabulary
of this domain and the popularity of Anglicisms.
The last chapter of this thesis, IT Terminology. Usage of Anglicisms in Romanian language,
offers an analysis of User Manual for Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017), comparison between the English

and Romanian version. Later we will inclu de an analysis on reviews from the Internet and the
vocabulary used and its preference for foreign terms.
The Conclusions will collect relevant remarks on the phenomena of Anglicisms and
observations on the corpus considered in our analysis, and considering the results, I could say that
the target was reached.

Resumen

La presente tesis realiza el análisis de la Terminología de Tecnologías de la Información,
junto con el uso de Anglicismos en rumano.
Elegí estudiar los anglicismos en el dominio de Informática y Comunicaciones ya que
contribuye a la evolución del ser humano, y también me di cuenta de la forma en que han
contribuido a nuestro vocabulario.
Sin embargo, antes de proceder con la parte teórica y práctica del análisis del corpus, nos
vemos obligados a hacer algunas observaciones preliminares que se utilizarán para establecer
conceptos.
El segundo capítulo de este estudio tratará la parte teórica de la terminología, presentando
su historia, su fundador, Eugen Wüster y una breve introducción de anglicismos.
El tercer capítulo representa la relación en la encuesta. La investigación estudia la
perspectiva de los encuestados sobre la terminología de las tecnologías de la información y las
comunicaciones y el impacto del inglés en el idioma rumano. Su propósito es observar cuán
importante es para el vocabulario de este dominio y la popularidad de los anglicismos.
El último capítulo de esta tesis, Terminología IT & C. Uso de anglicismos en idioma inglés,
ofrece un análisis del Manual de usuario para Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017), comparación entre
versión inglesa y rumana. Más adelante incluiremos un análisis de las reseñas de Intern et y el
vocabulario utilizado y su preferencia por parte de los extranjeros.

Palabras clave :

Terminología
Anglicismos
Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones

Chapter I: Translation Studies

If languages were simply nomenclature for a set of universal concepts, it would be easy to
translate from one language to another. One would si mply replace the French name for a
concept with the English name. If languages were like this the task of learning new language
would be much easier than it is. But anyone who has attempted either of these tasks has acquired,
alas, a vast amount of direct proof that languages are not nomenclatures, that the concepts…of
one language may differ radically from those of another…Each language articulates or
organizes the world differently. Languages do not simply name existing categories, they
articulate their o wn. (Culler: 1976, 21)

1.1 A brief history of translation studies

Translation, whose beginning can be traced back to the Tower of Babel, is defined as "a
bilingual mediated process of communication which ordinarily aims at the production of a TL text
that is functionally equivalent to a SL text". (Reiss: 1971, 161) As to ld in Genesis 11:1 -9, The
Tower of Babel is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different
languages:
1. Now the whole earth had one language and one speech. […] 9. Therefore its name is
called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from
there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.1 (New King James
version (1982) – The Tower of Babel )
Translation involves far more than replacement of lexical and grammatical items between
langu ages and, as can be seen in the translation of idioms and metaphors, the process may involve
discarding the basic linguistic elements of the source language text so as to achieve Popovič’s goal
of ‘expressive identity’ between the source language and targe t language texts. But once the

1 https://w ww.biblegateway.com/

translator moves away from close linguistic equivalence, the problems of determining the exact
nature of the level of equivalence aimed for begin to emerge (Bassnett, Susan: 2002, 34).
The need for translation has been a nece ssity ever since the beginning of the human
history, from translating the Hebrew Bible in the 3rd century BCE to important literary works. Ideas
and forms of one culture have constantly moved and got assimilated into other cultures through the
works of tra nslators. It played an important role in the society, regarding the interlinguistic
communication among and between other nations and also in the development of thoughts and
dissemination of technology.
In the antiquity, translation theory is sparse and the theories that emerges at that time are
only situated in the discipline of rhetoric. The very pioneers of the field are luminary Roman
commentators, such as Cicero, Quintillian, who deem translation as a pedagogical exercise whose
debate on translation practice pertains to word -for-word and sense -for-sense translation. Cicero
(first century BCE ), in composing Latin versions of speeches by the Greek orators, writes:
I did not translate as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and the
forms, or as one might say, the figures of thought, but in a language which conforms to our usage
and in so doing, I did not hold it necessary to render word -for-word, but I expressed the general
style and the force of language . (Ghanooni: 2012, 77)
Another period is brought by St. Jerome in the fourth century B.C whose approach is to
translate Septuagint Bible into Latin, negating the word -for-word approach, but sense -for-sense:
Now, I not only admit but fr eely announce that in translating from the Greek – except in the case
of the Holy Scripture, where even the syntax contains a mystery – I render not word -for-word, but
sense -for-sense. (Munday: 2001, 20)
In the seventeenth century, John Dryden’s thichotomy o n translation types (methaphrase,
paraphrase and imitation) makes big strides and seeks to render meanings. He negates metaphrase
because it masks the original sense and creates an absurd creation.
At the outset of the nineteenth century, the Romanticism d iscusses the issue of
translatability and untranslatability; the German translator Friedrich Schleiermacher writes a
seminal paper on " The Different Methods of Translating” :
Either the translator leaves the writer alone as much as possible and moves the re ader
towards the writer or he leaves the reader alone as much as possible and moves the writer
towards the reader

Between 1900s and 1930s , translation theories are rooted in German literary and
philosophical traditions and hermeneutics (language is not com municative, but constitutive in its
representations of thought and reality) and translation is viewed as an interpretation which
transforms the meaning of the source language. Schleiermacher and Bolt see translation as a
creative art which serves a variety of culture and traditions, a way to see other nations, literatures
and languages.
Walter Benjamin in his 1923 essay, " The Task of the Translator " argues that the aim of a
translation should not be to confer to the readers an understanding of the meaning o r information
content of the original. Translation exists separably but in conjunction with the original, coming
after it , giving the original 'continued life' (Benjamin, 1968/2000, p. 16). For him, pure language is
a force hidden within certain texts, a poetic potential, a kernel that is striving to beyond the
immediate shell of words. According to him, the hallmark of a good translation is that it should
“express the central reciprocal between languages”.
At the end of the 1930s, translation is viewed as a separate linguistic practice, a literary
genre apart, with its own norms and ends (Ortega y Gasset: 1992, 109).
In the 1940s a new concept is wide -spread, “ translatability ”. During this period, linguist
and literary critics formulate translation methods in order to see if the differences that separate the
languages and cultures can be overtaken.
Willard Quine is skeptic of this concept, so he develops the concepts of "radical
translation," and "indeterminacy of translation”. The first one outlines the situation where a
translation of an unknown language is relied on the perspective of its speakers in relation to their
enviro nment, while the latter explains how problematic is to give a name when the translator cannot
determine the precise meaning. Quine’s work has the basis of a more pragmatic view of translation,
where meaning is conventional and terms are embedded in the tar get language according to its
culture.
Another important figure in this period is Roman Jakobson. His study of translatability
introduces a semiotic reflection on translations that “there is no signatum without signum'”
(Jakobson: 1959, 232) and suggests t hree kinds of translation: intralingual, interlingual and
intersemiotic.
Drawn by the concept of translatability, Jean -Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet, give a new
perspective, translation methods should reduce linguistic and cultural differences.

Vinay and Darbelnet carried out a comparative analysis between French and English. They
compared the texts in both languages in order to identify strategies and procedures for a proper
translation. They provide six translation procedures:
– direct: borrowing, calque and literal translation
– oblique: transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaption
The authors also give a list of five steps for the translator to follow in moving from ST to
TT; these are:
1. Identify the units of translation.
2. Examine the SL text, evaluating the descriptive, affective and intellectual
3. Content of the units.
4. Reconstruct the metalinguistic context of the message.
5. Evaluate the stylistic effects.
A new concept is prevailed in the 1960s, equivalence . Now, translation is viewed as a
proces s of communication and negates the translation as feasible. Werner Koller and Eugene Nida
are scholars that theorize about this concept and enunciate five types of equivalence:
– denotative equivalence
– connotative equivalence
– text-normative equivalence
– pragm atic equivalence
– formal equivalence
Translation Studies, a name first proposed in 1972 by Dutch -American scholar and
translator James S. Holmes, is a discipline, or interdiscipline, that has grown enormously over
the intervening years as it has emerged fr om the shadows of more established academic fields
to become increasingly a focus of academic study in its own right. Translations Studies is the
study of the process, product and phenomenon of translation. By its very nature it may
encompass any language, any text type, any genre, any geographical or temporal point, more
or less any aspect of cross -cultural and cross -linguistic activity (Munday: 2012, 41).
The leading Israeli translation scholar Gideon Toury has presented in a “map” ( Figure 1 )
what transla tion studies cover.

Figure 1
Holmes explained his framework that the objectives of the “pure” areas of research are:
the descriptive translation theory and the translation theory.
The 'theoretical' branch is divided into general and partial theories, while the “descriptive”
branch is concerned with the examination of the existing translations, the analysis of the text (i.e.:
period, language, text/discourse type, etc.) and an artistic view of the text (what happens in the
mind of a translator).
The “ap plied” branch of Holmes concerns more how a translation is done. It is important
to have in mind the abilities of the translator and how he helps himself. Moreover, all these areas,
theoretical, descriptive and applied, do influence each other.
As a lang uage evolves, texts in an earlier version of the language —original texts, or old
translations —may become difficult for modern readers to understand. Such a text may therefore
be translated into more modern language, producing a “modern translation”.
Anothe r important work is published in the 1980s by Susan Bessnett. Her book combines
diverse branches of translation research, thus creating translation studies as a separate field. She
approaches it with theoretical concepts in history and the relation to spec ific cultural and social
situations accentuating the relative autonomy of the translated text. (Venuti: 2000, 221)
In this period, translation is viewed as a an independent form of writing, distinct from the
source text and that texts originally written in the translating language (ibid. 221)

During this period, another concept has impact on the translation, “skopos”, which aims the
translator as a crucial factor. Skopos theory concentrates on the purpose of the translation, how
methods and strategies are e mployed in order to produce an adequate result.
Another figure that gives a new perspective of translation is Andre Lefevere who describes
it as a “refraction” or “rewriting”. As he says in his work, translation is an act carried under the
influence of pa rticular categories and norms constituent to systems in a society.
Starting with the 1990s, new schools and concepts are incorporated with research based on
the gender, postcolonial theories with Spivak as important figure.
This decade is a blooming one, translation studies establishes itself as a separate discipline
with publications, which helps in developing linguistics and cultural theories.
Translation flourished further as medical, scientific and technical journals were translated
in America and Sov iet Union. Translators were also employed in the European Economic
Community (EEC). Around eighty thousands scientific journals were translated every year in 1967.
Some translated materials had a better record in sale, compared with their original copies. In Italy
and smaller European countries, some writers relied on translation for living, whether this
translation was for their own worksor for others’. (Newmark, 1981: 3 -4).
Towards a contemporany translation theory, George Steiner lists the most important writers
who put the bassis of translation studies: St. Jerome, Dryden, Schleimacher, Quine, Holmes, etc.
Translations studies has changed from one concept to another, thus leading to different theories
and methods.
Nowadays, Translation Studies is an acad emic interdiscipline that includes many fields of
study (comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy,
semiotics, terminology), with the need for translators to choose a specialty (legal, economic,
technical, scient ific or literary translation) in order to be trained accordingly.

1.2 Definition for translation

The English word "translation" derives from the Latin word translatio , which comes from
trans , "across" + ferre , "to carry" or "to bring" ( -latio in turn comi ng from latus, the past participle

of ferre). Thus translatio is "a carrying across" or "a bringing across": in this case, of a text from
one language to another.2
A definition of translation cannot very easily be given, but according to the dictionary3,
translation is:
1. a rendering of something into another language or into one's own language from another.
2. a version in a different language: an English translation of Plato.
3. the act or process of translating.
4. the state of being translated.
Translation is a mode. To comprehend it as mode one must go back to the original, for
that contains the law governing the translation: its translatability. (Venuti: 2000, 16)

Lefevere says that:
Translation is a communicative process which takes place within a social context. Accordingly,
the translator, the occupier of a social role, inevitably mediate between producers and receivers
of texts and has the advantage of power inherent in all positions, wherein the translator is faced
with what amounts to a conflict of interests and resolve the tensions according to his own
understanding of their own position and role in their culture (1992).
Therefore, it is a process in which a meaning can be translated or equivocated from one
language to another, the com munication of the meaning of a source -language text by means of an
equivalent target -language text.

1.2.1 Translation: art or science?

It is clear that translation, as an important method of communication among nations, had
existed since ancient times and has passed different stages of development until it has reached a
particular form of generally accepted and specified principles and criteria. Translation on today’s

2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation
3 www.thefreedictionary.com/

world has specified theories, methods and strategies that need to be known to both translator s and
teachers of translation. (Alwazna: 2012, 67)
In general, translation is seen as a process of communicating the foreign text by establishing
a relationship of identity or analogy with it.
Translators are not yet certain “whether translation is a trade , an art, a profession or a
business” (Bellos, 1987, 164). In the 13th century, Roger Bacon wrote that if a translation is to be
true, the translator must know both languages , as well as the science that he is to translate. And if
translation is an art, it is not an easy one.
What makes translation an art is that a translator does not work as a machine,
mechanically, does not have an algorithmically aspect of a translation, but has an important role in
choosing the word, rendering the meaning from the source language to the target language.
Translati on requires the understanding of the translator to sense the nuances between the two
languages and artistic talent to artfully transform the meaning and feelings of the original text in
the form of a product that is presentable to the reader who is not sup posed to be familiar with the
original
On the other hand, translation is a science because it necessitates complete knowledge of
the structure and make -up of the two languages concerned. The translator decomposes and analysis
the text. It is a complex process that cannot be pinned in definitive patterns.

Figure 2
The charter above shows that translation is actually a mixture of both art and science as
translation involves creative use of language (as art) and it contains a corpus of translation studies
(as science). (Alwazna: 2012, 65)
Pure Science Pure Art Both Sciece and
ArtArt or Science?

1.3 Schools of thought

The main schools of thought on the level of research have tended to cluster around key
theoretical concepts, most of which have become objects of debate.
a) Equivalence
Through to the 1950s and 1960s, discussions in translation studies te nded to concern how
best to attain "equivalence". The term "equivalence" had two distinct meanings, corresponding to
different schools of thought:
– in the Russian tradition, "equivalence" was usually a one -to-one correspondence
between linguistic forms
– in the French tradition of Vinay and Darbelnet, drawing on Bally, "equivalence" was
the attainment of equal functional value, generally requiring changes in form
Translation equivalence is an important concept of translation theory, one of the main
principles of Western theory of translation. It is important to mention that total equivalence is
impossible, but translators aim to choose the most adequate word to suit the situation context.
In 1963 Georges Mounin argues that equivalence is based on “universals” of language
and culture, questioning the notions of relativity that in previous decades made translation seem
impossible. (Venuti: 2000, 121)
At about the same time, the Interpretive Theory of Translation introduced the notion of
deverbalized sense into tr anslation studies, drawing a distinction between word correspondences
and sense equivalences, and showing the difference between dictionary definitions of words and
phrases (word correspondences) and the sense of texts or fragments thereof in a given conte xt
(sense equivalences).
Another considerable influence on translator training and consequently on translation
studies is Mona Baker's In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation (1992). Baker looks at
equivalence at a series of levels: at word, above -word , grammar, thematic structure, cohesion and
pragmatic levels. Baker points out (p. 129) that this 'can help to heighten our awareness of
meaningful choices made by speakers and writers in the course of communication' and, therefore,
help decide whether it is appropriate to translate using a marked form. (Munday: 2001, 95)

In these traditions, discussions of the ways to attain equivalence have mostly been
prescriptive and have been related to translator training.
b) Descriptive translation studies
Descriptive translation studies, term coined after Toury's 1995 book Descriptive
Translation Studies and Beyond, aims at building an empirical descriptive discipline. The idea of
Toury is to remain faithful to his adopted discipline, rather than to a perso n. Scientific methodology
could be applicable to cultural products had been developed by the Russian Formalists in the early
years of the 20th century.
c) Skopos theory
Another paradigm shift in translation theory can be dated from 1984 in Europe. That year
saw the publication of two books in German: Foundation for a General Theory of Translation by
Katharina Reiss (also written Reiß) and Hans Vermeer, and Translatorial Action (Translatorisches
Handeln) by Justa Holz -Mänttäri. From these two came what is know n as Skopos theory, which
gives priority to the purpose to be fulfilled by the translation instead of prioritizing equivalence.
The theorists of “skopos” underlines that, even culture, play a role in translation.
Translation can be influenced not only by context (context sensitive), but also by culture (culture
sensitive). Thus, the translator has to work on the social task in order to enrich the target culture
through introducing literature traditions of new aspects of form, content and sense, meaning new
aspects of the world.
d) Cultural translation
The cultural turn takes another step forward in the development of the translation studies.
It was outlined by Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere in Translation – History – Culture. It quickly
became represented b y the exchanges between translation studies and other area studies and
concepts: gender studies, cannibalism, post -colonialism or cultural studies, among others.
Common culture will represent an easier approach for the translator, rather than two
differen t cultures, such as Romanian and Chinese, where the social realities are different. Here is
where equivalence takes place.

Chapter II: Terminology

2.1 What is terminology?

According to the Merriam -Webster dictionary4, terminology is defined as:
1. the technical or special terms used in a business, art, science, or special subject
2. nomenclature as a field of study
Terminology is part of applied linguistics, a science that includes work in specialized
lexicography, specialized translation, technical writing , and language teaching. It is concerned with
the specialized language that is used to facilitate the communication in a particular area of
knowledge, based on a specific vocabulary. Its purpose is to remove any ambiguity.
According to Cabré , terminology is a discipline in that it has delimited theoretical bases and
a defined object of study. Like any other theory, terminology has both theoretical and applied
aspects and generates specific applications. As to its theoretical issues, terminolo gy presents a
model which (albeit only partly) coincides with that of linguistics. Therefore it is not an original
discipline in its full sense. Rather, it is a discipline indebted to other subjects from which it takes
some foundations. However, terminolog y is an original discipline in two senses: first, in that its
selects from the source subjects matters specific bases and disregards other, i.e. it does not take all
elements from linguistics, not even from lexicology; nor does it account for everything th at comes
from morphology or lexicl semantics. Second, it is original in that it reshapes these foundations so
as to build up to its own space which is distinct from other scientific fields and original with respect
to the object, frame, method and goals it persues ( 1999, 20).
The specialist in this discipline is called a terminologist, he studies the forms and meanings
of the words of a given language. The terminologist’s role is to describe a concept and propose a
term. In order to conduct a terminology re search, the terminologist must keep track of knowledge
in the area of activity and stay aware of new development.
When transferring knowledge between the languages, the delimitation of the concept is not
always the same. Some of the designations may not be found in other languages, in this case, the
new concept is borrowed or created.

4 https://www.merriam -webster.com

Some see terminology as an edging science, an interdisciplinary science located
somewhere between linguistics, logic, ontology, informatics and special branches of science”,
while others as “an independent discipline state that terminology provides all conditions to be
regarded as a proper science”.
Terminology is also seen by critics as lacking foundation of being science: the theory and
methodology that is independent of oth er scientific disciplines, but for centuries terminology has
only existed as a sub -discipline to other science (i.e. engineering). As a science, terminology is not
precise, as it contains irregularities, yet it is not inferior to other disciplines.

2.2 A brief history of terminology

In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists played an important role in terminology. They saw
the proliferation of terms, the diversity of forms and the relationship between forms and concepts.
But the nature of concepts and the foundations for creating new terms were not of t heir concern.
The 20th century was the blooming of this science. Engineers and technicians became
involved, helping the progress and development of technology since naming new concepts was
required but also agreement on the terms to be employed. As a resul t of practice, terminological
work began to be organized in certain specialized fields.
During the first half of the 20th century, neither linguists nor social scientists paid special
attention to terminology. Terminology, as we understand it today, first began to take shape in the
1930s. The most prominent name associated with the study of terminology is that of Eugen
Wüster5. The work of Wüster, an Austrian linguist considered to be a father of terminology, was
very important for the development of modern terminology.
All Wüster’s life was devoted to terminology. With his work he pursued a number of
objectives, intended:
a) to eliminate ambiguity from technical languages by means of standardization of
terminology in order to make them efficient tools of comm unication;
b) to convince all users of technical languages of the benefits of standardized terminology;
c) to establish terminology as a discipline for all practical purposes and to give it the status of
a science.

5 Industrialist and terminologist, founder of the Vienna School and the General Theory of Terminology

d) Wüster developed his conception of terminology mainly on the basis of his experience as
an engineer involved in national and international terminology standardization required for
the effective introduction of the standardization of physical objects, procedures and
measurements in various branches of engineering.
e) Later contributions can be seen more clearly along the following lines: the objective of
international standardization is extended by suggestions of terminology development as
part of language planning; controlled synonymy is admitted. (Protopopescu: 2013)

2.3 The function of Terminology

The primary function of terminology is the transfer of specialized knowledge and the
authentication of its usage. Terminology research is required in order to identify the terms that
convey specialized knowledge.
In order to function successfully, the terminologist must be familiar with the documentation
of the specific field of work, such as:
– encyclopedias
– specialized and popularized periodicals
– dictionaries, vocabularies , and documentary, terminology, and linguistic databases
– Internet sites in the area of specialization
A common problem of terminology work is that the importance and indeed the very nature
of terminology is poorly understood. Related professions in the co mmunications field, such as
translation and technical writing, will often be aware of the word without having precise knowledge
of what it entails.
2.4 Differences between terms and words

A term can simply be understood as a word. All terms are words, but not all words are
terms. A term is a particular definition of a word, which is applicable to a special situation. For
example, in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, biology, geography, there are terms that
convey a unique meaning to the user. A ter m can be used to express an idea, an abstract thought,
an object, a concept, etc. A term always represents something.

A word can be defined as a complete meaningful element of a language. Words are made
up of morphemes that are the smallest elements of a l anguage. Unlike morphemes that may or may
not be able to stand alone, words can always make sense even in isolation. When a number of
words are put together, they create a sentence. However, we must pay attention to the grammatical
rules that apply to lang uage when creating sentences.
Therefore, a term is a word but has a particular meaning in a situation, while a word is a
meaningful element in a language. Hence, these two cannot be used interchangeably.
As you can see in the Table 1.1 , there is a differen ce between terms and regular words.
Some words may have a specific meaning in a field. For example, value in mathematics can be a
number, while as a regular word, i.e. “he is a man of value ”, it means honourable, kind, and
respectful.

Table 1.1 Terms that have different meaning for scientist and the public
Scientific term Public meaning Better choice
Enhance Improve Intensity, increase
Aerosol Spray can Tiny atmospheric particle
Positive trend Good trend Upward trend
Positive feedback Good response, praise Vicious cycle, self –
reinforcing cycle
Theory Hunch, speculation Scientific understanding
Uncertainty Ignorance Range
Error Mistake, wrong, incorrect Difference from exact true
number
Bias Distortion, political motive Offset from an observation
Sign Indication, astrological sign Plus or minus sign
Value Ethics, monetary value Number, quantity
Manipulation Illicit tempering Scientific data processing
Scheme Devious plot Systematic plan
Anomaly Abnormal occurrence Change from long -term
average

2.5 Informati on Technology6 Terminology

What exactly is technology? According to Merriam -Webster, technology is:

1: a) the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area: engineering
technology; b) a capability given by the practical application of knowledge
2: manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge
3: the specialized aspects of a particular field of endeavor educational technology
Since 3000 BC, Sumerians in Mesopotamia st arted to store, retrieve, manipulate and
communicate information, but the term information technology7 appeared in a 1958 publication by
Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler. They commented that "the new technology does not yet
have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."8
The term is used for fields associated with computers, television, telephones, internet,
electronics and others.
Nowadays, technology is one of the most important science. From the prehistoric discover y
of how to control fire to the today’s inventions including telephone, the Internet, moreover breaking
the barriers of communications on a global scale.

2.6 Anglicisms

As technology evolves day by day, other languages cannot keep up, therefore they start
borrowing terms or adapt them according to their own vocabulary. A new concept is known for
this, anclicism .
According to DEX2 an anglicism is “a specific English expression; a borrowed English
word, without being necessary, in another language and not inte grated into it. – From Fr.
anglicisme” (2009: 43). By this we understand that A nglicisms are limited to unnecessary
borrowings from English, b ut we have to add the fact that they may be necessary (especially those
belonging to terminologies, including the technology one). A proof of the need for engineering

7 Branch of information engineering
8 https://en.wikipedia.org/

anglicisms which refer to new realities or which do not have a Romanian equivalent is the fact that
they are use d quite often in the mass media.
Moreover, the word Anglicism is used as it was defined by Professor Filipović, that:
Every word borrowed from English denoting anything, idea or concept that belongs to the
English civilisation; it needs not to be of English extraction but it must have been adopted in
English and integrated in the English vocabul ary.
By anglicism or englezism, Mioara Avram meant “a linguistic unit (not only a word, but
also a phraseological expression, meaning or grammatical construction) and even an English origin
type of pronunciation and / or writing (including punctuation), regardless of the English territorial
variant, therefore including American English, not only British English” (1997, 11).
Many men of culture criticized the invasion of Anglicisms because the misuse of them
without taking account of the context or the speaker, and which may lead to a ridiculous situa tion.
Some of them are the Russian writer Alexandr Soljenițîn, the writer and publicist Octavian Paler
and the poet Geo Dumitrescu. But also, there are necessary „words or phraseological units” which
don’t have a Romanian equivalent, such as: manager, brok er, hamburger, etc (Trăistaru: 2008,
724).
The assimilation of Anglicisms in modern Romanian is a slow process. Their gradual
adaptation to Romanian is governed by formal and semantic criteria. It is manifest in the gradual
acceptance inflections for gende r, number, case, of definite and indefinite articles, and in the words’
of Romanian participation in word formation. Many of the borrowed English words are used
unmodified, without any change in their formal structure.

Chapter III. Research on IT terminology
Survey on IT terminology regarding Anglicisms adaptation in Romanian language

The main objectives of research:

1st Objective: Elaborate the profile of the English speakers.
2nd Objective: Determining speakers’ attitudes about English impact on Romanian language.
3rd Objective: In what situation and how often they use English.
4th Objective: Speakers’ opinion on how anglicisms are used.
5th Objective: Knowledge abo ut IT field and its terminology.

1. Have you studied English?

Yes
99%No
1%

2. Do you agree that English has a major impact on the Romanian language?

3. How often do you use English?

Yes
84%No
16%
Never
0%Seldom
20%
Often
50%Always
30%

3. In wh at situation do you use English?

5. What is your opinion about the adaption of English words (anglicisms) in Romanian?
Others , 10Specialized studies ,
33Work , 42Leisure , 78
Excellent
12%
Above Average
37%
Average
23%Below Average
15%Very Poor
13%

6. Do you think that anglicisms are over used despite the fact that there is already an adaptation in
Romanian?

7. Are you familiar with the IT ?
Yes
55%No
45%
Yes
71%No
29%

8. What do you think about the use of Anglicisms in this area?

9. Do you think these terms are used globally?
Excellent
27%
Above Average
40%Average
24%Below Average
9%
Yes
95%No
5%

10. Between "ecran tactil" and "touchscreen", which term is more common?

11. The environment in which you live:
Yes
96%No
4%
Urban
95%Rural
5%

12. Age category:

13. Latest studies graduated:
011059
> 4535-4426-3418-25
High School
44%
B&A
33%Master
23%PhD
0%

15. Your gender:

The main hypotheses of research:

1st Hypothesis: most respondents are English speakers, except one (she studied Russian and
French), aged between 18 and 25, female, living in the urban areas and high school graduates.
2nd Hypothesis: 84% of respondents say that English has a major impact on Romania language.
3rd Hypothesis: Most of them use English in their free time, while others use it to speak with
foreigners and when they are voluntariating.
4th Hypothe sis: In their opinion, anglicisms’ adaptation is above average and 55% agree that they
are overused.
One of the respondents added:
Și ca o nota personala, eu sunt de părere că anumite cuvinte sună mai bine și au mai mult înțeles
în engleză, dar nu sunt de acord cu anumite persoane care combină limbile în exprimare. De
exemplu:
“ Știi ceva , just kidding ”
“By the way , am fost aseară la…”
5th Hypothesis: Only 71% are familiar with IT , which is quite interesting because most of them
own a computer and a smartphone.
Male
31%
Female
69%

Chapter IV : IT Terminology. Usage of Anglicisms in
Romanian language

In this chapter, we will compare the English and Romania version of User Manual for
Samsung Galaxy A 5 (2017) (standard Romanian) and analyse some random reviews on the
Internet, taking into consideration anglicisms’ usage and adaptation. All anglicisms were identified
and selected with their meanings.
With the rise in Anglophone media and global spread of British and American cultures in
the 20th and 21st centuries, many English terms have entered popular usage in other tongues.
Technology -related English word s like internet and computer are particularly common across the
globe, as there are no pre -existing words for them. 9
To underline the idea that anglicisms play an important role in Romanian language, we will
use the survey in order to observe how exactly Romanians perceive th is concept. The key question
is: 10. Between "ecran tactil" and "touchscreen", which term is more common?

3.1 User Manual. Enlish – Romanian comparison

Now, in order to see what is different between the English and Romanian version, we have
to read both of them. As you start comparing them, you can see that there aren’t big differences,
since the Romanian translator is loyal to the source text, but in some situation he translates through
expansion:
Do the following when the device he ats up:
Atunci când dispozitivul se încălzește, realizați următoarele acțiuni :

The topic has changed, but the example above can show the expansion through acțiuni ,
which is a natural thing for Romanian language when translation from English.
Another example:
Recents key

9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicism

Tasta Aplica ții recente

Now, about anglicisms. We have to understand the term’s popularity. For example, in
Device layout, there is a different translation or equivalence:
touchscreen – ecran senzitiv

If you search ecran senzitiv you get 396.000 results, while ecran tactil has 1.060.000. That
is a huge difference and it is interesting to see how actually the Romanian version of the Manual
preferred ecran senzitiv , while the survey shows that 97% voted for touchscreen as the most
common name for it.
While most of the terms are translated, in Home Screen the translator preferred to use
anglicisms although there are translations for the terms:
Widget – dispozitiv, control
Folder – dosar

Also, f or some functions and characteristics th e translator prefer s to keep the English terms:
“Atunci când folosiți caracteristica Hotspot mobil și tethering […]”,
“Pe ecranul de aplicații, glisați comutatorul Setări → Afișare → Always On Display pentru
activare.”
“Add an item from the clipboard ” – “Adăugați un element din clipboard ”
“Pentru a muta o fereastră pop-up10, atingeți și țineți apăsat pe cercul de pe fereastră și glisați -o
către o nouă locație.”
“Când dezactivați caracteristica, Game Launcher va fi eliminat de pe ecranul Acasă și de pe
ecranul de aplicații”

The existence of anglicisms in Information Technology and Communications is clear.
Technology evolves and languages prefer to use the English term than to create its own. As you
can see in the examples below:
[…]specificațiile modelului sau versiunea de software a dispozitivului.

For example, in order to translate software you have to paraphrase the meaning of it:

10 forms of online advertising across the Internet

sistem de programe pentru computere și procedurile de aplicare a lor furnizate o dată cu
computerul sau alcătuite de utilizator
Quite a long explanation. Therefore, software is acceptated by DEX11.

As you can see in the examples above, the translator either uses the actual translations of
the terms or borrows them from Engl ish. This alternation is quite interesting, thus enriching
Romanian vocabulary with Anglicisms.
Technology is a pretentious field where you cannot simply create new meanings for the
conce pts. You either borrow it as:
– an integral anglicism without equivale nce, adapted or not : hardware, software, laptop
– as calque12: touchscreen, compact disc

3.2 Internet language

Internet, one excellent way to promote products and services where words play an important
role. On the other hand, on the Internet it is a trend to use or over use anglicisms. Now, for the
reviews, we have used the same model, Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). For this, we have chosen few
specialized blogs for IT domain.

As you can see, even from the titl e, the writer uses anglicisms:
“Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017), un mid-range care sparge bariera către premium .”13

Now, let’s move to terms:
“Telefonul e construit în jurul unui display Super AMOLED, Full HD, de 5,2 inch.”
“[…]nu există swipe -ul de la bază spre a deschide sertarul ci icoană dedicată.”14

11 http://www.dex.ro/software
12 a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word -for-word, or root -for-root translation
13 https://playtech.ro/2017/samsung -a5-2017 -review/
14 https://www.gadget.ro/samsun g-galaxy -a5-2017 -review/

It is common for bloggers to use the English term, than the actually translation. In the
survey, to the question:
6. Do you think that anglicisms are overused despite the fact that there are already translat ions/
adaptations in Romanian?

55% answered that anglicisms are actually overused, which is true.
For display already exists a translation: afișaj15. As for swipe too, glisare.

The difference between the terms chosen by the translator and blogger can be caused by
different target audience. The translator uses adapted anglicisms because the readers migh t not
understand English, let’s say vulgarized translati on. While the blogger can use Anglicisms because
he/she knows what kind of people might read his/her review.

15 afișaj optoelectronic care conține un grup de cifre, folo sit la instrumentele de măsură,

Conclusion

This thesis has allowed us to analyse and to remark the issues of Anglicisms in the
Romanian language from an approach to the domain of Information Technology using as corpus
User Manual and reviews for Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017).
The concept of Anglicism has been associated with terminology that is the study of terms
and their use. Terminology refers to the continual development of science and the need to create
terms and words that correspond to the new designated concepts. Considering the close relationship
between terminology and Anglicisms, we have succeeded to emphasize the importance of
anglicisms in the Information Technology language.
The aim of the first chapter is to present the history of Translation Studies and detail
important works about it. The second chapter shows how terminology concept was born. As
terminology and translation are activities the needed to express specialized th ought or to solve
comprehension problems.
Nowadays realities impose the using of Anglicisms, which are more preferred than
Romanian equivalences , which are mostly periphrasis and as an introduction to next chapter, we
presented briefly Anglicisms meaning a nd its influence on Romanian language.
Chapter three presents the survey with its objectives and hypotheses, having a chart pie for
each question in order to study the answers.
In the last chapter, we made a practical work where we analysed User Manual in order to
observe the translator preference and the actual adaption or translation of the terms. All our analysis
is based on journalistic texts (reviews), more accurate, the presentation of Samsung Galaxy A5
(2015). We notice that components and functions are Anglicisms, either adapted or not.
Moreover, the survey showed us how people perceive Anglicisms and their usage, while
the Romanian version of the User Manual had a standardized style, which is normal. Of course that
the reviews on the Internet made it clear why they use or overuse Anglicisms. We agree that the
Internet play an important role because through it is possible to inform ourselves, therefore
enriching our vocabulary by reading various presentations of products.

In conclusion, the case we presented in this paper shows how Anglicisms are used in User
Manual and reviews, both according to the target public, and how much they have influenced the
vocabulary of Romanian, according to the needs of the language.

IT G lossary

Term Morphological
Category Borrowing Romanian
Adaptation Definition
Algorithm Noun – Algoritm A step -by-step process to
complete a task
Application Noun – Aplicație A type of application
software designed to run on a
mobile device, such as a
smartphone or tablet
computer (also known as a
mobile application)
Backup Noun ✓ Copie de
siguran ță A co py of data to use in the
event the original data is lost
or destroyed
Binary Noun – Binar A method of encoding data
using two symbols (usually 1
and 0). To illustrate binary
encoding, we can use any two
symbols
Bit Noun ✓ – A digit number, either a 0 or
a 1. The binary digit is used
to represent computerized
data
Bluetooth Noun ✓ – A wireless networking
technology that allows users
to send voice and data from
one electronic device to
another via radio waves

Boot Verb ✓ A porni The process of loading or
initializing an operating
system on a computer;
usually occurs as soon as a
computer is turned on
Browse Verb – A căuta To look at records in a file
Browser Noun ✓ Navigator A program used to access
World Wide Web pages
Buffer Noun ✓ – Buffer is a location,
especially in RAM, for
storage of temporary data to
speed up an operation such as
disk access or printing
Bug Noun ✓ Eroare An error in a software
program. It may cause a
program to unexpectedly quit
or behave in an unintended
manner
Burn Verb – A inscripționa
un CD To make a photocopy
Byte Noun ✓ – Eight bits is equal to 1 byte
Click Verb ✓ A face clic, a
da clic To press and release a button
on a pointing device without
moving the pointer off the
object or choice
Cache Noun ✓ Arhivă (de
date) A region of computer
memory where frequently
accessed data can be stored
for rapid access
Chat Noun ✓ – Real-time communication
between two or more users

via networked -connected
computers
Client Noun ✓ – A client is a program that
asks for information from
other processes or programs.
Outlook Express is a great
example of a client
Code Noun – Cod Any set of instructions
expressed in a programming
language
Cookie Noun ✓ – A small piece of information
you may be asked to accept
when connecting to certain
servers via a web browser
Compact Disc Noun – Disc Compact Optical disc used to store data
Computer Noun ✓ Calculator A programmable electronic
device designed to accept
data, perform prescribed
mathematical and logical
operations at high speed, and
display the results of these
operations
Cursor Noun ✓ Glisor A block, underline character,
arrow, or other sy mbol used
on a display screen to
indicate a particular location
on the screen
Data Noun – Date Any and all complex data
entities from observations,
experiments, simulations,
models and higher order

assemblies, along with the
associated documentation
needed to describe and
interpret them
Database Noun – Bază de date Comprehensive collection of
related data organized for
convenient access
Decryption Verb Decripta,
descifra,
decoda The process of taking
encoded or encrypted text or
other data and converting it
back into text that you or the
computer can read and
understand
Delete Noun ✓ Semn de
corectură A choice that removes a
selected object
Demo Noun ✓ Demonstrație A demonstration of a
hardware or software to
senior management or
customers
Device Noun ✓ Dispozitiv A mechanical, electrical, or
electronic contrivance with a
specific purpose
Desktop Noun ✓ – A graphical user interface
that enables a user to interact
with and perform operations
on a computer system
Disable Verb – A dezactiva To make nonfunctional
Diskette Noun ✓ – A small flexible disk used for
storing computer data
Display Noun ✓ Ecran A visual presentation of data

Download Verb ✓ A downloada,
a descărca To transfer programs or data
from a computer to a
connected device
Driver Noun ✓ – Software program that
controls a piece of hardware
or a peripheral
Edit Verb – A edita A choice on a menu bar that
provides access to other
choices that enables a user to
modify data
Email Noun ✓ – Messaging system available
on computer networks,
providing users with personal
mail-boxes from which
electronic messages can be
sent and received
Enable Verb – A activa To make functional
Encryption Verb – A cripta, a
coda The process of encoding
messages or information in
such a way that only
authorized parties can read it
Entry Noun ✓ Înregistrare The r esult of putting data into
a computer
Error Noun – Eroare A discrepancy between a
computed, observed or
measured value or condition
and the true, specified, or
theoretically correct value or
condition
Fax Noun ✓ – Hard copy received from a
facsimile machine

File Noun ✓ Fișier Namable unit of data storage;
an element of data storage; a
single sequence of bytes
Folder Noun ✓ Dosar A graphical representation
used to organize a collection
of computer files; as in the
concept of a filing cabinet
(computer's hard drive) with
files (folders
Gadget Noun ✓ – Mechanical contrivance or
device
Hard disk Noun ✓ – An electromechanical data
storage device that
uses magnetic storage to store
and
retrieve digital information
Hardware Noun ✓ – The physical components that
make up a computing system,
computer, or computing
device
Icon Noun ✓ Iconiță A picture or symbol that
appears on a monitor and is
used to represent a command,
as a file drawer to represent
filing
Interface Noun – Interfa ță S shared boundary across
which two or more separate
components of a computer
system exchange information
Internet Noun ✓ – A network of computer
networks encompassing the

World Wide Web, FTP,
telnet, and many other
protocols
IP Address Noun – Adresă IP A unique set of numbers that
identify a particular computer
and server on the Internet
Java Noun ✓ – The proprietary name of a
high-level, object –
oriented programming
language used primarily to
build web -based applications
Keyboard Noun – Tastatură Typewriter -like computer
input device
Laptop Noun ✓ – A portable computer, usually
battery -powered, small
enough to rest on the user's
lap and having a screen that
closes over the keyboard like
a lid
Link Noun ✓ – The combination of the link
connection
Log off Verb ✓ A (se)
deconecta To disconnect from a
computer system or network
Log on Verb ✓ A (se)
autentifica To connect to a computer
system or network
Memory Noun – Memorie Temporary storage used by
computing devices
Modem Noun ✓ – Electronic device that makes
possible the transmission of
data to or from a computer

via telephone or other
communication lines
Monitor Noun ✓ Ecran A display screen
Menu Noun – Meniu A list of operations available
to the user of a program
Mouse Noun ✓ – Palm -sized, button –
operated pointing device that
can be used to move, select,
activate, and change items on
a computer screen
Multimedia Noun ✓ – Computer systems or
applications that are able to
manipulate data in multiple
forms, including still and
video images, sound and text
Multitasking Noun ✓ – A mode of operation that
provides for concurrent
performance, or interleaved
execution of two or more
tasks
Network Noun – Rețea A group of computing
devices connected by cables
or wireless media for the
exchange of information and
resources
Online Adjective ✓ – Of some peripheral device
connected to, attached to, or
controlled by a computer
Operating
System Noun – Sistem de
operare Software that communicates
with the hardware and allows
other programs to run

Operator Noun ✓ – A person or a program that
manages activities that are
controlled by a specific
computer program
Piracy Noun – Piraterie The illegal copying,
distribution, or use of
software
Pixel Noun ✓ Punct de
imagine The smallest element of an
image that can be
individually processed in a
video display system
Printer Noun – Imprimantă Device that transfers
computer output onto paper
Processor Noun – Procesor The key component of a
computing device that
contains the circuitry
necessary to interpret and
execute electrical signals fed
into the device
Protocol Noun ✓ – The “must follow”
regulations that govern the
transmission and receipt of
information across a data
communications link
Router Noun ✓ Ruter A networking device that
forwards data
packets between computer
networks
Scanner Noun ✓ Scaner A device that examines a
spatial pattern one after
another, and generates analog

or digital corresponding to
the pattern
Screen Noun ✓ Ecran The physical surface of a
display device upon which
information is shown to users
Scroll Verb ✓ Scrola,
deplasare a
conținutului To move a display image
vertically or horizontally to
view data that otherwise
cannot be observed within the
boundaries of the display
screen
Smartphone Noun ✓ – A device that combines a cell
phone with a handheld
computer, typically offering
Internet access, data storage,
email capability, etc
Software Noun ✓ – The programs used to direct
the operation of a computer,
as well as documentation
giving instructions on how to
use them
Subwoofer Noun ✓ – A loudspeaker component
designed to reproduce only
extremely low bass
frequencies, generally below
125 Hz
Spam Noun ✓ – Junk mail, spam ranges from
annoyances like mass e –
mailings and advertisements,
junk mail,
and chain letters, to

fraudulent product or service
promotions, and harassing or
threatening e -mails
Script Noun ✓ Program,
algoritm A record of keystrokes and
commands that can be played
back in order t o automate
routine tasks, such as logging
on to an online service
Swipe Verb ✓ Glisa To move a finger or fingers,
or a stylus, across an area on
(a touchscreen) in order to
execute a command
Switch Noun ✓ Comutator A high -speed device that
receives incoming data
packets and redirects them to
their destination on a local
area network (LAN)
Tap Verb ✓ Bătaie ușoară
(cu degetul) To use a stylus to interact
with a handheld device
Touchpad Noun ✓ Tastatură
tactilă A computer input device for
controlling the pointer on a
display screen by sliding the
finger along a touch -sensitive
surface
Touchscreen Noun ✓ Ecran tactil A touch -sensitive display
screen on a computer or other
electronic device
Tutorial Noun ✓ – Information presented in a
teaching format

Upload Verb – Uploada/
Încărca în
rețea To transfer programs or data
from a connected device
User Noun ✓ Utilizator A person for whom a
hardware or software product
is designed
Version Noun – Versiune A separately licensed
program that usually has
significant new code or new
function
Virus Noun ✓ – A piece of programming code
inserted into other
programming to cause some
unexpected and usually
undesirable event, such as
deleting or damaging files
Voicemail Noun – Mesagerie
vocală A computer based telephone
messaging system, capable of
recording and storing
messages, for later review or
other processing
Web site Noun ✓ – A collection of related web
pages ,
includi ng multimedia content,
typically identified with a
common domain name , and
published on at least one web
server
Windows Noun ✓ – A screen in a software
program that permits the user

to view several programs at
one time
Wireless Noun ✓ Rețea fără fir A computer network that uses
wireless data connections
between network nodes
Zoom Verb ✓ A mări The act of enlarging a portion
of an onscreen image for fine
detail work; most graphics
programs have this capability

Bibliography

BOOKS

1. Avram, Mioara. Anglicismele în limba romană actuală , Editura Academiei Române,
București, 1997
2. Baker, M. In other words: A coursebook on translation , 9th ed. London: Routledge, 2002
3. Bassnett, Susan, Translation Studies , Routledge, New York, 2002
4. Cabré , M. T. Terminology today, Terminology, LSP, and Translation , John Benjamins
Publishing, Amster dam, 1996
5. Cabré, M. T. Terminology. Theory, methods and applications , John Benjamins Publishing
Company, 1999
6. Jakobson, R. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation , Harvard University Press, 1959
7. Lefevere, A. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame , London and
New York: Routledge, 1992
8. Munday, J. 2001, Introducing translation studies: theories and applications , Routledge,
New York, 2001
9. Newmark P. Approaches to translation , Oxford: Pergamon, 1981
10. Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation , Hempel Hempstead: Prentice Hall, 1998
11. Ortega y Gasset, J. The Misory and the Splendor of Translation , trans. E. G. Miller,
Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992
12. Protopopescu, Diana, Theories of Terminology – Past and Present, Sitech, București, 2013
13. Reiss, K. Text types, translation typ es and translation assessment, t ranslated by A.
Chesterman, in A. Chesterman (ed.) Readings in Translation Theory , Helsinki: Finn
Lectura , 1989
14. Toury, G. In search of a theory of translation , Tell Aviv: The porter Institute for poetics
and Semiotics, 1980
15. Venuti, L. The Translation Studies Reader , London and New York: Routledge, 2000
16. Vinay, J. & P. Darbelnet. Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology
for Translation , transated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel, Amsterdam: Benjamin s, 1995

17. Campo, Angela, 2012, The Reception of Eugen Wüster’s Work and the Development of
Terminology , Université de Montréal, 2012
Articles

1. Ali Rez, Ghanooni. A Review of the History of Translation Studies , Academy Publisher,
Finland, January 2012
2. Muhammad Olatunde, Yaqub. Text -types, Translation T ypes and Translation Assessment ,
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, June 2014

Internet sources

1. <https://playtech.ro/2017/samsung -a5-2017 -review/ >, accessed on June 2, 2018
2. https://www.gadget.ro/samsung -galaxy -a5-2017 -review/ >, accessed on June 3, 2018
3. <https://www.biblegateway.com/ >, accessed on March 3, 2018
4. <https://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Translation >, accessed on March 15, 2018
5. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicism >, accessed on 20 May, 2018

Dictionaries
1. https://dexonline.ro
2. https://hallo.ro/
3. https://www.merriam -webster.com
4. https:// www.thefreedictionary.com/