Managemnet of revegetation of the slag and ash [631716]

Managemnet of revegetation of the slag and ash
deposits of the Paroseni Thermoelectric Power
Plant
Andreea Cristina Tataru1*, Aurora Stanci2, Dorin Tataru1 and Mihai Sorin Radu1
1University of Petrosani , Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Transportation Engineering , 20
Universitatii street, Petrosani , Romania
2 University of Petrosani , Department of Management, Environmental Engineering and Geology , 20
Universitatii street, Petrosani , Romania
Abstract. As a result of the combustion of coal in the Paroseni Thermal
Power Plant, large amounts of slag and ash waste are produced. Slag and
ashes are deposited in the Caprisoara Valley slag and ash deposits. Upon
completion of the deposit process, these landfill s must be cleaned and
reintroduced in natural circuit. An important step in the process of
reintroduction in natural circuit of the deposits of slag and ashes is the
implementation of some methods of revegetation. The chosen method must
respect the main ob jectives of an environmental management system. In
this paper we will present a method for managing the process of
revegetation of the slag and ash deposits in order to reintroduce affected
areas into the natural circuit.
1 Introduction
In recent years, environmental issues are an integral part of the strategy of companies
around the world. Each economic unit strives to achieve and demonstrate, along with
economic growth, a high level of environmental protection to comply w ith environmental
legislation.
In this context, countries with high environmental standards are interested in protecting
them from competitors in countries where they are less severe.
More than ever, it is recognized that effective pollution control cannot be achieved
exclusively on technological solutions but must be addressed through an environmental
management system integrated with the overall management of the company.
In many countries, the implementation of environmental management systems, although
a voluntary action, has succeeded in convincing not only to the obtained financial benefits
(such as: identifying areas that can bring savings, increasing production efficiency, finding
new markets, etc.), but also by increasing creditworthiness in obtaini ng bank credits,
attracting investors and new beneficiaries.

* Corresponding author: [anonimizat]

In present, the company's focus on the introduction of environmental management
systems (EMS) can be found at a global level. They provide a structured and systematic
way of integrating environme ntal issues into all aspects of a company's business.
The goal is not only to comply with environmental legislation and minimize financial
risks, but also to continually improve the environmental performance, thus ensuring a good
image and a number of adva ntages in the competitive market.
2 Data and Methods
An environmental management system has as main objective to help a company in:
 -identifying and controlling the e nvironmental aspects, impacts and risks of the
company;
 -meeting the environmental policy objectives and targets, including compliance
with environmental legislation;
 -defining a set of core principles guiding future activities addressing
environmental res ponsibilities;
 -establishing increases in the company's environmental performance based on a
cost-benefit balance sheet;
 -determining the resources needed to achieve the objectives;
 -defining the responsibilities, authority and procedures to ensure the
involvement of each employee of the company in reducing the negative impact
on the environment;
 -establishing an efficient communication system inside the company and
providing training for the staff. [1, 2]
Industry throughout the world in its long existence has had and has negative effects on
environmental factors. Today there is the problem of rehabilitation of areas affected by
industry.
Slag and tailings dumps lead to significant problems in how they contribute to
environmental pollution. These, upon completion of the filing process, should be
rearranged and rendered in the natural circuit.
The tailings ponds are hydrotechnical constructions that are constructed as enclosures
for tailings storage resulting from industrial production processes. They are also used for
the storage of alluvial material resulting from dredging of waterways, decoltering of
accumulation lakes, etc. Slag and ash are deposited in sedimentation tailings pond.
Reintroduction in the economic circuit of land affected by anthropogenic activities is
based on a complex of redevelopment works of affected areas. [4]
Government Emergency Ordinance no. 195/20 05 (approved by Law No. 265/2006) on
Environmental Protection creates a legislative framework. This ordinance requires the
redevelopment of the areas affected by anthropogenic activities after the completion of the
works and the closure of the activities i n the affected areas.
Reintroduction of the land degraded by anthropogenic activities into the economic
circuit is carried out on the basis of a general planning plan. It must be drafted, discussed
and approved by the local community and the law enforcemen t bodies on the basis of which
the works are planned and carried out.
The choice of ecological reuse is based on the available resources as well as the attitude
of the owners and the local community.
Restoration work on degraded land must be given an econo mic potential.
Slag and ash discharges could be ecologized by naturalistic or productive recultivation.
[3]

3 Results and discussion
The costs of rendering slag and ash deposits in the economic circuit are significant. For this
reason, methods of productive recultivation have been proposed. By productive
recultivation, greening costs can be amortized over time.
In order to reintroduce the areas in the economic circuit, it is necessary to carry out
specific preparation of the land surfaces of the slag and ash deposits. These mandatory
procedures are very expensive. In order to compensate over time the costs of preparing the
land, we propose d to render in the economic circuit of the land areas by cultivating them
with vineyards, namely the vine.
In the case of productive re -cultivation with vines the costs related to the realization of
the crop are:
• soil preparation costs,
• costs of acquir ing or renting the necessary equipment,
• labor costs,
• purchase costs of vine cuttings, and other planting material,
• maintenance costs over the development period,
• costs for treatments.
After the planting process is completed for a period of 4 years, we will only have the
costs of maintenance and treatment. After the first four years the vine begins to become
productive, the costs of maintenance and treatment being covered by annual incomes. Also,
every year after the development period, a damping of the greening costs will be achieved.
The costs of planting one ha of vine in Romania are shown in Table 1. The table was
made in relations with the materials and equipment to be used in the three stages of
greening, namely soil preparation for planting, pl anting and maintenance, the mandatory
steps to be taken before the planting of the vine concerning analyzes and treatments, and
labor costs. These costs are calculated according to the level of the Romanian market.

Table 1. Total costs related to the planting of one ha of vine in Ro mania
Planting costs in Romania
Type of works TOTAL (Euro)
Cost for land preparation and for planting
Soil analyzes 30 Euro
Applying organic products to increase organic matter and correct Ph 400 Euro
Compaction to bury organic matter 35 Euro

Ferti lization before planting 165 Euro
Soil preparation 35 Euro
Plantation
Marking for planting 1000 Euro
Planting and irrigation 4400 Euro
Instalation
Installing of the pillars 2300 Euro
Installation of the support 135 Euro

Installation of wire wir es, stretchers, poles 900 Euro
Maintenance
Phytosanitary treatment (5 passes) 55 Euro
Total 9544 Euro
Annual maintenance costs
Prunning 850 Euro
Phytosanitary treatment (8 passes) 142 Euro
Total 992 Euro

The costs of making a vine plantation are composed of material costs, mechanization
and labor.
The cost of achieving one vineyard plantation per hectare in Romania is 9455 Euro
Once the planting process is completed, the vineyard requires careful maintenance every
year. Annual maintenance concerns treatment, prunning and binding. The annual cost per
hectare of vine for maintenance is 992 Euro in Romania
The costs of vine planting and maintenance can be amortized by production to the final
products after four years.
Four years after planting, the vine becomes productive. Due to the fact that the
chemicals in the slag and ash are not transmitted in the fruit beyond the maximum
admis sible limits, they can be used. Fruits can be sold fresh or for the production of
alcoholic and non -alcoholic beverages.
Depending on the type of grape varieties chosen per hectare, between 5,000 and 10,000
liters of wine or juice can be obtained.
This typ e of reintroduction of the land affected by the deposits has a positive impact on
the population in their vicinity. Planting, maintenance and subsequent production will
create new jobs.
For the ecologicalization proposed by productive recultivation it is necessary to achieve
a layer of vegetal soil of 15 -20 cm, which will allow to reduce the phenomenon of
scrolling. This layer of vegetal soil will also make a positive contribution to the vegetation
development.
The cost of plant soil to cover one hectare o f landfill is EUR 24400.
Another method of covering the slag and ash deposits of the thermoelectric power
plants is the use of geotextiles. This method can be advantageous due to the fact that at
present the availability of vegetal soil is very low.
Accord ing to previous studies, the costs of greening the slag and ash deposits by using
geotextile are 59,000 EURO / ha.
The estimated cost of covering clay deposits is 57800 EURO / ha. These greening
methods are not a productive greening that provides the oppor tunity to depreciate these
costs.

Conclusions
Environmental management is an important component of environmental protection.
An environmental management system aims at finding the most effective solutions for
complying with environmental protect ion requirements.
Due to the high cost of redeveloping degraded land resulting from industrial activities, it
is necessary to find redevelopment solutions that can be compensatted over time.

The costs of vineyard recultivation of slag and ash deposits are amortized after 4 years
of planting.
Planting one hectare of vine may reach costs of 9455 Euro in Romania.
The cost consists of the materials and equipments to be used in the three greening steps,
namely soil preparation for planting, planting and maintena nce, analyzes and treatments,
and labor costs.
Costs presented are calculated according to the level of the Romanian market.
References
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(2016)
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