M O D A L I T A T ,I D E R E P L I C A R E A D AT E L O R [621665]

M O D A L I T ˘A T ,I D E R E P L I C A R E A D AT E L O R
Î N T R – U N D ATA C E N T E R
marius sava
Modalit˘ at ,i de replicare a datelor într-un Datacenter
Sublocotenent inginer (Slt.Ing.)
Facultatea de sisteme electronice s ,i informatice militare
Academia Tehnic˘ a Militar˘ a "Ferdinand I"
Iulie 2018 – version 1.0

Dedicated to t

A B S T R A C T
Scurt sumar al tezei de disertatie. Aici se pot gasi resurse despre scrie-
rea unui abstract foarte bun/
https://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~migod/research/beckOOPSLA.html

P U B L I C AT I O N S
This is just an early
– and currently ugly –
test!This might come in handy for PhD theses: some ideas and figures have
appeared previously in the following publications:
Attention : This requires a separate run of bibtex for your refsection ,
e. g., ClassicThesis1-blx for this file. You might also use biber as
the backend for biblatex . See also http://tex.stackexchange.com/
questions/128196/problem-with-refsection .

We have seen that computer programming is an art,
because it applies accumulated knowledge to the world,
because it requires skill and ingenuity, and especially
because it produces objects of beauty.
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
Put your acknowledgments here.
Many thanks to everybody who already sent me a postcard!
Regarding the typography and other help, many thanks go to Marco
Kuhlmann, Philipp Lehman, Lothar Schlesier, Jim Young, Lorenzo Pan-
tieri and Enrico Gregorio1, Jörg Sommer, Joachim Köstler, Daniel Gott-
schlag, Denis Aydin, Paride Legovini, Steffen Prochnow, Nicolas Repp,
Hinrich Harms, Roland Winkler, Jörg Weber, Henri Menke, Claus La-
hiri, Clemens Niederberger, Stefano Bragaglia, Jörn Hees, Scott Lowe,
Dave Howcroft, and the whole LATEX-community for support, ideas and
some great software.
Regarding L YX: The L YX port was intially done by Nicholas Mariette in
March 2009 and continued by Ivo Pletikosi´ c in2011 . Thank you very
much for your work and for the contributions to the original style.
1Members of GuIT (Gruppo Italiano Utilizzatori di T EX e L ATEX)

C U P R I N S
i centrul de date
1 introducere 2
1.1ISTORIC 2
1.2DEFINITIE SI CARACTERISTICI 5
1.3ORGANIZAREA UNUI DATACENTER 8
1.3.1RETEA IN DATACENTER 9
1.3.2STOCARE DATE IN DATACENTER 9
1.3.3MANAGEMENTUL CONFIGURATIEI UNUI DA-
TACENTER 9
1.3.4MANAGEMENTUL TERMIC SI ELECTRIC AL UNUI
DATACENTER 9
1.4Organization 11
1.5Style Options 13
1.6Customization 14
1.7Issues 15
1.8Future Work 15
1.9Beyond a Thesis 16
1.10License 16
ii the showcase
2 examples 18
2.1A New Section 18
2.1.1Test for a Subsection 18
2.1.2Autem Timeam 19
2.2Another Section in This Chapter 19
2.2.1Personas Initialmente 19
2.2.2Linguistic Registrate 20
3 math test chapter 21
3.1Some Formulas 21
3.2Various Mathematical Examples 22
iii appendix
a appendix test 24
a.1Appendix Section Test 24
a.2Another Appendix Section Test 24

NECLASIFICAT cuprins
bibliography 26
NECLASIFICAT
vii din 30

L I S T ˘A D E F I G U R I
Figura 1.1 Clasificare a calculatoarelor 4
Figura 1.2 Drumul c˘ atre scala exa 6
Figura 1.3 Drumul c˘ atre calculul eficient 7
Figura 1.4 Centre de date 8
L I S T ˘A D E TA B E L E
Tabela 1.1 Generat ,iile dezvolt˘ arii mas ,inilor de calcul 5
Tabela A. 1 Autem usu id 24
L I S T I N G S
Listing A. 1 A floating example ( listings manual) 25
A C R O N Y M S
DRY Don’t Repeat Yourself
API Application Programming Interface
UML Unified Modeling Language

Partea I
C E N T R U L D E D AT E

1
I N T R O D U C E R E
Începutul este cea mai important˘ a parte a unei munci.
— Platon [ 1]
Pe m˘ asur˘ a ce puterea de calcul se mut˘ a în cloud, platforma de calcul
devine o urias ,a magazie de calculatoare. Aceste sisteme de calculatoare
– centre de date – prezint˘ a noi provoc˘ ari s ,i nu pot fi v˘ azute ca o simpl˘ a
colect ,ie de servere.
„Centrele de date formeaz˘ a scheletul unei diversit˘ at ,i de servicii oferite prin
Internet, printre care: Web-hosting, E-commerce, ret ,ele sociale, s ,i o varietate
de alte servicii generale precum software oferit ca serviciu (SAAS), platform˘ a
oferit˘ a ca serviciu (P AAS), s ,i cloud computing. Câteva exemple de platforme
de servicii generice sunt: Microsoft Azure, Google App engine, Amazon EC 2s,i
Sun’s Grid Engine. Virtualizarea este cheia care permite oferirea acestor servicii
s,i este din ce în ce mai utilizat˘ a în centrele de date pentru obt ,inerea unei mai
bune utiliz˘ ari a serverelor s ,i pentru alocarea flexibil˘ a a resurselor. Virtualizarea
aduce îns˘ a o complexitate crescut˘ a s ,i face managementul unui datacenter mult
mai provocator. De asemenea, viitoarele centre de date nu vor fi doar simple
versiuni mai mari decât cele existente ” [2].
1.1 istoric
„Charles Babbage a creat conceptul de calculator analitic. Motorul analitic, as ,a
cum era denumit˘ a mas ,in˘ aria creat˘ a de acesta, încorpora o unitate aritmetic˘ a
logic˘ a, controlul execut ,iei prin structuri repetitive sau condit ,ionale s ,i memorie
integrat˘ a. Acesta este primul calculator care poate fi descris în termeni moderni
ca Turing-complete ” [3].
În1937 , Alan Turing propune modelul de calculator modern, o mas ,in˘ a
de calcul universal˘ a, unde conceptul fundamental era cel al stoc˘ arii pro-
gramului, unde instruct ,iunile de calcul sunt salvate în memorie [ 4].
„Designul initial al mas ,inilor electrice în întregime a fost influent ,at într-o
anumit˘ a m˘ asur˘ a de gigant ,ii mecanici s ,i, des ,i nu au l˘ asat vreun descendent
direct în câmpul calculului, aces ,tia au fost necesari pentru programele stocate
electronic. Povestea acestor mas ,ini mecanice poate fi divizat˘ a în patru mari
linii:

NECLASIFICAT 1.1 istoric
1. Munca realizat˘ a în Germania de c˘ atre Konrad Zuse.
2. Product ,ia în serie a calculatoarelor bazate pe tehnologia relay de c˘ atre
Bell Telephone Laboratories.
3. Proiectul dezvoltat de c˘ atre Howard Aiken la Harvard.
4. Eforturile depuse de c˘ atre IBM pentru designul atât a mas ,inilor de calcul
mici cât s ,i a celor de scal˘ a mare, mecanice s ,i electromecanice.
” [5].
US3120606 A [6] a fost primul patent pentru un calculator s ,i integrator
numeric electronic digital, depus de inventatorii Presper Eckert s ,i John
Mauchly. ENIAC, descris în cele 91de pagini în patent, a fost creat
s,i utilizat init ,ial pentru calculul tabelelor focurilor de artilerie pentru
Laboratorul de Cercetare Balistic˘ a al Statelor Unite ale Americii. ENIAC
era de dimensiunea unui autobuz având 40de dulapuri cu în˘ alt ,imea de
2.7m s ,i aproape 18.000de tuburi electronice s ,i kilometri de cabluri [ 7].
„ENIAC a fost unic. A dep˘ as ,it tehnicile convent ,ionale de calcul. ENIAC a
luat ideile din mas ,inile de calcul eletromecanice s ,i le-a transformat în mas ,ini
de calcul electronice. A fost primul calculator care era cu scop general s ,i turing-
complet ” [7].
Des ,i în cadrul discut ,iilor de la Moore School a luat nas ,tere conce-
putul de program stocat [ 5], ENIAC avea îns˘ a dezavantajul lipsei unei
capabilit˘ at ,i de a stoca programale intern, adic˘ a programarea acestuia se
realiza prin întrerup˘ atoare mecanice s ,i cabluri.
„John von Neumann, una dintre cele mai str˘ alucite mint ,i ale secolului al
XX-lea, a fost cel care a produs cea mai bun˘ a descriere formal˘ a a unui program
stocat în memorie. În toamna lui 1944 , von Neumann s ,i-a întrerupt munca
desf˘ as ,urata la Institutul de Cercet˘ ari Avansate Princeton, New Jersey s ,i pe cea
din proiectul Los Alamos pentru a lua parte la discut ,iile de la Moore School
referitoare la designul EDV AC. Von Neumann, în mod independent, a realizat
o schit ,˘ a a unui raport numit˘ a „First Draft Report of the Edvac Design" ,
raport care a fost f˘ acut public de c˘ atre Goldstine, s ,i a dus la dispute cu privire la
cui trebuie acord creditul pentru ideile din raport. von Neumann nu a încercat
s˘ a rezolve problemele acestea . ” [8].
clasificarea calculatoarelor : Pentru a putea discuta despre
clasificarea acestora Figure 1.1este necesar s˘ a înt ,elegem c˘ a între tipu-
rile care sunt de interes pentru aceast˘ a tez˘ a, definit ,iile acestora s-au
intersectat, cel put ,in la începutul aparit ,iei acestora.
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.1 istoric
Tipul de
calculato r
Dimensiune Tip date Scop
Micro calculato r
Mini calculato r
Mainframe
Sup ercalculato rAnalog
Digital
Hib ridGenerale
Sp ecializate
Figura 1.1: Clasificare a calculatoarelor. DRY
termenul de mainframe : „ Des ,i la început termenul de mainframe
descria caracteristicile fizice ale sistemelor timpurii, ast˘ azi el poate fi utilizat
pentru a descrie un stil de lucru, aplicare s ,i operare a facilitat ,ilor sistemului.
Astfel mainframe este numit tipul de server cel mai performant care se afl˘ a
în uz ast˘ azi. O organizat ,ie poate avea o colect ,ie de servere mari care include
servere de aplicat ,ii (servere de tranzact ,ii), servere de baze de date, servere de
e-mail, servere Web. O colect ,ie foarte mare de servere se numes ,te ferm˘ a de
servere. Sistemele mainframe de ast˘ azi sunt de m˘ arimea unui frigider mai mare,
în comparat ,ie cu cele init ,iale care puteau ocupa de la 600 pân˘ a la 3000 m2.
Un alt aspect important al mainframe-ului este c˘ a acesta det ,ine un control
centralizat al resurselor. Un mainframe implic˘ a o form˘ a centralizat˘ a de calcul,
opus˘ a unei forme distribuite de calcul. Prin acesta, client ,ii câs ,tig˘ a timp în
cazul actualiz˘ arilor, ceea ce va duce la s ,anse sporite ca datele s˘ a fie permanent
cele curente. ” [9].
termenul de supercalculator : „ Supercalculatoarele sunt cele mai
rapide, mari s ,i scumpe dar s ,i cele mai puternice calculatoare disponibile. Aces-
tea sunt foarte rapide în procesare. Pot realiza multe operat ,ii într-o fract ,iune de
secund˘ a. Cele mai multe dintre acestea au multiple procesoare. În acest caz, o
singur˘ a sarcin˘ a este distribuit˘ a c˘ atre mai multe procesoare pentru o executare
mai rapid˘ a. Totus ,i, toate procesoarele sunt controlate de un singur procesor
central. Supercalculatoarele genereaz˘ a o cantitate imens˘ a de c˘ aldur˘ a s ,i necesit˘ a
sisteme speciale de r˘ acire. Au nevoie de camere speciale s ,i sunt operate de c˘ a-
tre specialis ,ti. Un supercalculator poate fi operat de peste 500de utilizatori în
acelas ,i timp ” [10].
Primele mainframeuri s ,i supercomputere (denumite astfel pentru acele
timpuri s ,i nu în sensul modern), au fost cele care au utilizat tehnologia
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.2 definitie si caracteristici
tranzistorilor. Mainframeul UNIVAC LARC de la Sperry ( 1960 ), super-
computerul IBM- 7030 Stretch ( 1961 ), s ,i mainframeul CDC 6600 (1963 )
sunt câteva exemple.
În Table 1.1[11] sunt prezentate generat ,iile de mas ,ini de calcul care
au fost dezvoltate ulterior, precum s ,i tehnologia de baz˘ a utilizat˘ a de
acestea.
nume perioad ˘a tehnologie
Generat ,ia I-a 1946 -1959 Tuburi bazate pe vid
Generat ,ia a II-a 1959 -1965 Tranzistori
Generat ,ia a III-a 1965 -1971 Circuite integrate
Generat ,ia a IV-a 1971 -1980 Microprocesoare VLSI
Generat ,ia a V-a 1980 -prezent Microprocesoare ULSI
Tabela 1.1: Generat ,iile dezvolt˘ arii mas ,inilor de calcul.
În Figure 1.2este prezentat drumul c˘ atre scala exa. Dac˘ a la început,
puterea de calcul m˘ asurat˘ a în FLOPS (operat ,ii în virgul˘ a mobil˘ a pe
secund˘ a) era de 1MFLOPS, în prezent cel mai puternic supercomputer
funct ,ional este la cu totul o alt˘ a scala s ,i anume PFLOPS. Exist˘ a în jur de
181de sisteme capabile sa efectueze operat ,ii de ordinul petaFLOPS [ 12].
În Figure 1.3, g˘ asim c˘ a des ,i puterea de calcul cres ,te, puterea energetic˘ a
necesar˘ a pentru aceeas ,i operat ,ie scade, ceea ce înseamn˘ a ca sistemele
devin din ce în ce mai eficiente. Puterea electric˘ a r˘ amâne totus ,i un factor
limitativ s ,i se caut˘ a ca sistemul de scal˘ a exa s˘ a consume sub 20MW,
ceea ce este echivalent cu consumul unui oras ,mic de 35000 de locuitori.
Odat˘ a cu aparit ,ia puterii de calcul, au început s˘ a fie colectate cantit˘ at ,i
mari de date. Aceasta informat ,ie devenea din ce în ce mai greu de
întret ,inut.
În1965 , guvernul SUA pl˘ anuia primul centru de date din lume unde
urma s˘ a stocheze 742milioane de înregistr˘ ari cu declarat ,ii de avere s ,i
175de milioane de înregistr˘ ari cu amprente [ _brief_ ] [_lewiston_ ].
1.2 definitie si caracteristici
Centrul de date este definit ca „ o cl˘ adire unde o multitudine de servere s ,i
echipamente de comunicat ,ie se afl˘ a în acelas ,i loc datorit˘ a cerint ,elor acestora, a
nevoii de securitate fizic˘ a s ,i pentru us ,urint ,a mentenant ,ei.” [14].
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.2 definitie si caracteristici
Figura 1.2: Drumul c˘ atre scala exa [ 13].
„Un centru de date este un mediu fizic special care permite g˘ azduirea sis-
temelor de calcul s ,i componentele asociate acestora. Centrul de date cuprinde
sistemele de calcul ment ,ionate mai sus, precum s ,i personalul care le întret ,ine.
Mediul fizic special cuprinde surse de putere, sisteme de cablare redundante,
aer condit ,ionat, dispozitive de sigurant ,˘ a pentru verificarea accesului persona-
lului. De obicei, centrele de date sunt create pentru clase de scopuri specifice. ”
[balodis_history_ 2012 ]
În [_what_ ], avem urm˘ atoarea definit ,ie: „ Centrele de date sunt infras-
tructur˘ a fizic˘ a sau virtual˘ a utilizat˘ a de companii pentru g˘ azduirea calculatoa-
relor, serverelor, sistemelor de ret ,ea s ,i a componentelor necesare tehnologiei
informat ,iei, care de obicei implic˘ a stocare, procesare s ,i servirea unor cantit˘ at ,i
mari de date critice c˘ atre client ,i într-o arhitectur˘ a client-server. ”
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.3 organizarea unui datacenter
Figura 1.3: Drumul c˘ atre calculul eficient [ 13].
În2009 , în articolul publicat de Kant [ 2] se arat˘ a c˘ a urm˘ atoarele tren-
duri, vor transforma, cel mai probabil, centrul de date într-o infrastructur˘ a completeaza cu
trendurile din capitolul
3spe mai multe niveluri, virtualizat˘ a, distribuit˘ a s ,i care aduce o varietate de noi
provoc˘ ari. ”
1.3 organizarea unui datacenter
Un centru de date este în general organizat în rânduri de „rack-uri”,
unde fiecare rack cont ,ine servere, switch-uri, sau alte dispozitive spe-
cializate precum în Figure 1.4.
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.3 organizarea unui datacenter
(a) Centrul de date Google în Oklahoma.
(b) Centrul de date Amazon.
(c) Centrul de date Microsoft.
(d) Centrul de date CERN în Oklahoma.
Figura 1.4: Centre de date.
Un rack standard are 200cm în˘ alt ,ime, 58-63cm l˘ at ,ime, s ,i64-76cm
adâncime. Fiecare rack are în mod normal, un num˘ ar de rafturi/cadre
predefinite în care sunt introduse echipamentele, cu dimensiunea de
45mm sau 1U. Pentru a obt ,ine o compactare superioar˘ a, serverele pot
fi puse într-un s ,asiu care va fi la rândul lui introdus în rack. Un s ,asiu
vine la rândul s˘ au cu propria surs˘ a de putere, ventilatoare, conectori, s ,i
infrastructura de management. În teorie, capacitatea unui rack este de
pân˘ a la 16 1U, ceea ce înseamn˘ a c˘ a acesta poate sust ,ine96de echipa-
mente modulare.
Dup˘ a cum se spune în [ 2], cres ,terea în densitate a serverelor prin folo-
sirea formei blade, duce la o cres ,tere a consumului de energie electric˘ a
per rack, care mai departe, poate duce la defectarea infrastructurii de
transport a energiei electrice.
The substantial increase in server density achievable by using the
blade form factor results in corresponding increase in per-rack power
consumption which, in turn, can seriously tax the power delivery in-
frastructure. In particular, many older data centers are designed with
about 7KW per-rack power rating, whereas racks loaded with blade
servers could approach 21KW. There is a similar issue with respect to
thermal density – the cooling infrastructure may be unable to handle
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.3 organizarea unui datacenter
the offered thermal load. The net result is that it may be impossible to
load the racks to their capacity. For some applications, a fully loaded
rack may not offer the required peak network or storage bandwidth
(BW) either, thereby requiring careful management of resources to stay
within the BW limits.
1.3.1RETEA IN DATACENTER
1.3.2STOCARE DATE IN DATACENTER
1.3.3MANAGEMENTUL CONFIGURATIEI UNUI DATACENTER
1.3.4MANAGEMENTUL TERMIC SI ELECTRIC AL UNUI DATACEN-
TER
This bundle for LATEX has two goals:
1. Provide students with an easy-to-use template for their Master’s
or PhD thesis. (Though it might also be used by other types of
authors for reports, books, etc.)
2. Provide a classic, high-quality typographic style that is
The bundle is configured to run with a fullMiKT EX or T EXLive1in-
stallation right away and, therefore, it uses only freely available fonts.
(Minion fans can easily adjust the style to their needs.)
People interested only in the nice style and not the whole bundle
can now use the style stand-alone via the file classicthesis.sty . This
works now also with “plain” LATEX.
As of version 3.0,classicthesis can also be easily used with L YX2
thanks to Nicholas Mariette and Ivo Pletikosi´ c. The L YX version of this
manual will contain more information on the details.
This should enable anyone with a basic knowledge of LATEX2#or LYX
to produce beautiful documents without too much effort. In the end,
this is my overall goal: more beautiful documents, especially theses, as
I am tired of seeing so many ugly ones.
The whole template and the used style is released under the GNU
General Public License.
If you like the style then I would appreciate a postcard:
1See the file LISTOFFILES for needed packages. Furthermore, classicthesis works with most other
distributions and, thus, with most systems L ATEX is available for.
2http://www.lyx.org
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.3 organizarea unui datacenter
André Miede
Detmolder Straße 32
31737 Rinteln
Germany
The postcards I received so far are available at:
http://postcards.miede.de
important note : Some things of this style might look unusual at
first glance, many people feel so in the beginning. However, all things
are intentionally designed to be as they are, especially these:
• No bold fonts are used. Italics or spaced small caps do the job
quite well.
• The size of the text body is intentionally shaped like it is. It su-
pports both legibility and allows a reasonable amount of informa-
tion to be on a page. And, no: the lines are not too short.
• The tables intentionally do not use vertical or double rules. See
the documentation for the booktabs package for a nice discussion
of this topic.3
• And last but not least, to provide the reader with a way easier
access to page numbers in the table of contents, the page numbers
are right behind the titles. Yes, they are notneatly aligned at the
right side and they are notconnected with dots that help the eye
to bridge a distance that is not necessary. If you are still not con-
vinced: is your reader interested in the page number or does she
want to sum the numbers up?
Therefore, please do not break the beauty of the style by changing these
things unless you really know what you are doing! Please.
yet another important note : Since classicthesis ’ first release
in2006 , many things have changed in the LATEX world. Trying to keep
up-to-date, classicthesis grew and evolved into many directions, trying
to stay (some kind of) stable and be compatible with its port to L YX.
However, there are still many remains from older times in the code,
many dirty workarounds here and there, and several other things I am
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.4 organization
absolutely not proud of (for example my unwise combination of KOMA
and titlesec etc.). An outlook into the
future of
classicthesis .Currently, I am looking into how to completely re-design and re-
implement classicthesis making it easier to maintain and to use. As a
general idea, classicthesis.sty should be developed and distributed
separately from the template bundle itself. Excellent spin-offs such as
arsclassica could also be integrated (with permission by their authors)
as format configurations. Also, current trends of microtype ,fontspec ,
etc. should be included as well. As I am not really into deep LATEX pro-
gramming, I will reach out to the LATEX community for their expertise
and help.
1.4 organization
A very important factor for successful thesis writing is the organization
of the material. This template suggests a structure as the following: You can use these
margins for summaries
of the text body. . .•Chapters/ is where all the “real” content goes in separate files
such as Chapter01.tex etc.
•FrontBackMatter/ is where all the stuff goes that surrounds the
“real” content, such as the acknowledgments, dedication, etc.
•gfx/ is where you put all the graphics you use in the thesis. Ma-
ybe they should be organized into subfolders depending on the
chapter they are used in, if you have a lot of graphics.
•Bibliography.bib : the BibT EX database to organize all the referen-
ces you might want to cite.
•classicthesis.sty : the style definition to get this awesome look
and feel. Does not only work with this thesis template but also on
its own (see folder Examples ). Bonus: works with both LATEX and
pdfLATEX. . . and L YX. Great tool and it’s free!
•ClassicThesis.tex : the main file of your thesis where all gets
bundled together.
•classicthesis-config.tex : a central place to load all nifty packa-
ges that are used.
3To be found online at http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/booktabs/ .
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.4 organization
Make your changes and adjustments here. This means that you spe-
cify here the options you want to load classicthesis.sty with.
You also adjust the title of your thesis, your name, and all similar
information here. Refer to section 1.6for more information.
This had to change as of version 3.0in order to enable an easy
transition from the “basic” style to L YX.
In total, this should get you started in no time.
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.5 style options
1.5 style options
There are a couple of options for classicthesis.sty that allow for a
bit of freedom concerning the layout: . . . or your supervisor
might use the margins
for some comments of
her own while reading.• General:
–drafting : prints the date and time at the bottom of each page,
so you always know which version you are dealing with. Mi-
ght come in handy not to give your Prof. that old draft.
• Parts and Chapters:
–parts : if you use Part divisions for your document, you sho-
uld choose this option. (Cannot be used together with nochapters .)
–linedheaders : changes the look of the chapter headings a
bit by adding a horizontal line above the chapter title. The
chapter number will also be moved to the top of the page,
above the chapter title.
• Typography:
–eulerchapternumbers : use figures from Hermann Zapf’s Eu-
ler math font for the chapter numbers. By default, old style
figures from the Palatino font are used.
–beramono : loads Bera Mono as typewriter font. (Default set-
ting is using the standard CM typewriter font.)
–eulermath : loads the awesome Euler fonts for math. Palatino
is used as default font. Options are enabled via
option=true
• Table of Contents:
–tocaligned : aligns the whole table of contents on the left side.
Some people like that, some don’t.
–dottedtoc : sets pagenumbers flushed right in the table of
contents.
–manychapters : if you need more than nine chapters for your
document, you might not be happy with the spacing between
the chapter number and the chapter title in the Table of Con-
tents. This option allows for additional space in this context.
However, it does not look as “perfect” if you use \parts for
structuring your document.
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.6 customization
• Floats:
–listings : loads the listings package (if not already done)
and configures the List of Listings accordingly.
–floatperchapter : activates numbering per chapter for all floats
such as figures, tables, and listings (if used).
Furthermore, pre-defined margins for different paper sizes are availa-
ble, e. g., a4paper ,a5paper , and letterpaper . These are based on your
chosen option of \documentclass .
The best way to figure these options out is to try the different possi-
bilities and see what you and your supervisor like best.
In order to make things easier, classicthesis-config.tex contains
some useful commands that might help you.
1.6 customization
This section will show you some hints how to adapt classicthesis to
your needs.
The file classicthesis.sty contains the core functionality of the
style and in most cases will be left intact, whereas the file classic-
thesis-config.tex is used for some common user customizations.
The first customization you are about to make is to alter the docu-
ment title, author name, and other thesis details. In order to do this,
replace the data in the following lines of classicthesis-config.tex: Modifications in
classic-
thesis-config.tex%**************************************************
% 2. Personal data and user ad-hoc commands
%**************************************************
\newcommand{\myTitle}{A Classic Thesis Style\xspace}
\newcommand{\mySubtitle}{An Homage to…\xspace}
Further customization can be made in classicthesis-config.tex by
choosing the options to classicthesis.sty (see section 1.5) in a line
that looks like this:
\PassOptionsToPackage{
drafting=true, % print version information on the bottom of the
pages
tocaligned=false, % the left column of the toc will be aligned (no
indentation)
dottedtoc=false, % page numbers in ToC flushed right
parts=true, % use part division
eulerchapternumbers=true, % use AMS Euler for chapter font (otherwise
Palatino)
NECLASIFICAT
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NECLASIFICAT 1.7 issues
linedheaders=false, % chaper headers will have line above and
beneath
floatperchapter=true, % numbering per chapter for all floats (i.e
., Figure 1.1)
listings=true, % load listings package and setup LoL
subfig=true, % setup for preloaded subfig package
eulermath=false, % use awesome Euler fonts for mathematical formulae
(only with pdfLaTeX)
beramono=true, % toggle a nice monospaced font (w/ bold)
minionpro=false % setup for minion pro font; use minion pro small
caps as well (only with pdfLaTeX)
}{classicthesis}
Many other customizations in classicthesis-config.tex are possi-
ble, but you should be careful making changes there, since some chan-
ges could cause errors.
1.7 issues
This section will list some information about problems using classic-
thesis in general or using it with other packages.
Beta versions of classicthesis can be found at Bitbucket:
https://bitbucket.org/amiede/classicthesis/
There, you can also post serious bugs and problems you encounter.
1.8 future work
So far, this is a quite stable version that served a couple of people well
during their thesis time. However, some things are still not as they sho-
uld be. Proper documentation in the standard format is still missing. In
the long run, the style should probably be published separately, with
the template bundle being only an application of the style. Alas, there
is no time for that at the moment. . . it could be a nice task for a small
group of LATEXnicians.
Please do not send me email with questions concerning LATEX or the
template, as I do not have time for an answer. But if you have comments,
suggestions, or improvements for the style or the template in general,
do not hesitate to write them on that postcard of yours.
NECLASIFICAT
15din30

NECLASIFICAT 1.9 beyond a thesis
1.9 beyond a thesis
The layout of classicthesis.sty can be easily used without the fra-
mework of this template. A few examples where it was used to type-
set an article, a book or a curriculum vitae can be found in the folder
Examples . The examples have been tested with latex and pdflatex and
are easy to compile. To encourage you even more, PDFs built from the
sources can be found in the same folder.
1.10 license
gnu general public license : This program is free software; you
can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but wi-
thout any warranty ; without even the implied warranty of merchantability
orfitness for a particular purpose . See the GNU General Public License for
more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; see the file COPYING . If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59Temple Place – Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111 -1307 , USA.
classichthesis authors ’note : There have been some discus-
sions about the GPL’s implications on using classicthesis for theses
etc. Details can be found here:
https://bitbucket.org/amiede/classicthesis/issues/123/
We chose (and currently stick with) the GPL because we would not
like to compete with proprietary modified versions of our own work.
However, the whole template is free as free beer and free speech. We
will not demand the sources for theses, books, CVs, etc. that were crea-
ted using classicthesis .
Postcards are still highly appreciated.
NECLASIFICAT
16din30

Partea II
T H E S H O W C A S E
You can put some informational part preamble text here. Illo
principalmente su nos. Non message occidental angloromanic
da. Debitas effortio simplificate sia se, auxiliar summarios
da que, se avantiate publicationes via. Pan in terra summa-
rios, capital interlingua se que. Al via multo esser specimen,
campo responder que da. Le usate medical addresses pro,
europa origine sanctificate nos se.

2
E X A M P L E S
Ei choro aeterno antiopam mea, labitur bonorum pri no His no decore
nemore graecis. suavitate interpretaris eu, vix eu libris efficiantur.
2.1 a new section
Illo principalmente su nos. Non message occidental angloromanic da.
Debitas effortio simplificate sia se, auxiliar summarios da que, se avan-
tiate publicationes via. Pan in terra summarios, capital interlingua se
que. Al via multo esser specimen, campo responder que da. Le usate
medical addresses pro, europa origine sanctificate nos se.
Examples: Italics , A L L C A P S, S mall Caps,low small caps .
Acronym testing: Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) –UML – Unified
Modeling Language ( UML ) –UMLs
2.1.1Test for a Subsection
Note: The content of
this chapter is just
some dummy text. It is
not a real language.Lorem ipsum at nusquam appellantur his, ut eos erant homero con-
cludaturque. Albucius appellantur deterruisset id eam, vivendum par-
tiendo dissentiet ei ius. Vis melius facilisis ea, sea id convenire referren-
tur, takimata adolescens ex duo. Ei harum argumentum per. Eam vidit
exerci appetere ad, ut vel zzril intellegam interpretaris.
Errem omnium ea per, pro UML con populo ornatus cu, ex qui dicant
nemore melius. No pri diam iriure euismod. Graecis eleifend appel-
lantur quo id. Id corpora inimicus nam, facer nonummy ne pro, kasd
repudiandae ei mei. Mea menandri mediocrem dissentiet cu, ex nomi-
nati imperdiet nec, sea odio duis vocent ei. Tempor everti appareat cu
ius, ridens audiam an qui, aliquid admodum conceptam ne qui. Vis ea
melius nostrum, mel alienum euripidis eu.
nemore graecis. In eos meis nominavi, liber soluta vim cu.

NECLASIFICAT 2.2 another section in this chapter
2.1.2Autem Timeam
Nulla fastidii ea ius, exerci suscipit instructior te nam, in ullum postu-
lant quo. Congue quaestio philosophia his at, sea odio autem vulputate
ex. Cu usu mucius iisque voluptua. Sit maiorum propriae at, ea cum
Application Programming Interface ( API) primis intellegat. Hinc cotidi-
eque reprehendunt eu nec. Autem timeam deleniti usu id, in nec nibh
altera.
2.2 another section in this chapter
Non vices medical da. Se qui peano distinguer demonstrate, personas
internet in nos. Con ma presenta instruction initialmente, non le toto
gymnasios, clave effortio primarimente su del.1
Sia ma sine svedese americas. Asia representantes un nos, un altere
membros qui.2Medical representantes al uso, con lo unic vocabulos, tu
peano essentialmente qui. Lo malo laborava anteriormente uso.
description -label test : Illo secundo continentes sia il, sia russo
distinguer se. Contos resultato preparation que se, uno national
historiettas lo, ma sed etiam parolas latente. Ma unic quales sia.
Pan in patre altere summario, le pro latino resultato.
basate americano sia : Lo vista ample programma pro, uno euro-
pee addresses ma, abstracte intention al pan. Nos duce infra pu-
blicava le. Es que historia encyclopedia, sed terra celos avantiate
in. Su pro effortio appellate, o.
Tu uno veni americano sanctificate. Pan e union linguistic simplifi-
cate, traducite linguistic del le, del un apprende denomination.
2.2.1Personas Initialmente
Uno pote summario methodicamente al, uso debe nomina hereditage
ma. Iala rapide ha del, ma nos esser parlar. Maximo dictionario sed al.
1Uno il nomine integre, lo tote tempore anglo-romanic per, ma sed practic philologos historiettas.
2De web nostre historia angloromanic.
NECLASIFICAT
19din30

NECLASIFICAT 2.2 another section in this chapter
2.2.1.1A Subsubsection
Deler utilitate methodicamente con se. Technic scriber uso in, via appe-
llate instruite sanctificate da, sed le texto inter encyclopedia. Ha iste
americas que, qui ma tempore capital.
a. Enumeration with small caps (alpha)
b. Second item
a paragraph example Uno de membros summario preparation,
es inter disuso qualcunque que. Del hodie philologos occidental al,
como publicate litteratura in web. Veni americano es con, non internet
millennios secundarimente ha. Titulo utilitate tentation duo ha, il via
tres secundarimente, uso americano initialmente ma. De duo deler per-
sonas initialmente. Se duce facite westeuropee web, nos clave articulos
ha.
Medio integre lo per, non es linguas integre. Al web altere integre
periodicos, in nos hodie basate. Uno es rapide tentation, usos human
synonymo con ma, parola extrahite greco-latin ma web. Veni signo ra-
pide nos da.
2.2.2Linguistic Registrate
Veni introduction es pro, qui finalmente demonstrate il. E tamben an-
glese programma uno. Sed le debitas demonstrate. Non russo existe
o, facite linguistic registrate se nos. Gymnasios, e. g., sanctificate sia le,
publicate Figure 1.4methodicamente e qui.
Lo sed apprende instruite. Que altere responder su, pan ma, i. e.,
signo studio. Figure 1.4b Instruite preparation le duo, asia altere tenta-
tion web su. Via unic facto rapide de, iste questiones methodicamente
o uno, nos al.
NECLASIFICAT
20din30

3
M AT H T E S T C H A P T E R
Ei choro aeterno antiopam mea, labitur bonorum pri no. His no decore
nemore graecis. In eos meis nominavi, liber soluta vim cu. Sea com-
mune suavitate interpretaris eu, vix eu libris efficiantur.
3.1 some formulas
Due to the statistical nature of ionisation energy loss, large fluctuations
can occur in the amount of energy deposited by a particle traversing
an absorber element1. Continuous processes such as multiple scattering
and energy loss play a relevant role in the longitudinal and lateral de-
velopment of electromagnetic and hadronic showers, and in the case
of sampling calorimeters the measured resolution can be significantly
affected by such fluctuations in their active layers. The description of
ionisation fluctuations is characterised by the significance parameter k,
which is proportional to the ratio of mean energy loss to the maximum
allowed energy transfer in a single collision with an atomic electron: You might get
unexpected results
using math in chapter
or section heads.
Consider the
pdfspacing option.k=x
Emax(3.1)
Emaxis the maximum transferable energy in a single collision with an
atomic electron.
Emax=2meb2g2
1+2gme/mx+(me/mx)2,
where g=E/mx,Eis energy and mxthe mass of the incident particle,
b2=11/g2and meis the electron mass. xcomes from the Rutherford
scattering cross section and is defined as:
x=2pz2e4NAvZrdx
meb2c2A=153.4z2
b2Z
ArdxkeV,
where
1Examples taken from Walter Schmidt’s great gallery:
http://home.vrweb.de/~was/mathfonts.html

NECLASIFICAT 3.2 various mathematical examples
z charge of the incident particle
NAvAvogadro’s number
Z atomic number of the material
A atomic weight of the material
r density
dx thickness of the material
kmeasures the contribution of the collisions with energy transfer
close to Emax. For a given absorber, ktends towards large values if dxis
large and/or if bis small. Likewise, ktends towards zero if dxis small
and/or if bapproaches 1.
The value of kdistinguishes two regimes which occur in the descrip-
tion of ionisation fluctuations:
1. A large number of collisions involving the loss of all or most of
the incident particle energy during the traversal of an absorber.
As the total energy transfer is composed of a multitude of small
energy losses, we can apply the central limit theorem and describe
the fluctuations by a Gaussian distribution. This case is applicable
to non-relativistic particles and is described by the inequality k>
10 (i. e., when the mean energy loss in the absorber is greater than
the maximum energy transfer in a single collision).
2. Particles traversing thin counters and incident electrons under any
conditions.
The relevant inequalities and distributions are 0.01 <k<10, Va-
vilov distribution, and k<0.01, Landau distribution.
3.2 various mathematical examples
Ifn>2, the identity
t[u1, . . . , un] =t
t[u1, . . . , un1],t[u2, . . . , un]
defines t[u1, . . . , un]recursively, and it can be shown that the alternative
definition
t[u1, . . . , un] =t
t[u1,u2], . . . , t[un1,un]
gives the same result.
NECLASIFICAT
22din30

Partea III
A P P E N D I X

A
A P P E N D I X T E S T
Lorem ipsum at nusquam appellantur his, ut eos erant homero con-
cludaturque. Albucius appellantur deterruisset id eam, vivendum par-
tiendo dissentiet ei ius. Vis melius facilisis ea, sea id convenire referren-
tur, takimata adolescens ex duo. Ei harum argumentum per. Eam vidit
exerci appetere ad, ut vel zzril intellegam interpretaris. More dummy text.
a.1 appendix section test
Test: Table A. 1(This reference should have a lowercase, small caps a
if the option floatperchapter is activated, just as in the table itself !
however, this does not work at the moment.)
labitur bonorum pri no que vista human
fastidii ea ius germano demonstratea
suscipit instructior titulo personas
quaestio philosophia facto demonstrated
Tabela A. 1: Autem usu id.
a.2 another appendix section test
Equidem detraxit cu nam, vix eu delenit periculis. Eos ut vero consti-
tuto, no vidit propriae complectitur sea. Diceret nonummy in has, no
qui eligendi recteque consetetur. Mel eu dictas suscipiantur, et sed pla-
cerat oporteat. At ipsum electram mei, ad aeque atomorum mea. There
is also a useless Pascal listing below: Listing A. 1.

NECLASIFICAT A. 2 another appendix section test
Listing A. 1: A floating example ( listings manual)
for i:=maxint downto 0 do
begin
{ do nothing }
end;
NECLASIFICAT
25din30

B I B L I O G R A P H Y
[1] Plato Plato. The Republic . en. Xist Publishing, Apr. 2016 .isbn :978-
1-68195 -933-7.
[2] Krishna Kant. “Data Center Evolution: A Tutorial on State of the
Art, Issues, and Challenges”. In: Computer Networks . Virtualized
Data Centers 53.17(Dec. 2009 ), pp. 2939 –2965 .issn :1389 -1286 .
doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2009.10.004 .
[3] “Analytical Engine”. en. In: Wikipedia (Apr. 2018 ). Page Version
ID:838647734 .
[4] A. M. Turing. “On Computable Numbers, with an Application
to the Entscheidungsproblem”. en. In: Proceedings of the London
Mathematical Society s2-42.1(Jan. 1937 ), pp. 230–265.issn :0024 –
6115 .doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 .
[5] Michael R. Williams. A History of Computing Technology, 2nd Edi-
tion. English. 2edition. Los Alamitos, Calif: Wiley-IEEE Computer
Society Pr, Mar. 1997 .isbn :978-0-8186 -7739 -7.
[6] Jr John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. “Electronic Numeri-
cal Integrator and Computer”. Pat. US 3120606 A. Feb. 1964 .
[7] Scott McCartney. ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World’s
First Computer . Walker & Company, 1999 .isbn :978-0-8027 -1348 -3.
[8]Penn Special Collections-Mauchly Exhibition 9. http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwm 9.html.
[9]IBM Knowledge Center – What Is a Mainframe? It’s a Style of Compu-
ting. en-US. https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/zosbasics/com.ibm.zos.zmainframe/zconc_whatismainframe.htm.
[10]9.1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS – AtikaSchool – KCSE Com-
puter Studies Projects, News, Notes and Quiz . http://webartika.manyamfranchise.com/computerpedia/hardware-
continued/ 10classificationofcomputers.
[11] tutorialspoint.com. Computer Generations . https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_generations.htm.
[12]Top500List – November 2017 | TOP 500Supercomputer Sites . https://www.top 500.org/list/ 2017 /11/?page= 1.
[13] R A Fonseca. New Hardware Support in OSIRIS 4.0. en. Instituto
Universitário de Lisboa, Portugal, 2017 .

NECLASIFICAT bibliography
[14] Luiz André Barroso, Jimmy Clidaras, and Urs Hölzle. The Datacen-
ter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale
Machines, Second Edition . Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2013 .
NECLASIFICAT
27din30

D E C L A R AT I O N
Put your declaration here.
Bucures ,ti, Iulie 2018
Marius SAVA

colophon
This document was typeset using the typographical look-and-feel classicthesis
developed by André Miede and Ivo Pletikosi´ c. The style was inspired
by Robert Bringhurst’s seminal book on typography “ The Elements of
Typographic Style ”.classicthesis is available for both LATEX and L YX:
https://bitbucket.org/amiede/classicthesis/
Happy users of classicthesis usually send a real postcard to the au-
thor, a collection of postcards received so far is featured here:
http://postcards.miede.de/
Thank you very much for your feedback and contribution.
Final Version as of 31mai 2018 (classicthesis version 1.0).