Lect. univ. dr. MIRON Cristina [617157]

UNIVERSITATEA DIN PITEȘTI
FACULTATEA DE TEOLOGIE, LITERE, ISTORIE ȘI ARTE
SPECIALIZAREA TRADUCTOLOGIE LIMBA ENGLEZĂ / LIMBA
FRANCEZ Ă

LUCRARE DE DISERTAȚIE

Coordonator științific :
Lect. univ. dr. MIRON Cristina

Absolvent: [anonimizat]2020 –

UNIVERSITATEA DIN PITEȘTI
FACULTATEA DE TEOLOGIE, LITERE, ISTORIE ȘI ARTE
SPECIALIZAREA TRADUCTOLOGIE LIMBA ENGLEZĂ / LIMBA
FRANCEZĂ

Translatin g the Technical
Text – Law

Coordonator științific:
Lect. univ. dr. MIRON Cristina

Absolvent: [anonimizat]2020-

Declara ție

Prin prezenta declar că Lucrarea de disertație cu titlul „Translating the
Technical Text – Law” este scrisă de mine și nu a mai fost prezentată niciodată
la o altă facultate sau instituție de învățământ superior din țară sau străinăta te.
De asemenea, declar că toate sursele utilizate, inclusiv e cele de pe Internet,
sunt indicate în lucrare, cu respectarea regulilor de evitare a plagiatului:
 toate fragmentele de text reproduse exact, chiar și în traducere proprie din altă
limbă, sunt sc rise între ghilimele și dețin referința precisă a sursei;
 reformularea în cuvinte proprii a textelor scrise de către alți autori deține
referința precisă;
 rezumarea ideilor altor autori deține referința precisă la textul original.

Data : Absolven t:
MIHAI Radu Nicolae

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CONTENTS

Pag.
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………… ………. 2
3
CHAPTER I : THE THEORY OF TRANSLATION ……………………………… …. 4
CHAPTER II : TRANSLATION IN THE FIELD OF LAW ………………………. 18
CHAPTER III : DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATION …………………………… …. 31
CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………….
ANNEXES ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………
 Annex one ……………………………………………………………………………………… .
 Annex two ………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
34
34

39
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………….. 49

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INTRO DUCTION

Under current conditions, translation acquires a new stat us. Located at the
intersection of the interests of study of linguistics, sociology, ethnography,
culturology, psychology, etc., at present it becomes an object of study of translation
theory.
Throughout the centuries the translation is closely related to the
development of culture, literature, being within the civilizational development.
The same is true for the development of translation in the Romanian space. The
first monument written in Romanian language was a letter dated 1521. The same
year, the offi cial mention of the first translations in Romanian made by the
Municipal Council of Sibiu is dated. In the same year, the Vahlean prince Neagoe
Basarab completes the moral synthesis ("Teaching to my son") written in Slavic
language.
Translation is an integ ral part of the intellectual life of every nation, based on
Greco -Roman heritage and Christian culture. The first written sources of translation
are sacred texts. The third millennium before Christ dates the earliest confession of
the function of interpret ation, namely the inscriptions engraved on the tombs in
Egypt. It is possible to suppose that from here the significant indications of the
activity of crossing from one language to another begin, that is, since then, the
specialized writings, some bilingua l glossaries (found in the city of Elba, Syria) on
some stone slabs, on which G .Mounin calls them prototypes of contemporary
dictionaries.
The first attempt at a theoretical approach to the problem of translation is the
preface to a translation of Demosth ene, made by Cicero, who opts for an oratory but
not a translational one. Hence the conflict between meaning and word, meaning and
style, creativity and fidelity. The first treatise on translation into French was made by
Etienne Dolet in 1540, „La Manière de bien traduire d`une langue en autre”.

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INTRODUCTION

Dans les conditions actuelles, la traduction acquiert un nouveau statut. Situé à
l'intersection des intérêts d'étude de la linguistique, de la sociologie, de
l'ethnographie, de la culturologie, de la psychologie, etc., il devient actuellement un
objet d'étude de la théorie de la traduction.
Au fil des siècles, la traduction est étroitement liée au développement de la culture,
de la littérature, au sein du développement de la civilisation. Il en va de même pour
le développement de la traduction dans l'espace roumain. Le premier monument écrit
en roumain était une lettre de 1521. La même année, la mention officielle des
premières traductions en roumain faites par le conseil municipal de Sibiu est
mentionnée. La même année, le prince Vahlean Neagoe Basarab achève la synthèse
morale («l'enseignement de mon fils») écrite en langue slave.
La traduction fait partie intégrante de la vie intellectuelle de chaque nation,
basée sur l'héritage gréco -romain et l a culture chrétienne. Les premières sources
écrites de traduction sont les textes sacrés. Le troisième millénaire avant JC remonte
à la première confession de la fonction d'interprétation, à savoir les inscriptions
gravées sur les tombes en Egypte. Il est possible de supposer qu'à partir de là
commencent les indications significatives de l'activité de transition d'une langue à
une autre, à savoir, depuis lors, les écrits spécialisés, certains glossaires bilingues
(trouvés dans la ville d'Elbe, en Syrie) sur certaines dalles de pierre. , que G. Mounin
appelle des prototypes de dictionnaires contemporains.
La première tentative d'approche théorique du problème de la traduction est
la préface d'une traduction de Démosthène, faite par Cicéron, qui opte pour l'or atoire,
mais pas pour une traduction. D'où le conflit entre le sens et le mot, le sens et le
style, la créativité et la fidélité. Le premier traité de traduction française a été écrit
par Etienne Dolet en 1540, "La Manière de bien traduire d'une langue en autre".

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CHAPTER I
THE THEORY OF TRANSLATION

The translation is at the intersection of the study interest of both linguistics,
psychology, sociology, culturology, and the translatology (translation theory) is
currently emphasized and is required as a n intellectual, theoretical, practical and
linguistic -cultural relation. The study of translation as an integrative phenomenon is
constantly enriched by new research, progress and investigations.
The problem of translation has not long benefited from a sys tematic study.
Only from the eighteenth century, translation becomes an epistimological problem
and seeks an appropriate methodology. But this does not mean that the problems of
translation were not previously addressed. Thus, in ancient times, Rome inaugu rates
the literary translation.
Ennius writes that he has "three souls" because he speaks Latin, Greek and
Osca. The Greeks for translation have only the word "hermeneuein" (to interpret).
The Romans develop a whole lexicon for translation – "vertere, con vert, transverter,
imitate, reddare, translatare" Rome has the first translator Livius Andronicus (284 –
205 in .Ch.), which translated the Odyssey in 240.1
About the true theorizing of the translation activity can only be spoken after
the Second World War, when the process of valuing the linguistic heritage begins.
The indisputably fundamental work that underpins true theorizing is George
Mounin's "Problems théoriques de traduction", published in 1956. This work largely
bears the mark of the linguistic influ ence exerted by F. Saussure's "Course in General
Linguistics". For Russian space, Fyodorov's work "Основы теории перевода",
translated into most European languages, is fundamental. The indisputably
fundamental work that underpins true theorizing is George Mounin's "Problems
théoriques de traduction", published in 1956. This work largely bears the mark of the
linguistic influence exerted by F. Saussure's "Course in General Linguistics".For
Russian space, Fyodorov's work "Основы теории перевода", translated i nto most
European languages, is fundamental.In 1956 J. -P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet launched
the classic work in this field "Stylistique comparée du français et de l'anglais".

1 http://dspace.usarb.md:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/999/1/traducere.pdf – 7.02.2020

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Another translation theorist is Edmond Cary ("Comment faut -il traduire?"), But also
J. Piaget, M. Ballard, E. Nida, G. Teiner, R. Jakobson, K. Reiss.2
Starting with the 50s, structuralism sees the translation as the exact
correspondence of the word from one language to another, and thus, it would
constitute decomposition into significant units for subsequent transposition. The
evolution of linguistic theories and the failure of the limited structuralist approach in
dealing with translation problems, the research on speech acts, the need to "observe"
the situation in which the statement oc curs, highlights the pragmatic approach to the
problem, which will go in search of "equivalences", passing from word to phrase,
also being placed in a communicative situation.
In all the diversity of directions, however, there is a concentrated effort on t he
part of the translatologists, to integrate the concepts into a coherent, unified theory,
which can always be completed with new acquisitions.
In this way, Lefevere tries to achieve о such synthesis in "Translating
literature -practice and theory in the context of comparative literature" (1992) , where
the author integrates the methodological researches of linguists with the specific
interests of the liter ary field.
As a result of such an integrative translation approach, a series of conclusions
is formed:
1. Transluctology does not represent an extension of another discipline
(applied linguistics or comparative literature), it is placed between disciplines ,
languages and cultures, which represent the field of translatology, as a separate
science.
2. Translation, as opposed to linguistics, prefers a "top -down" approach,
being aware of the fact that the mere analysis of the component parts cannot provide
an understanding of the whole.
As with any other notion, the term "translation" can be defined depending on
the criteria and principles underlying its conceptualization. Translation is a term with
a fairly large semantic volume, within which we distinguish 5 m eanings:
1. Translation as process, as activity.
2. Translation as a final result, as a product.
3. Translation as a means of communication.
4. Translation as interpretation.

2 Ibidem – 7.02.2020

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5. Translation as a transformation of the message, the text.
In general, we can treat the translation as a particular case of linguistic
convergence, for the purpose of interlinguistic mediation, which allows the
transmission of information between s peakers of different languages.
Depending on the principles underlying the classific ation of translations, we
distinguish:
1. By text type:
– literary translation: – is a term that belongs to Antoine Berman, and refers to the
translation of philosophical and literary works. Poetic translation is of a maximum
degree of difficulty.
– specialized translation (terminology): – aims at the translation of terminological
texts from different fields of human activity: legal, medical, economic, technical, etc.
Translation of journalistic texts: – represents a vast referential information
system.
Translation of advertising texts: – as a "rational of the human irrational"
narrative, the irrational being represented by the paradoxical behavior of the
consumer who spends a good part of his salary in order to "be in step with fashion",
to be part of an elite social group.
Poetic translation: – which, besides the effective handling of the translation
components, will require a sensitive and subtle soul.
2. According to the type of expression of the message:
– written translation
– oral translation (conference interpretation: consecutive and simultaneous)

3. According to the donor's work requirements:
– signaling translation (re-expressing in the target language some
landmarks of the text / message in the source language, such as: title, author, key
notions, main idea, etc.)
– trivialized translation (re-expression in the target language of the content
of the text to be translated, without taking into account the stylistic characteristics
and good drafting of the translated text.)
– absolute t ranslation (the re -expression in the target language of the
content of the original text with the compulsory observance of all the parameters of a

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high quality translation, which takes into account the semantic, grammatical,
stylistic, orthographic, etc.)

4. By quality:
– revisible translation (primary translation, which contains imperfections,
which requires revision).
– diffusible translation (translation completed, revised, qualitative, printed,
ready to be delivered to the donor of the work.)

5. After respecting the meaning of the original message:
– literal translation: the translator follows the text form for fear of violating
the original meaning.
– free translation: the translator follows the meaning of the text, the
content, being free in choosing the re -expression forms of the original text.
6. After the direction of translation:
– version: translation into the mother tongue.
– theme: translation into a foreign language.

There are three types of translation:
1. Intralinguistic translation , that is, the interpretation of the verbal signs of
a language with the help of other signs of the same language. This type of translation
is used in the case of the translation of old texts, with their particular specificity, with
some outdate d archaisms. Due to these translations, today's generations have access
to the most important historical and cultural values.

2. Interlingual translation , that is the actual translation, from one language
to another.

3. Intersemiotic translation , that is the interpretation of verbal signs with the
help of nonverbal ones (transport signs, sign language, etc.)

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Types of translators:
Translators providing their services can be grouped based on the specificity
of their translation activity.
Therefore we di stinguish:
– interpreters (ensures interpretation of conferences)
– professional translators (working with specialized texts within
companies or economic units)
– literary translators (who translate literary works)
– university translators (who teach translation or languages, and
who translate to maintain professionalism to the required level)

The professional ethics occupy a special place in the translator's activity,
since his job is to transmit the information. The translator is responsible for this
information. Currently, information is the key to success. The person who owns it
can use it for different purposes: positive or negative.
Therefore the translator must:
1. To be honest and to keep the information that he owns, that is to say, he
must respect the confidentiality.
2. He must not say things that have not been said or written.
3. He must take care of his linguistic and extralinguistic level, raise his
qualification, read and be informed.
4. He must fit into the corporate (associative) life. He must belong to different
professional associations.
5. Interpreters must have impeccable attire.
6. Interpreters must be available for travel.
7. The translator – terminologist must be constantly documented.

There are generally two principles fo r translator training:
– the linguistic principle that consists of the idea of training translators only
based on the study of foreign languages,
– the translational principle that implies the admission in the schools of
interpretation of the persons w ho have already received the necessary linguistic
knowledge in a foreign language (the School of translators and interpreters training
Geneva, ESIT -Paris, the Institute of translators and interpreters in Strasbourg, etc.)

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The translator possesses a double integrative capacity (bilingual and
bicultural competence) in order to carry out the translation – that is for
communicative purpose.

This bilingual -cultural correlation of two linguistic systems is the basis of a
communicative translational success. Gene rally, this supercompetition will contain:

1. Grammar competence – that is, knowing the rules of the code, including
vocabulary, word formation, pronunciation.

2. Socio -linguistic competence – the necessary knowledge and the ability to produce
and unders tand the statements in context, the status of the participants, the purpose of
their interaction, etc.

3. Speech competence , the ability to combine form and meaning to obtain written or
oral texts of different genres – to obtain texts that preserve the or iginal form and
content.

4. Strategic competence – mastery of communication strategies.

There are three types of competence:
1. Acquired interlinguistic competence – competence in two language systems and
knowledge of the respective cultures.

2. Disimu lative competence, which includes:
a) the ability to generate analogical sentences,
b) the ability to define and re -create socio -cultural norms.

3. The transferred competence , which implies the accumulated competence related
to the auxiliaries used in tra nslation (translation techniques, dictionaries, etc.)

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Traductology claims that any message can be translated, though obviously
with supreme efforts. Therefore, the work of the translator is much more difficult
than that of the author.
Even since the emerg ence of translation theory, one of the key issues in
scholarly debate has been that of translation unit.

The pro (for) word reasonings as a unit of translation, are:
1. The word is a complex linguistic unit, which can have one or more
meanings, referring to the referential reality and expressing transcendent objects and
phenomena from one language to another (table/table, friendship/friendship).
2. The words of a language are easily analyzed using bilingual, explanatory,
dictionaries, etc.

The reasonings against the word as a unit of translation, are:
1. There is no ideal transcendence from one language to another, in virtue of
non-coincidental grammatical, semantic, stylistic (notions lacking in another
language: troika, miss).
2. There are cases when an idea has to be translated, but this idea is
materialized in several words, and then the word ceases to be the minimum unit.

3. The words are evanescent (they have the capacity to disappear), especially
in oral translations.

In trying to conceptualize the term unit of translation, we can say that it is the
textual element with meaning, which logically coordinates with the next element and
which can be rendered in another language without ambiguity.
In the translation, the usual definition is the following: the process of
transforming the message from one language to another by keeping the content plan
compulsory (by changing the expression one). In the theory of translation, the
expression "compulsory retention of the content plan" is only relative and not
absolute (because within the translation it takes place the transmission of only a sum
and not the full meaning of the original text, the losses being inevitable). This means

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that a translator is required to distinguish between the types of meanings and wh ich
of them are priority in the given context, so that semantic losses are minimal.3

There are three types of (semantic) correspondences between lexical units between
two languages:
1. Total
2. Partial
3. Lack of correspondence

The stages of the transl ation process
A translator worthy of this name, sees in front of him not a simple text, the
meaning of which is to be translated, but also its communicative value, thus placing
itself in space and time. And then the translator will answer a series of quest ions,
such as:
What? – that is, understanding the message of the text, the content.
Why? – that is, the orientation of the translator towards the author's intention,
the purpose that this text implies.
When? – communication time, historical atmosphere, pas t, present or future.
How? – the style in which the content is played, the attitude assumed in the
original text: satire, irony, bad, tragic, etc.
Where? – refers to the communication space: place, conditions, etc.
Who? – with reference to the transmitter, the specific social, psychological,
cultural background.

Making the answers to these questions will involve using certain stages of
the process, namely those related to the translation process. The translation process
involves a series of psychological processes related to perception and memory,
aspects related to the reception, decoding of the message and comprehension.4

3 Ibidem – 8.02.2020
4 Ibidem – 8.02.2020

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The translation process involves a series of steps that the translator goes
through, and therefore the focus is on moving from tr anslation as a product, to the
process of obtaining this product:
1. Source text
2. Analyze
3. Semantic representation
4. Synthesis
5. Target text

Often the translation is considered as a code change operation. But it also
requires an interpretation. The translator foc uses on the analysis of the text, the
interpretation being the basis of the analysis, performed for the translation. The
translation, therefore, is not a simple code change, but in correlation with the
interpretation it represents the communication of the meaning of the original
message.
Translation techniques, or translation strategies, appear as practical
procedures for performing translation and are therefore subdivided into: direct
translation strategies and oblique (indirect) translation strategies.
The direct translation is realized as a parallel conversion of structural type,
and the oblique translation imposes structural, stylistic divergences.

Among the direct procedures we can cite:
1. The loan
2. Calculation
3. Literal translation

Oblique procedures:
1. Transposition
2. Modular
3. Equivalence
4. Adaptation

The fundamental procedures used by translators are classified into:
syntactic procedures. semantic and pragmatic.

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Syntactic procedures:
 Literal translation
 Calculation
 Transposition

Semantic processes:
 Synonymy
 Antonyms
 Convergence
 Paraphrase

Pragmatic procedures:
 Cultural filtering
 Change of informational amount (generalization – concretization)

Proper names are part of the realities of a language, which traditionally
remain untra nslatable. The proper nouns not being endowed with meaning, used only
as a reference, without descriptive force, without additional connotations, without
being translated, are only rendered in the spelling of the target language. But this
statement still s eems controversial, especially when they have a certain degree of
cultural representation.
Under the action of the stylistic -functional factor, all lexical units in the
vocabulary are grouped into two large compartments: that of the common language
and t hat of specialized languages. There are permanent relationships between these
compartments, the boundaries between them being easily penetrated.
If the common language is usually defined as all the words and word
combinations that are currently used, the specialized lexicon belongs to all the lexical
elements that are in one way or another related to a specific activity, a scientific
field; and which are used by a group of speakers in their written or oral
communication, within a field of social, professi onal and cultural existence. It has a
limited scope of use and, therefore, is understood only by a strictly determined social
group.
One of the main peculiarities of the specialized lexicon is the specific
character of the relationship between its compon ent elements and the notions or
objects named.

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The specialized language, developed on the basis of the current language, is
characterized by a clear and concise expression; he defines or accurately describes
the concepts, has created his own terminology, purely denotative and monosemantic.
Specialized languages can only be introduced through the current language, their
basic concepts can only be defined by this language, and the formulas derived later
are derived from these basic concepts with the help of logical thinking.5
It may be assumed that the terminology and traductology disciplines
maintain close relationships. But it's not like that. The relations between these two
disciplines are completely unbalanced. And few are the works, in which the
termi nology is seen as a discipline that makes a specific contribution in traductology.
In fact, the translatological references to the terminology are references to the
terminologies, which would correspond to the document, and are reported from a
purely termi nographic aspect. Report that functions as the loan of one discipline,
from another related discipline (sociology, psychology, knowledge sciences, etc.)6
The specialized translation is opposed to the literary translation. It embodies
the dissemination of scientific knowledge in different fields of human activity:
economics, technology, law, computer science, medicine, etc. The specialized
translations are much more numerous than the literary ones.

According to the level of complexity and functionality, t he specialized
translation reveals several types of texts:
 Scientific texts – texts, articles, monographs, etc.
 Functional texts – official letters, contracts, regulations, etc.
 Utility texts – technical or pharmaceutical instructions, recommendations, etc .
 Technical texts are characterized by their denotative specificity, devoid of
connotations.

The technical translation process is characterized by:
 The semasiological phase (form) when the translator must:
– define uncertainties,
– to determine the leve l of comprehension,
– to delimit the semantic and terminological units,
– to undertake terminological research.

5 Ibidem – 8.02.2020
6 Ibidem – 8.02.2020

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 Onomasiological phase (meaning) when the translator must:
– determine the level of accuracy required of the recipient,
– find appropriate terminology for restitution of meaning,
– opt for an appropriate form (unambiguous, clear and precise),
– to control the meaning (internal and external coherence) and the form
(spelling, syntax, terminology).

In order to translate the specialized text, it is necessary first of all to decode it.
Decoding the specialized text consists in understanding the conceptual core of the
terminological notions used in the text. The concept refers to the extralinguistic
reality. The primacy of extralinguistic reality in the case of specialized texts differs
from that of the common lexicon.

In order to achieve a high quality translation, the following steps are
generally followed:
1. Analysis of the source text – detection of possible gaps or inconsistencies,
deficiencie s or ambiguities of expression, etc .;
2. Documentation – identification of documentation sources in the specialized
field, dictionaries, terminological databases for the respective field;
3. Extracting the terms and phraseologies from the source text, together with their
context of use;
4. Finding the definitions of the extracted terms;
5. Establishing equivalences in the target language;
6. The actual translation;
7. Revision of the translation;
8. Final editing of the text in the target language.

Pre-translation activities often have the largest share in terms of working time
and human resources involved. Of these, documentation and terminological work are
the most laborious; the way in which these activities are carried out greatly
influences the quality of the translation.
In order for everything to be completed in the shortest possible time and to
reuse any product of the submitted activity, in specialized translation it becomes
imperative to use computer tools to assist translators throughout their work. Such

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tools are: t ranslation memories, terminological recognition tools during the
translation process, terminological databases, etc.
Regarding the documentation activity, it is mandatory that the translator of a
specialized text knows very well the field / subdomain from which he does the
translation. He must, first of all, understand the text he has to translate, identify the
concepts and treat the terms accordingly, both in the source and target language. To
do this, he must resort to various sources of documentation to help him establish the
hierarchy of domains and subdomains, to establish conceptual systems, to identify
terms and phraseologies, etc. Information on concepts and terms can be obtained
from both written and oral sources. All sources must be evaluated in te rms of quality
criteria and purpose.7

Written sources
The first thing to do in the documentation activity is to establish an inventory
of sources relevant to the proposed activity. The following categories of
documentary sources are usually mentioned:
– documents in the studied field, with wide or restricted dissemination;
– terminological databases, specialized dictionaries, terminological works;
– Internet sites;
– inventory of publications and bibliographies;
– texts recommended by specialists in the field;
– articles from specialized journals presenting the latest research in the field;
– proceedings of conferences, colloquia and symposia;
– laws and regulations in force in the field concerned;
– internal glossaries and vocabularies;
– manuals, brochures, leaflets;
– promoti onal and advertising texts.

The selected texts must be subjected to a critical analysis, finally retaining
those that correspond to the quality criteria and the goal pursued.

The documentary sources used in the terminological activity must follow:
– the relevance of the terminology used (accuracy, uniformity, coherence) and
the quality of the defining elements of these texts, considered from the point of view
of the targeted users and the purpose pursued;

7 Ibidem – 8.02.2020

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– the adequacy of the content to the communication needs with the users
(specialized, educational or familiar communication; formal or not; general or
specific);
– the degree of systematization of knowledge, taking into account the
evaluations made by experts, the reputation of the author, the collection or the
publisher, and taking into account the quality of glossaries, indexes of notions and
names in the critical apparatus of these texts;
– the actuality and completeness of the content in relation to the evolution of
the knowledge in the targeted field (date of publication, declared objectives of the
paper, quality of bibliographic references, existence of appreciative references, etc.);
– linguistic quality of writing (grammar, vocabulary, clarity and precision of
style);
– the authenticity of the speec h (original work or translation).

If the documents are used as sources in terminological databases, then their
bibliographic references must comply with the management criteria of that database.
Thus, the references must meet the following requirements:
– to comply with the coding system used by the terminology base or to be
expressed explicitly in a format accessible to both electronic processing and users;
– the mention in the source field of the terminological file to be made in
accordance with the draf ting rules in force
– to respect the copyrights for the sources used;
– the reference should be as clear as possible, so that the sources are easy to
identify and can be consulted by electronic means or on paper.

Oral sources
There are situations when no documentary sources can be found regarding
certain concepts, the equivalent of a term in a certain language, etc. In such cases,
specialists are used – academics, researchers or practitioners, recognized as experts in
the field. The specialist who provides the terminological information must agree that
his name be used as a reference. ISO standards on bibliographic sources (ISO 690,
ISO 12083) allow the specification of persons as sources of terminological data and
provide their descriptive information.

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Documentary files represent a good practice in drawing up files in which to
record the information obtained in the documentation phase, by studying the selected
sources. An entry in such a fact sheet contains all the information relating to a
documentary obje ct (usually a term): the reference to the document in which it was
encountered and the position in the document, definition, explanations, descriptions,
etc., all accompanied by the specification source. Documentary sheets will be used to
prepare terminolo gical inventories.

Terminological activity involves specialized work, which means:
– identifying the terms in the source text (the criterion is to find the
designations of the concepts); establishing the relations between the terms that
designate the same concept (synonymous terms, abbreviated forms, orthographic or
grammatical variants); determining the attributes of the terms (part of speech, gender,
etc.);
– finding definitions of terms;
– establishing equivalent terms, and their definitions in the targ et language;
– preparation of terminology sheets.

This activity can be performed by either a terminological translator or a
terminologist.
Terminology sheets contain all the information related to a concept in a
specified field and its designations (in th e form of terms) in the treated languages.
They are the constituent elements of terminological databases.
The translation of specialized texts involves the development of preliminary
activities for documentation and implementation of the terminology of the field. In
order to achieve a high degree of professionalism, these operations must be carried
out rigorously, respecting the norms that are already known and accepted. Moreover,
it is recommended that these activities be performed by professionals.

Page | 19
CHAPTER II
TRANSLATION IN THE FIELD OF LAW

In this chapter I am presenting the transcript of a case from Colorado U.S,
and the Romanian version of it that I have made, analizing the difficulties that I
encountered during the translation process.

Chris Watts killed his pregnant wife and two children in August and was
sentenced to life in prison.
The data obtained from the man's phone covers no less than 2,000 pages,
made available by the authorities following a request from the British publication
Daily Mail, made under the Freedom of Information Act.
It appears that Watts met his mistress, Nichol Kessinger, at work. On June
14, 2018, he saved her phone number in his address book. Then they began a
relationship, while the man's wife, Shanann Watts, a nd the couple's two little girls –
Bella, 4, and Celestre, 3 – were visiting relatives in North Carolina.
The first phone call Watts gave Kessinger was on July 7. A week later, they
were visiting a Mustang museum together. Four days later, the woman star ted
sending the man pictures in which she was photographed half -naked.
In July, Kessinger searched Google for the phrase "I'm having an affair with
a man and he says he will leave his wife." A few hours later, Watts was looking for
"Victoria's Secret", a famous underwear company in the United States. On the same
day, Shanann Watts sends her husband a series of messages telling him, among other
things, that she has finally realized "what is missing from our relationship" and
accuses him of not mirroring he r feelings and efforts.8
This case against Chris Watts, that generated international media attention,
is a case that will never go to trial. During the sentencing hearing, Weld County
District Attorney Michael Rourke, did offer hints at the evidence that would have
been presented against Chris Watts, as he faced a jury.9
Below we can analyze the transcript of the moment, where Lawyer Michael
Rourke presents the details of the crimes committed by Chris Watts.

8 https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/externe/sua/cazul -americanului -care-si-a-ucis-intreaga -familie -pentru –
amanta -politistii -au-dezvaluit -ce-a-cautat -barbatul -pe-google -inainte -sa-comita -crime le-1042614 –
2.03.2020
9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CugmDXYX7P8 – 2.03.2020

Page | 20
English Romanian translation
DA describes h ow Chris Watts
"coldly and deliberately ended
four lives"

"Your Honor there are no
words to adequately describe the
unimaginable tragedy that brings us
before this court today.
By my comments I'm not even
going to try to express the horror, the
pain or t he suffering that the defendant
has caused to these families, to this
community and to all who were a part
of this investigation. However I do
want to spend a few minutes sharing
with the court the details of the crime
has so far you've only had an
opportu nity to review the affidavit and
a few facts here and there that have
been offered to the court in the motions
and pleadings that have been filed.
The questions that have
screamed out to anyone who will listen
since August 13th of 2018 are Why?
and How?. Why did this have to
happen? How could a seemingly
normal husband and father annihilate
his entire family? For what? These are
the questions that only one individual
in this courtroom or on this planet
knows the answers to.
I fully expect we will not
recei ve the answers to these questions
today nor will we at any point in the
future. I don't expect that he will ever
tell the truth about what truly
happened or why. Even if he did there
is no rational way that any human
being could find those answers
acceptab le responses to such horrific
questions.
The best we can do is try to
piece together some kind of
understanding from the evidence that is
available to us. And the evidence tells
us this – the defendant coldly and
deliberately ended four lives. Not in a
fit of rage, not by way of accident but
in a calculated and sickening manner. Avocatul descrie modul în care
Chris Watts a luat în mod
intenționat patru vieți

”Onorată Instanță, nu există
cuvinte care să descrie în mod adecvat
tragedia inimaginabilă care ne aduce
astăzi în fața acestei instanțe.
Prin comentariile mele, nici
măcar nu voi încerca să exprim groaza,
durerea sau suferința pe care inculpatul
le-a provocat acestor familii, acestei
comunități și tuturor celor care au făcut
parte din această anchetă. Cu toate
acestea, vreau să petrec câteva minute
împărtășind cu instanța detaliile crimei,
până acu m, ați avut doar posibilitatea de
a examina declarația și câteva fapte aici
și acolo care au fost oferite instanței în
moțiuni și pledoariile depuse.
Întrebările pe care întreaga lume
și le-a pus începând cu 13 august 2018
sunt De ce? și Cum?. De ce trebui a să se
întâmple asta? Cum ar putea un soț, un
tată aparent normal, să -și anihileze
întreaga familie? Pentru ce? Acestea
sunt întrebările la care un singur individ
din această sală de judecată sau de pe
această planetă cunoaște răspunsurile.
Mă aștept pe d eplin că nu vom
primi răspunsurile la aceste întrebări
astăzi și nici nu le vom primi vreodată în
viitor. Nu mă aștept să spună vreodată
adevărul despre ceea ce s -a întâmplat cu
adevărat sau de ce. Chiar dacă ar spune
adevărul, nu există nicio modalitate
rațională prin care orice ființă umană să
poată găsi acele răspunsuri ca fiind
acceptabile la astfel de întrebări
îngrozitoare.
Cel mai bun lucru pe care îl
putem face este să încercăm să
împărtășim un fel de înțelegere din
dovezile care ne sunt disponibile . Iar
dovezile ne spun următorul lucru –
inculpatul a încheiat în mod deliberat
patru vieți. Nu într -o stare de furie, nu
prin accident, ci într -un mod calculat și
bolnav.

Page | 21
Shanann was 34 years old. She
married the defendant in November of
2012. Over the weekend leading up to
August 13th she had been at a work
conference in Phoenix Arizona and
was re turned home in the early
morning hours of August 13th. We know
that she got home about 1:45 in the
morning. The doorbell camera on their
home shows her arriving back home
from the airport. Shortly thereafter, at
least according to the defendant, they
had, a what he referred to as, an
emotional conversation about the state
of their marriage and about what their
lives would look like going forward.
What was said during that emotional
conversation only he knows. What we
do know is that shortly after that the
defendant strangled her to death with
his own hands. We know that he slowly
took her life the morning of August
13th. We know that this was not done in
an uncontrolled vengeful manner that
he tried to describe to agents from CBI
and the FBI. If that were th e case you
would expect to see vicious horrible
bruising about her neck, shoulders and
face, you would expect to see the hyoid
bone in her neck broken, you would
expect to see some kind of defensive
wounds on his body as she struggled
and fought for her ow n life. None of
those are present. The only injuries
that were on Shanann's body were one
set of fingers or bruising that appeared
to be fingernail or finger mark bruising
to the right side of her neck.
We know that our experts will
tell us that it takes two to four minutes
to strangle someone to death manually
with their own hands. The horror that
she felt, is the man that she loved
wrapped his hands around her throat
and choked the life out of her must
have been unimaginable. Even worse
what must Bella a ge 4 and Celeste age
3 must have experienced her thought,
is their father the one man on this
planet who was supposed to nurture
and protect them was snuffing out their Shanann avea 34 de ani. S -a
căsătorit cu inculpatul în noiembrie
2012. În weekendul di-naintea zilei de
13 august, ea a fost la o conferință de
lucru în Phoenix Arizona, de unde s -a
întors acasă la orele dimineții zilei de 13
august. Știm că a ajuns acasă la
aproximativ 1:45 dimineața. Camera
foto a ușii de la domiciliu o arată sosind
înapoi acasă de la aeroport. La scurt
timp după aceea, cel puțin în
conformitate cu inculpatul, au avut o
discuție emoțională despre stadiul în
care se află căsnicia lor și despre cum ar
arăta viața lor în viitor. Ceea ce s -a spus
în timpul acelei conversații emoționale
doar inculpatul știe. Ceea ce știm este că
la scurt timp după aceea, acesta a
strangulat -o până la moarte cu propriile
sale mâini. Știm că el i -a luat încet viața
în dimineața zilei de 13 august. Știm că
acest lucru nu a fost făcut într -o manie ră
răzbunătoare necontrolată, așa cum a
încercat să le descrie agenților de la CBI
și FBI. Dacă acesta ar fi cazul, ne
puteam aștepta să vedem o vânătaie
groaznică în jurul gâtului, umerilor și
feței, osul hioid din gâtul ei rupt, ne
așteptam să vedem un f el de răni
defensive pe corpul inculpatului în timp
ce ea se zbătea și lupta pentru propria
viață. Niciunul dintre cele enumerate nu
sunt prezente. Singurele răni care erau
pe corpul lui Shanann au fost un set de
degete sau vânătăi care păreau a fi
semne d e unghii sau un semne de
degete, învinețite în partea dreaptă a
gâtului.
Știm că experții noștri ne vor
spune faptul că este nevoie de două până
la patru minute pentru ca cineva să
moară la mâna cuiva. Groaza pe care a
simțit -o ea, bărbatul pe care îl iube a,
care și -a înfășurat mâinile în jurul
gâtului ei și a sufocat viața din ea,
trebuie să fi fost de neimaginat. Și mai
rău, Bella (4 ani) și Celeste (3 ani) au
experimentat același gând ca al ei, tatăl
lor singurul bărbat de pe această planetă
care trebuia să le hrănească și să le
protejeze, le încetează viața. Amândouă

Page | 22
lives. They both died from smothering.
Let me say that again. The man seated
to my righ t smothered his daughters.
Why? Imagine the horror in Bella's
mind as her father took her last breath
away.
Your Honor understand very
clearly – Bella fought back for her life.
The frenulum, the connective tissue
between her upper lip and her gum had
a centimeter and a half laceration. She
bit her tongue multiple times before she
died. She fought back for her life as her
father smothered her.
Celeste had no such injuries in
fact she had no external injuries at all
but according to the medical examiner
she was smothered nonetheless. The
defendant then methodically and
calmly loaded their bodies into his
work truck not in a hayseed, hasty or
disorganized way. He was seen from
the neighbors doorbell camera backing
his truck into the driveway going back
and fo rth into the house and back out
to the truck three different times. One
time for each of their bodies. He then
drove them away from their family
home one final time intent on hiding
any evidence of the crimes that he had
just committed.
In one final sign of callousness
for his wife, his daughters and their
unborn son and their remains, he drove
them to a location that he thought no
one would ever find them – to one of
the oil tank batteries with which he was
so familiar. He knew this was safe.
He had text ed a co -worker the
night before saying “I'll head out to
that site. I'll take care of it.”. He had
carefully ensured that he would be
alone in the middle of the plains to
secrete away the remains of his family
in a place that he hoped they would
never be f ound.
In one final measure of
disrespect for the family he once had
he ensured that they would not be
together even in death or he so he
thought. He disposed of them in au murit din cauza sufocării. Repet.
Bărbatul așezat în dreapta mea și -a
sufocat fiicele. De ce? Imaginați -vă
groaza din mintea Bellei, în timp ce tatăl
ei îi lua ultima suflare.
Onorată Ins tanță înțelege -ți
foarte clar – Bella a luptat pentru viața
ei. Frenulul, țesutul conjunctiv dintre
buza superioară și gingia ei aveau un
centimetru și jumătate de lacerare. Și -a
mușcat limba de mai multe ori înainte să
moară. S -a luptat pentru viața ei, î n timp
ce tatăl ei a sufocat -o.
Celeste nu a avut astfel de răni,
de fapt, ea nu a avut răni externe de loc,
dar, potrivit medicului examinator, și ea
a fost sufocată. Apoi inculpatul și -a
încărcat metodic și calm trupurile în
camionul său de lucru, nu în tr-o manieră
fânată, pripită sau dezorganizată. El a
fost văzut de la camera de securitate a
vecinului, întorcându -și camionul pe
alee, mergând înainte și înapoi în casă și
din nou la camion de trei ori. O dată
pentru fiecare dintre trupurile lor. Apoi
le-a condus de la domiciliul familiei cu
o ultimă intenție, aceea de a ascunde
orice probă a crimelor pe care tocmai le –
a comis.
Într-un ultim semn de apetență
pentru soția, fiicele sale și fiul lor
nenăscut și rămășițele lor, i -a condus
într-o locație pe car e credea că nimeni
nu îi va găsi niciodată – la una dintre
bateriile rezervorului de petrol cu care
era atât de familiar. Știa că acest loc era
în siguranță.
El a trimis un mesaj unui coleg
cu o seară înainte spunându -i „Voi
merge eu spre acel site. Voi av ea eu
grijă de asta.". Se asigurase cu grijă că
va fi singur în mijlocul câmpiei pentru a
secreta rămășițele familiei sale într -un
loc în care spera că nu vor fi găsite
niciodată.
Într-o ultimă măsură de lipsă de
respect față de familie, el s -a asigurat că
nu vor sta împreună nici în moarte, s -au
cel puțin așa s -a gândit. Le -a aruncat în
diferite locații. A îngropat -o pe Shanann
și Nico (copilul lor nenăscut) într -un

Page | 23
different locations. He buried Shanann
and Nico (their unborn child) in a
shallow grav e away from the oil tanks.
Bella and Celeste were thrown away in
the oil tanks at this facility. Different
tanks so these little girls wouldn't be
together in death. Imagine this Your
Honor, this defended took those little
girls and put them through a hatc h at
the top of an oil tank that was eight
inches in diameter.
Bella had scratches on her left
buttocks from being shoved through
this hole. A tuft of blond hair was
found on the edge of one of these
hatches. The venit told investigators
that Bella's tank seemed emptier than
CeCe's because of the sound that the
splashes made. These were his
daughters.
Significantly when his co –
workers arrived at the tank battery
later that morning to a person, they all
described him as acting completely
normally, it was a normal workday
even while his daughters sank in the oil
and water not far away from him. And
then his efforts at deception truly
began.
We've all seen the emotionless
interviews that the defendant gives to
the local media asking for help in
locating his family. We watched as he
claimed that the house was empty
without them and that he hoped that
they were somewhere safe and he just
wanted them to come home. He told
investigators that they were at home
sleeping when he left for work that
morning and that Shanann had told
him that she was taking the girls to a
friend's house for the day.
What is striking about this case
Your Honor, beyond the horrors that
I've already described to you, is the
number of collateral victims that he
created by his actions. Whi le he stood
in front of TV cameras asking for the
safe return of his family, scores of law
enforcement officers, neighbors,
friends and family scoured the area mormânt superficial, departe de
rezervoarele de petrol. Bella și Celeste
au fost aruncate î n rezervoarele de petrol
din această unitate. Rezervoare diferite,
astfel încât aceste fetițe să nu fie
împreună în moarte. Imaginați -vă asta,
Onorată Instanță, acest inculpat a luat
fetele acelea și le -a trecut printr -o trapă
în vârful unui rezervor de pe trol care
avea diametrul de opt centimetri.
Bella avea zgârieturi pe fesa
stângă, datorită faptului că a fost
împinsă prin această gaură. Un fir de păr
blond a fost găsit pe marginea uneia
dintre aceste trape. Venitul le -a spus
anchetatorilor că rezervorul lui Bella
părea mai gol decât cel al lui CeCe din
cauza sunetului pe care l -au facut
stropii. Acestea erau fiicele lui.
În mod semnificativ, mai târziu,
în dimineața când colegii săi au ajuns la
bateria rezervorului, în fața unei
persoane, pe care toți au descris -o ca
având un comportament complet
normal, a fost o dimineață de lucru,
normală, în timp ce fiicele sale erau
scufundate în ulei și apă, nu foarte
departe de el. Și atunci eforturile sale de
înșelăciune au început cu adevărat să
apară.
Cu toții am văzut interviurile
emoționate pe care inculpatul le acorda
presei locale cerând ajutor în localizarea
familiei sale. Ne -am uitat cum el a
susținut că, casa era goală fără ele și că
spera că sunt undeva în siguranță și el
dorea doar să vină acasă. El le -a spus
anchetatorilor că dormeau când a plecat
la serviciu în acea dimineață și că
Shanann îi spusese că ducea fetele la o
cunoștință pentru restul zilei.
Ceea ce se lovește de acest caz,
Onoarată Instanță, dincolo de ororile pe
care vi le -am descris deja, e ste numărul
victimelor colaterale pe care le -a creat
prin acțiunile sale. În timp ce stătea în
fața camerelor de televiziune cerând
întoarcerea în siguranță a familiei sale,
numeroase forțe de ordine, vecini,
prieteni și familie,au percheziționat zona
în speranța revenirii lor în siguranță. I –

Page | 24
fretted for their safe return. They texted
him begging for any information and
sending him their best wishes all the
while he hid what he had done.
The list of indirect victims does
not end there. Think of the firefighters
in the Colorado State Patrol hazmat
experts, who had to don protective
suits and who were called upon to pull
Bella and Celeste out of those oil tanks,
or the coroner employees who had to
conduct these autopsies, or the victim
assistance who frantically attempted to
ease the suffering of those affected. All
of this Your Honor for what? Why?!
Why did this have to happen? His
motive was simple Your Honor, he had
a desire for a fresh start – to begin a
relationship with a new love that
overpowered all decency and feelings
for his wife, his daughters and unborn
son.
While Shanann texted the
defendant over and over again in the
days and weeks leading up to her death
attempting to save her marriage, the
defendant secreted pictures of his
girlfriend into his phone and searched
and texted her at all hours of the night.
While Shanann said the defendant self –
help the relationship with counsel ling
books one of which ironically enough
was thrown in the garbage.
He was searching the internet
for secluded vacation spots to take his
new love in researching jewelry and
while Shannon took the girls to visit
family in North Carolina the defendant
went to a car museum and the sand
dunes with his new girlfriend.
The stark contrast between the
subjects of their internet and text
content is absolutely stunning. Even the
morning after he killed them and
disposed of their bodies, he made
several phone call s. One was to the
school where the girls were supposed
to start telling the school that the girls
would not be coming to school any
more that they were being unenrolled.
Presumably to give him some more au trimis meaje implorându -l să dea mai
multe informații și îi trimiteau cele mai
bune urări, în timo ce el ascundea ceea
ce făcuse.
Lista victimelor indirecte nu se
termină aici. Gândiți -vă la pompierii din
experții î n domeniul patologiei din statul
Colorado, care au fost nevoiți să poarte
costume de protecție și care au fost
chemați să le scoată pe Bella și Celeste
din acele rezervoare de petrol, sau
angajații legistului care au trebuit să
conducă aceste autopsii sau asistența
victimelor, care au încercat frenetic să
ușureze suferința celor afectați. Cu toate
acestea, Onorată Instanță, pentru ce? De
ce?! De ce trebuia să se întâmple asta?
Motivul său a fost simplu Onorată
Instanță, el și -a dorit un nou început – să
înceapă o relație cu o nouă iubire, care a
fost mai puternică decât toată decența și
sentimentele pentru soția sa, fiicele sale
și fiul său nenăscut.
În timp ce Shanann îi trimitea
mesaje inculpatului în repetate rânduri,
în zilele și săptămânile care au dus la
moartea sa, încercând să -și salveze
căsătoria, inculpatul a secretat imagini
cu prietena sa în telefonul său și a
căutat -o trimițându -i mesaje la toate
orele nopții. Timp în care Shanann
declara faltul că inculpatul se auto -ajuta
în relație cu cărți de consiliere, una care
în mod ironic a fost aruncată la gunoi.
El a căutat pe internet locuri de
vacanță retrase pentru a -și duce noua
dragoste, a căutat bijuterii și în timp ce
Shanann a dus fetele să -și viziteze
familia în Carolina de Nord, inculpatul a
mers la un muzeu de mașini și la dunele
de nisip cu noua sa iubită.
Contrastul dur între subiectele
internetului și conținutul mesajelor este
absolut uimitor. Chiar dimineața, după
ce le -a ucis și a scăpat de cadavrele lor,
a făcut mai multe apeluri telefoni ce.
Unul a fost la școala unde trebuia să
meargă fetele, să spună școlii că fetele
nu vor mai veni la școală. Probabil să -și
acorde ceva mai mult timp înainte ca o
mulțime de notificări de aplicare a legii

Page | 25
time before a lot of law enforcement
notification abo ut them going missing.
He contacted a realtor to start
discussing the selling of his house and
he texted with his girlfriend about their
future.
None of this answers the
questions of why however. If he was
this happy and wanted a new start – get
a divorce -. You don't annihilate your
family and throw them away like
garbage. Why did Nikko, Celeste, Bela
and Shanann have to lose their lives in
order for him to get what he wanted?
Your Honor justice demands
the maximum sentence under the
agreement reached by the parties. As
you will recall the agreement calls for
life sentences as to Shanann, Bella and
Celeste and all of those to run
consecutively to one another.
It also calls for the count of
unlawful termination of a pregnancy as
to Nikko to run consecutiv ely to counts
one, two and three. I would suggest
that the extreme aggravation present in
the defendants conduct and it is that
the efforts that I have described
mandate that the sentences four counts
seven, eight and nine the tampering
with a deceased hum an body each be
the maximum of 12 years and that
those sentences run consecutively to
one another. It is very clear that these
were not the subject of one act but each
oil tank that he walked up with his
daughter's bodies and the hole that he
dug for his w ife and unborn son
mandate a mandatory consecutive
sentence. It's been alluded to this
morning but the defendant was
certainly eligible for the death penalty
in this case under the existing law in
the state of Colorado. As you heard
Shanann's family strong ly opposed my
office seeking the death penalty and
being bound to the groom of the
criminal justice system for the next
several decades. That's in large part as
you've heard why we have reached
agreement that we have four lives that în legătură cu dispariția lor să apară. A
contacta t un agent imobiliar pentru a
începe să discute despre vânzarea casei
sale și a comunicat prin mesaje cu noua
lui iubită despre viitorul lor.
Totuși nimic din toate acestea nu
răspunde la întrebările de ce. Dacă era
fericit și își dorea un nou început –
obținea un divorț -. Nu îți anihilezi
familia și nu o arunci la gunoi. De ce au
trebuit Nikko, Celeste, Bela și Shanann
să-și piardă viața pentru ca el să obțină
ceea ce își dorește?
Onorată Instanță, justiția solicită
pedeapsa maximă în conformitate cu
acordul părților. După cum vă amintiți,
acordul solicită condamnări pe viață cu
privire la Shanann, Bella și Celeste și
toate acestea să se execute consecutiv
una pentru celălaltă.
De asemenea, solicită ca
încetarea ilegală a unei sarcini în ceea ce
îl priveș te pe Nikko, să meargă
consecutiv cu celelalte condamnări. Aș
sugera ca agravarea extremă prezentă în
cazul inculpatului prin eforturile pe care
le-am descris, să impună ca sentințele,
mai ales manipularea unui corp uman
decedat, să fie de maxim 12 ani fie care
și ca aceste condamnări să meargă
consecutiv una cu alta. Este foarte clar
că acestea nu au făcut obiectul unui
singur act, ci fiecare rezervor de ulei la
care a mers cu trupurile fiicelor sale și
groapa pe care a săpat -o pentru soția și
fiul său nen ăscut cer o sentință
consecutivă obligatorie. S -a făcut aluzie
la această dimineață, inculpatul a fost cu
siguranță eligibil pentru pedeapsa cu
moartea în acest caz în conformitate cu
legea existentă în statul Colorado. După
cum ați auzit, familia lui Shan ann s -a
opus puternic biroului meu care solicita
pedeapsa cu moartea fiind legată de
sistemului de justiție penală pentru
următoarele câteva decenii. Asta explică
în mare parte de ce am ajuns la un acord
că avem patru vieți pierdute pe mâna
inculpatului pe 13 august din motive pe
care nu le vom înțelege niciodată pe
deplin și nici nu le vom cunoaște.

Page | 26
were lost at the hands of the defendant
on August 13th for reasons that we will
never fully understand nor we will
know.
In the end the Rusik family was
much more merciful towards him than
he was towards his wife, his daughters
and his unborn son. Prison for the
remainder of hi s life is exactly where
he belongs for murdering his entire
family. Thank you Your Honor."

After presenting the
details of the crimes offered by
the lawyer Michael Rourke,
Judge Marcelo Kopcow
presents the official sentence of
Mr. Watts.

"So the Court h as considered
the arguments made by the attorneys,
the Court has considered the
statements made by the victims in this
case, the Court is going to find that the
plea agreement is fair and reasonable
under the circumstances.
I want to acknowledge the
Rusik family as well as the Watts
family for showing mercy on mr.Watts,
is understood and I respect that
decision to request that the district
attorney not seek the death penalty in
this case. And so the Court is going to
accept this plea bargain under the
circumstances.
Words that come to mind when
I hear the evidence in this case are a
senseless crime and the viciousness of
the crime and equally aggravating in
this Court's determination is the
despicable act of disposing of the
bodies in the manner in which t hey
were done in this case.
I've been a judicial officer now
for starting my seventeenth year and I În final, familia Rusik a fost mult
mai milostivă în privința inculpatului
decât a fost el față de soția lui, fiicele
sale și fiul său nenăscut. Închisoarea
pentru restul vieții sale este exact locul
unde aparține pentru uciderea întregii
sale familii. Onorată Instanță, vă
mulțumesc."

După prezentarea detaliilor
despre crimele oferite de
avocatul Michael Rourke,
judecătorul Marcelo Kopcow
prezintă sentința oficială a
domnului Watts.

"Curtea a luat în considerare
argumentele formulate de avocați,
Curtea a luat în considerare declarațiile
făcute de victime în acest caz, Curtea
urmează să constate că acordul de
pledoarie este echitabil și rezonabil în
aceste c ondiții.
Vreau să aduc la cunoștință
familia Rusik, precum și familia Watts
pentru că au arătat milă față de dl.
Watts, este de înțeles și respect această
decizie de a solicita ca avocatul
districtului să nu solicite pedeapsa cu
moartea în acest caz. Astfe l, Curtea va
accepta această negociere.
Cuvintele care îmi vin în minte
atunci când aud probele în acest caz,
sunt o crimă lipsită de sens, iar viciul
infracțiunii și la fel de agravant în
hotărârea acestei Curți este actul
disprețuitor de a scăpa de cadav re în
modul în care a fost făcut în acest caz.
Am fost ofițer judiciar acum
pentru al șaptesprezecelea an și aș putea

Page | 27
could objectively say that this is
perhaps the most inhumane and vicious
crime that I have handled out of the
thousands of cases that I have seen.
And noth ing less then a maximum
sentence would be appropriate and
anything less than the maximum
sentence would depreciate the
seriousness of this offense.
So the Court is going to
sentence Mr. Watts as follows: with
regard to count number one murder in
the first degree as it relates to Shanann
Watts, the Court has got a decision you
served to a life sentence in the
Colorado Department of Corrections
followed with no possibility of parole
and that is going to run consecutively
to all but counts three and four with
regard to count two as it relates to
murder in the first degree with Bella,
the court is going to sentence you to
life in the Colorado Department of
Corrections with no possibility of
parole. With regard to count number
three the court is going to sentenc e you
as it relates to Celeste to life in the
Colorado Department of Corrections
with no possibility of parole. With
regard to counts four and five relating
to Bella and Celeste as a different
theory of first -degree murder the court
is going to sentence yo u to life in the
Colorado Department of Corrections
and legally those sentences must run
concurrently as a different theory of
first-degree murder.
Recognising the unlawful
termination of pregnancy for the
unborn child that has been named
Nikko, the Court absolutely believes
that the maximum sentence of 48 years
would be appropriate to run obiectiv să spun că aceasta este poate
cea mai inumană și mai vicioasă crimă
pe care am tratat -o din miile de cazuri
pe care le -am văzut . Și nimic mai puțin
decât o sentință maximă ar fi adecvată și
altceva decât pedeapsa maximă ar
amortiza gravitatea acestei infracțiuni.
Deci, Curtea îl va condamna pe
domnul Watts după cum urmează: în
ceea ce privește uciderea numărului unu,
omor în primu l grad, în ceea ce o
privește pe Shanann Watts, Curtea îl
condamnă la închisoare pe viață în
Departamentul de corecții din Colorado
fără posibilitate de eliberare
condiționată și aceasta va rula
consecutiv cu celelalte condamnări, în
ceea ce privește ucide rea în gradul întâi
a Bellei, instanța vă va condamna la
închisoare pe viață în Departamentul de
corecții din Colorado fără posibilitate de
libertate condiționată. În ceea ce
privește numărul trei, instanța vă va
condamna la închisoare pe viață în
Departam entul de corecții din Colorado,
fără posibilitatea de eliberare
condiționată în ceea ce o privește pe
Celeste. Ca teorie diferită a omorului de
gradul întâi, în ceea ce le privește pe
Bella și Celeste, instanța vă va
condamna la închisoare pe viață în
Departamentul de corecții din Colorado,
iar din punct de vedere legal aceste
sentințe trebuie să funcționeze
concomitent ca o teorie diferită a
primului grad de crimă.
Recunoscând încetarea ilegală a
sarcinii pentru copilul nenăscut, care a
fost numit Nikko, Curtea consideră în
mod absolut că pedeapsa maximă de 48
de ani ar fi adecvată pentru a fii
executată consecutiv cu celelalte
acuzații, cu o perioadă de libertate
obligatorie suplimentară de trei ani,

Page | 28
consecutive to the other charges with
an additional mandatory parole period
of three years as set forth by statute.
With regard to count number seven as
it relates to ta mpering with a deceased
body as well as counts eight and nine
each a class three felony the Court is
going to impose a maximum sentence
of twelve years each for those counts to
run consecutively to the other counts.
The Court is going to order that the
statutory fees be paid in court cost, the
Court is going to grant the prosecution
91 days to file a notice of restitution
and that will be the sentence of the
Court.
We will shortly be in recess I
would respectfully ask the parties that
you remain in your se at. There is a
plan by the deputies on allowing
people to exit the courtroom so please
remain seated until you are authorized
to leave the courtroom based on the
direction of the deputies. Deputies I
would respectfully ask that you take
this defendant into custody and have
him serve the rest of his life in the
Department Corrections. "
prevăzută de statut. În ceea ce privește
manipularea un ui cadavru uman, Curtea
urmează să impună o pedeapsă maximă
de doisprezece ani pentru a fii adăugați
la celelalte condamnări. Curtea va
dispune ca taxele statutare să fie plătite
cu cheltuieli de judecată, Curtea va
acorda urmăririi penale 91 de zile pent ru
a depune o notificare de restituire și
aceasta va fi sentința Curții.
În curând vom fi în recesiune. Aș
ruga cu respect părțile să rămâneți pe
scaunele dumneavoastră. Există un plan
al ofițerilor pentru a permite persoanelor
să iasă din sala de judecat ă, așa că vă
rugăm să rămâneți așezați până când
sunteți autorizat să părăsiți sala de
judecată pe baza direcției ofițerilor.
Ofițerilor le cer cu respect să -l ia pe
acest inculpat în custodie pentru a putea
să își servească tot restul vieții sale în
Depar tamentul de corecții."

Page | 29
CHAPTER II I
DIFICULTIES IN TRANSLATION

A good translation is difficult to achieve and most of the time its evaluation is
subjective. For example, sometimes we encounter translations that do not sound
good, therefore they are not considered to be good translations, but few think about
the difficulties that a translator encounters, and what determines the quality of a
translation.
A translator must go through many courses and exams before becoming a
licensed translator. The re are times when a translator cannot fully understand the
author's message or intention in the source text, either because of the style, syntax, or
even because of the misinterpretation of the tone.
A good translation is based on a wide range of knowledge about the language
in which the translation is to be done, which includes expressions, figures of speech,
jargon or various dialects. These things require determination and flexibility.
There is a widespread belief that, in order to be a good technical tr anslator,
you must be an expert in a specialized field, but of course you cannot specialize in
more than one or two fields.
Technical translation is a rather complex process that requires a detailed
knowledge of source and target language cultures, target language conventions, text
types, genres, register, style and understanding of the audience.
The mere presentation of information to readers is not enough. Readers need
to be able to assimilate information without much effort. The information presented
in the technical documents is a means rather than a purpose and should not hinder the
work of readers.
In the present situation, I am not a licensed translator, but by writing this
paper, and by the exercise I did in translating this case, I felt like one.
As I mentioned throughout this paper, its main subject is represented by the
translation of a text from English to Romanian. The only condition being that this
text has never been translated into Romanian.
This is the reason why I chose to find a highly pub licized case.
Of course, it was talked about all over the world, even in Romania. But there
is no exact translation of it. And, being my favorite, I considered Chris Watts' case
the most appropriate.

Page | 30
I only used part of this case. Namely, the part where Ch ris W. is already in
court and accused. The case has many parts, in which Chris W. plays the worried
husband of his family, and tries to find his wife and children by giving fake
interviews, and asking for the help of the whole world.
Another part is that when he is caught making a small mistake, not knowing
about the neighbor's surveillance camera where he is caught lying. Another part of
this case is that Chris is taken into custody, and is interrogated, first being considered
a helpless husband in search of his family. But FBI agents already know the truth and
spot Chris based on his body language.
One of the difficulties I encountered trying to translate this case is the
understanding of the case. More specifically, the way the lawyer and the judge
spoke . Because these two had a different accent in speech from each other, from the
accent I am used to communicating with. This aspect made the listening part of the
case difficult, but not impossible.
Of course I needed help. Thus I used various translation m achines, as
follows: Glosbe, dict.cc, etranslator, ReversoContext, Hallo, and Longman Exams
Dictionary. All of these translation tools have proven to be incredibly useful in times
of blockage, or in times of confusion.
However, the language of this case pr oved to be quite easy, which made the
text easy to translate. But the specialized terms of the field represented another
difficulty for me. Because I am not experienced in this field, and therefore I do not
know all the specialized terms.
The way the lawye r addressed the judge "Your Honor" was translated by the
translation tools as "Onoarea Ta" instead of "Onorată Instanță". This appellation said
in the form of respect for the judge made the translation no longer match the
vocabulary of the field of law.
The purpose of the translator is to try to find solutions to any type of problem,
regarding the translation of a technical text in a certain field.
I would like to end this chapter by specifying that, ultimately, the search and
choice of a suitable solution is the sole responsibility of the translator. His linguistic
sensitivity together with his creativity are the basis of a good quality translation.

Page | 31
CONCLUSIONS

No matter how good and correct a translation is, it is no longer considered as
such if it be trays the original text of the author. The job of a translator is quite
laborious, which requires patience. It can even be associated with the work of a
writer.
Many translation problems can be avoided with a little documentation and
careful attention. For example, the Romanian language is quite vast, without the need
to feed it with foreign words, no matter how Romanian those words sound. The
purpose of a translation from one language to another is to convey information, or a
message as accurately as possi ble.
Certainly I consider the reason why this field was difficult to translate for me
is the lack of practice in translation and also the lack of knowledge in specialized
terms in that field.
But of course, as I mentioned before, a translation can have a g ood quality
and can be faithful to the original text. All we have to do is have a good
documentation system, attention and creativity.
In the current conditions, the translation has a new status. It is currently at the
intersection of the study interests o f sociology, linguistics, ethnography, culturology,
psychology and so on, and has now managed to become the main object of study in
translation theory.

Page | 32
ANNEXES

ANNEXE ONE

For this paper, I have chosen to compose a glossary of terms in the chose n
field, regarding the translated text, which consists of a list or collection of regional
words, obsolete or little known, collected from a region or a text and data together
with their explanation.

No. Word Definition Definiție Translation
1. Acuzat Person accused of
something, against whom
an action has been brought
in court; defendant. O persoană acuzată
de un anumit lucru,
împotriva căreia s -a
deschis o acțiune în
justiție. Acuzed
person
2. Acuzație The act of accu sing.
Lawsuit. Blame. Acuzare. A da în
judecată.
Învinovățire. Accusation
3. Autoritățile
competente The competent authority is
any authority or court
specifically authorized by a
Member State to issue or
receive qualifications or
other documents or
infor mation, as well as to
receive applications and
take decisions in relation to
the regulated professions in
their area of competence. Autoritatea
competentă
reprezintă orice
autoritate sau
instanță autorizată în
mod special de un
stat membru să
elibereze ori să
primească titluri de
calificare sau alte
documente ori
informații, precum și
să primească cereri
și să ia decizii în
legătură cu profesiile
reglementate din aria
lor de competență.10 Competent
authorities

10 https://cnred.edu.ro/ro/autoritati -competente – 3.03.2020

Page | 33
4. Mandat de
arestare It is the procedural act
issued by the prosecutor or
the court in the cases and
conditions provided by law
which must contain the
indication of the body that
ordered the taking of the
measure, date and place of
issuance, name, surname
and quality of the person
who issued it, data on
identification the
defendant, the deed that
forms the object of the
indictment and the name of
the crime, the legal
classification of the deed
and the punishment
provided by law, the
concrete grounds that
determine the arrest, the
indication of the plac e
where the detainee is to be
detained, warrant executed
by the police. Este actul procedural
care se emite de
procuror sau instanta
de judecata in
cazurile si conditiile
prevazute de lege ce
trebuie sa contina
indicarea organului
care a dispus luarea
masu rii, data si locul
emiterii, numele,
prenumele si
calitatea persoanei
care l -a emis, datele
privitoare la
identificarea
inculpatului, fapta ce
formeaza obiectul
inculparii si
denumirea
infractiunii,
incadrarea juridica a
faptei si pedeapsa
prevazuta de leg e,
temeiurile concrete
care determina
arestarea, indicarea
locului unde
urmeaza a fi detinut
cel arestat, mandat
ce se executa de
catre organele de
politie.11 Arrest warrant
5. Anchetă
penală Investigation ordered or
carried out by a public
authority to cl arify the
circumstances in which an
event occurred and to
establish responsibilities. Cercetare ordonată
sau efectuată de o
autoritate publică
pentru a clarifica
împrejurările în care
s-a produs un fapt și
pentru a stabili
răspunderile.12 Criminal
investiga tion

11 https://www.advocate.ro/definitie_juridica_Mandat_de_arestare – 3.03.2020
12 https://legeaz.net/dictionar -juridic/ancheta – 3.03.2020

Page | 34
6. Anchetator
penal Judicial body conducting
the criminal investigation.
There are currently no
investigative bodies, as the
criminal investigation is
not carried out in the form
of a criminal investigation. Organ judiciar care
efectuează ancheta
penală. în prezent nu
există organe de
anchetă, întru -cît
urmărirea penală nu
se efectuează sub
forma anchetei
penale.13 Criminal
investigator
7. Proceduri
penale The object of the criminal
action is to bring to
criminal responsibility the
persons who have
committed crimes. Acțiunea penală are
ca obiect tragerea la
răspundere penală a
persoanelor care au
săvârșit infracțiuni.14 Criminal
proceedings
8. Probă, dovadă Fact or thing that shows,
proves something;
convincing evidence,
testimony. Fapt sau lucru care
arată, demonstrează
ceva; probă
convingătoare,
mărturie.15 Proof
9. Audiere It is a procedural act that
consists in listening to the
accused or defendant, to
the other parts of the
criminal process, to the
witness, as well as to the
expert, which can be
performed throughout the
criminal process in the
manner and under the
conditions provided by
law. Este un act
procedural ce constă
în ascultarea
învinuitului sau
inculpatului, a
celorlalte părți din
procesul penal, a
martorului, precum
și a expertului, care
se poate realiza pe
tot cuprinsul
procesului penal în
modul și în
condițiile prevăzute
de lege.16 Hearing
10. Avocat Person with superior legal
training, who, being a
member of a component Persoană cu
pregătire juridică
superioară, care, Lawyer,
attorney

13 Ibidem – 3.03.2020
14 https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/geztkobvha/actiunea -penala -codul -de-procedura -penala?dp=gqztimbyha4dk
– 3.03.2020
15 https://dexonline.ro/definitie/dovad%C4%83 – 3.03.2020
16 https://www.advocate.ro/definitie_juridica_Audiere – 3.03.20 20

Page | 35
bar of the National Union
of Romanian Bars,
provides legal assistan ce to
those interested, by
defending, assisting and
representing them before
the courts of the judicial
authority and other
jurisdictional bodies,
criminal prosecution,
prosecutor's offices
attached to the courts,
other public authorities and
institutions, as well as
before other legal entities
or individuals, as well as
by providing consultations,
drafting requests,
complaints, memoranda,
actions and other acts of a
legal etc. fiind membru al unui
barou component al
Uniunii Naționale a
Barourilor din
România, acordă
asistență juridică
celor interesați, prin
apărarea, asistarea și
reprezentarea lor în
fața instanțelor
autorității
judecătorești și a
altor organe de
jurisdicție, a
organelor de
urmărire penală, a
parchetelor de pe
lângă instanțele
judecătorești, a altor
autorități și instituții
publice, precum și în
fața altor persoane
juridice ori persoane
fizice, precum și
prin acord area de
consultații,
redactarea de cereri,
plângeri, memorii,
acțiuni și alte acte cu
caracter juridic etc.17
11. Suspect Which is suspected, which
gives suspicion; which
inspires distrust, which you
must avoid; doubtful. Care este bănuit,
care dă de bănuit;
care inspiră
neîncredere, de care
trebuie să te ferești;
dubios, îndoielnic.18 Suspected
person
12. Habeas
Corpus As a guarantee of
individual liberty and
protection against arbitrary
arrest, allowing the
detainee to ask through his Drept care
garantează libertatea
individuală și
protejează împotriva
arestării arbitrare, Habeas
Corpus

17 https://legeaz.net/dictionar -juridic/avocat – 3.03.2020
18 https://dexonline.ro/definitie/suspect – 3.03.2020

Page | 36
lawyer to appear before a
magistrate who is to decide
on the legality of the arrest. permițând arestatului
să ceară prin
avocatul său să
compară în fața unui
magistrat c are
urmează să decidă
asupra legalității
arestării.19
13. Interogatoriu The totality of questions
asked by a judge to a party
involved in a trial, which
contributes to the
resolution of the case. Totalitatea
întrebărilor puse de
un judecător unei
părți implicate într –
un proces, care
contribuie la
rezolvarea cazului.20 Questioning
14. Asistență
juridică The professional activity
carried out by lawyers, in
order to promote and
defend the rights, freedoms
and legitimate interests of
individuals a nd legal
entities, public and private
law. Activitatea
profesională
desfășurată de
avocați, în scopul
promovării și
apărării drepturilor,
libertăților și
intereselor legitime
ale persoanelor
fizice și persoanelor
juridice, de drept
public și de drept
priva t.21 Legal
assistance
15. Control
judiciar The right and obligation of
the superior courts to
verify, under the conditions
and in compliance with the
procedure established by
law, the legality and
validity of the decisions
pronounced by their lower
courts. Dreptul și obligația
instanțelor
judecătorești
superioare de a
verifica, în condițiile
și cu respectarea
procedurii stabilite
prin lege, legalitatea
și temeinicia
hotărârilor Judicial
review

19 https://dexonline.ro/definitie/habeas+corpus – 3.03.2020
20 https://dexonline.ro/definitie/interogatoriu – 3.03.2020
21 https://legeaz.net/dictionar -juridic/asistenta -juridica – 3.03.2020

Page | 37
pronunțate de
instanțele inferioare
lor.22
16. Eliberare
provizor ie Non-custodial procedural
measure that replaces the
preventive arrest of the
defendant and is ordered
by the judicial bodies in
order to ensure the normal
conduct of the trial and the
execution of the sentence
applied to the defendant in
case of convicti on. Măsură procesuală
neprivativă de
libertate care
înlocuiește arestarea
preventivă a
inculpatului și se
dispune de către
organele judiciare în
vederea asigurării
desfășurării normale
a procesului și
executarea pedepsei
aplicate inculpatului
în caz de
condamn are.23 Provisional
release
17. Abținere Obligation of the judge not
to rule in a case in which
there are suspicions
regarding his objectivity,
under the conditions
expressly provided by law. Obligație a
judecătorului de a nu
se pronunța într -o
cauză în car e există
suspiciuni în ceea ce
privește
obiectivitatea sa, în
condițiile expres
prevăzute de lege.24 Abstention
18. Apel A serious or urgent
request, typically one made
to the public.25 O cerere serioasă sau
urgentă, de obicei
una adresată
publicului. Appea l
19. Barou The bar is made up of all
the lawyers registered on
the Bar, who have their
main professional
headquarters in the
localities within its radius. Baroul este
constituit din toti
avocatii inscrisi pe
Tabloul avocatilor,
care au sediul
profesional principal Bar

22 https://legeaz.net/dictionar -juridic/control -judiciar – 3.03.2020
23 https://legeaz.net/dictionar -juridic/liberare -provizorie – 3.03.2020
24 http://w ww.dreptonline.ro/dictionar_juridic/dictionar_juridic.php – 3.03.2020
25https://translate.google.ro/?hl=ro#view=home&op=translate&sl=en&tl=ro&text=appeal – 3.03.2020

Page | 38
in localitatile de pe
raza acestuia.26
20. Hartuire
sexuala It is the behavior by which
the victim is determined to
offer sexual favors, usually
at work, by intimidation,
threat or coercion. Este
comportamentul prin
care victima este
determi nată să ofere
favoruri sexuale, de
obicei la locul de
muncă, prin
intimidare,
amenințare sau
constrângere.27 sexual
harassment
21. Huliganism Offense consisting in
disturbing public order. Infracțiune care
constă în tulburarea
ordinii publice. hooliganism

26 http://www.dreptonline.ro/dictionar_juridic/dictionar_juridic.php – 3.03.2020
27 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%83r%C8%9Buire_sexual%C4%83 – 3.03.2020

Page | 39
ANNEXE TWO

– Photographies –
DA describes how Chris Watts ended four lives in cold blood

Chris being interviewed as a suspect

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Chris confessing the murder

DA describing the murder

Page | 41

Page | 42
Chris listening in detailes on what he did

Page | 43

Page | 44
The Judge describing the sentences

Page | 45
Shanann ’s father and grandfather of her kids

Shanann ’s brother and mother

Page | 46
Chris being escorted to his cell

Page | 47

Chris waiting to be put in custody

Page | 48

Page | 49
BIBLIOGRAFIE

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