Importanta Traducerii Contextuale

Litere

Importanta Traducerii Contextuale

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

Importanța traducerii contextuale

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION

I.1. Types of Translation

I.1.1. Definition of the Translation Problems

I.2.Word Meanings and Context

I.2.1.Meaning and context

II. DIFFICULTIES AND IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXTUAL TRANSLATION

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

The practice in translation was performed from November 10, 2014 till December 12, 2014 at the I.M. Food Planet Restaurants “McDonald’s” as a translator of the English language. This is world’s largest chain of fast food restaurants, serving around 69 million customers each day in 119 countries across 35,000 outlets.

As a young translator, I was afraid of to do mistake in translation and change the idea of text. Frequently I was not sure if I didn’t violate the message of the text, because it was my first experience as a translator. So, I met a lot of difficulties in speaking, but I passed this problem consulting different types of dictionaries such as Dictionary English- Romanian by George Pop and so on. I have translated documents, press release from English into Romanian and vice versa. Sometimes there are situations when we don’t know how to translate a word from Romanian into English and we explain the meaning of the word by explanation of the words.

We are given the translation contained a lot of terms and professionalisms from the field of fast-food. All this time we have a good possibility to improve our capacity in translation, because it is something new. This practical training helps us to apply the theories into practice, during this time we develop skills as teamwork and communication skills, this practice familiarizes us with tasks of translator. This practice gives us a great experience, we improve our English.

The topic of this licence project is “Importance of contextual translation”; contexts can be approached in different ways: the notion as sense of expression; the literal meaning; the meaning of sentences; and translation. These components are necessary of normal language usage.

The goals of this licence project are the following:

to analyse the scientific theories of translation and contextual meaning;

to systemize the organization of knowledge;

to make deep study of this topic;

to formulate full and proper conclusions.

The objectives of our licence project are the following:

to determine the level of training gained from university studies;

to develop the idea of the topic, searching important information on the subject;

to improve our translation abilities;

to improve vocabulary knowledge and language skills;

to enhance skills of quick and qualitative written translation;

This project consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography and annex.

The first chapter is entitled “Peculiarities of Translation”; here we describe different types and principles of translation.

Chapter II is entitled “Difficulties and Importance of Contextual Translation”; here we analyze the difficulties that we encounter in context of texts.

Bibliography consists of the list of used sources and dictionaries for our theoretical and practical parts.

Annexes comprise diagrams of terms and texts, economical terms and the terminology in the food industry.

I. PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION

Translation is understood as an act of carrying the meaning of a text from one language to another. This process involves interpretation of meaning of the source text and producing the same meaning in another language. Text however cannot exist out of context. By context what is meant is the entire environment in which the word or sentence is expressed or stated. So a translator has to go into the background of the text to understand the text. Thus translator first de-contextualizes the original text and re-contextualizes it for the target text. This forms a good contextualized translation.

While seeking the context of a text there may be two categories of factors that may influence the meaning of the text- linguistic context or the situational context.

In general translation is the operation which is composed in transmission a written source text to a written target text that retains elements of information, form, functionality and tone abiding by agreed-on specifications. Simply put, translators write while interpreters speak. The text which is translated from one language to another is called the source text; the final product is sometimes called the "target text" [1, p. 13].

Translation is at the crossroads interest of the study of linguistics, psychology, sociology, culture and translation studies the current relief (Translation Theory), an embodiment and requires intellectual, theoretical, practical and lingo-cultural. Studying the phenomenon of translation as integrative is constantly enriched by new research, progress and investigations. Tendencies and reflections on translation are so varied and multiple recent and questionable that instead become “rhapsodies of theorems”, as claimed Ladmiral. The problem of translation has long benefited from a systematic study.

I.1. Types of Translation

According to Roman Jakobson there are three types of translation:

1.Intralingual translation that is the signs of a language interpretation by other signs of the same language. This type of translation is used when translating old texts with their particular specificity, with some archaisms obsolete. Due to that word, today's generations having access to the most important historical and cultural values [1, p. 15].

2.Interlingual translation, that translation itself, from one language to another.

3.Intersemiotic translation, that interpretation of the signs by means of non-verbal (signs transport, deaf and dumb signs, etc.) [2, p. 39].

In translation, the translator will take into account the structure of the text, which to be translated, knowing the context in general and in particular the type of text. Text structure correlates with hierarchical principles of composition. Every element fulfills function rhetoric. The components of the structure are the smallest text lexical and grammatical units. Each element marks a stage in the evolution of the text. Translated aspects are taken into consideration both shape and function as rhetorical. Values component elements of a text, associated with the type of text, can be: the assertion (for expository and descriptive text), establishing / assigning characteristics (for descriptive texts) as well as playback process steps (for type instructional texts).

As regards the context, we will mention that it is defined as a complex belief and assumptions built speaker to interpret a message based on its capacity of perception, based on assumptions stored in its memory or interpretation based on previous utterances.

The three dimensions of context are:

• Communicative dimension

• Pragmatic dimension

• Semiotic dimension

Communicative dimension will opt for consistency and functionality, while pragmatic dimension, which refers to the ability to "do something with the words" and the semiotics "to do something with the words to say in such a way”, which deals with a communication element, as a sign in a system signs [2, p.43].

I.1.1. Definition of the Translation Problems.

As well as any other concept, the term "translation" can be defined depending on the criteria and principles underlying its conceptualization. Translation is a term with a semantic rather large volume, inside which there are mentioned five meanings:

• Translation as a process, as activity.

• Translation of the final result, as the product.

• Translation as a means of communication.

• Translation that interpretation.

• Translation of the transformation of the message text

Generally, we treat translation as a special case of linguistic convergence in order interlinguistic mediation, allowing transmission of information between speakers of different languages.

In dependence of principles which are at the basis of the classification translations we can distinguish according to the text types:

Literary translation

Specialized Translation (terminology)

Literary translation, or rather translated works, is a term that belongs to Antoine Berman, and relates to the translation of philosophical and literary works. Translating poetry is a maximum degree of difficulty. Specialized translation (terminology) covers the translation of terminology in various fields of human activity: legal translation, medical, economic, technical, etc.

Specialized translation can refer to the translation of journalistic texts: a vast system that is informative, referential.

Translation of advertising texts: the story "irrational rational human" irrational being the paradoxical behavior of consumer spending a good part of his salary to be "fashionable" to make part of an elite social group.

Poetic translation: that in addition to handling the components translation effective will require a sensitive soul and subtle [1, p. 17]

The second type can be connected with the type of expression of the message and it is:

Written translation,

Oral translation (conference interpreting: consecutive and simultaneous).

According to the work of donor requirements we can distinguish:

Signaling translation (expression in the target language of the landmarks of text/ message in the source language, such as title, author, key concepts, main idea, etc.

Trivialized translation -redenomination of the contents of text in the target language to be translated, without taking into account the characteristics of good writing style and the translated text.

Absolute translation (expression in the target language of the original text content mandatory compliance of all parameters of a high quality translation that takes account of the semantic, grammar, style, spelling, etc.)

As a quality of translation we can find out:

Translation revision (primary translation, which contains imperfections that require revision).

Speaker translation (translation completed, reviewed, quality, printed, ready to be delivered to the donor paper.)

According to the degree of compliance of the meaning of the original message there are the following types of translation:

Literal translation (word by word): text as follows translator fear of violating the original meaning

Free translation: the translator is free to choose the forms of expression of the original text.

If we look at the translation direction, so we can underline:

Version: translation into their native language.

Theme: translation into a foreign language.

I.2.Word Meanings and Context

From the discussion of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations it follows that a full understanding of the semantic structure of any lexical item can be gained only from the study of a variety of contexts in which the word is used, i.e. from the study of the intralinguistic relations of words in the flow of speech. This is of greatest importance in connection with the problem of the synchronic approach to polysemy. It will be recalled that in analyzing the semantic structure of the polysemantic word table we observed that some meanings are representative of the word in isolation, i.e. they invariably occur to us when we hear the word or see it written on paper. Other meanings come to the fore only when the word is used in certain contexts. This is true of all polysemantic words [4, p. 45]

The adjective yellow, e.g., when used in isolation is understood to denote a certain color, whereas other meanings of this word, e.g. ‘envious’, ‘suspicious’ or ‘sensational’, ‘corrupt’, are perceived only in certain contexts, e.g. ‘a yellow look’, ‘the yellow press’, etc.

As can be seen from the examples discussed above we understand by the term context the minimal stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of the word. This is not to imply that polysemantic words have meanings ocontexts, e.g. ‘a yellow look’, ‘the yellow press’, etc.

As can be seen from the examples discussed above we understand by the term context the minimal stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of the word. This is not to imply that polysemantic words have meanings only in the context. The semantic structure of the word has an objective existence as a dialectical entity which embodies dialectical permanency and variability. The context individualizes the meanings, brings them out. It is in this sense that we say that meaning is determined by context. The meaning or meanings representative of the semantic structure of the word and least dependent on context are usually described as free or denominative meanings. Thus we assume that the meaning ‘a piece of furniture’ is the denominative meaning of the word table, the meaning ‘construct, produce’ is the free or denominative meaning of the verb make. The meaning or meanings of polysemantic words observed only in certain contexts may be viewed as determined either by linguistic (or verbal) contexts or extra-linguistic (non-verbal) contexts. The two more or less universally recognized main types of linguistic contexts which serve to determine individual meanings of words are the lexical context and the grammatical context. These types are differentiated depending on whether the lexical or the grammatical aspect is predominant in determining the meaning [4, p. 47].

Lexical Context

In lexical contexts of primary importance are the groups of lexical items combined with the polysemantic word under consideration. This can be illustrated by analyzing different lexical contexts in which polysemantic words are used. The adjective heavy, e.g., in isolation is understood as meaning ‘of great weight, weighty’ (heavy load, heavy table, etc.). When combined with the lexical group of words denoting natural phenomena such as wind, storm, snow, etc., it means ’striking, falling with force, abundant’ as can be seen from the contexts, e.g. heavy rain, wind, snow, storm, etc. In combination with the words industry, arms, artillery and the like, heavy has the meaning ‘the larger kind of something’ as in heavy industry, heavy artillery, etc. The verb take in isolation has primarily the meaning ‘lay hold of with the hands, grasp, seize’, etc. When combined with the lexical group of words denoting some means of transportation (e.g. to take the tram, the bus, the train, etc.) it acquires the meaning synonymous with the meaning of the verb go. It can be easily observed that the main factor in bringing out this or that individual meaning of the words is the lexical meaning of the words with which heavy and take are combined. This can be also proved by the fact that when we want to describe the individual meaning of a polysemantic word, we find it sufficient to use this word in combination with some members of a certain lexical group.

To describe the meanings of the word handsome, for example, it is sufficient to combine it with the following words:

Man, person,

Size, reward, sum.

The meanings ‘good-looking’ and ‘considerable, ample’ are adequately illustrated by the contexts. The meanings determined by lexical contexts are sometimes referred to as lexically (or phraseologically) bound meanings which imply that such meanings are to be found only in certain lexical contexts. Some linguists go so far as to assert that word-meaning in general can be analyzed through its collocability with other words. They hold the view that if we know all the possible collocations (or word-groups) into which a polysemantic word can enter, we know all its meanings. Thus, the meanings of the adjective heavy, for instance, may be analysed through its collocability with the words weight, safe, table; snow, wind, rain; industry, artillery, etc. The meaning at the level of lexical contexts is sometimes described as meaning by collocation [4, p. 48].

Common Contextual Associations

Another type of classification almost universally used in practical classroom teaching is known as thematic grouping. Classification of vocabulary items into thematic groups is based on the co-occurrence of words in certain repeatedly used contexts. In linguistic contexts co-occurrence may be observed on different levels. On the level of word-groups the word question, for instance, is often found in collocation with the verbs raise, put forward, discuss, etc., with the adjectives urgent, vital, disputable and so on. The verbs accept occurs in numerous contexts together with the nouns proposal, invitation, plan and others.

As a rule, thematic groups deal with contexts on the level of the sentence. Words in thematic groups are joined together by common contextual associations within the framework of the sentence and reflect the interlinking of things or events. Common contextual association of the words, e.g. tree — grow — green; journey — train — taxi — bags — ticket or sunshine — brightly — blue — sky, is due to the regular co-occurrence of these words in a number of sentences. Words making up a thematic group belong to different parts of speech and do not possess any common denominator of meaning. Contextual associations formed by the speaker of a language are usually conditioned by the context of situation which necessitates the use of certain words. When watching a play, for example, we naturally speak of the actors who act the main parts, of good (or bad) staging of the play, of the wonderful scenery and so on. When we go shopping it is usual to speak of the prices, of the goods we buy, of the shops [4, p.50].

I.2.1.Meaning and Context

One of the most important "drawbacks" of polysemantic words is that there is sometimes a chance of misunderstanding when a word is used in a certain meaning but accepted by a listener or reader in another. Generally speaking, it is common knowledge that context is a powerful preventative against any misunderstanding of meanings. For instance, the adjective dull, if used out of context, would mean different things to different people or nothing at all. It is only in combination with other words that it reveals its actual meaning: a dull pupil, a dull play, a dull razor-blade, dull weather, etc. Sometimes, however, such a minimum context fails to reveal the meaning of the word, and it may be correctly interpreted termed as second-degree context, as in the following example:

The man was large, but his wife was even fatter. The word fatter here serves as a kind of indicator pointing that large describes a stout man and not a big one.

Current research in semantics is largely based on the assumption that one of the more promising methods of investigating the semantic structure of a word is by studying the word's linear relationships with other words in typical contexts, i. e. its combinability or collectability [3, p.45].

II. Difficulties and Importance of Contextual Translation

Each language is composed of an ensemble of words, which is a lexicon, which means in translation process is a problem in the signifiers. So, except for the few borrowings the sounds that compose words in any language are different from those which compose the words equivalent to other languages. So, each cognitive experience can be expressed in any language existing classified.

The translator must find one solution for every problem that occurs during translation process. But the translator's activity is usually a failure; it means that the perfect translation would be something other than reproduction of the original text: not a mechanical transcription, but the exact rewriting of the original text into its own language.

The Analysis of the Sentences with Food Terms:

Original English sentence: “In creating the framework, McDonald's continued its historically collaborative approach by consulting with suppliers, franchisees, customers and more than a dozen sustainability experts, NGOs and socially responsible investment organizations”.

Translated Romanian sentence: În crearea ipotezei, McDonald’s a continuat o colaborare istorică, prin consultarea cu furnizorii, francize,clienți și mai mulți experți de durabilitate, o duzină de Organizați non-guvernamentale și Organizații de investiții responsabile din punct de vedere social.

French Translation: Dans la création de le cadre, McDonald a poursuivi son approche collaborative historiquement par la consultation avec les fournisseurs, franchisés, clients et plus d'une douzaine d'experts en matière de durabilité, des ONG et des organisations d'investissement socialement responsible.

This sentence is taken from the press release “McDonald’s Announces 2020 Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Plans”. The sentence is full of economic terms, for example: “franchise and customers”. The original definitions of the franchise from the dictionary are:

1. The right or license granted by a company to an individual or group to market its products or services in a specific territory.

2. A store, restaurant, or other business operating under such a license.

3. The territory over which such a license extends.

4. A privilege arising from the grant of a sovereign or government, or from prescription, which presupposes a grant.

Synonyms: authorization, exemption, patent, suffrage, ballot.

But if we take the context we must choose the right equivalent according to the context, so the best one is: the right granted by a reputable company with another undertaking that the latter may exploit intellectual or industrial property rights of the franchisor, in exchange for a financial contribution in order to produce or supply of goods or provision of services. If we translate it into French this word has the meanings as la franchise, le droit de suffrage, le droit constitutionnel. So, we can say that according to word-to-word method of translation this noun has many contexts, it may refer to the suffrage, the civil right to vote; jurisdictions used to be treated as property rights, and could be referred to as franchises. In sport, for example it can be: League franchise, a local or regional business franchising operation under a particular sporting league in activities such as pool, darts, etc. In our text the right meaning must belong to the business field that involves “licensing of trademarks and methods of doing business.”

The next term is customers:

According to the dictionary definition it is:

1. Person addressing a lawyer to defend its interests, a doctor to seek treatment.

2. (In ancient Rome) plebeian without full rights, dependent on a patrician and protected by it.

3. Buyer or consumer (permanently) in a shop in a local public.

4. In ecology customer is an organism, usually an animal that feeds on plants or other animals.

Synonyms: client, consumer, patron, purchaser.

In our context the best explanation is the consumer it is “one that buys from a shop or eats something in a public place”. The style of this sentence is bookish which corresponds to formal speech. Also we can find an abbreviation in this sentence “NGO” (Non-governmental organization), that is also very typical feature for the documents writing.

Original English sentence: “We will continue to meet our customers' needs for choice and balanced menu options, including fruits and vegetables.”

Romanian Translation: “Noi vom continua să satisfacem nevoile clienților noștri în alegerea și meniurilor echilibrate, inclusiv fructe și legume.”

French Translation: “Nous allons continuer à répondre aux besoins de nos clients en matière de choix et menu équilibré options, y compris les fruits et legumes.”

In the sentence are a lot of food terms, for example: “menu, fruits and vegetables.” The dictionary definition of the term menu is:

1. A list of the dishes served at a meal; bill of fare.

2. at computers a list of options available to a user, as displayed on a CRT or other type of screen.

Synonyms: card, cuisine, food, table, bill of fare

There are several contexts of this word, not just a list menu in the restaurant but as another option, for example, the computer has the same menu. It is the main point of access to programs, folders, and computer settings. It is called the menu because it provides a list of options, as the restaurant menu. As the term suggests, "Start", this is often where you go to start or open items. In our sentence the most appropriate context is “the list that is written dishes and drinks served in a restaurant with respective prices.”

The noun menu is translated into French as menu and carte and the style of sentence is neutral style, because it serves situations of spontaneous everyday communication.

Original English sentence: “Nutritional values vary around the world; McDonald’s markets have different baselines for measuring sodium content and different opportunities to reduce sodium.”

Romanian Translation: “Valori nutriționale variază în întreaga lume; Piețe McDonald’s au diferite linii de bază pentru măsurarea conținutului de sodiu și diferite oportunități de a reduce sodium.”

French Translation: “Valeurs nutritionnelles varient dans le monde; Les marchés de McDonald ont différents niveaux de référence pour mesurer la teneur en sodium et différentes possibilités de réduire le sodium.”

This sentence is taken from the article “Our menu has evolved over the years to include more choices”. There is food, economic and chemical terms in this sentence, for example: “nutritional values, markets, sodium.”

Let’s start with the food term nutritional values and to give an original definition of this word. This term has only one explanation:

1. The nutritional value of food is the ability to provide the body with the nutrients it needs.

If we translate this term into Romanian it preserves its meaning and it is translated as valoarea nutritivă, and into French it is translated as valeur nutritive.

The second word is economic term market and the original definitions from the dictionary are the following:

1. A body of persons carrying on extensive transactions in a specified commodity.

2. A meeting of people for selling and buying.

3. The assemblage of people at such a meeting.

4. An open place or a covered building where buyers and sellers convene for the sale of goods; a marketplace.

Synonyms: advertise, display, retail.

For our context we can choose the right equivalent according to the text is the field or we can use also next meaning “the trade or traffic one specific product.” If we translate this noun into French it remains the same sense le marché, le débouché and la clientele.

The third word is chemical term sodium, and its original definitions from the dictionary are:

1. In chemistry, sodium is an intense chemical reagent that is not found free in nature. It undergoes a spontaneous combustion in contact with water. Sodium is an alkali metal with a high chemical reactivity; therefore, it appears in nature only as combinations. Sodium ranks fourth among silk and sixth of all chemical elements.

2. In medicine or pharmacology it is ordinary powdered sodium bicarbonate is useful in the treatment of many diseases, gastric acidity to cancer.

3. In food, sodium is found in salt and salt is added to most processed foods, both for seasoning, and for increased durability. The common sources of salt in food are preserved, some frozen vegetables, semi-prepared food, smoked meat and pickles.

In our sentence more appropriate context may be and from chemical and food point of view, so it means that nutritionists have developed numerous strategies to reduce sodium intake in the diet, the healthiest cooking habits and to choose foods introduced into the daily menu. If we translate this term French it did not change the sense and is translated as sodium. The style of this sentence is bookish, because it corresponds to the specialized field of activity.

Original English sentence: “McDonald's is collaborating with TechnoServe, an international non-profit and leading provider of agricultural technical assistance, as well as SCAN, to train up to 13,000 farmers in Guatemala and Central America.”

Romanian Translation: “McDonalds colaboreaza cu TechnoServe, un non-profit internațională și furnizor de asistență tehnică agricolă, precum și SCAN, de a instrui pana la 13.000 de fermieri din Guatemala și America Centrală.”

French Translation: “McDonald collabore avec TechnoServe, une internationale sans but lucratif et le principal fournisseur d'assistance technique agricole, ainsi que SCAN, de former jusqu'à 13 000 agriculteurs au Guatemala et en Amérique central.”

This sentence is taken from the article “We’re supporting “small holder” farmers in Guatemala”. There are many economic and agriculture terms in this sentence, for example: “provider, farmers and agricultural technical”.

If we look at the word “provider”, its original meaning from the dictionary is:

1. A person who supports a family or another person.

2. The person natural or legal delivers a customer a commodity, a product or delivering a particular service.

Synonyms: jobholder, laborer, worker.

According to the text we can use the first meaning, in our context “provider is the company which supports farmers in Guatemala and Central America”. If we translate this term into French is translated as fournisseur and livreur. If we translate French word livreur into English, it is translated as delivery man; the meaning of word is lost.

The next term from the analysis is “farmer”, and its definitions from the dictionary:

1. Owner or tenant of a farm.

2. A person who engages some service, for example, looking after children or the poor, at a fixed price.

3. A person who collects taxes.

Synonyms: grower, laborer, peasant, producer, rancher.

In our sentence the context is “a person who operates a farm or cultivates land”. If we translate it into French is translated as le fermier, le agriculteur and le paysan. In this sentence we have abbreviation SCAN (Sustainable Commodities Assistance Network) is translated as Reziliența Produselor de Rețea, it is related with written documents. And also, we have an amount of farmers which represents a statistic of farmers trained in Guatemala and Central America. The style of this sentence is bookish, because it corresponds to the common literary layer of the English vocabulary.

Original English sentence: “In the U.S., switching from 1% low-fat chocolate milk to fat-free chocolate milk reduced calories by 24% and sugar by 12%, and resulted in a beverage with zero grams of both total fat and saturated fat per 8-fluid ounce labeled serving.”

Romanian Translation: “În SUA, au trecut de la 1% conținut scăzut de grăsimi din lapte de ciocolată la ciocolata cu lapte degresat reducind caloriile cu 24% și zahăr cu 12%, și la băutură au redus cu zero grame de grasimi, totalul de grasimi saturate per uncie 8-fluid marcate pe etichetă.”

French Translation: “Aux États-Unis, passant de 1% à faible teneur en matière grasse du lait au chocolat au lait au chocolat sans gras calories réduit de 24% et le sucre de 12%, et a abouti à une boisson contenant zéro gramme de fois gras total et de gras saturés par once 8-fluide portion étiquetée.”

This sentence is taken from the article “Our menu has evolved over the years to include more choices.” There are many food terms “low-fat and calories” in this sentence and the original meanings of this definition from the dictionary are:

In the first example low-fat there are only one definition and it is the context of the sentence which did not change in both languages. It is translated into Romanian as conținut scăzut de grăsimi, and into French faible en gras.

The next term is “calorie”:

1. Units of measurement equal to the amount of heat that raises the temperature of one gram of water distilled from 19.5 to 20.5 ° C.

2. This is a unit of measurement that indicates the energy value of a food.

In this sentence the right context is a unit of heat energy, which is used in food or metabolic measurements. This term is translated into French as calorie. This term does not change its meaning; it is translated in the same way in both languages. And also, we have a percentage, which indicates decreasing of fats. The style of sentence is bookish which embraces the scientific terms.

Original Romanian sentence: Chicken Cordon Bleu și Beef Gourmet sunt două sandvișuri excelente, create de McDonald’s pe gustul consumatorilor din România.

English Translation: Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet are two excellent sandwiches on the taste of consumers created by McDonald's in Romania.

French Translation: Poulet Cordon Bleu et boeuf Gourmet sont deux excellents sandwichs sur le goût des consommateurs créé par McDonald en Roumanie.

This sentence is taken from press release “McDonald’s România lansează în premieră Chicken Cordon Bleu și Beef Gourmet”. The sentence is full of cooking terms, for examples: sandwiches, Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet.

For the first example we would like to give an original explanation from dictionary:

1. South Sandwich is a British Overseas Territory consisting of archipelagos South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands located in the South Atlantic.

2. A sandwich is a dish usually consisting of two or more slices of bread with one or more coats between, or a slice of bread with one or more toppings.

For our context is only one explanation, in the sentence it is written about types of dishes. If we translate this term, it remains the same meaning.

Next terms are Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet; these are two types of sandwiches at McDonald’s. Chicken Cordon Bleu sandwich is a sandwich prepared in a bun sprinkled with cornmeal with chicken coated in breadcrumbs with cheese and ham inside, McChicken sauce, lettuce and tomato. Gourmet Beef sandwich is a sandwich with two slices of beef, sauce Grill and McChicken sauce, salad, two slices of cheese, slices of fresh onion and pickled cucumbers prepared in a bun sprinkled with white and black sesame seeds. If we translate these two terms, the meanings remain the same, because they are single names in all languages. The style of this sentence is bookish, because it refers to language layer of the vocabulary.

Original English sentence: We have been working to reduce saturated fats, sugar, artificial Tran’s fats (which form when plant fats are partially hydrogenated) and sodium in a number of our menu items in various markets.

Romanian Translation: Am lucrat pentru a reduce grasimile saturate, zahărul, grăsimi trans -artificiali (care se formează atunci când grăsimile vegetale sunt parțial hidrogenate) și de sodiu într-o serie de produse din meniu nostru în diverse piețe.

French Translation: Nous avons travaillé pour réduire les graisses saturées, le sucre, les graisses trans artificiels (qui se forment lorsque des graisses végétales sont partiellement hydrogénées) et de sodium dans un certain nombre de nos éléments de menu dans les différents marchés.

This sentence is taken from the article “Reducing saturated fat, sugar, artificial trans fats and sodium”. There is lot of food terms in this sentence, such as: fats, sugar and Tran’s fats. For the first example we would like to give an original explanation from the dictionary:

1. It is obesity or corpulence.

2. Action or lines in a dramatic part that permit an actor to display abilities.

3. The richest or best part of anything.

4. Greasy substance widely in the tissues of animals and plants, form in man and certain animals, the first layer under the skin covering the muscles.

But if we take the context we must choose the right equivalent according to the context, so the best one variant is “a class of naturally occurring soft greasy solids that are esters of glycerol and certain fatty acids, processed and used in the light industry and food industry”. The problem of replacing animal and vegetable fats by synthetic products is aimed problem on a permanent basis our light industry and in particular the food. If we translate this term into French it is translated as graisses.

Trans fats – kind of unsaturated fats, are in the trans configuration, i.e. the location having hydrocarbon substituents on opposite sides of the double bond, "carbon-carbon" (so-called trans-configuration). Hydrogenated fats obtained by hydrogenation.

The next food term that we would like to analyse is sugar:

A word formerly used in communications to represent the letter S.

Sometimes we can find it as an affectionate or familiar term of address, as to a child or a romantic partner.

In chemistry it is a member of the same class of carbohydrates, as lactose, glucose, or fructose.

Species of white crystallized sucrose, readily soluble in water, sweet and pleasant taste, obtained mainly from sugar beet or sugar cane and being one of the basic food.

In our case the most appropriate context is a substance of a class of crystalline carbohydrates, including sucrose and lactose, and therefore having a characteristically sweet taste and classified as monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and trisaccharides. Also we can say that people are like sugar, it is considered very good, kind and helpful. The style of this sentence is bookish, because it refers to language layer of the vocabulary.

Original English sentence: Globally in 2012, about 25% of our total coffee bean purchases were from Rainforest Alliance Certified, Fair Trade USA or UTZ Certified farms.

Romanian Translation: La nivel global, în 2012, aproximativ 25% din totalul achizițiilor noastre de cafea boabe au fost de la Rainforest Alliance Certified, Fair Trade SUA sau Utz Companii Certificate.

French Translation: Globalement en 2012, environ 25% de nos achats totaux de grains de café étaient de Rainforest Alliance Certified, Fair Trade USA ou certifié par UTZ fermes.

This sentence is taken from the article “We’re supporting “small holder” farmers”. The sentence is full of economical and food terms, for example: bean, Alliance and trade.

The original definition of bean is taken from the dictionary:

Annual herbaceous plant of the legume family, with leaves composed of three leaflets large, hairy, with white flowers, white-green, pink or red, grown for its seed pods and for food.

Species of fleshy fruit with core spherical in the middle.

It may be a minimum amount of money.

Synonyms: berry, grain, kernel.

There are many meanings of this term, but in our context is the best variant is “a fruit of some plants, means having one or more seeds”, for example: French bean, lima bean, scarlet runner, string bean. In French this term is translated as le haricot, le grain and la fève.

Following term which we analyze is trade and its original definitions from the dictionary are:

1. Exchange of products buying and selling them, business deal or transaction.

2. Some line of skilled manual or mechanical work; craft.

3. It may be an occupation pursued as a business or livelihood

4. In sport, it means to transfer (a player under contract) from one team to another.

Synonyms: business, dealing and barter.

In our case the best context is “the act of buying and selling goods and services either on the domestic (wholesale and retail) markets or on the international (import, export, and entrepôt) markets related adjective mercantile”. This term is into French as le commerce, le métier and la profession. In this sentence is one abbreviation UTZ it means Universal Trade Zone, in Romanian is translated as Zona Comercială Universală, and in French is translated as Zone de commerce Universal that is also very typical feature for the documents writing.

CONCLUSION

Due to this practice we had the possibility to increase our professional skills as translators. It helped us to accumulate the real experience so we could try our abilities and our knowledge and put everything what we have gathered during these three years of studying. During this period each of us decided if she/he can overcome this step into the real world and become a good specialist.

This work helped young specialists to become familiar with the field of food industry, so develop some professional values that helped us integrate into a team of professionals. This practice can be compared with a teacher that helped you verify the professional skills of future specialists.

So, our practice of translation took place in an American restaurant "McDonald's" from the very beginning I understood that it will not be easy to activate as a translator, because I was not deeply familiar with economic terms and food terms. I met a lot of articles of food and many types of unknown products terminology. I needed to search the explanation of some unknown food terms, and even economical terms. I met a lot of notions which I have never known before even in my native language, but I used a lot of dictionaries, and finally we reached the required level.

That was the first my experience I had in this restaurant as a translator and I can say it is very hard to be a translator, because you have to be careful to keep the meaning of the text. First of all, students did not have a sufficient background of specialized terms, and secondly, we must be careful to understand every word, because with this vocabulary will be easier to work in the food industry. Therefore, every professional must be prepared for every situation of life. We must be ready at every moment, and work more with our vocabulary.

In the first chapter we analyzed peculiarities of translation, and what it means. We studied the phenomenon of translation as integrative, enriched by new research, progress and investigations. Tendencies and reflections on translation are so varied and multiple recent and questionable that instead become “rhapsodies of theorems”. The problem of translation has long benefited from a systematic study. We classified types of translation, there are three types: intralingual translation that is the signs of a language interpretation by other signs of the same language; intersemiotic translation and interlingual translation. We gave definition of the translation problems as well as any other concept; the term "translation" can be defined depending on the criteria and principles underlying its conceptualization. We treat translation as a special case of linguistic convergence in order interlinguistic mediation, allowing transmission of information between speakers of different languages.

Also, we analyzed all about meanings and context, the semantic structure of the word has an objective existence as a dialectical entity which embodies dialectical permanency and variability. The context individualizes the meanings, brings them out. It is in this sense that we say that meaning is determined by context. The meaning or meanings representative of the semantic structure of the word and least dependent on context are usually described as free or denominative meanings.

In chapter II we analyzed difficulties and importance of contextual translation; we chose four texts from translation practice and analyzed the phrases from them. We chose phrases that contain economic and food terms, and each of term I found synonymous. We searched in the dictionary original definition, so choosing the most appropriate context.

This practice helped me a lot, because I had the opportunity to do practice in an American restaurant where we meet native speakers from abroad. Practical training was the opportunity to apply knowledge gained in our degree program. I'm glad I had this opportunity to do that I liked much. After this I remain very excited, this project familiarized me more with the tasks to the translator. The project is finished, but the knowledge and experience will be used in my career.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Scientific works:

Bendana, Lola. Everything you ever wanted to know about translation. Canada 2012, p. 114

Ungureanu, Victoria. Teoria Traducerii. Universitatea de Stat „Alecu Russo”, Bălți, 2013, p. 122

Books:

Ciobanu, Olga. A guide to english lexicology.Published by Cetatea de Sus. Chișinau 2010, p. 224

Ginzburg. A course in modern English lexicology. Published by Moscow: Vyssaja Skola, 1979, p. 269

Dictionaries

Budușan, Valeria; Esztergar, Clara. Dicționar francez-român, român-francez. Chișinău: Știința, 2000. p.709

Hornby, Albert S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p.1428

Lewis, Norman. Word Power Made Easy. New York: Pocket Books, 1979. p.528

Merriam-Webster Thesaurus. New York: Pocket Books, 1978. p.634

Plăcintar, Emilia; Bertea, Mircea. Dicționar englez-român, român-englez. Chișinău: Știința, 2000. p.709

Webster’s American English Dictionary. Springfield: Federal Street Press, 1995. p.405.

Internet sources

Bradley, Steven. The Importance of Context, available at http://www.vanseodesign.com/web-design/importance-context (visited 23/04/15)

Context in translation: Definition and access available at http://www.ttt.org/context/ContextInTranslation-body-published70.pdf (visited on 20/04/15)

Context, Translation Quality, and Productivity available at http://www.transifex.com/blog/2013/context-translation-quality-and-productivity/ (visited 21/04/15)

Dictionnaires Larousse bilingues en ligne, available at http://www.larousse.fr/ (visited 28/04/2015).

Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, available at http://www.dex.ro (visited on 12/05/15)

Online Dictionary Thesaurus available at http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/franchise (visited on 15/05/15)

Online Dictionary, available at http://dictionary.reference.com (visited on 25/04/15)

Oxford Dictionaries, available at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (visited 25/04/2015).

The Importance of Context, available at http://somatic.com/blog/2007/12/context/ (visited on 20/04/15)

Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/ (visited 27/04/15).

ANNEXES

Text 1 (original)

Descopera Surprizele Iernii De La Mcdonald’s!
Mcdonald’s România Lansează În Premieră Chicken Cordon Bleu Și Beef Gourmet

București, 28 noiembrie 2014 – McDonald’s România își invită consumatorii într-o nouă călătorie culinară prin lansarea a două sandvișuri noi – Chicken Cordon Bleu și Beef Gourmet. Produsele fac parte din campania de iarna și vor fi disponibile în perioada 28 noiembrie 2014 – 8 ianuarie 2015 în toate restaurantele McDonald’s din țară.

McDonald’s România își dorește ca prin această campanie să aduca la McDonaldʼs atmosfera caldă pe care oamenii o caută de Sărbători. O surpriză cu prilejul Sărbătorilor este întotdeuna un motiv în plus pentru a petrece momente frumoase cu cei dragi, la McDonaldʼs.

În perioada Sărbătorilor McDonaldʼs le oferă clienților două noi sandvișuri: Chicken Cordon Bleu și Beef Gourmet.

• Sandvișul Chicken Cordon Bleu – un sandviș preparat într-o chiflă presărată cu mălai, cu carne de pui în înveliș pane cu brânză și șuncă în interior, sos McChicken, salată și roșii.

• Sandvișul Beef Gourmet – un sandviș cu două felii de carne de vită, sos Grill și sos McChicken, salată, două felii de brânză, felii de ceapă proaspătă și castraveți murați, preparat într-o chiflă presarată cu semințe de susan albe și negre.

„Ne place sa ne surprindem clientii cu produse noi și gustoase. Suntem în permanență atenți la nevoile lor și dorim să le oferim o experiență unică McDonald’s în fiecare dintre cele 67 de restaurante. Chicken Cordon Bleu și Beef Gourmet sunt 2 sandvișuri excelente, create de McDonald’s pe gustul consumatorilor din România. Două sandvișuri de sărbătoare menite să strângă familia și prietenii la McDonald’s", declară Daniel Boaje, Director General McDonaldʼs România.

Despre McDonald’s România

McDonald’s este prima și singura companie americană care a deschis un lanț de restaurante în România. Compania deține 67 de restaurante în 21 de orașe – 32 de restaurante în București și 35 în restul țării, primind zilnic peste 150.000 clienți. McDonald’s are peste 4.000 de angajați în România și a fost în fiecare an unul dintre cei mai buni angajatori români.

English Translation

Discover Winter Surprises at McDonald's!

McDonald's Romania launches for the first Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet

Bucharest, November 28, 2014 – McDonald's Romania invites its customers a new culinary journey through the launch of two new sandwiches – Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet. The products are part of the winter campaign and will be available from November 28, 2014- January 8, 2015 all McDonald's restaurants in the country.

McDonald's Romania wants to bring this campaign to McDonald warm atmosphere that people seeking holiday. A surprise is always with the occasion more reason to spend beautiful moments with loved ones at McDonald's.

During the holidays it offers customers McDonald's two new sandwiches: Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet.

Chicken Cordon Bleu sandwich – a sandwich prepared in a bun sprinkled with cornmeal with chicken coated in breadcrumbs with cheese and ham inside McChicken sauce, lettuce and tomato.

• Gourmet Beef sandwich – a sandwich with two slices of beef, sauce Grill and McChicken sauce, salad, two slices of cheese, slices of fresh onion and pickled cucumbers prepared in a bun sprinkled with white and black sesame seeds.

"We like to surprise our customers with new products and tasty. We are always attentive to their needs and we want to offer a unique experience in each of the 67McDonald's restaurants. Chicken Cordon Bleu and Beef Gourmet are two excellent sandwiches on the taste of consumers created by McDonald's in Romania. Two sandwiches of celebration meant to gather family and friends to McDonald's, "says Daniel Boaje, CEO McDonald Romania.

About McDonald's Romania

McDonald's is the first and only American company to open a chain of restaurants in Romania. The company has 67 restaurants in 21 cities – 32 of 35 restaurants in Bucharest and rest of the country, receiving more than 150,000 customers daily. McDonald's has more than 4,000 employees in Romania and every year has been one of the best Romanian employers.

Text 2 (original)

McDonald's Announces 2020 Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Plans

OAK BROOK, IL–(Marketwired – April 30, 2014) – McDonald's Corp. today announced its first Corporate Social Responsibility & Sustainability Framework that is designed to position the company for the future, while generating measurable, positive impacts for society.

McDonald's released the Framework in conjunction with the Company's 2012-2013 CSR & Sustainability Report. In creating the framework, McDonald's continued its historically collaborative approach by consulting with suppliers, franchisees, customers and more than a dozen sustainability experts, NGOs and socially responsible investment organizations.

McDonald's 2020 CSR & Sustainability Framework aspirational goals include:
Supporting sustainable beef production by collaborating to develop global principles and criteria, and committing to begin purchasing a portion of beef from verified sustainable sources in 2016

Sourcing 100 percent of coffee, palm oil and fish that is verified to support sustainable production

Procuring 100 percent of fiber-based packaging from certified or recycled sources

Serving 100 percent more fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy or whole grains in nine of its top markets

Increasing in-restaurant recycling to 50 percent and minimizing waste in nine of its top markets

Increasing energy efficiency in company-owned restaurants by 20 percent in seven of its top markets

"In our new framework, we are focusing on the areas that are core to our business and that can make a real difference," said J.C. Gonzalez-Mendez, senior vice president of McDonald's Global Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability and Philanthropy. We will continue to work with multiple stakeholders to develop practical solutions to increase recycling in our restaurants and across the industry. We will continue to meet our customers' needs for choice and balanced menu options, including fruits and vegetables."

"McDonald's is a company with the power to help transform the global food marketplace and to lead its industry towards sustainability," said Suzanne Apple, SVP, Private Sector Engagement, World Wildlife Fund. "While this is a journey and requires a long-term vision, these sustainability goals are a great step forward in addressing issues that are key to McDonald's business and value chain."

"We're on our way to mainstreaming sustainability," said Bob Langert, McDonald's vice president of Corporate Social Responsibility & Sustainability. "Sustainability doesn't fully happen until the consumer is engaged and connected. In addition to catapulting momentum on key social and environmental issues, the difference McDonald's can make is bringing sustainability to the masses, making it part of our everyday business life and the lives of our customers."

The theme of the 2012-2013 CSR & Sustainability Report is, "Our Journey Together. For Good." Highlights from the report include:
Committing to the Clinton Global Initiative in collaboration with the Alliance for a Healthier Generation to make nutritious choices and nutrition education a bigger part of the McDonald's experience

Offering fruits, vegetables, or low-fat dairy in Happy Meals in more than 95% of our restaurants around the world

Sourcing 100% of whitefish from fisheries that are verified sustainable

Installing approximately 300,000 pieces of more energy efficient kitchen and building equipment in restaurants worldwide since 2010

Of the more than 34,000 restaurants surveyed in 2013, about 90% reported recycling used cooking oil and about 77% reported recycling corrugated cardboard.

Romanian translation

Anunțuri 2020 responsabilitatea socială a întreprinderilor McDonald și planuri de sustenabilitate

Oak Brook, IL – (Marketwired – 30 aprilie 2014) – a anuntat astazi Corporația McDonalds că este primul corporativ Social cu Responsabilitatea sociala si durabilitatea, care este proiectat pentru a poziționa compania pentru viitor, în timp ce generatoarul măsurabil, are un impact pozitiv pentru societate.

McDonalds a lansat o ipoteză în legătură cu 2012-2013 CSR & Raport de Dezvoltare Durabilă al Companiei. În crearea ipotezei, McDonalds a continuat colaborare istorică, prin consultarea cu furnizorii, francize, clienții și mai mulți experții de durabilitate, o duzină de ONG-uri și organisme responsabile social.

McDonalds 2020 CSR & Durabilitate in cadru obiectivelor aspiraționale cuprind:

• Susținerea producției de carne de vită durabile prin colaborarea, pentru a dezvolta principii și criterii la nivel mondial, și angajându-se să înceapă achiziționarea unui porțiune de carne de vită din surse durabile verificate în 2016

• Aprovizionare 100 suta cu cafea, ulei de palmier și de pește, care este verificat să susțină producția durabila

• Procurarea 100 la suta de ambalaje pe bază de fibre din surse autorizate sau reciclate

• Servirea 100 la suta mai multe fructe, legume, lactate scăzute de grăsimi sau cereale integrale în nouă dintre piețele sale de top

• Creșterea reciclari în restaurante de 50 la suta și reducerea la minimum a deșeurilor în nouă dintre piețele sale de top

• Creșterea eficienței energetice în restaurante, companie detinuta de 20 la suta in sapte din piețele sale de top

"În noul nostru cadru, ne concentrăm pe zonele care sunt de bază pentru afacerea noastră și care pot face o diferenta reala", a declarat JC Gonzalez-Mendez, prim-vicepresedinte al Responsabilitații sociale a întreprinderilor McDonalds, durabile și filantropice. Vom continua sa lucram cu mai multe părți interesate pentru a dezvolta soluții practice, pentru a mări reciclarea în restaurantele noastre și întreaga industrie. Vom continua, pentru a satisface nevoile clienților noștri pentru alegerea și opțiuni de meniu echilibrat, inclusiv fructe și legume. "

"McDonalds este o companie cu puterea de a contribui la transformarea piaței alimentară mondiale și să conducă industria spre durabilitatea", a declarat Suzanne Apple, SVP, sectorul privat de angajament, World Wildlife Fund. "În timp ce aceasta este o călătorie și necesită o viziune pe termen lung, aceste obiective de durabilitate sunt un mare pas înainte în abordarea problemelor care sunt esențiale pentru afaceri și valoarea lanțului McDonalds."

"Suntem în drum spre integrarea durabilității", a declarat Bob Langert, vice-presedinte McDonalds de Responsabilitate Socială Corporativă și Dezvoltarea durabilă.

"Durabilitate nu are loc în totalitate până ce consumatorul este implicat și conectat. În plus față de avântul problemelor sociale și cheielor sociale, diferența pe care McDonalds poate sa o fac este ca aduce durabilitate a maselor, ceea ce face parte din viața noastră de zi cu zi și a afacerilor clienților noștri. "

Tema de CSR si Sustenabilitate Raportul din 2012-2013, "Calatorie împreună. Pentru totdeauna."

Sublinind din raport:

• Angajamentul Clinton Global Initiative în colaborare cu Alianța pentru o generație mai sanatoasa, pentru a face alegeri nutritive și educația nutrițională este o parte mai mare a experienței McDonalds

• Oferim fructe, legume, lactate sau continut scazut de grasime in Happy Meals mai mult de 95% din restaurantele noastre din întreaga lume

• Aprovizionare cu 100% din pește alb care este verificat la durabilitate

• Instalarea aproximativ 300.000 echipament de bucătărie și construcții, eficiente energetice în restaurante la nivel mondial din 2010

• Din cele peste 34.000 de restaurante studiate în 2013, aproximativ 90% au raportat reciclare folosirei uleiului de gătit și aproximativ 77% au raportat reciclare carton.

Text 3 (original)

We’re Supporting “Small Holder” Farmers

At McDonald's, we're committed to bringing you great-tasting coffee and espresso brewed from high quality coffee beans. At the same time, we realize that when it comes to coffee sourcing — where we get our beans and the farmers who grow them — it's important that we think about the long-term impacts of coffee production and trading.

Globally, we're committed to responsible coffee sourcing, and we're focusing our efforts in two primary ways intended to drive ethical, environmental and economic outcomes in our coffee supply chain.

1. Buying certified (and verified) coffee. Globally in 2012, about 25% of our total coffee bean purchases were from Rainforest Alliance Certified™, Fair Trade USA or UTZ Certified farms. The majority of our certified coffee purchases are from Rainforest Alliance Certified™ farms, including 100% of our espresso in the US and Canada, and all of our coffee in Australia and New Zealand. McDonald's markets in Europe source 100% of their coffee – with the exception of decaf – from farms that are Rainforest Alliance Certified, UTZ Certified, or Fair Trade International.

2. Investing in farmer training: McDonald's USA, McDonald's Canada and their franchisees are investing over $6 million in a farmer technical assistance program.

While our goal to advance coffee sustainability is global in nature, our efforts begin locally. McDonald's is collaborating with TechnoServe, an international non-profit and leading provider of agricultural technical assistance, as well as SCAN (Sustainable Commodities Assistance Network), to train up to 13,000 farmers in Guatemala and Central America.

This effort includes providing farmers with technical assistance and training to produce coffee in a more sustainable manner. Through these efforts, McDonald's endeavors to strengthen local economies preserve biodiversity and give farmers the tools they need to improve their production. When farmers can deliver a more consistent, high-quality bean, it increases the chances that their yield can be sold for a higher price, helping to improve their livelihood. It also helps our business because by supporting the development of sustainable farming practices McDonald's hopes to ensure coffee's long-term availability in the region. The majority of our Arabica bean coffee comes from countries such as Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Brazil.

Romanian Translation

Noi Susținem Fermieri " Micii proprietari"

La McDonalds, avem angajatul să vă aduce marele gust al cafelei și al espresso preparate din boabe de cafea de inalta calitate. În același timp, ne dăm seama că, atunci când vine vorba despre aprovizionarea cu cafea – de unde vor ajunge boabele noastre – este important să ne gândim la impactul pe termen lung de producție și de comercializare a cafelei.

La nivel global, suntem angajați de mare răspundere în aprovizionarea cafelei, și ne concentrăm eforturile în două moduri principale destinate de a conduce rezultatele etice, de mediu și economice în lanțul nostru de aprovizionare cafea.

Cumpararea certificată (și verificarea) a cafelei. La nivel global, în 2012, aproximativ 25% din totalul achizițiilor noastre de cafea boabe au fost de la Rainforest Alliance Certified ™, Fair Trade SUA sau Utz Certified ferme. Majoritatea achizițiilor noastre de cafea certificate sunt din ferme Rainforest Alliance Certified ™, inclusiv 100% din espresso noastre în SUA și Canada, precum și toate de cafea noastre în Australia și Noua Zeelandă. Piețele McDonald din Europa o sursă de 100% din cafeaua – cu excepția cafelei decafeinizată- de la ferme care sunt Rainforest Alliance Certified, UTZ Certified sau Târg Internațional.

Investiția în instruire fermierilor: McDonald USA, McDonald Canada și francizatii lor investesc peste 6 milioane dolari într-un program de asistență tehnică a fermierilor.

În timp ce obiectivul nostru de a avansa durabilitate cafelei este de natură globală, eforturile noastre încep la nivel local. McDonalds colaboreaza cu TechnoServe, un non-profit internațională și furnizor de asistență tehnică agricolă, precum și SCAN, de a instrui pana la 13.000 de fermieri din Guatemala și America Centrală.

Acest efort include furnizarea agricultorilor cu asistență tehnică și instruire pentru a produce cafea într-o manieră mai durabilă. Prin aceste eforturi, McDonald’s consolidează economiile locale în conservarea biodiversității și a da agricultorilor instrumentele de care au nevoie pentru a îmbunătăți producția. Când agricultorii pot oferi boabe de înaltă calitate, crește șansele ca randamentul lor și pot fi vândute pentru un preț mai mare, ajutând la îmbunătățirea traiul lor. Aceasta ajută, de asemenea, afacerea noastră, deoarece prin sprijinirea dezvoltării de practici agricole durabile speranțele McDonalds de a asigura disponibilitatea pe termen lung de cafea în regiune. Majoritatea este cafea Arabică, boabe noastre provin din țări precum Columbia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador și Brazilia.

Text 4 (original)

Our Menu Has Evolved Over the Years to Include More Choices

Grilled chicken, salads, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy options, and a variety of tastes and sizes all help our customers create meals that satisfy their nutritional and lifestyle needs.

Reducing saturated fat, sugar, artificial trans fats and sodium

We have been working to reduce saturated fats, sugar, artificial trans fats (which form when plant fats are partially hydrogenated) and sodium in a number of our menu items in various markets. For instance, in 2012 a number of McDonald’s markets in Europe reduced saturated fat by approximately 30% in sundaes and shakes. In the U.S., switching from 1% low-fat chocolate milk to fat-free chocolate milk reduced calories by 24% and sugar by 12%, and resulted in a beverage with zero grams of both total fat and saturated fat per 8-fluid ounce labeled serving. All of the fried products that McDonald’s U.S. serves — including French fries, hash browns and fried chicken choices — have zero grams of trans fat per labeled serving.

McDonald’s is also working to reduce sodium in our menu items. The timing and reduction amounts vary by country and menu item. Because nutritional values vary around the world, McDonald’s markets have different baselines for measuring sodium content and different opportunities to reduce sodium. The number of McDonald’s markets and the menu variation among them has made it difficult to calculate an overall improvement that represents all of our operations worldwide. However, we are making progress, including:

From 2009-2012, McDonald’s Canada worked to reduce sodium in a number of menu items. Two of the ingredients with the biggest sodium reductions are the grilled chicken patty, which had a 45% reduction in sodium, and the crispy chicken patty, which had a 50% reduction in sodium.

The amount of salt dispensed on fries has been reduced by 20% in markets across Europe.

McDonald’s Australia achieved a 20% sodium reduction in their American cheese slices.

During the last several years, a number of markets in Europe have been working to reduce salt in their Chicken McNuggets.

Boosting whole grains

McDonald’s USA uses buns made with 8 grams of whole grain for premium chicken sandwiches, offers Fruit & Maple Oatmeal with two servings of whole grain in the oatmeal and uses an English muffin made with 8 grams of whole grain for breakfast sandwiches. The oatmeal offerings alone have provided more than 500 million servings of whole grain since the oatmeal was introduced in January 2011.

Romanian Translation

Meniul nostru a evoluat pe parcursul anilor

Pui la gratar, salate, fructe, cereale integrale, lactate cu opțiunea de nivel scăzut de grăsime, și o varietate de gusturi și mărimii tot ajuta clienții noștri crea mese care satisfac nevoile nutriționale și de stil de viață.

Reducerea grăsimi saturate, zahar, grasimi trans artificiali și sodium.

Am lucrat pentru a reduce grăsimi saturate, zahăr, grăsimi trans artificiali (care se formează atunci când grăsimile vegetale sunt parțial hidrogenate) și de sodiu într-o serie de elemente din meniu în diverse piețe. De exemplu, în 2012, un număr de piețe McDonalds în Europa au redus grasimile saturate cu aproximativ 30% în înghețată și shake-uri. În SUA, trecerea de la 1% scăzut de grăsime din lapte de ciocolată pentru ciocolata cu lapte degresat calorii sau redus cu 24% și zahăr cu 12%, și a dus băutură cu zero grame de grasimi, atât totale si grasimi saturate per uncie 8-fluid pe etichetate de servire. Toate produsele prajite carecDonalds SUA le servește – inclusiv cartofi prajiti, hash browns și opțiuni de pui prajiți – avea zero grame de grasimi trans pe eticheta de servire.

McDonalds, de asemenea, lucrează pentru a reduce sodiu în produsele noastre de meniu. Calendarul și de reducere a sumelor variază în funcție de țară și de meniu. Deoarece valorile nutriționale variază în întreaga lume, piețele McDonald au diferite linii de bază pentru măsurarea conținutului de sodiu și diferite oportunități pentru a reduce sodiu. Numărul de piețe McDonald și diferența de meniu dintre ei a făcut dificil de calculat o îmbunătățire generală care reprezintă toate operațiunile noastre la nivel mondial. Cu toate acestea, facem progrese, inclusiv:

Din 2009-2012, McDonald Canada a lucrat pentru a reduce sodiu într-un număr de elemente de meniu. Două dintre ingredientele cu cele mai mari reduceri de sodiu sunt Patty pui la gratar, care a avut o reducere de 45% in sodiu, iar Patty pui crocant, care a avut o reducere cu 50% a sodiu.

Cantitatea de sare distribuită pe cartofi prajiti a fost redus cu 20% pe pietele din Europa.

McDonalds din Australia a obținut o reducere de sodiu 20% felii de brânză americane.

Pe parcursul ultimilor ani, o serie de piețe din Europa au muncit pentru a reduce sare în McNuggets.

Stimularea cereale integrale

McDonalds din SUA folosesc chifle făcute cu 8 grame de cereale integrale pentru sandwich-uri de pui premium, oferă fructe și ovaz Maple cu doua portii de cereale integrale, în fulgi de ovăz și folosește o brioșă engleză preparata cu 8 grame de cereale integrale pentru micul dejun. Fulgi de ovăz au oferit mai mult de 500 de milioane de portii de cereale integrale, deoarece fulgi de ovăz a fost introduși în ianuarie 2011.

Appendix 2

Diagram 1. The Classification of Economical and Food Terms

Diagram 2. The Classification of Terms