HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography [617051]
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography
(2011) 5.2,41‐56
www.humangeographies.org.ro
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM: A COMMUNIST PARADIGM
IN A POST COMMUNIST ERA
George Erdelia, Ana Irina Dincăa*, Aurel Gheorghila șa, Camelia Surugiub
a University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, 1, Nicolae Balcescu Avenue, 010041, Bucharest, Romania
b Romanian National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism, Bucharest, Romania
Abstract: Spa tourism is one of the oldest forms of tourism which continuously evolved in time as the leisure industry
paradigm and the consumers’ behavior changed. Similar to other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, spa tourism is
an old phenomenon in Romania which expanded to the dimensions of a well defined tourism indus try during the mass
tourism period which also corresponded to the communism epoch. Although severely affected by the major political and
socio‐ economic changes which occurred after the Revolution in 1989, this industry coexists with new emergent forms of
tourism orienting, itself towards new dimensions embraced by the contemporary leisure consumerism (e.g. medi cal
tourism, cosmetic treatments). Lying on considerable balneal and climate resources and displaying an important
communist heritage both in physical terms (large and massive tourism structures) and in virtual and psychological terms
(social supportive ticket granting system), Romanian spa tourism faces various challenges in the attempt to adapt in a new
tourism era.
Key words: Ro
mania, Spa tourism, Communist heritage, Post‐socialist evolution.
Introduction
Spa tourism is one of the oldest types of tourism,
developed since antiquity age, which evolved
continuously and developed complex and various
forms throughout different historical periods under
the influence of political and economic systems, on
the one hand, and of changes in the social options
and tourists’ interests regarding this type of tourism,
on the other. As a constantly important part of
tourism activity, sp
a tourism gained in time new
variables, determined by the dynamic of leisure
industry and by the evolution of consumers’ behavior
paradigm.
This study aims to define the main characteristics
of the Romanian spa tourism, traditionally an
important part of the natio nal tourism market, du
e to
the important resources discovered and valued since
antiquity and developed to the dimensions of a real
tourism industry during communism period, which
tries to adapt to new market realities. This paper
underlines the meaning of spa tourism, as a
continuous multiphase paradigm, inf luenced by
modern patterns of tourism consume and, at the same time, the matching of Romanian practices and
types of destinations into it. The second part of the
paper emphasizes the important role played by the
communist heritage in the present resorts’ landscape,
especially through the pregnant mass hospitality
structur es an
d the social systems of consume,
adapting too slowly to the new market demands. In
this context, new strategies have recently been
elaborated by the Government with the help of
international experts, in order to help the industry
adopt a more marketing oriented approach for its
future development.
The meaning of spa tourism
The main function of spa tourism resorts is to provide
health care service by using natural factors for
medical cure in specialized structures and a pleasant
environment. Spa locations can differ, to a great
extent, from a simple spa hotel until a real tourism
resort with different spa profiles. Within the tourism
market, a clear distinctio
n between medical and
balneal tourism can be made, as the first is mainly
focused on treatments and cure of an already
diagnosed illness, its extreme form being the surgical
intervention, and the second is focusing both on
*Corresponding author:
Email : dincaanairina@gmail.ro
DOI: 10.5719/hgeo.2011.52.41
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 42prevention and on prophylaxis and rehabilitation
comprising less invasive procedures (after Dincă,
2006). It is the balneal tourism, however, that
considers natural factors, mainly mineral and/or
thermal waters to be the main healing trigger for
different affections, often appealing to other
traditional natural products such as mud, gases,
plants etc. . Medical to urism appeals to balneal
resources as a complementary solution next to
pharmaceutical products and other allopath healing
techniques. According to the European Spa
Association (ESPA) „the essential framework of the
spa industry is based mainly on the use of natural
resources (including a healthy climate) with an
important co ntribution from medical care and a
comprehensive approach to therapeutic stays”. The
definition describes what the traditional Romanian
balneal‐climate tourism. The use of certified and
legally state recognized local natural remedies would
be among the first conditions ESPA mentions for the
existence of health resorts and spa facilities. Often
their profile d
iffers according to the type of resources.
The organization also remarks the fact that most spas
are located in a beautiful landscape, offering optimal
conditions for relaxations and that they should
benefit more than other settlements of the
environmental protection. It is generally agreed, in
the scientific literature, that the existe nce of health
and spa resorts is at least “in part related to the
availability of suitable natural resources including
mineral springs or attractive amenity landscapes or
climate” (Hudson, 2003).
Among the curative resources for spa tourism,
defined by worldwide reference organizations, one
may mention: springs with medicinal water for both
internal and external t
herapeutic use; healing gases;
spas, spa facilities and health resorts at the seaside
inevitably connected to thalassotherapies; peloids
used in spas, health resorts and spa facilities,
produced during geological and/or biological
processes and used in treatments in form of
compresses, packs or also in bath‐ tubs;
bioclimate/healing climate which de
fine according to
different associations a separate health resort type
and Kneipp therapy, often mixed with elements of
the Priesnitz therapy, and frequently applied in spas
and health resorts though often only in parts. Due to
modern medical techniques and new orientations of
leisure industry and to new patterns of behavior
adopted by the contemp
orary tourist ESPA also
admits that „today spa visits, health tourism, wellness,
beauty and fitness programmes, regenerative,
reconditioning and relaxation stays , are all
dynamically growing products and tourist product
packages which, combined with all‐inclusive
accommodation, catering, entertainment, sporting
and other activities, are responding to the most challengin
g demands of individual tourists, as well as
tourist offices and agencies”
(http://www.visitspas.eu/european ‐spa‐industry/).
The International Spa Association (ISPA) admits
on its turn the existence of a variety of professional
services, offered as spa products, for which clients,
not necessarily tourists, may opt for according to
their needs. The organization identifies primary types
of sp
as: the club spa (with a primary purpose in
fitness); the cruise ship spa; the day spa (offering
many of the same services and procedures as
cosmetic spas); the destination spa (a facility which
attracts spa goers for a period of stay guiding the m to
develop healthy habits through a comprehensive
complex program); the medical spa (as a full‐time
licensed professional health care facility providing
comprehensive medical and wellness care by
integrating spa services, as well as traditional,
complimentary and/or alternative therapies and
treatments); the mineral springs spa (a spa offering
an on‐site source of natural mineral, thermal or
seawater us
ed in hydrotherapy treatments) and the
resort/hotel spa (providing professionally
administered spa services, fitness and wellness
components and spa cuisine menu choices for
travelers away from home and sometimes for local
clientele) (after http://www.experienceispa.com).
The Romanian Master Plan for the Development
of Spa Touri
sm (2009), as the reference national
strategy for this domain mentions that health tourism
has nowadays several segments, namely: medical
tourism, balneal tourism, thalasotherapy,
hydrotherapy, wellbeing/spa and fitness, displaying
different functions from prevention to healing and
recreation. In this way the healing treatment function
is displayed only by medical and baln eal tourism,
whereas the recreational aspect is fulfilled only by the
last three. Almost all the forms, except from medical
tourism and fitness, play the preventing role.
Consequently, health tourism seems to be a more
proper denomination for what used to be
traditionally named as spa/balneal ‐climate tourism
and for the whole range of the pr esent, above
mentioned manifestations. Moreover, beside the
great variety of health resorts and facilities, spa
tourists are also various “ranging from guests in
search of a rest to the truly ill” (ESPA). Therefore,
tourism demand justifies the various offer of services
in the resorts “including all form s of prevention
(primary, secondary and tertiary) up to rehabilitation
and the treatment of chronic diseases” (ESPA) as
today spas are frequented by both young and old
tourists, by singles and families with children.
Another recent trend refers to the preference of
business tourism, especially conferences and
congresses, for sp a structures. Mountain and climate
spa resorts oriented as well to a greater extent
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 43towards business tourism or other forms of tourism
than those belonging to health domain.
Consequently, short stays became as frequent as long
stays in terms of average staying in spa resorts. At the
same time, a whole range of types of accommodation
structures from hotels to boarding houses are
available for tourists in these destinations, as
nowadays to
urists also prefer “out‐patient centers
located within and outside the centre of town” or “in‐
patient treatment performed totally or partially in a
health centre or in the case of acute illness, in a fully
equipped clinic” (ESPA). According to the same
organization, no matter the orienta tion and the
specific, a basic condition for the existence of a spa
resort is the qualified labor force that may provide “a
proper use of naturally occurring local remedies
(specific treatment methods) of physical therapies
and of prevention and rehabilitation”. The adequate
equipment for in‐patient and out‐patient service s and
wellness programs, which should be offered by a
certain number of structures, as well as the
hospitality structures and cultural and entertaining
programs or even a proper character and appearance
of the spa destination in general are also important.
The evolution of spa tourism concept in
Romania
Spa tourism is one of the oldest forms of tourism
which raised the interest of people on the European
continent since the ancient times. Mineral and
thermal springs differing in appearance, taste and
temperature from ordinary waters were locally used
by the Europeans (e.g. France, Germany, etc.) for
their healing powers. Romans had an important
contribution in the disco
very and the valuing of
mineral springs on their territory, gradually extended
through military campaigns. It was first during the
Roman Empire that tourism was registered as an
activity and when spa tourism began to be practiced.
Romania, as an ex province of this an tique state,
founded some of its most famous traditional spa
resorts during the Roman period (e.g. Herculane
Resort – Hercules Baths; Geoagiu Băi – Germisara).
Another important development stage of the spa
resorts began in the 18th century, for those within the
Romanian provinces integrated in the Habsburg and
later on the Austro‐Hungarian Empire and in the
early 19th century in the regions located at the East
and South of the Romanian Carpathians and
continued all along the 19th century and the
beginning of the 20th till the First World War. After
the 2nd World War, the resorts’ infrastructure was
modernized, being extended and diversified in a
rapid rhythm. In this period, big modern hotel units
and sanatorial complexes were built as the demand for health destinations valuing natural therapeutic
factors grew. Influenced by the European context,
Romania tried to develop a modern health care
syste
m, gradually put into place and to value and
scientifically fundament, through modern medicine
theories and practices, the traditional healing
methods. The medical progress, on the one hand, and
the morbidity evolution, in which the diseases
generated by higher physical and human pressures on
human body, due to the modern se dentary and
stressing lifestyle had a high share, on the other
hand, led to the integration of spa tourism products
in the medical and social systems.
Balneal and climate factors have been
rediscovered and became part of the health care
system, being combined with other pharmaceutical
means and even medicines and drug trea tments. The
interest for natural remedies grew as they became
available on a large scale and proved to have long
term positive effects with lower costs, while other
studies underlined the toxicity and side effects of
pharmaceutical products (after Erdeli and Istrate,
1996).
At the same time, a whole ticket syste m
coordinated by Health and Labor Ministries was
established. Moreover the role of spas in the social
systems is internationally recognized even nowadays
at the European level by ESPA which expressed its
concern regarding the maintenance of qualitative
standards for spa packages at low prices as economic
and socio‐political conditions su ffer radical
transformations and face important challenges in
different countries. On the other hand, after the 2nd
World War tourism industry entered in the mass
tourism development stage, orienting towards big
hospitality structures, which offered a whole range of
modern services. Spa tourism, in particular,
responded to human needs of relaxation and health
cure during the holiday period, a gaining of the labor
force that experienced the era of industria lization and
of the social oriented systems and programs governed
at the period by different political regimes in
different countries all over the Europe.
The Eastern European countries belonging to the
communist block enforced even more the social
policies reflected into tourism. It is during the
communist period, however, when social sp a tourism
had the most flourishing period in Romania
continuing the development of the already settled,
traditional mineral and thermal spa destinations and
developing ex nihilo a whole range of new resorts. At
the end of this period, not less than 160 resorts and
localities with therapeutical factors in Romania were
known (Erdel
i and Gheorghila ș, 1996), an important
figure showing the regime’s orientation towards the
development of this form of tourism and towards
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 44geological prospections, knowledge and use of the
national underground resources.
In the present day, „in a world of non‐stop
communication, increasing career and family
demands, economic uncertainty and escalating
demands for time, finding ways to balance our "life
load" can be challenging and it is no wonder that the
rates of diseas es and illnesses are high”
(http://www.experienceispa.com). People of modern
society have an accelerated rhythm of life compared
to the preceding generations and severely feel the
effects of industrialization and urbanization. The
morbidity became an important indicator as the life
expectancy grew and the healthy habits and physical
activities reduced or ev en ceased under the influence
of a modern and comfortable life style dominated by
mechanization and automatization. The disease
number, reflecting the solicitation of human body
(degenerative rheumatisms, posttraumatic diseases,
cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic affections)
as well as the nutrition diseases grew once people
embraced a modern life style. The da ily activities
stressed human organism, both physically and
psychically, through various and complex factors.
Consequently, individuals are often in the need to
find “a precious refuge from a frenzied space”, for
which spas could be a solution. Spa concept, as the
ISPA defines it, refers to “a time and place to re lax
and disconnect from the world as you recharge your
mind, body and spirit”. It represents “the opportunity
to bring your physical, mental, emotional and
spiritual selves back into alignment. In whatever
amount of time you can afford, spas provide peace,
relaxation and guidance to help create a healthier
lifestyle”, bei ng though a solution for a period into
which, spa concept, behind tourism industry, became
part of our contemporary lives.
Spa lifestyle is a marketing label as sonorous as the
eco or the green lifestyle transposing an actual
constant element that exists in the life of the present
consumer into an already existing but re‐polis hed
tourism industry. The changes in the patterns of the
consumers’ behavior and the modern planning and
designing of tourism industry are more pronounced
today as compared with the previous time period,
generating a rediscovery and use of spa resources.
Specialists talk nowadays about a “renaissance”
period of sp
a tourism. More than a solution to cure
different diseases, spa is a way to look for oneself.
Starting with the previous century, the cosmetic
treatments became part of this type of tourism and
developed in a real industry in different parts of the
world.
Health resorts combined natural re medies and
allopath medicine treatments, the latter evolving in
parallel with the advances in the medical industry.
The last added segment is the medical tourism, part of the health tourism industry next to its spa
component (after Dincă, 2006) and in full
development nowadays. The complementarily
medical procedures and th e mix of methods coming
both from allopath and naturist medicine determined
a redesign of traditional spa destinations into
different categories. They appear as different
marketing attractions for the modern tourists in
search for a holiday which should correspond to their
needs, for both a free time from work and a hea ling
time physiologically and/or psychologically.
Therefore, spa industry and its representatives
through ISPA organization advertises nowadays a
whole range of destinations offering personalized and
extremely different services “experiences as unique as
you are” from hiking and life‐style programs to
therapeutic massages reaching to laser‐facial esthetic
surgery and nutritional counseli ng sessions
(http://www.experienceispa.com).
On the other hand, spa packages as health care
packages still inherit traditional parts of the medical
and labor and social systems determining reactions in
this direction. ESPA for instance considered Central
and Eastern Europe as an interesting market not only
for the traditional development of internal healt h
tourism, as part of the national medical systems and
based on the up‐raisal of health awareness of citizens
in the area, but also for international tourism, as the
region is part of the European Union “assuming
mutual co‐operation within Europe in the fields of
health and social welfare” as for instance in terms of a
“potential ext
ension of healthcare insurance to cover
events abroad”.
The classification and distribution of the
Romanian spa resorts
The importance and number of the Romanian spa
resorts was strongly influenced along time by the
legislation in the tourism field, in general, and in the
spa sector in particular and by the development
stages of the spa industry, according to their
resources (type and volume) and to their
maintenance. Due to the old preoccupations for
healing natural factors in ou
r country, to prospection
activities for mineral resources and interest in their
valuing, that reached a climax during the communist
period, numerous localities with balneal resources
were identified on the whole Romanian territory.
According to Urbanproiect, in 1999, 477 settlements
with balneal re sources were identified in our country.
After the 1989 revolution, which marked the fall of
the communism regime in Romania, tourism
planning considered three categories of resorts in our
country no matter of their resources. Spa resorts were
consequently divided into three categories, namely:
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 45tourism resorts of national interest, of local interest
and localities with therapeutic factors.
Nowadays, due to more recent changes in
legislation and a reevaluation of tourism resources
and hospitality structures, only two categories of
resorts are recognized, namely resorts of national and
of local interest, among which resorts with balneal
factors consti tute an important number. Therefore,
28 out of the 37 resorts of national interest and 15 out
of the 45 resorts of local interest are spa resorts
(Figure 1). Their high share within the total number
resorts of national interest demonstrates the
importance of balneal resources in the development
of tourism of fer in Romania as in the whole Europe as
well “in Europe, mineral springs have long been the
focus of health tourism” (Hudson, 2003).
In fact, Romanian tourism, no matter its form of
manifestation, still depends to an important extent of
natural resources. However, among the spa resorts,
several categories may be distingui shed and it could
be remarked that some destinations do not depend as
much on mineral waters, being oriented towards
other forms of tourism. Scientists stated in the case of
Europe that “in recent times seaside and mountain
resorts have also developed with the intention of
appealing to the healt h tourism market” (Hudson,
2003). Usually Romanian mountain and seaside
resorts are welcoming more tourists who prefer an
active or relaxing holiday in the mountains or sea
scenic landscape than a health cure. In the recent
years, Romanian mountain resorts oriented through
ambitious projects and important investments,
especially towards winter sports . In this way, some of
the most important mountain destinations became
complex resorts.
In Romania, the resorts are classified considering
various criteria, one of them considering the natural
resources (Figure 1). Another classification of the
resorts refers to their location, including: littoral
resorts, mountain resorts and balneal resorts. This
classi
fication may be considered improper from the
point of view of our study, as both mountain and
littoral resorts could have and value balneal resorts,
displaying the statute of a genuine spa resort.
Another classification, focusing more on balneal
resources and on spa destinations recognizes: balneal
thermal resorts (with mineral waters over 250C);
balneal resorts with mineral waters; marine balneal
resorts; balneal resorts with therapeutic peloids and
salty waters; resorts for cardiovascular diseases with
mineral carbonate waters and mofetes; relaxing
resorts located nearby mountain areas and tourism
resorts for winter sports and rest. Consequently,
within spa resorts two important branches can be
distinguished: the firs t focusing on balneal resources
(falling mainly on three categories: mineral springs, sea water and peloids usually related to salty lakes)
and the second on climate resources (mainly
mountain, pre‐mountain and littoral). A general
agreed classification, certified by specialized
institutions, and quoted in our study, refers to spa
resorts of na tional and local interest, no matter of
their location (littoral, mountain, plain or hilly areas),
which should contain a national certified and
recognized balneal and climate resource no matter its
type; health units, equipments and services offered by
qualified personnel especially in the balneal field of
prevention and rehabilitation, no ma tter of the
treated affection and, not ultimately, proper
hospitality structures.
Our study focused on 28 spa destinations,
respectively 15 localities considered to be resorts of
national interest. The Romanian Master Plan for the
Development of Spa Tourism (2009) mentioned these
destinations, representing over 90% of the total spa
resorts presen ted by The Organization of Spa Owners
in Romania (OPTBR). Most of them are included in
the balneal area considered by the National Institute
of Statistics in collecting and processing tourism data
on the main tourism areas in Romania.
Geographically, most of the spa resorts of national
interest are located in the Carpathians ar ea (Figure 1).
Mountains and hilly regions (mainly Subcarpathians)
comprise 30 out of the 43 spa resorts certified on the
Romanian territory. They concentrate most of the
natural balneal resources in our country. If
considering the repartition of spa resorts on the
development regions, South‐East Region has the
highe
st number of health resorts of national interest,
mainly due to the seaside resorts cluster (Figure 1).
The number of spa resorts, if either their total
number or the number of national resorts is
considered, is equitable among the 7 development
regions (the region of Bucharest is an exception).
Anothe
r classification of spa resorts in Romania is
based on the treated affections. The specialized
institutions divided them into 6 categories, namely:
spas for rheumatic affections (including the
biggest number of spa destinations in Romania
located on littoral, plain area, e.g. Lacul Sărat,
Amara – Romanian Plain; Băile Felix, Băile
Călacea – We
st Plain) and mainly in the hilly
areas due to both salty and sometimes thermal
waters);
spas for cardiovascular affections (located in the
Eastern Romanian Carpathians and valuing
carbonated mineral springs);
spas for respiratory affections (based on salines
planned for tourists ac tivities – e.g. Govora,
Slănic Prahova);
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 46 spas for digestive affections and internal diseases
(based on mineral springs valued mostly for
internal treatment cures e.g. Olănești,
Călimănești);
spas for gynecological affections and
spas for nervous system affections.
This classification is arguable as many of the
resorts have a complex profile, offering tr eatment for
diseases of several categories. Different studies and
data basis, evaluating the present offers and
endowments of spa resorts in Romania, have been
finished in order to develop or promote Romanian
tourism offer. OPTBR for instance synthesized, in a
more complete table, the therapeutic prescriptions
for the Romanian sp a resorts (Table 1), giving a more
complete image on the offer of the resorts, as beside
natural resources different procedures (e.g. baths
with curative herbs, electrotherapy, etc.) are also
displayed.
The table clearly shows that Romanian spa resorts
have a complex offer, diversified over time and
oriented towards associated procedu res and naturist treatments (apitheraphy (e.g. Băile Herculane, Eforie
Nord), acupuncture (e.g. Băile Herculane, Eforie
Nord), medical cosmetic treatments (Băile Felix, Băile
Herculane, Eforie Nord) (Erdeli, Gheorghila ș, 2006)).
Moreover, beside the classical balneal procedures and
products, original Romanian treatments and
medicines have been introduced (e.g. Gerovital,
Boicil, Pell‐Am
ar etc.) (Table 1).
Another important aspect would be the fact that
spa resorts developed in time a complex tourism offer
orienting towards other less medically foccused
and/or more entertaining forms of health tourism
and even towards sport and adventure tourism, in the
attempt to attract a diversified clientel e and among
tourists also holiday makers beside cure and
treatment seekers. If thermal and salty waters resorts
are more oriented towards bathing activities, either in
curative or in entertainment purposes, mountain
resorts oriented towards both summer and winter
active holidays for a different clientele than the usual
social spa tourists (T able 2). Almost all spa resorts
advertise trekking paths and organize trips in the
nearby areas. Cultural theme trips are a frequent
option of spa tourists during their long stays,
Figure 1. The location of Romanian spa resorts of national and local interest and their repartition on the main relief
forms and on development regions (NUTS2).
Source : processed by the authors
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 47especially if located in resorts within or near regions
including an interesting cultural heritage like
Bucovina, Maramure ș, Oltenia etc. On the other
hand, spa resorts of national interest modernized, in
the recent years, their balneal units and tourism
structures and developed interesting sport products
aiming to be competitive on international market s.
The Romanian Master Plan for the Development
of Spa Tourism (2009) presents a Mac Kinsey matrix
showing the strategic positioning on the market for
the main Romanian spa resorts, emphasizing that at
the moment only Băile Felix/1Mai could be
considered an international spa resort, reaching both
the qualitative standar ds for medical and hospitality
structures and attracting an important proportion of
international demand. Other national spa resorts,
Table 1 The therapeutic prescription of spa resorts of national and local interest in Romania
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s șt ț u v w x y z
Treatments Therapeutic recommendations
National Resorts
Amara x x x x x x x x x
Felix Spa x x
Hercules
Spa x
Olănești Spa x
Buziaș x
Călimănești
‐ Căciulata x x
Covasna x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Eforie Nord x x
Geoagiu Băi x x x
Govora x x
Mangalia x x x x
Moneasa x
Pucioasa x x x x
Sângeorz
Băi x x x
Saturn x x x x x x
Sinaia x x x x
Slănic
Moldova x x x
Slănic
Prahova x x x x
Sovata x x x x x x
Vatra
Dornei x x x x x x x
Local resorts
Băile Felix –
1 Mai x x x
Călacea Spa x x x
Lacul Sărat x
Oglinzi x x x
Turda x x x x x x x
Localities with therapeutic factors
Ocna
Sibiului x x x
Praid x x x
Vața de Jos x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
a – baths with curative herbs; b – hydrotherapy; c – baths with thermal waters; d – baths with mineral waters; e – baths
with salted waters; f ‐ electrotherapy; g ‐ kinetotherapy ; h ‐ inhalations and aerosols; i ‐ mud packing ; j ‐ mofettes; k ‐
internal cure with mineral waters; l ‐ massage; m ‐ fi tness; n ‐ anti‐stress cure; o ‐ Gerovital ‐cure; p ‐ professional
illnesses; q ‐ hepatic ‐ billiar diseases; r – dermatology, allergies; s ‐ respiratory diseases, NTO; ș ‐ endocrine illnesses; t ‐
renal and associated diseases; ț ‐ nutritional and metabolism diseases; u ‐ digestive tract and annex; v ‐ gynecologic
diseases; w ‐ nervous system diseases; x ‐ cardiovascular disease; y ‐ rheumatism diseases; z ‐ peripheral nervous system.
Source : adapted after: www.spas.ro.
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 48such as Vatra Dornei, Slănic Moldova and to a less
extent, Băile Herculane aspire to this statute, trying
to attract incoming tourists. On their turn, Covasna
and especially Sovata already attract international
tourists in search for medical tourism, but need
significant investments in the infrastructure in order
to raise their standar ds and to diversify their offer, so
as to reach an international statute. Another
important group of resorts, i.e. Amara, Sângeorz Băi,
Băile Olănești, Călimănești and Băile Govora, belongs
to the social balneal segment and try to raise their
standards by orienting more towards e ntertainment
and internal demand, in the attempt to consolidate
their statute as resorts of national interest. Mangalia
comes from the social spa tourism sphere but
displays better qualitative standards for both medical
and tourism services and strategically intend to
strengthen both medical and leisure segments
aspiring an international st atute.
Romanian spa tourism industry –
communist heritages in the post communist
era
Similarly to other countries in Central and Eastern
Europe, spa tourism represents an old phenomenon
in Romania which expanded to the dimensions of a
well defined tourism industry during the mass
tourism period, which corresponded to the
communism epoch. Many of the resorts were entirely
build in this period and, in parallel, the alrea dy
existing older resorts added important volumes in
terms of hospitality structures. All medical structures
were modernized, adding new equipments and
procedures. On the other hand, various studies
investigated the effects of the natural factors in spa resorts, leading to the certification and accredited
exploitation of already recognized sp rings or of new
sources and even to researches and elaboration of
new pharmaceutical products. The progress in
medicine led to the scientific fundament of the
traditional methods, empirically used in the past.
Some of them were brevetted as spa and/or cosmetic
products of Romanian origin. Consequently, two
decades after the 19 89 revolution and the fall of the
communism regime spa resorts still preserve
important elements from that period. They can be
labeled as “communist heritage” in the post
communist period as resorts’ transition was a difficult
process, for some of them not finished yet. Moreover,
inherited communist elements represent a lan dmark
for Romanian spa tourism. The most pregnant and
important through the economic and landscape
effects they generated are the large spa structures
displaying large hospitality structures and the
medical clinics/centers, while from the immaterial
point of view, the social character of spa tourism and
its low economic efficiency and international
competitiven
ess could be remarked.
Mass hospitality structures a characteristic of
Romanian spa resorts
The specific infrastructure of spa resorts refers to
accommodation structures including medical
treatment structures. Hotels offering spa and medical
facilities could hardly be found elsewhere, as spa
resorts concentrate over 80% of their number (Figure
2 b). Thi
s specific infrastructure developed as a result
of massive expansion and modernization of spa
resorts which took place after the 2nd World War,
when a significant number of hotel and sanatoria
units was built, offering over 30000 bed places of a
superior comfort (Erdeli and Gheorghila ș, 2006). Table 2 Leisure infrastructure existing in the main spa resorts in Romania
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
Băile Felix x x x x ‐ x x ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ ‐
Felix ‐ 1 Mai Spa ‐ x x x x ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐
Vatra Dornei x ‐ x ‐ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ‐ x x x ‐
Herculane x x x x x x x ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ x ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Govora ‐ ‐ x ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ x x ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Sângeorz ‐ B ăi x ‐ ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ x x ‐ x ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Băile Olănești x ‐ ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ x x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Călimănești ‐ Căciulata x x x x x x x ‐ x ‐ x x x x x x ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Băile Tușnad x x x x x x x x x ‐ x ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ x ‐ ‐ x x x
Covasna x x x ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ x x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐
Slănic Moldova x ‐ ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐ ‐ x x x ‐ x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Sovata x x x x x x x ‐ ‐ x x ‐ x x x x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ x ‐
a – covered pool; b ‐ open air pool; c – thermal water pool; d – bathing basin; e – polyvalent sport area; f – disco club; g –
organizing trips; h – mountain bike rent; i ‐ hiking; j – concert hall/cultural house; k ‐ cinema; l – handball terrain; m –
volleyball terrai n; n – tennis terrain; o – football terrain; p ‐ trekking; q – river rafting; r – fish breeding basins; s – flight
shooting; t – horse riding; u – paint ball; v – winter sports (ski); w – nautical sports.
Source : after INCDT / NIRDT, 2006 (National Institute of Research and Development in Tourism)
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 49Resorts displaying thousands of bed places and
containing large hotel and sanatoria units appeared,
offering not only accommodation, but also catering
and medical services (e.g. Băile Felix, Băile Herculane,
Sovata, Băile Tușnad, Covasna, Căciulata,
Călimănești, Amara, Sângeorz ‐Băi, Mangalia, Slănic‐
Moldova, Va tra Dornei, Eforie Nord, etc).
Consequently the share of bed places in the
accommodation structures including medical
treatment structures in the total number of bed
places in accommodation structures at the level of
spa resorts (over 50% and reaching over 60% in 2002)
(Figure 3b) is higher than the share at the level of the
number of un
its (22% up to 25%) (Figure 3a).
These figures underline that massive
accommodation structures and big spa facilities are
dominating spa resorts’ tourism offer, being among
the most important national tourism stakeholders in
the sector.
After the ‘90s, the number of these structures
decreased (Fi gure 2 a) due to the important political,
social and economic changes occurring in the
Romanian society which passed from a centralized
and state owned economy to the market economy,
inevitably affecting the tourism sector. The large
balneal complexes or medical villas were among the
state owned properties passing through one of the longest p
rocesses of privatization in the tourism
sector. The unclear property statute for many of these
accommodation units and their exploitation on a
social system basis without major investments from
the part of different temporary administrators, led to
the degradation and temporary or final closing of
many of the m. In 1996, the total number of the
accommodation units including medical treatment
structures in the spa resorts reached 116, while in
2005 their number decreased to 83 units (Figure 2 a).
Beside the decrease in the unit and bedplace’s
number (felt more acute after 2002 – Figure 3 b), a
seve
re decline in the indicators of economic
efficiency and important environmental
consequences should be considered. The large and
tall communist structures (Figure 3) are a pregnant
landmark as they dominate the landscape and
contribute to a large extent to the overall tourist’s
perception on the tourism destination. Their
maintenance is consequ ently an imperative condition
in order to keep resorts’ aesthetic and should be a
priority for the integrative sustainable destination
planning strategies. The evolution in the bed places'
number by comfort category suggestively shows a
major decrease of the superior comfort bedplaces (4
and 5 stars and especially of 3 stars) . The decrease of
approximately 90% for bed places ranked at 3 stars Figure 2. a ‐ Accommodation structures including medical treatment structures on types of tourism destinations
(absolute figures); b ‐ Ponder of the number of accommodation structures including medical treatment structures in
spa resorts in total number of accommodation structures including medical treatment structures (relative figures).
Source : Processed data from the National Institute of Statistics 0102030405060708090100110120
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Spa
resorts
Littoral
resorts
Mountainresorts
0102030405060708090100
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
%
Figure 3. a ‐ Ponder of the number of accommodation structures including medical treatment structures in the total
number of accommodation structures at the level of spa resorts; b ‐ Ponder of the number of the bedplaces in
accommodation structures including medical treatment structures in the total number of bedplaces in accommodation
structures at th e level of spa resorts.
Source : Processed data from the National Institute of Statistics.
%
23% 23% 23% 22% 24% 24% 25% 25%22% 22%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
%
65%61% 61% 62% 62% 61% 61%59%55%53%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 50category, in the Romanian spa resorts, in 2005
compared to the base level in 1989 is compensated by
an important increase of the 2 stars and even 1 star
categories and shows an obvious decline of these
structures, explained, as already mentioned above, by
the lack of investments and the expensive
maintenance of the
se structures which continued to
depend on social tourism.
The economic recession and generally the last
socio‐economic transformations led not only to a
gradually smaller governmental support for this type
of tourism, but also to a smaller capacity and
willingness of public and private stakeholders to
administer an d invest in these units as a profitable
economic activity. The lack of investments and
improvement of the tourism facilities andthe poor
promotion and support of the governmental
authorities induced a decrease of the tourist’s interest
for this type of tourism, the visitors preferring other
more attractive forms of spa tourism advertisin g
modern accommodation units and complex wellness
services. The high proportion of Romanian outgoing
tourism and domestic tourist’s preference for abroad
spa destinations put pressure on the long‐run
competitiveness of the resorts. All these factors
emphasize the decrease of the accommodation
capacity, both considering the units number and
bedplaces number, in 2010 compared to th e 1989 base
level. A slight recovery in the number of
accommodation units, of approximately 40 units,
representing nearly 5%, was registered between 2005
and 2010 compared to the basic level registered in
1989 due to small capacity boarding houses and hotel
units built after the revo lution, but not necessarily for
spa tourism.
Romanian spa tourism a market still dominated
by social tourism
In spite of the new trend displayed by spa tourism
through its orientations towards wellness, cosmetic
and fitness services, which attracts in terms of travel
budget especially wealthy people, it still attracts an d,
at the same time, depends on the social tourism
market. Spa tourism, traditionally referred and
developed during the communism epoch with the
state support and oriented through its health central
system, towards older people, offering cure for
different affections or through trade unions towards
workers in search for a relaxing sp a holiday.
The recent period found in place and continued to
support the existing social holiday system through
new institutions. “The National Pension and Other
Social Insurance Funds play a critical role in
supporting social tourism through the system of
subsidized or free spa treatment vouchers for retired
persons or di sabled adults” (Calypso Study on Social Tourism ‐ Romania, 2010). Each year, the National
Pension Funds and CNPAS (The National House of
Pensions and Other Social Insurance Rights) as the
institution “in charge of the management of the
national pension fund and of the social insurance
fund for people suffering from work ac cidents and
occupational diseases” implements a special Spa
Social Tourism Program for retired and disabled
people during which it “distributes ‘free vouchers’ for
retired people who suffer from a disability and
‘subsidized vouchers’ for retired people”.
Another institution involved in this process is of
course the OPTBR which includes 60 member s from
the most important Romanian spa resorts and
promotes Romanian spa tourism at both national and
international level. As a member of ESPA and
patronate organization, the OPTBR leads lobby
actions to protect and represent the interests of its
members.
The government authorities created two off‐
season tourism programs namely: “The sp a decade”
and “A week of recovery in a Spa” organized and
promoted yearly by OPTBR, next to other major off‐
season national tourism programs designed for
Romanian seaside, mountain and countryside
destinations. These programmes were developed in
order to extend the tourism season and to support
the long ter m economic profitability of tourism
businesses, and the revival of internal tourism on
social principles. However both public and private
stakeholders expressed their wish to get involved in
European social tourism development as the
Romanian spa tourism market depends to a great
extent on the internal demand. The economic agents
are attract ed by the state supportive grant ticket
system and prefer mainly spa treatment tickets and to
a less extent rest vouchers. The number of distributed
vouchers is set according to the yearly CNPAS budget
and tickets could be used by the beneficiaries in
CNPAS own spa locations managed by the “TBRCM ”
SA, the public company for spa treatment and
recovery of work ability or in private spa locations
that have a contract with the CNPAS (after Calypso
Study on Social Tourism ‐ Romania, 2010).
After the political transformations in 1989 the
ticket system was transferred to the habilitated newly
formed institutions and ministrie s. The number of
distributed spa treatment tickets grew after 1992,
overpassing the value of 200000 in 1995 and of
300000 in the period 2001 – 2003 (Figure 4). Due to
financial difficulties and to the limitation of expenses
in the social sector, the number of tickets decreased
after 2003, reaching a va lue of 241252 vouchers in
2008 and of 217231 vouchers in 2009. In 2010, due to
the economic recession and the budgetary expenses
problems faced by the government, on the one hand,
but also to the changes in the regulations regarding
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 51the spa treatment vouchers, on the other hand, the
program was interrupted for several months.
If considering the evolution of the yearly number
of spa treatment tickets granted by the state
insurance system on the main spa resorts in Romania
after 1992 (Figure 5) the resorts with the highest
number of tic kets (over 25000 per year in 2005 each
of them) are Băile Felix and Băile Herculane. On a
second level, Băile Olănești, Călimănești‐Căciulata
and Covasna resorts distributed around 20000 spa
treatment vouchers in 2005. Other important resorts
could be considered Amara (ove r 11000 tickets in
2005), Govora, Sângeorz Băi and Saturn (each of them
receiving 9000 tickets in 2005), Vatra Dornei and
Eforie Nord (over 8000 each in 2005), Mangalia,
Sovata, Tușnad, Buziaș , Lacul Sărat (over 7000 each
of them in 2005).
Only some of the resorts re gistered a continuous
rising number of tickets between 1993 – 2005. For
instance, Băile Felix, Băile Herculane registered both
an uprising as the first resort was distributed 12255
tickets and the second 13624 tickets in 1993.
Căciulata, Olănești and Covasna registered important
and continuous risings, wh ile Amara and Sângeorz
Băi; 1 Mai and Lacul Sărat registered the most
important positive differences between 2000 and
2005 of over 4000 and 3500 tickets, respectively.
Bălțătești had an interesting evolution being
distributed spa treatment vouchers since 1999 (over
1300 tickets) and growing continuously to over 4000
tickets in 20
05. Vatra Dornei had one of the most constant evolutions, if the three reference year levels
are compared. However, the resort registered and
important decrease in 2005 of about 12000 tickets in
the period 2002 ‐ 2003. Sovata had also a much bigger
number of over 10000 ticke ts in 2001 than in 2005. For
both Sovata and Vatra Dornei the diminishing in the
number of spa treatment vouchers offered through
the social insurance system was also generated by
higher standards and, at the same time, by higher
prices imposed on the market by the modernization
of accommodation units an d treatment basis as the
ministry signed contracts with competitors, offering
the same services at lower prices.
Other important decreases were registered by
Târgu Ocna resort, from a very low level of 548
vouchers in 1993 to a peak of over 7000 vouchers in
2001, followed by a decrease in 20 05 when receiving
only 2375 vouchers. Eforie Nord resort had, by far, the
most important decrease from over 20000 vouchers
in 2000 (over 26000 in 2001) to 8581 in 2005 (Figure
5). Compared to the number of spa treatment
vouchers, only a small number of rest vouchers were
granted. About 45000 – 50000 tickets were
distribute
d each year during 2003 – 2006 period.
However, the increasing number of retired
persons and the financial difficulties met by the
Government, in the late period, led to the
insufficiency of the spa treatment vouchers compared
to the higher number of demands. The subsidized
treatment vo uchers in spa resorts is the main support
system for retired people, providing the typical
tourists met in the spa and medical facilities of the
above mentioned and cartographically represented
destinations. According to the Calypso study (2010),
the holiday spa treatment voucher became a tradition
of the Romanian social tourism, representing the on ly
option of holiday for the majority of retired people.
“At least 80% of the treatment vouchers, available
every year through CNPAS, are distributed to retired
people”. Therefore, the visitor profile for Romanian
spa resorts is mainly characterized by old retired
people, who can benefit from granted or free
voucher
s for a spa holiday, choosing for a 18 days
stay package, including full board accommodation
and two spa treatments per day. Figure 4. The yearly number of spa treatment tickets
granted by state insurance system
Source : The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection
239060276342
142961148143210519338244
100000150000200000250000300000350000
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005YearNo of spa
treatmenttickets
Photos 1. Typical mass accommodation structures built during the communist period in the Romanian spa resorts in a –
Hotel Someș – Băile Felix resort ; b – Hebe Hotel – Sângeorz Băi resort; c – Hotel Căciulata – Călimănești ‐ Căciulata
resortș d – view upon Herculane reso rt; e – Sirena Hotel – Saturn resort
Source : internet
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 52According to the regulations established by The
Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection and
CNPAS, the cost of a holiday is: 70% of their monthly
pension in peak‐season period (between 15 May and
31 August) and 50% of their monthly pension in off‐
season period (rest of the year). Th e estimation of the
Calypso study on social tourism in Romania (2010)
indicated that “during the Spa holiday, 50% of the
retired people spend less than 100 euro for extra
expenses during their 18‐day stay”. Consequently, the
high number of old socially supported tourists in the
Romanian spa resorts could be explained, on the one
hand, by the increasing nu
mber of retired people, due
to an accelerate ageing, and on the other hand, by
people’s small revenues and financial impossibility to
choose for non‐socially supported forms of tourism.
Even so, a significant number of aged people in
Romania do not practice tou rism at all, and even for
the contingent of participants, a subsidized holiday
imposes substantial financial efforts as their very low‐
income do not allow the seniors to satisfy their
essential needs. Another reason is the lack of free
time, as retired people in rural area are mostly
involved in subsistenc
e agriculture, while those living
in the urban areas are babysitting their grandchildren and take care of housework (after Calypso Study on
Social Tourism ‐ Romania, 2010). However, spa and
medical tourism are the first to correspond to the
needs of old people in search for both relaxation in a
nice environment and professional medical care
.
Moreover, balneal tourism used to be a traditional
social form of holiday and is perceived to be
nowadays among the cheapest in Romania.
According to the National Institute of Statistic,
the population aged 65 and above counted over
3,200,000 persons in 2010, compared to
approximately 3,000,000 in 2000 and only 2,383,435
in 1990. The statis
tics revealed that in November
2009, the number retired people living on social
insurance funds was over 4,750,000, with an average
monthly income of 180 euro and approximately
776,700 retired peasants living on social insurance
funds, with an average monthly income of 75 euro
(Calyp
so Study on Social Tourism ‐ Romania, 2010).
The social tourism strategy (2010) estimated that, in
the first quarter of 2009, there were 348,975 retired
tourists, 50% of which being aged of 65 and over. The
length of stay of a third of them was at least 4
overnight sta
ys which may correspond to a spa
tourism motivation. This presumption may be
Figure 5. The evolution of the yearly number of spa treatment vouchers granted by the state insurance system on the
main spa resorts in Romania between 1993 and 2005.
Source : The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 53supported by the higher share of those preferring a
longer period of stay and who were aged 65 years and
over. The strategy also estimates, based on the
analysis of different statistical figures and open
interviews that “70% of spa tourists are 50 years old
and above and that 80% of the m go for spa
treatment”.
The figures provided by the National Institute of
Statistics for spa resorts emphasize that, during 1989
– 2005 period, the demand for this type of destination
decreased by over 60%. In terms of tourists’ origins,
Romanian tourists are responsible for a diminution in
the arrivals from 1692053 tourists in 19 89 to 613654
tourists in 2005 mainly because social tourism was
less supported by the state through pension fund and
by privatized companies. At the same time, the
purchasing power and the welfare of the population
decreased after 1989, the budget for travelling and
holidays for the lar ge mass of population being
significantly decreased. Consequently, spa tourism
was severely affected. Moreover, foreign destinations
became more interesting for the residents and a
better option, both in terms of quality and tourism
services especially for young and adult tourists.
Therefore, the all year round long stays in spa resorts
were replaced mostly by su
mmer shorter stays, even
in the case of tourists motivated by spa tourism. As
for incoming tourism, it increased with
approximately 8% for Romanian spa tourism
destinations over the 1989‐2005 period. However,
foreign demand oriented towards famous Romanian
destinations and seemed motivated mainly by other
forms of tourism than the classical sp a treatments,
generating a decrease in the average stay from 8.7
days in 1989 to 4.1 days in 2005. The average stays in
hotels decreased even to a greater extent from 12.9
days in 1989 to 4.3 days in 2005. The average stay in
spa resort s of the Romanian tourists are almost the
same or slightly different in the case of the hotel
stays, decreasing from 10 days in 1989 to 9.2 in 2005,
underlining that the domestic residents remained
almost entirely oriented towards the classical spa
tourism.
At the same time, incoming mass tourism
decreased as other strong competitive foreign
destination
s (e.g. Bulgaria, Turkey) offered modern
and sunny destinations at better prices displaying
obvious advantages especially compared to the
Romanian seaside resorts. Medical spa resorts
became less attractive for the incoming spa tourism,
lowering their comfort and qualitative standards as
they entered a difficult privatization pr ocess lacking
investments and a solid marketing oriented long term
development strategy. The small increase of foreign
tourism demand appears in this context more like a
result of the adaptation, diversification and
embracement of new forms of tourism, in case of the tourism industry in the Romanian spa resorts still
laying on con siderable balneal and climate resources
and displaying important elements of the communist
epoch.
The efficiency of the Romanian spa tourism
The profound socio‐economic transformations
occurred in the last two decades of transition to the
market economy determined important socio‐
economic changes in the tourism spa resorts. The
difficult proc
ess of privatization, due to the great
value of shares and important investments needed by
the big hospitality structures in spa tourism industry
and to the slow ownership restitution process caused
important losses for this sector and generally made
difficult its restructuration and modernization. The
decrease in the number of arrivals an d overnight
stays lowered the occupancy rate from 73.2% in 1989
to 49.5% in 2005 affecting to a lower extend the hotel
units, for which the occupancy rate decreased from
84.9% to 64.9%.
The decrease in the use level of accommodation
capacity in function affected the long term economic
efficiency of the industry. The di
minishing of
accommodation capacity in function and of
occupancy rate and the physical changes determined
by the lack of modernization of buildings belonging
both to hospitality and to treatment structures and of
medical equipments, determined an important
restructuration of the specialized labor force. The
volume of w orkforce in tourism and of specialized
employees in medical tourism gradually diminished.
The latter, as a specialized type of labor force in the
sector, was reduced, both through external factors
(decrease of tourism demand) as well as through
internal ones (i.e. the lack of attractiveness of the
sector for new employees and/or the reorientation of
the already employed qualified perso
nnel towards
more profitable medical units and destinations). In
view of future plans of reviving end developing this
tourism sector, for which Romania has important
resources, the trained labor force is a key issue to be
focused on. The labor force in hospitali ty suffered as
well important changes as the seasonality, affecting
also balneal resorts, determined major lay‐offs in the
sector and abroad emigrations of the qualified labor
force or the increase of the temporary non‐qualified
labor force. The last variable was also determined by
major lay‐offs in other unproducti ve economic
sectors and the temporary orientation of a part of the
unemployment in search for a source of income,
towards jobs, even if low paid, in the tourism sector.
The number of employees and its evolution is
consequently one of the most important variables of
tourism in general and of sp a tourism in special as it
determines the productivity of the sector, the
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 54quantity, diversification and quality of services and,
ultimately, its economic profitability and efficiency.
Between 2000 and 2004, the number of employees
in Romanian spa tourism destinations shows a
positive difference for the large majority of the resorts
(Figure 6). Therefore, this indicates a revival of the
tourism sector, but not necessarily in te rms of spa
tourism. The significant fluctuations from one year to
another emphasize a high instability of the industry
depending mainly on investor and owner’s power and
determination to develop a long term business.
A much debated case is the one of Băile Herculane
resort, which shows one of th e most important
positive changes in terms of labour force in tourism
in the analyzed period, but in the case of which spa
tourism, that made famous the resort in the past,
needs major investments. However, in the last years,
the resort stirred important administrative efforts for
its revival. Successful exa mples for the spa industry
proved to be Băile Felix and Sovata resorts where the
labour force in tourism increased with more than 150
employees and obviously Eforie Nord which
registered an increase of over 500 employees for the
same 2000 – 2004 period. However the last mention
resort regi stered also important decreases in this
period compared with the first two mentioned resorts which registered only small fluctuations. Continuous
or small fluctuating important increases of tourism
employees were registered by Târgu Ocna, Sângeorz ‐
Băi and Călimănești – Căciulata – Cozia resorts
mainly due to revival of spa tourism, bu t also to the
development of other forms of recreational activities.
Vatra Dornei and Borș a are resorts which increased
considerably the employment in the sector over the
same above mentioned period, developing mainly
active mountain tourism and leisure recreational
activities and secondarily spa services. Significant
decrease in th e tourism labour force were registered
in Mangalia (over 400 employees) and also in Băile
Olănești, Borsec and Geoagiu Băi which suffered
important restructurations affecting severely tourism
employment and jeopardizing the future of the
industry.
Existing strategies, recommendations for the
future development of the spa touris m
In the last few years, the continuously restructured
Ministry of Tourism, newly denominated the Ministry
of Regional Development and Tourism, took
important actions with regard of designing and
implementing expert accredited sustainable tourism
Figure 6. The evolution of the number of employees in tourism sector in the spa resorts in Romania
between 2000 and 2004.
Source : The National Institute of Statistics.
ROMANIAN SPA TOURISM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 55strategies for tourism, in general and different
tourism sectors, in particular, meant to help the
revitalization and planning in a new modern shape of
the industry. After a long period of decline and
stagnation due to the inertia of social system
structures, traditionally dominating Romanian spa
tourism sector, the difficult and slow privatization
process of th
e balneal hospitality industry and on the
influence of the worldwide increasing markets of spa
consumerism and health care tourism, spa tourism
was inevitably reconsidered by the Romanian
authorities as a priority area. Consequently, both
global tourism strategies and sector oriented
strategies focused this tourism sector.
Continuing the initiative materialized in 2006
through th
e Strategy for Spa Tourism elaborated by
INCDT for the National Authority in Tourism – ANT,
the Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism
launched in November 2009 the Master Plan for Spa
Tourism Development second phase and its Action
Plan both elaborated by Détente Con sultants. The
same group of experts finalized in 2010 a country
report on the Romanian social tourism, referring to
the spa tourism sector. Beside the elaboration of
strategies, the Tourism Ministry made recent media
declarations and press releases announcing spa and
medical tourism as a priority field to be invested in.
The 2009 Master Plan for Spa Tourism
Developmen
t found necessary for Romania, in the
first place, to choose one or more marketing positions
for its spa tourism sector and to elaborate based on
market and offer analyses, suitable strategies. The
next objectives regard the design of strategies to be
applied on each combinati on product/market and the
identification of financial means and work methods
for their implementation. Considering the
international spa tourism market trends and
analyzing the characteristics of the Romanian balneal
tourism, specialists identified as the market segments
to be developed the “thermal cities”, the anti‐ageing
treatment spa resorts, the traditional sp a tourism
sector and rehabilitation packages in spa
destinations. Several resorts, spread on the whole
Romanian territory, were mentioned as potential
successful examples and priority centers for each of
the mentioned spa tourism segments, able to offer
and develop appropriate internationally recognized
techniques. Therefore, Bucharest and Snagov,
Mangalia or Techirghiol, Covasna and Sovata were
identified as potential co
mpetitive destinations for
the anti‐ageing treatment within the spa market
segment.
The concept of “thermal cities” identified suitable
actors in each part of the Romanian territory, and
specialists mentioned as illustrative examples to
become priority resorts Vatra Dornei and Băile
Herculane fo
r medical cures, Sovata, Băile Felix, Slănic Moldova, Snagov for recovery treatments and
health care cures, Mangalia and Constanța for
thalasotherapy. The thermal centres offering spa
packages, the littoral resorts offering thalassotherapy
and the green resorts offering spa treatments as well
as fitness and rehabilitation cures should focu s on a
global strategy integrating both private stakeholders,
who should be stimulated to invest in health
infrastructure and accommodation structures, and
public stakeholders who should take care of planning
and animating the cities through different
programmes.
Interesting target markets for this segment could
be Central Europe and Ucraine/Rusia, as dev eloping
markets, which could bring an important added
value. Medical tourism focusing on cosmetic anti
ageing treatments or cures against obesity, tobacco
addiction, etc. implies important private investments
and needs a punctual approach on clinics and
treatments and should focus on target markets in the
developed world such as Western Europe and US A as
this spa segment generally orients towards niche
markets in full development and characterized by an
important added value. The traditional balneal
tourism sector, still dominated to a great extent by
social tourism and present at the level of all
Romanian spa resorts, is considered to be less
effecti
ve as the social spa tourism and social
insurance systems are in decline at the worldwide
level. Still this offer would be attractive for internal
clientele as Romanians have the balneal culture and
people prefer close destinations when their health is
concerned. On this segment, a global resort approach
should be applied, mainly ba sed on public
investments which should focus on standards’
appraisal and the adopting of a diversified product
and price strategy in order to satisfy internal demand.
However, all Romanian spa resorts could be
characterized as thermal centers with ludic character
offering packages with traditional spa tourism
facilities and deve loping their leisure infrastructure in
the attempt to attract more diversified clients. In this
regard, according to experts, their marketing strategy
should be carefully revised as worldwide examples of
thermal centers with ludic character developed in spa
resorts proved in many cases not to be a viable
solution. Another segment to be considere d for
Romanian spa tourism, refers to rehabilitation cures
and spa/fitness packages in the urban environment
implying a punctual approach on spa centers based
on private investments inside or independent of
hotels and which should focus on urban national
centers. Finally, the strategy proposed two major
objectives. The first is to restore the credibility of
tourism de
mand in the network of health centers,
through laws and the regulation framework,
professional training for medical care and for tourism
GEORGE ERDELI ET. AL.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, (2011) 5.2, 41‐56 56services (especially for animation in tourism at the
level of spa resorts), through testing and advertising
the therapeutic value of balneal treatments. The
second objective proposed by the strategy would be
to develop appropriate priority combinations
product/market based on the rehabilitation of social
spa tourism and the concepts of “thermal cities”, anti
– ageing tre
atments or the diversification of spa
segment with thalassotherapy, medical tourism or
wellness packages etc. as already mentioned
directions.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we may affirm that Romanian spa
tourism, offering important and valuable resources
and an important set of internally well‐known balneal
resorts, is a continuously transforming paradigm
which registered a booming period during the
communism epoch. Although profoundly
transformed by the major political and socio‐
economic changes which occurred after the
Revolution in 1989, this se
ctor inherited and is still
dominated by elements coming from the socialist
mass tourism period (e.g. mass hospitality structures,
social systems of consume, etc.) which struggles to
adapt and coexist with new emergent segments and
forms of manifestation of spa tourism (e.g. medical
tourism, cosmetic treat ments), as present spa tourism
industry orients itself towards new dimensions
embraced by the present leisure consumerism and
international tourism patterns.
Acknowledgement
The forth author acknowledges that this paper was
supported by CNCSIS‐UEFISCU, project number PN
II‐RU 94/2010, Contract no. 30/28.07.2010.
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