https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 1/57Romania România (Romanian) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: „Deșteaptă-te, române!” (English: „Awaken thee,… [619861]

6/27/2020 Romania – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 1/57Romania
România (Romanian)
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!"
(English: "Awaken thee, Romanian!")
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Show map of Europe
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Capital
and largest cityBucharest
44°25′N 26°06′E
Official languagesRomanian[1]
Recognised
minority
languages[2] Albanian
Armenian
Bulgarian
Croatian
CzechRomania
Romania (/ro ʊ ˈme ɪni ə/ (
listen) ro-MAY-nee- ə; Romanian :
România [rom ɨ ˈni.a] (
listen)) is a country located at the
crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It
shares land borders with Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the
north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and
Moldova to the east and has its opening to the Black Sea.[9] It
has a predominantly temperate -continental climate . With a total
area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 square miles),
Romania is the 12th-largest country in Europe and the 7th most
populous membe r state of the European Union , having
approximately 20 million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city
is Bucharest . Other major urban areas include: Cluj-Napoca ,
Timișoara , Iași, Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați .
The River Danube , Europe's second-longest river, rises in
Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a generally southeasterly
direction for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), coursing through ten countries
before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta . The Carpathian
Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the
southwest, include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m
(8,346 ft).[10]
Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union
of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The
new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained
independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877.[11] Following
World War I, after declaring its neutrality in 1914, Romania
fought on the side of the Allied powers beginning in 1916.
Afterwards Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts
of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign
Kingdom of Romania .[12] In June–August 1940, as a
consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Second
Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and
Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern
Transylvania to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed
the Tripartite Pact and, consequently, in June 1941 entered
World War II on the Axis side, fighting against the Soviet Union
until August 1944, when it joined the Allies and recovered
Northern Transylv ania. Following the war, under the occupation
of the Red Army 's forces, Romania became a socialist republic
and a member of the Warsaw Pact . After the 1989 Revolution ,
Romania began a transition towards democracy and a market
economy .Coordinates: 46°N 25°E
Location of Romania (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)
– [Legend ]
See here0:00 MENU

6/27/2020 Romania – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 2/57German
Greek
Italian
Macedonian
Hungarian
Polish
Romani
Russian
Ruthenian
Serbian
Slovak
Tatar
Turkish
Ukrainian
Yiddish
Ethnic groups
(2011[3])88.9%
Romanians
6.1% Hungarians
3.3% Romani
0.2% Ukrainians
0.2% Germans
Religion (2011)[4] 81% Romanian
Orthodoxy
5.1%
Catholicism
6.2% Protestant
1.5% Other
0.2% Irreligion
6.0% No data
Demonym(s) Romanian
Government Unitary semi-
presidential
republic
• President Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister Ludovic Orban
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house Senate
• Lower house Chamber of
Deputies
Establishment history
• First Romanian
politiesc. 895 / 1247a
• Principality of
Wallachia1330
• Principality of
Moldaviac. 1360
• Principality of
Transylvania1570
• First common
rule under1600Romania ranks 52nd in the Human Development Index ,[13] and
is a developing country .[14][15] It has the world 's 62nd largest
economy by nominal GDP , with an annual economic growth rate
of 3.5% as of 2020.[16] Following rapid economic growth in the
early 2000s, Romania has an economy based predominantly on
services and is a producer and net exporter of machines and
electric energy, featuring companies like Automobile Dacia and
OMV Petrom . It has been a member of the United Nations since
1955, part of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union
since 2007. An overwhelming majority of the population
identifies as Eastern Orthodox Christian and are native speakers
of Romanian, a Romance language .
Etymology
Official names
History
Prehistory
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Early Modern T imes and national awakening
Independence and monarchy
World W ars and Greater Romania
Communism
Contemporary period
NATO and EU integration
Geography and climate
Climate
Governance
Foreign relations
Military
Administrative divisions
Economy
Infrastructure
Tourism
Science and technology
Demographics
Languages
Religion
Urbanisation
Education
Healthcare
CultureContents

6/27/2020 Romania – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 3/57Michael the
Brave
• United
Principalitiesb24 January 1859
• Independence
from
the Ottoman
Empire9 May 1877 /
1878c
• Kingdom of
Romania14 March 1881
• Greater
Romaniad1918 / 1920e
Area
• Total 238,397 km2
(92,046 sq mi)
(81st)
• Water (%) 3
Population
• 2019 estimate
19,405,156[5]
(61st)
• 2011 census 20,121,641[3]
• Density 84.4/km2
(218.6/sq mi)
(117th)
GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate
• Total
$576.946
billion[6] (40th)
• Per capita
$29,555[6]
(54th)
GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate
• Total
$261.868
billion[6] (46th)
• Per capita
$13,414[6]
(57th)
Gini (2019)
34.8[7]
medium
HDI (2018)
0.816[8]
very high · 52nd
Currency Romanian leu
(RON)
Time zone UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving side right
Calling code +40
ISO 3166 code RO
Internet TLD .rof
a. A Vlach duke ruling Transylvania
Neacșu's letter from 1521, the
oldest surviving document written in
Old Romanian.Arts and monuments
Holidays, traditions, and cuisine
Sports
See also
Notes
References
Sources
Primary sources
Secondary sources
External links
Government
Culture and history links
Romania derives from the Latin romanus , meaning "citizen of
Rome ".[17] The first known use of the appellation was attested to
in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in
Transylvania , Moldavia , and Wallachia .[18][19][20][21]
The olde st known surviving
document written in
Romanian , a 1521 letter
known as the "Letter of
Neacșu from
Câmpulung ",[22] is notable
for including the first
documented occurrence of
the country's name:
Wallachia is mentioned as
Țeara Rumânească (old
spelling for "The Romanian
Land"; țeara from the Latin
terra , "land"; current
spelling: Țara
Românească ).
Two spelling forms: român and rumân were used
interchangeably[a] until sociolinguistic developments in the late
17th century led to semantic differ entiation of the two forms:
rumân came to mean "bondsman ", while român retained the
original ethnolinguistic meaning.[23] After the abolition of
serfdom in 1746, the word rumân graduall y fell out of use and
the spelling stabilised to the form român .[b] Tudor Vladimirescu ,
a revolutionary leader of the early 19th century, used the term
Rumânia to refer exclusively to the principality of Wallachia."[24]Etymology

6/27/2020 Romania – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 4/57around 895, Gelou, is mentioned
alongside Glad and Menumorut in
the late 12th century Gesta
Hungarorum (the reliability of which
is debated); a 1247 royal charter,
known as the Diploma of the
Joannites, mentions four Romanian
keneziates (or polities) in Muntenia
and Oltenia.
b. The double election of Alexandru
Ioan Cuza in Moldavia and Wallachia
(respectively, 5 and 24 January
1859).
c. Independence proclaimed on 9 May
1877, internationally recognised in
1878.
d. Romania in the interwar period,
following the proclamation of the
union in 1918 including Bessarabia,
Bukovina, Transylvania, parts of
Banat, Crișana and Maramureș,
established after the Paris Peace
Conference closing World War I in
1920.
e. Monarchy was abolished on
30 December 1947 upon the
proclamation of the People's
Republic and was changed with the
new constitution upon its adoption on
21 August 1965 as the Socialist
Republic. The Communist regime fell
on 22 December 1989, the new
democratic government was installed
on 20 May 1990 and the new post-
communist constitution was adopted
on 21 November 1991. Romania
joined the European Union on
1 January 2007.
f. Also .eu, shared with other European
Union member states.
Skull from the "Cave with Bones"
(the oldest known remain of Homo
sapiens in Europe).[29]The use of the name Romania to refer to the common homeland
of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first
documented in the early 19th century.[c][25]
In English, the nam e of the country was formerly spelt Rumania
or Roumania .[26] Romania became the predominant spelling
around 1975.[27] Romania is also the official English-language
spelling used by the Romanian government.[28] A handf ul of
other languages (including Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, and
Norwegian) have also switched to "o" like English, but most
languages contin ue to prefer forms with u, e.g. French
Roumanie , German and Swedish Rumänien , Spanish Rumania
(the archaic form Rumanía is still in use in Spain), Polish
Rumunia , Russian Румыния (Rumyniya ), and Japanese ルーマ
ニア (Rūmania ).
1859–1862: United Principalities of Moldavia and
Wallachia
1862–1866: United Principalities or Romania
1866–1881: Romania or Principality of Romania
1881–1947: Kingdom of Romania or Romania
1947–1965: Romanian People's Republic (RPR) or
Romania
1965– December , 1989 : Socialist Republic of Romania
(RSR) or Romania
December , 1989–present: Romania
Human remains found in Peștera cu Oase ("Cave with Bones"),
radiocarbon dated as being from circa 40,000 years ago, represent
the oldest known Homo sapiens in Europe.[29] Neolithic techniques
and agric ulture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people
from Thessaly in the 6th millenn ium BC.[30][31] Excavations near a
salt spring at Lunca yielded the earlies t evidence for salt exploitation
in Europe ; here salt production began between 5th millennium BC
and 4th BC.[32] The first permanent settlements also appeared in the
Neolithic.[33] Some of them developed into "proto-cities",[33] which
were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).[34][35] The Cucuteni–
Trypillia culture —the best known archaeological culture of Old
Europe —flourished in Muntenia , southeastern Transylvania and
northeastern Moldavia in the 3rd millennium BC.[35] The first
fortified settlemen ts appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of Bronze Age
societies.[35]Official names
History
Prehistory

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Maximum territorial extent of the
Kingdom of Dacia during Burebista's
reign (early 40s BC.)
Ruins of sanctuaries at
Sarmizegetusa Regia (Dacia's
capital during the reigns of
Burebista and Decebalus).Greek colonies established on the Black Sea coast in the
7th centu ry BC became important centres of commerce with the
local tribes.[36][37] Among the native peoples, Herodotus listed the
Getae of the Lower Danube region, the Agathyrsi of Transylvania
and the Syginnae of the plains along the river Tisza at the beginning
of the 5th century BC.[38] Centuries later, Strabo associated the
Getae with the Dacians who dom inated the lands along the southern
Carpathian Mountains in the 1st century BC.[39] Burebista was the
first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.[39][40] He also conquered
the Greek colonies in Dobruja and the neighbouring peoples as far as
the Middle Danube and the Balkan Mountains between around
55 and 44 BC.[39][41] After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his
empire collapsed.[39][42]
The Romans reached Dacia during Burebista's reign and conquered
Dobruja in 46 AD.[42] Dacia was again united under Decebalus
around 85 AD.[39][43] He resisted the Romans for decades, but the
Roman army defe ated his troops in 106 AD.[44] Emperor Trajan
transformed Banat , Oltenia and the greater part of Transylvania into
the new Roman province of Dacia , but Dacian, Germanic and
Sarmatian tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman
frontiers.[45][46] The Romans pursued an organised colonisation
policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and
prosperity in the 2nd century.[47][48] Scholars accepting the Daco-
Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the origin
of the Romanians —say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians
and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the
Romanians' ethnogenesis .[49][50]
The Carpians , Goths and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.[51]
The Romans could not resist, and Emperor Aurelian ordered the evac uation of the province Dacia
Trajana in 271.[52] Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking
commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.[53] The Romans did
not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja
(known as Scythia Minor ) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early
7th century.[49][54]
The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee
to the Roman Empire or to accept their suzerainty .[55][56][57] The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the
Huns invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.[55][57][58] The Huns forced the
remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.[55][59] The Gepids
took possession of the former Dacia province.[60][61] The nomadic Avars defeated the Gepids and
established a powerful empire around 570.[55][62] The Bulgars , who also came from the Eurasian
steppes , occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.[55]Antiquity
Middle Ages

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Gutthiuda, or the land of the Gothic-
speaking Thervingi, and the
neighboring tribes (370s AD).Place names that are of Slavic origin abound in Romania, indicating
that a significant Slavic-speaking population used to live in the
territory.[63] The first Slavic groups settled in Moldavia and
Wallachia in the 6th century,[64] in Transylvania around 600.[65]
After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s, Bulgaria became the
dominant power of the region, occu pying lands as far as the river
Tisa .[55] The Council of Preslav declared Old Church Slavonic the
language of liturgy in the First Bulgarian Empire in 893.[66] The
Romanians also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical
language.[67]
The Magyars (or Hun garians) took control of the steppes north of
the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the
Pechenegs jointly forced them to abandon this region for the lowlands along the Middle Danube
around 894.[68] Centuries later, the Gesta Hungarorum wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against
three dukes— Glad , Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou —for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.[69][70] The
Gesta also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, Khazars , and Székelys —inhabiting the same
regions.[71][72] The reliability of the Gesta is debate d. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate
account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.[73][74][75] The Pech enegs seized
the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.[76]
Byzantine miss ionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s[77] and Byzantine troops
occupied Dobruja in the 970s.[78] The first king of Hungary , Stephen I, who supported Western
European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established Roman Catholic bishoprics (office
of a bisho p) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.[79][80] Significant Pecheneg groups fled
to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the Oghuz Turks followed them, and the nomadic Cumans became
the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.[81] Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs
against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.[82] Scholars who
reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their Balkan homeland for
the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the
Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.[83]
Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the
Kingdom of Hungary .[84][85] The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central
Transylvania arou nd 1100 and moved to the easternmost regions aroun d 1200.[86] Colonists from the
Holy Roman Empire —the Transylvanian Saxons ' ancestors—came to the province in the 1150s.[86][87] A
high-ranking royal official, styled voivode , ruled the Transylvanian counties from the 1170s, but the
Székely and Saxon seats (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.[88] Royal charters
wrote of the "Vlachs' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of
autonomous Romanian communities .[89] Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox
prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.[90]
The Mongols destroyed large territories during their inva sion of Eastern and Central Europe in 1241
and 1242.[91] The Mongols' Golden Horde emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but
Béla IV of Hungary's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local
Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.[92][93] Basarab I of Wallachia united the
Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.[94] He
defeated the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Posada and secured the independence of Wallachia

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Vlad III of Wallachia (also known as
Vlad the Impaler), medieval ruler of
Wallachia
During the Long Turkish War, Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the
three medieval principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, covering most of the present-day territory of
Romania.in 1330.[95][96] The seco nd Roma nian principality, Moldavia , achieved full autonomy during the reign of
Bogdan I around 1360.[96] A local dynasty ruled the Despotate of Dobruja in the second half of the
14th century, but the Ottoman Empire took possession of the territory after 1388.[97]
Princes Mircea I and Vlad III of Wallachia , and Stephen III of
Moldavia defende d their countries' indep endence against the
Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular
tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456,
respectively.[98][99] A military commander of Romanian origin, John
Hunyadi , organise d the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his
death in 1456.[100] Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian
peasants, and they rose up in an open rebellion in 1437, but the
Hungarian noble s and the head s of the Saxon and Székely
communities jointly suppressed their revolt.[101] The form al allianc e
of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the Union of
the Three Nations , became an important element of the self-
government of Transylvania.[102] The Orthodox Romanian knezes
("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.[102]
The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied
parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.[102] Transylvania and
Maramureș , along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman
suzerainty, the Principality of Transylvania .[103] Reform ation spread and four denominations—
Calvinism , Lutheranism , Unitarianism , and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in
1568.[104] The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,[104] although they made up more
than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.[105][106]
The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the Holy League against the Ottoman
Empire in 1594.[107] The Wallachian prince, Michael the Brave , united the three principalities unde r his
rule in May 1600.[108][109] The neig hboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became
a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.[108] Although the rulers of theEarly Modern Times and national awakening

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Changes in Romania's territory
since 1859.three prin cipalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes— Gabriel Bethlen
of Transylvania, Matei Basarab of Wallachia, and Vasile Lupu of Moldavia—strengthened their
autonomy.[110]
The unite d armies of the Holy League expelled the Otto man troops from Central Europe between 1684
and 1699 , and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy .[111] The
Habsburgs suppor ted the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the
union with the Roman Catholic Church in 1699.[112] The Church Union strengthened the Romanian
intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.[113] The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania
only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.[114] The organization of the
Transylvanian Military Frontier caused further disturbances, especially among the Székelys in 1764 .[115]
Princes Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Constantin Brâncoveanu of Wallachia concluded alliances
with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and
1714, respectively.[116] The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox
merchants from the Phanar district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.[117][118] The Phanariot
princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.[119] The neighboring powers took
advantage of the situation: the Hab sburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or
Bukovina , in 1775, and the Russian Empire seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or Bessarabia , in
1812.[120][121]
A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania
in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted")
when referring to them.[122][123] The Uniate bishop , Inocențiu Micu-Klein who demanded recognition of
the Romanians as the fourth privileg ed nation was forced into exile.[124][123] Uniate and Orthodox clerics
and laymen jointly signed a plea for the Tran sylvanian Roman ians' emancipation in 1791, but the
monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.[125][122]
The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca authorised the Russian ambassador
in Istanb ul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia
(known as the Danubian Principalities ) in 1774.[126] Taking
advantage of the Greek War of Independence , a Wallachian lesser
nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the
Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by
Phanariot Greeks.[127] Afte r a new Russo-Turkish War , the Treaty of
Adrianople strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian
Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's
right to confirm the election of the princes.[128]
Mihail Kogălniceanu , Nicolae Bălcescu and othe r leaders of the 1848
revolutions in Moldavia and Wallachia demanded the emancipation
of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian
and Ottom an troops crushed their revolt.[129][130] The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt
the blue, yellow and red tricolour as the national flag.[131] In Trans ylvania, most Romanians supported
the imperial government against the Hungarian revolutionaries after the Diet passed a law concern ing
the union of Tran sylvania and Hungary.[131] Bishop Andrei Șaguna proposed the unification of the
Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to
change the internal borders.[132]Independence and monarchy

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Alexandru Ioan Cuza was the first
Domnitor (i.e. Prince) of Romania
(at that time the United Principalities
of Wallachia and Moldavia) between
1862 and 1866.
Late 19th century ethnic map of
Central Europe depicting
predominantly Romanian-inhabited
territories in blue. Hungarians are
marked in yellow and Germans in
pink.The Treaty of Paris put the Danubian Principalities under the
collective guardianship of the Great Powers in 1856.[130] After
special assemblies convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged the
unification of the two principalities, the Great Powers did not
prevent the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as their collective
domnitor (or ruling prince) in January 1859.[133] The united
principalities officially adopted the name Romania on 21 February
1862.[134] Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms,
including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and
agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical
politicians forced him to abdicate in February 1866.[135][136]
Cuza's successor, a German prince, Karl of Hohenzollern-
Sigmaringen (or Carol I), was elected in May.[137] The parliament
adopted the first constitution of Romania in the same year.[138] The
Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the
Congress of Berlin and Carol I was crowned king in 1881.[139] The
Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to
Romania.[139] Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification
of all Romanians into a Greater Romania , the government did not
openly support their irredentist projects.[140]
The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the
separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the
Austro-Hungarian Compromise brought about the union of the province with Hungary in 1867.[141]
Ethnic Romanian politicians sharp ly opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform
Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.[139]
Leaders of the Romanian National Party proposed the federalisation of Austria-Hungary and the
Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.[142][143]
Fearing Russian expansionism, Rom ania secretly joined the Triple
Alliance of Germa ny, Aust ria-Hungary, and Italy in 1883, but public
opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.[144][145] Romania
seized Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War in
1913.[146] German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported
Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between
Romania and the Triple Entente of France, Russia and the United
Kingdom.[146] The country remained neutral when World War I
broke out in 1914 , but Prime Mini ster Ion I. C. Brătianu started
negotiations with the Entente Powers.[147] After they promised
Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian
population to Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest , Romania entered
the war against the Central Powers in 1916.[147][148] The German and
Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and
occupied three-qu arters of the country by early 1917.[149] After the
October Revolution turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a harsh peaceWorld Wars and Greater Romania

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King Carol I of Romania
with his nephew Ferdinand I
of Romania and great-
nephew Carol II of
Romania.
Romania's territorial losses in the
summer of 1940. Of these
territories, only Northern
Transylvania was regained after the
end of World War II.treaty with the Central Powers in May 1918,[150] but the collapse of Russia also enabled the union of
Bessarabia with Romania .[151] King Ferdinand again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the
Entente Powers a day before Germany capitulated on 11 November 1918.[150]
Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.[150] The General
Congress of Bukovina proclaimed the union of the province with Romania
on 28 November 1918, and the Grand National Assembly proclaimed the
union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișan a and Maramureș with the kingdom on
1 December.[152][153] Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary
delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the Soviet Union did not
acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.[154] Romania achieved its greatest
territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war 137,000 to 295,000 km2
(53,000 to 114,000 sq mi).[155] A new electoral system granted voting rights
to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms
transformed the country into a "nati on of small landowners" between 1918
and 1921.[156] Gender equality as a principle was enacted, but women could
not vote or be candidates.[157] Calypso Botez established the National
Council of Roman ian Women to promote feminist ideas.[157] Romania was
a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30% of the
population, but the new constitution declared it a unitary national state in
1923.[155][158][159] Although minorities could establis h their own schools,
Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in
Romanian.[160]
Agriculture remain ed the principal sector of economy, but several bran ches of industry—especially the
production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the
interwar period .[161][162] With oil production of 5.8 million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the
world.[162] Two parties, the National Liberal Party and the National Peasants' Party , dominated political
life, but the Great Depression brought about significant changes in the 1930s.[163][164] The democratic
parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and anti-Semitic Iron Guard and the
authoritarian tend encies of King Carol II.[165] The King promul gated a new constitution and dissolved
the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.[166][167]
The 1938 Munich Agreement convince d King Carol II that Fran ce
and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.[168]
German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of
Romanian oil and agricultural products.[168] The two countries
concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic
policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade Adolf Hitler to
guarantee Romania's frontiers.[169] Romani a was forced to cede
Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union on 26 June
1940, Northern Transylvania to Hungary on 30 August, and
Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.[170] Afte r the territori al
losses, the King was forced to abdic ate in favour of his minor son,
Michael I, on 6 September, and Romania was transformed into a
national-legionary state under the leadership of General Ion
Antonescu .[171] Antonescu signed the Tripartite Pact of Germany,
Italy and Japan on 23 November.[172] The Iron Guard staged a coup
against Antonescu , but he crushed the riot with German support and
introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.[173]

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American B-24 Liberator flying over
a burning oil refinery at Ploiești, as
part of Operation Tidal Wave on
1 August 1943. Due to its role as a
significant supplier of oil to the Axis,
Romania was a prime target of
Allied strategic bombing in 1943 and
1944.Romania entered World War II soon after the German invasion of
the Soviet Union in June 1941.[174] The country regained Bessarabia
and northern Bucovina, and the Germans placed Transnistria (the
territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian
administration.[175] Romanian and German troops massacred at
least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000
Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from
Bessarabia to Transnistria.[176] Most of the Jewish population of
Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,[177]
but their fundamental rights were limited.[178] After the German
occupation of Hungary in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly
Hungarian-speaking – were deported to extermination camps from
Northern Trans ylvania with the Hungarian authorities'
support.[176][179]
After the Soviet victory in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, Iuliu
Maniu , a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret
negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania
had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.[180] To facili tate the coordination of their activities
against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National
Democratic Bloc, which also inclu ded the Social Democratic and Communist parties.[181] After a
successful Soviet offensive, the young King Michael I ordered Anto nescu's arrest and appointed
politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23 August 1944.[182]
Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's
military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but Joseph Stalin regarded the country as an occupied
territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.[183] Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the
Communists' candidate, Petru Groza , the prime mini ster in March 1945.[184][185] The Romanian
administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groz a's government carried out an
agrarian reform.[185] In February 1947, the Paris Peace Treaties confirme d the return of Northern
Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the
country.[186][187]
During the Soviet occupation of Romania , the Communist-dominated government called for new
elections in 1946, which they fraudulently won , with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.[188] Thus,
they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.[189] Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej , a
Communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to becom e Romania's first Communist
leader. In February 1947, he and others forced King Michael I to abdicate and leave the country and
proclaimed Roma nia a people's republic .[190][191] Romania remained under the direct military
occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast
natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romania n companies (SovRoms ) set up
for unilateral exploitative purposes.[192][193][194]
In 1948, the state began to nationalise private firms and to collectivise agriculture.[195] Until the early
1960s, the governm ent severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with
the help of the Securitate —the Rom anian secret police. During this period the regime launched several
campaigns of purges during which numerous "enemies of the state " and "parasite elements" were
targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced
labour camps and prisons—sometim es for life—as well as extrajudicial killing.[196] Nevertheless, anti-Communism

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King Michael I of Romania
was forced to abdicate by the
Communists in late
December 1947, concomitant
with the Soviet occupation of
the country.
Nicolae Ceaușescu ruled Romania
as its Communist leader from 1965
until 1989.
The Romanian Revolution of 1989
was one of the few violent
revolutions in the Iron Curtain that
brought an end to Communist rule.Communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern
Bloc.[197] A 2006 Commission estimated the number of direct victims of
the Communist repression at two million people.[198]
In 1965, Nicolae Ceaușescu came to
power and started to conduct the
country's foreig n policy more
independently from the Soviet Union.
Thus, Communist Romania was the
only Warsaw Pact country which
refused to participate in the Soviet-le d
1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia .
Ceaușescu even publicly condemned
the action as "a big mistake , [and] a
serious danger to peace in Europe and
to the fate of Communism in the
world".[199]) It was the only
Communist state to maintain
diplomatic relation s with Israel after 1967's Six-Day War and established
diplomatic relation s with West Germany the same year.[200] At the same
time, close ties with the Arab countries and the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel– Egypt and Israel–PLO peace
talks.[201]
As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981
(from US$3 billion to $10 billion),[202] the influence of international
financial organizations—such as the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) and the World Bank —grew, gradually conflicting with
Ceaușescu's autocratic rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total
reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing austerity steps that
impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The
process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government
debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the
authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe cult of
personality , which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's
popularity and culminated in his overthrow and eventual execution,
together with his wife, in the violent Romanian Revolution of
December 1989 in which thousand s were killed or injured. The
charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.
After the 1989 revolution, the National Salvation Front (NSF), led by Ion Iliescu , took partial mult i-party
democratic and free market measures.[203][204] In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of
that year 's legislat ive elections and accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former
Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the Golaniad .
Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners
summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local[205] and foreign
media,[206] and is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad .[207][208]Contemporary period

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Anti-Communist rally in Bucharest
(early 1990)
Romania has seen large waves of
protests against judicial reforms
during the 2017–2019 Romanian
protests.
Romania joined the European Union
in 2007 and signed the Treaty of
Lisbon.The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several
political parties, including most notably the Social Democratic Party
and the Democratic Party . The former governed Romania from 1990
until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion
Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other
democratic chang es of government: in 1996 Emil Constantinescu
was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while
Traian Băsescu was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in
2009.[209]
In Novem ber 2014, Sibiu (German : Hermannstadt ) mayor Klaus
Johannis was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister Victor Ponta , who had
been lead ing in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is attributed by many to the Romanian diaspora ,
of which almost 50% voted for Klaus Iohannis in the first round of voting, compared to 16% for
Ponta.[210] In 2019, Johannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister
Viorica Dăncilă .
The post–1989 period is also charac terised by the fact that most of
the forme r industrial and economic enterprises which were built and
operated during the Communist period were closed, mainly as a
result of the policies of privatization of the post–1989 regimes.[211]
Corruption has also been a major issue in contem porary Romanian
politics.[212] In Nove mber 2015, massive anti-corruption protests
which developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire led to the
resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.[213] During
2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to
weaken the fight against corruption, some of the biggest protests
since 1989 took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people
protesting across the country.[214][215]
Nevertheless, ther e have been effor ts to tackle corruption. A National Anticorruption Directorate was
formed in the country in 2002. In Transparency International 's 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index ,
Romania's public sector corruption score deteriorated to 44 out of 100, reversing gains made in previous
years.[216]
After the end of the Cold War , Romania developed closer ties with
Western Europe and the United States , eventually joining NATO in
2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.[217]
The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European
Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an
Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1 January
2007.[218]
During the 2000s, Romania enjoyed one of the highest economic
growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger
of Eastern Europe".[219] This has been accompanied by a significant
improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established aNATO and EU integration

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Romania joined NATO in 2004 and
hosted its 2008 summit in
Bucharest.
Topographic map of Romaniafunctional democratic state.[220][221] However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during
the late-2000s' recession leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in
2009.[222] This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.[223] Worsening
economic conditions led to unrest and triggered a political crisis in 2012.[224]
Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure,[225] medical
services,[226] education ,[227] and corruption.[228] Near the end of
2013, The Economist reported Romania again enjoying "booming"
economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a
lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated
in the midst of government liberalisa tions in opening up new sectors
to comp etition and investment— most notably, energy and
telecoms.[229] In 2016 the Human Development Index ranked
Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".[230]
Following the experience of economic instability throughout the
1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the
EU, a great numbe r of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and
North America, with particularly large communities in Italy , Germany and Spain . In 2016, the Romanian
diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highe st emigrant population in the
world.[231]
Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe
and the twelfth-largest in Euro pe, havin g an area of
238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi).[232]:17 It lies
between latitudes 43° and 49° N and longitudes 20° and
30° E .
The terrain is distributed rough ly equally between
mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains
dominate the centre of Romania, with 14 mountain
ranges reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft—the highest
is Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.[232]:11 They
are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian
plateaus, the Carpathian Basin and the Wallachian
plains.
Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.[233] There are almost
10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering
13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.[234]
The Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria , and flows into the Black Sea,
forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-pre served delta in Europe, and a
biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.[235] At 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi),[236] the
Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshlan d in Europe,[237] and supports 1,688 different plant
species alone.[238]Geography and climate

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Romania map of Köppen climate classification,
according with Clima României from the
Administrația Națională de Meteorologie,
Bucharest 2008Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its
territory.[239] Som e 3,700 plant species have been identifi ed in the country, from which to date 23 have
been declared natural monuments , 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.[240]
The fauna of Romania consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 707 vertebrate ,[240]
with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,[241] including about
50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) brown bears[242] and 20% of its wolves .[243]
Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European
continent, Roman ia has a climate that is temperate and continental , with four distinct seasons. The
average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.[244] In summer,
average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F)
are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.[245] In winter, the average maximum
temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).[245] Prec ipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only
on the highest western mountain s, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately 570 mm
(22 in).[232]:29 There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is
milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced
continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.[246]Climate

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Klaus Iohannis
President
Ludovic Orban
Prime MinisterAverage daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities
in Romania[247]
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Bucharest 28.8/15.6 84/60 1.5/−5.5 35/22
Cluj-Napoca24.5/12.7 76/55 0.3/−6.5 33/20
Timișoara 27.8/14.6 82/58 2.3/−4.8 36/23
Iași 26.8/15 80/59 −0.1/−6.9 32/20
Constanța 25.9/18 79/64 3.7/−2.3 39/28
Craiova 28.5/15.7 83/60 1.5/−5.6 35/22
Brașov 24.2/11.4 76/53 −0.1/−9.3 32/15
Galați 27.9/16.2 82/61 1.1/–5.3 34/22
The Constitution of Romania is based on the
constitution of France's Fifth Republic and was
approved in a national referendum on 8 December
1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into
conformity with EU legislation. The country is
governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic
system and the separation of powers between the
legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a
semi-presidential republic where executive functions
are held by both the government and the
president .[248] The latter is elected by popular vote
for a maximum of two terms of five years and
appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the
Council of Ministers . The legislative branch of the
government, collectively known as the Parliament
(residing at the Palace of the Parliament ), consists of
two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies ) who se members are elected every four years by simple
plurality .[249][250]
The justic e system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical
system of courts with the High Court of Cassation and Justice bein g the suprem e court of Romani a.[251]
There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly
influenced by the French model , is based on civil law and is inquisitorial in nature. The Constitutional
Court (Curtea Constituțională ) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state
regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can only be amended
through a public referendum.[249][252] Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence
on its dom estic policy, and including judicial reforms , increased judicial cooperation with other member
states, and measures to combat corruption.[253]Governance
Foreign relations

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Diplomatic missions of Romania
Romania is a noteworthy ally of the
United States, being the first NATO
member state that agreed to support
increasing its defence spending after
the 2017 Trump-Iohannis meeting at
the White House.Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of
strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically
with the United States and the Europ ean Union, albeit with limited
relations involving the Russian Federation . It joined the NATO on
29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007,
while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World
Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade
Organization .[254]
In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals
is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular
Moldova , Ukraine , and Georgia ) with the proces s of integration
with the rest of the West.[255] Rom ania has also made clear since
the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the
democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the
Caucasus .[255] Romania also declared its public support for Turkey ,
and Croatia joining the European Union.[255]
Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to accede to the Schengen Area ,
and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament in
June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011.
As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is
hampered because the European Council has misgivings about
Romania's adherence to the rule of law,[256] a fundamental
principle of EU membership.[257]
In December 2005, President Traia n Băsescu and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in
the eastern part of the country.[258] In May 2009, Hillary Clinton , US Secretary of State , declared that
"Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."[259]
Relations with Moldova are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a
common history .[255] A movement for unification of Roman ia and Moldova appeared in the early 1990s
after both countrie s achieved emancipation from communist rule[260] but lost ground in the mid-1990s
when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic
independent of Romania.[261] Afte r the 2009 protests in Moldova and the subsequ ent removal of
Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.[262]
The Rom anian Armed Forces consist of land , air, and naval forces led by a Commander-in-chief under
the supervision of the Ministry of National Defence , and by the president as the Supreme Commander
during wartime. The Armed Force s consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 75,000 military
personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields.[263] Total
defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national GDP, or approximately US$2.9 billion,
with a total of $11 billion spent between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of new
equipment.[264]Military

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Romanian marine troopers during a
combined Dutch-Romanian exercise
at Vadu beach.
Romanian Mircea Geoană, Deputy
Secretary General of NATO.The Air Force currently operates modernised Soviet MiG-21 Lancer
fighters.[265] The Air Force purchased seven new C-27J Spartan
tactical airlifters ,[266] while the Naval Forces acquired two
modernised Type 22 frigates from the British Royal Navy .[267]
Romania contribu ted troops to the international coalition in
Afghanistan beginning in 2002,[268] with a peak deployment of
1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution
according to the US).[269][270] Its combat mission in the country
concluded in 2014.[271] Romanian troops participated in the
occupation of Iraq , reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being
slowly drawn dow n to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission
in Iraq and withdr ew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last
countries to do so. The frigate the Regele Ferdinand participated in
the 2011 military intervention in Libya .[272]
In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the
draft law ratifying the Romania-United States agreement signed in
September of the same year that would allow the establishment and
operation of a US land-based ballistic missile defence system in
Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental missile
shield .[273]
Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe , pronounced judetse)
and the municipality of Bucharest . Each county is administered by a
county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a prefect
responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county
level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot
be a member of any political party.[274] Each county is subdivided
further into cities and communes , which have their own mayor and
local coun cil. Ther e are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in
Romania.[232]:17 A total of 103 of the larger cities have municipality
status, which gives them greater administrative power over local
affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is
further divided into six sectors[232]:6 and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar ), and a general city
council.
The NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ) level divisions of the European Union
reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus
Bucharest.[275] The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no
current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four macroregions ) and NUTS-2[276] (eight development
regions ) division s exist but have no adm inistrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating
regional development projects and statistical purposes.[275]Administrative divisions

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Since 2007, Romania has been part
of the EU single market.Development
regionArea
(km2)Population
(2011)[277]Most populous
urban
centre*[278]
Nord-Vest 34,159 2,600,132Cluj-Napoca
(411,379)
Centru 34,082 2,360,805 Brașov (369,896)
Nord-Est 36,850 3,302,217 Iași (382,484)
Sud-Est 35,762 2,545,923Constanța
(425,916)
Sud – Muntenia 34,489 3,136,446 Ploiești (276,279)
București – Ilfov 1,811 2,272,163Bucharest
(2,272,163)
Sud-Vest
Oltenia29,212 2,075,642 Craiova (356,544)
Vest 32,028 1,828,313Timișoara
(384,809)
In 2019, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $547 billion and a
GDP per capita (PPP ) of $28,189.[279] According to the World Bank,
Romania is an upper-middle income country with a mixed
economy.[280] According to Eurostat , Romania's GDP per capita
(PPS) was 69% of the EU average (100%) in 2019, an increase from
44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making
Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.[281]
After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability
and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of
structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian
economy was transformed into one of relative macroeconomic
stability, characte rised by high growth, low unemployment and
declining inflation . In 2006, according to the Romanian Statistics
Office , GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the
highest rates in Europe.[282] However, a rece ssion following the
global financial crisis of 2008–2009 forced the government to borrow externally, including an IMF €20
billion bailout program.[283] According to The World Bank , GDP per capita in purchasing power parity
grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.[284] Romania's net average monthly wage increased to
666 euro as of 2020,[285] and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.[286] Une mployment in Romania was at
4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.[287]
Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.[288]
The largest local companies include car maker Automobile Dacia , Petrom , Rompetrol , Ford Romania ,
Electrica , Romgaz , RCS & RDS and Banca Transilvania .[289] As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports
per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery,
electrical and electronic equipme nt, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment,
pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is
ABAR
AGBCBHBNBT
BV
BRBZ CS
CLCJ
CTCV
DB
DJGL
GRGJHR
HD
ILIS
IFMM
MHMSNT
OTPHSM
SJ
SBSV
TRTM
TLVS
VLVN
B
Economy

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The CEC Palace is situated on
Bucharest's Victory Avenue.
The Bucharest Stock Exchange
Palace, situated in the capital's
historical city centre.
Dacia Duster concept at the Geneva
Motor Show (2009)mostly centred on the member state s of the European Union, with
Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading
partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of
GDP.[290]
After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and
2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is
somewhat less than in other European economies.[291] In 2005, the
government replac ed Romania's progressive tax system with a flat
tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the
lowest rates in the European Union.[292] The economy is based
predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's
total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for
30% and 4.4% respectively.[293] Approximately 25.8% of the
Romanian workfo rce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest
rates in Europe.[294]
Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment
following the end of Communism, with the stock of foreign direct
investment (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June
2019.[295] Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign
business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local
economy) amount ed to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest
value among the 28 EU member states.[295]
According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing
business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.[296] The report
praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credi t in the country, while noting
difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.[296]
Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu ("lion")
and following a denomination in 2005.[297] Afte r joining the EU in
2007, Romania is expected to adopt the Euro in 2024.[298]
In Janua ry 2020, Romania's external debt was reported to be
US$122 billion according to CEIC data.[299]
According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE),
Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080
kilometres (53,488 mi).[300] The Wor ld Bank estimates the railway
network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.[301]
Romania's rail transport experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million
passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure
improvements and partial privatisa tion of lines,[249] accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight
movements in the country.[249] Bucharest Metro , the only underground railw ay system, was opened in
1979 and measures 61.41 km (38.16 mi) with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during
the workweek in the country.[302] There are sixteen international commercial airports in servic e today.
Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport in 2017.[303]Infrastructure

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Romania's road network.
Graph depicting Romania's
electricity supply mix as of 2015
Putna Monastery in
Bukovina, the oldest of
the medieval churches
of Moldavia
The Danube Delta with
its wildlife
Bran Castle
Mamaia Black Sea
resortRomania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide
in terms of consumption of electric energy.[304] Around a third of
the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as
hydroelectric power.[305] In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%),
hydroelectric (30% ), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%).[306] It
has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even
though oil and natural gas productio n has been decreasing for more
than a decade.[307] With one of the largest reserves of crude oil and
shale gas in Europe[308] it is among the most energy-independent
countries in the European Union,[309] and is looking to expand its
nuclear power plant at Cernavodă further.[310]
There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June
2014.[311] According to Bloomberg , in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in
the world, and according to The Independent , it ranks number one
in Europe at Internet speeds,[312][313] with Timișoara ranked among
the highest in the world.[314]
Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy,
generating around 5% of GDP.[315] The number of tourists has been
rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016,
according to the Worldbank.[316] Tourism in Rom ania attracted €400 million in investments in
2005.[317] More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU coun tries.[318] The popular
summer attractio ns of Mamaia and other Black Sea Resorts attracte d 1.3 million tourists in
2009.[319][320]
Most popular skiing resorts are along the Valea Prahovei
and in Poiana Brașov . Castles, fortifications, or
strongholds as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian
cities or towns such as Cluj-Napoca , Sibiu, Brașov ,
Bistrița , Mediaș , Cisnădie , or Sighișoara also attract a
large number of tourists. Bran Castle , near Brașov, is one
of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing
hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often
advertised as being Dracula 's Castle.[321]
Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has
become an important alternative,[322] and is targeted to
promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the
painted churches of northern Moldavia , and the wooden
churches of Maramureș , or the villages with fortified
churches in Transylvania .[323] Other attractions include
the Danube Delta or the Sculptural Ensemble of
Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu .[324][325]
In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the
hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.[326] More than 1.9 million foreign
tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.[327] According to the country's NationalTourism

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Romanians in Romania by counties
(Ethnic maps 1930–2011)Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France),
12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.[327]
Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In
the history of flight, Traian Vuia built the first airplane to take off under its own power[328] and Aurel
Vlaicu built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft ,[329] while Henri Coandă discovered the
Coandă effect of fluidics.[330] Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 types of bacteria ;[331] biologist
Nicolae Paulescu discovered insulin ,[332] while Emil Palade received the Nobel Prize for his
contributions to cell biology .[333] Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesise amphetamine , and
he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.[334]
During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including:
corruption, low funding, and a considerable brain drain .[335] In recent years, Romania has ranked the
lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by research and development spending as a percentage
of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just
over 2%.[336][337] The country joined the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2011,[338] and CERN in
2016.[339] In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8
million in membership contributions to the agency.[340]
In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit
from a low base.[341] In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on
universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".[342]
The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) laser
will be built in Romania.[343] In early 2012, Romania launched its first satellite from the Centre Spatial
Guyanais in Frenc h Guyana.[344] Star ting in Dece mber 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the
International Space Station .[345]
According to the 2011 census , Romania's population is 20,121,641.[3]
Like other countries in the region , its population is expected to
decline gradually in the coming year s as a result of sub-replacement
fertility rates and negative net migration rate. In October 2011,
Romanians mad e up 88.9% of the population. The largest ethnic
minorities are the Hungarians , 6.1% of the population, and the
Roma , 3.0% of the population.[d][346] The Roma minority is usually
underestimated in census data and may represent up to 10% of the
population.[347] Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of
Harghita and Covasna . Other minorities include Ukrainians ,
Germans , Turks , Lipovans , Aromanians , Tatars , and Serbs .[348] In
1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,[349] but only
about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.[348] As of 2009 ,
there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in
Romania, primarily from Moldova and China .[220]Science and technology
Demographics

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Ethnic map of the Kingdom of
Romania based on the 1930 census
data.
Map of Romanian language
frequency as spoken in Romania by
districts (according to the 2011
census).
Map highlighting the use of the
Romanian language worldwide, both
as a native and as a foreign
language.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children
born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one
of the lowest in the world,[350] it remains considerably below the
high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.[351] In 2014, 31.2% of
births were to unmarried women.[352] The birth rate (9.49 ‰, 2012)
is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a
shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median
age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the
world,[350] with approximately 16.8% of total population aged
65 years and over.[350][353][354] The life expectan cy in 2015 was
estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 year s male, 78.59 years female).[355]
The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in
Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million.[356] After
the Romanian Revolu tion of 1989 , a significant number of
Romanians emigr ated to other European countries, North America or Australia.[357] For example, in
1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.[358]
The offic ial langua ge is Romanian, a Romance language (the most
widely spoken of the Eastern Romance branch ), which presents a
consistent degree of similarity to Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian ,
and Istro-Romanian , but shares many features equally with the rest
of the Western Romance languages , specifically Italian , French ,
Spanish , Portuguese , and Catalan .[359] The Romanian alphabet
contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well
as five additional ones (namely 'ă','â','î','ț', and 'ș'), totaling 31.[359]
Romanian is spoken as a first langua ge by approximately 90% of the
entire population, while Hungarian and Vlax Romani are spoken by
6.2% and 1.2% of the population , respectively. There are also
approximately 50,000 native speakers of Ukrainian (concentrated in
some com pact regions, near the border where they form local
majorities),[360] 25,000 native speakers of Germa n, and 32,000
native speakers of Turkish living in Romania.[361]
According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights
to all minorities, with localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%,
that minority's language can be used in the public administration,
justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons
who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their
own language.[362] English and French are the main foreign
languages taught in schools.[363] In 2010, the Organisation
internationale de la Francophonie identified 4,756,100 French speaker s in the country.[364] According to
the 2012 Eurobarometer , English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, as well as
Italian and German, each by 7%.[365]Languages
Religion

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Eastern Orthodoxy is the most
widespread religious denomination
in the country.
Religion in Romania (2011 census)
Religion Percentage
Eastern Orthodox   81.0%
Roman Catholic   4.3%
Reformed   3.0%
Pentecostal   1.8%
Greek Catholic   0.7%
Baptist   0.6%
Seventh-day Adventist  0.4%
Other   1.8%
Non-Religious   0.2%
No data   6.2%
The University of Bucharest was
opened in 1864.Romania is a secular state and has no state religion . An
overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as
Christians . At the country's 2011 census, 81.0% of respondents
identified as Orthodox Christians belonging to the Romanian
Orthodox Church . Other denominations include
Protestantism (6.2%), Roman Catholicism (4.3%), and Greek
Catholicism (0.8%). From the remaining popula tion, 195,569 people
belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion,
which includes 64,337 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar
ethnicity) and 3,519 Jewish (Jews once constituted 4% of the
Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census).
Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are atheist , whilst the
religion of the rest is unknown.[4]
The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous
Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with
other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its
leader. It is the fourth-largest Orth odox Church in
the world,[366] and unlike other Orthodox churches,
it functions within a Latin culture and utilises a
Romance liturgical language.[367] Its canonical
jurisdiction cover s the territories of Romania and
Moldova.[368]
Although 54.0% of the population lived in urban areas in 2011,[3] this percentage has been declining
since 1996.[369] Counties with over ⅔ urban population are Hunedoara , Brașov and Constanța , while
those with less than a third are Dâmbovița (30.06%) and Giurgiu and Teleorman .[3] Buchare st is the
capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.8 million in 2011. Its larger urban
zone has a population of almost 2.2 million,[370] which are planned to be included into a metropolitan
area up to 20 times the area of the city proper .[371][372][373] Another 19 cities have a population of over
100,000, with Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara of slightly more than 300,00 0 inhabitants, Iași, Constanța ,
Craiova , and Brașov with over 250,000 inhabitants, and Galați and Ploiești with over 200,000
inhabitants.[278] Metropolitan areas have been constituted for most of these cities.
Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational
system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received
mixed criticism.[376] In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were
enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in kindergarten (three-six
years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in
tertiary level (universities).[377] In 2018, the adult literacy rate
was 98.8%.[378] Kindergarten is optional between three and six
years. Since 2012, compulsory schooling starts at age 6 with the
"preparatory school year" (clasa pregătitoare )[379] and is
compulsory until tenth grade.[380] Primary and secondary educationUrbanisation
Education

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The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest
completed a $90 million renovation
in 2011.[375]
Sibiu was the European Capital of
Culture in 2007.is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal
private tutoring system used mostly during seconda ry school, which
prospered during the Communist regime.[381]
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Babeș-Bolyai University of
Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest , and West University of
Timișoara have been included in the QS World University Rankings '
top 800.[382]
Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the International
Mathematical Olympiad with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959.
Ciprian Manolescu managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for
a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the
competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997 .[383] Romania has achieved the
highest team score in the competitio n, after China Russia the United
States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the International Olympiad
in Informatics with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.[384][385][386]
Romania has a universal health care system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly
5% of GDP.[387] It covers medica l examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-operative
medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to
fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and
cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.[388] In 2010, Romania had
428 state and 25 private hospitals,[389] with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,[390] and over 200,000
medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.[391] As of 2013 , the emigration rate of doctors was
9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.[392]
The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by
the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School
scholars.[393] Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century,
including: George Coșbuc , Ioan Slavici , Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile
Alecsandri , Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale , Ion Creangă , and
Mihai Eminescu , the later being considered the greatest and most
influential Rom anian poet, particularly for the poem
Luceafărul .[394]
In the 20th century, a number of Romanian artists and writers
achieved international acclaim, including: Tristan Tzara , Marcel
Janco ,[395] Mircea Eliade , Nicolae Grigorescu , Marin Preda , Liviu
Rebreanu ,[396] Eugène Ionesco , Emil Cioran , and Constantin Brâncuși . Brâncuși has a sculptural
ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture Bird in Space , was auctioned in 2005 forHealthcare
Culture
Arts and monuments

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Timișoara was designated the
European Capital of Culture in 2021.
Christmas market in Bucharest$27.5 million.[397][398] Romanian-born Holocaust survivor Elie
Wiesel received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, while Banat Swabian
writer Herta Müller received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature .[399]
Prominent Roman ian painters include: Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan
Luchian , Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza and Theodor Aman .
Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and
20th centuries include: Ciprian Porumbescu , Anton Pann , Eduard
Caudella , Mihail Jora , Dinu Lipatti and especially George Enescu .
The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Buchare st in honour of
the 20th-century composer.[400]
Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu , Gheorghe
Zamfir ,[401][402] Inna ,[403] Alexandra Stan[404] and many others
have achi eved various levels of inter national acclaim. At the Eurovision Song Contest Romanian singers
achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.[405]
In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the
Cannes Film Festival , The Death of Mr. Lazarescu by Cristi Puiu won the Prix Un Certain Regard in
2005,[406] while 4 Months , 3 Weeks and 2 Days by Cristian Mungiu won the festival's top prize, the
Palme d'Or , in 2007.[407] At the Berlin International Film Festival , Child's Pose by Călin Peter Netzer
won the Golden Bear in 2013.[408]
The list of World Heritage Sites includes six cultural sites located within Romania, including eight
painted churches of northern Moldavia , eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with
fortified churches in Transylvania, the Horezu Monastery , and the Historic Centre of Sighișoara .[409]
The city of Sibiu, with its Brukenthal National Museum , was selected as the 2007 European Capital of
Culture .[410] Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of Peleș
Castle ,[411] Corvin Castle , and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".[412]
There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the Great
Union Day, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the
1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.[413] Winter holidays
include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various
unique folklore dances and games are common: plugușorul ,
sorcova , ursul , and capra .[414][415] The trad itional Romanian dress
that othe rwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century,
is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially
in rural areas.[416] There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas
and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from
EU law after 2007 .[417] In the Easter , traditions such as painting the
eggs are very common. On 1 March features mărțișor gifting, which is a tradition that females are gifted
with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.[418]
Romanian cuisine has been influen ced by Austrian and German cuisine (especially in the historical
regions that had been formerly administered by the Habsburg Monarchy), but also shares some
similarities with other cuisines in the Balkan region such as the Greek , Bulgarian , or Serbian cuisine .[419]Holidays, traditions, and cuisine

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Iconic athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): Nadia Comăneci, Gheorghe Hagi, Simona
Halep and Cristina NeaguCiorbă inclu des a wide range of sour soups , while mititei , mămăligă (similar to polenta ), and sarmale
are featured commonly in main courses.[420]
Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.[421][422]
Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: chiftele , tobă and tochitura
at Christmas; drob , pască and cozonac at Easter and other Romanian holidays.[423] Țuică is a strong
plum brandy reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoho lic beverage, taking
as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the largest plum producers in the
world ).[424][425] Traditional alcoholic beverages also include wine , rachiu , palincă and vișinată , but beer
consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.[426]
Football is the most popu lar sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players as of 2018 . The
market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to UEFA .[427]
The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation , which belongs to UEFA. The Romania
national football team played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken
part in the first three FIFA World Cups , the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has
played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it reached the
quarterfinals of the 1994 FIFA World Cup , eventually being ranked third by FIFA in 1997.[428]
The core player of this golden generation was Gheorghe Hagi , who was nicknamed "Maradona of the
Carpathians".[429] Other successful players include the European Golden Shoe winners: Dudu
Georgescu , Dorin Mateuț and Rodion Cămătaru , Nicolae Dobrin ,[430] Ilie Balaci ,[431] Florea
Dumitrache ,[432] Mihai Mocanu ,[433] Michael Klein ,[434] Mircea Rednic ,[434] Cornel Dinu ,[432] Mircea
Lucescu ,[435] Costică Ștefănescu ,[436] Liță Dumitru ,[437] Lajos Sătmăreanu ,[438] Ștefan Sameș ,[439]
Ladislau Bölöni ,[440] Anghel Iordănescu ,[441] Miodrag Belodedici ,[442] Helmuth Duckadam ,[443] MariusSports

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 28/57Lăcătuș ,[434] Victor Pițurcă[444] and many others, and most recen tly Gheorghe Popescu ,[445] Florin
Răducioiu ,[446] Dorinel Munteanu ,[447] Dan Petrescu ,[448] Adrian Mutu ,[449] Cristian Chivu ,[449] or
Cosmin Contra .[449] Romania's home ground is the Arena Națională in Bucharest.
The most successful club is Steaua București , who were the first Eastern European team to win the
Champions League in 1986 , and were runner s-up in 1989 .[450] They were also Europa League semi-
finalists in 2006 .[451] Dinamo București reached the Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the Cup
Winners' Cup semi-final in 1990 .[452] Other important Romanian football clubs are Rapid București ,[453]
UTA Arad ,[454] Universitatea Craiova ,[455] Petrolul Ploiești ,[456] CFR Cluj,[457] Astra Giurgiu ,[458] and
Viitorul Constanța .[459]
Tennis is the second most popular sport.[460] Romania reached the Davis Cup finals three times in 1969,
1971 and 1972.[461] In singles, Ilie Năstase was the first year-end World Number 1 in the ATP Rankings in
1973, winning several Grand Slam titles. Also Virginia Ruzici won the French Open in 1978, and was
runner-up in 1980, Simona Halep won the French Open in 2018 and Wimbledon in 2019 after losing her
first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as WTA's World Number 1. And in doubles
Horia Tecău won three Grand Slams and the ATP Finals final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.[462]
Young people prefer basketball almost as much as they prefer association football.[463] Gheorge Muresan
has been a promin ent basketball player as he gained popularity off the court as well as on the court. Yet,
the Romanian national basketball team has had only modest success.
Another popular team sport is handball .[460] Both the men's and women's national handball teams are
multiple world champions. Cristina Neagu has a record four IHF World Player of the Year awards.[464]
Popular individual sports include combat sports ,[460] martial arts,[460] and swimming .[460] In
professional boxing , Roman ia has produced many world champions across the weight divisions
internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include Lucian Bute , Leonard Dorin
Doroftei , Adrian Diaconu , and Michael Loewe .[465] Another popular combat sport is professional
kickboxing , which has produ ced prominent practitioners including Daniel Ghiță ,[466] and Benjamin
Adegbuyi .[467]
Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in gymnastics ,[468] with Olympic
and sport icon Nadia Comăneci becomin g the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic
event at the 1976 Summer Olympics .[469] Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic
sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and
judo.[470]
Outline of Romania
a. "am scris aceste sfente cărți de învățături, să fie popilor rumânesti … să înțeleagă toți oamenii cine-s
rumâni creștini " "Întrebare creștinească" (1559), Bibliografia românească veche, IV , 1944, p. 6.
"… că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi
românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si grecească
si srâbească pre limba românească 5 cărți ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frațiSee also
Notes

6/27/2020 Romania – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 29/57rumâni și le-au scris în cheltuială multă … și le-au dăruit voo fraților români, … și le-au scris voo
fraților români " Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582), București, 1968.
În Țara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste seamă de mulți și români peste tot
locul … , Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, p. 133–134.
b. In his literary testament Ienăchiță Văcărescu writes: " Urmașilor mei Văcărești!/Las vouă
moștenire:/Creșterea limbei românești/Ș-a patriei cinstire. "
In the " Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-V odă și a răzmeriței din timpul lui pe la 1790 " a Pitar Hristache
writes: " Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Țara
Românească.
c. In 1816, the Greek scholar Dimitrie Daniel Philippide published his work The History of Romania in
Leipzig , followed by The Geography of Romania .
On the tombstone of Gheorghe Lazăr in Avrig (built in 1823) there is the inscription: " Precum Hristos
pe Lazăr din morți a înviat/Așa tu România din somn ai deșteptat. "
d. 2002 census data, based on population by ethnicity (http://www .insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicat
e/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DA TE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%20201 1.pdf) Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20120324001828/http://www .insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunica
t%20DA TE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%20201 1.pdf) 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine , gave a
total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. Many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards
(http://www .edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131
115213848/http://www .edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf) 15 November 2013 at the
Wayback Machine . International sources give higher figures than the of ficial census (e.g., [1] (https://
web.archive.org/web/20061007102931/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/v
gr/chapter1.1.pdf) UNDP 's Regional Bureau for Europe , World Bank (https://web.archive.org/web/20
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Romania Profile (http://www .balkaninsight.com/en/article/counrty-profile-romania) from Balkan
Insight .
România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data (https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/RO
Centenar .pdf) from INS
"Romania" (https://www .cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html) . The World
Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .External links

6/27/2020 Romania – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania 57/57Romanian Presidency (http://www .presidency .ro/)
Romanian Parliament (http://www .parlament.ro/index_en.html)
Treasures of the national library of Romania (http://www .theeuropeanlibrary .org/portal/libraries/Librari
es.php?launch=1&language=en&page=T reasures&country=Romania)
Historic Houses of Romania (http://historo.wordpress.com/)
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