http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 1/24T h e r m a l a n d s… [610261]
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 1/24T h e r m a l a n d s p e c t r o s c o p i c a n a l y s i s o f C o ( I I ) – F e ( I I I ) p o l y g l y o x y l a t e
o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h …M . N i c u l e s c u e t a l .
T h e r m a l a n d s p e c t r o s c o p i c a n a l y s i s o f
C o ( I I ) – F e ( I I I ) p o l y g l y o x y l a t e o b t a i n e d
t h r o u g h t h e r e a c t i o n o f e t h y l e n e g l y c o l
w i t h m e t a l n i t r a t e s
Mircea Niculescu,
MihaiCosmin Pascariu,
[anonimizat]
Cornelia Muntean,
[anonimizat]
Viorel Sasca,
Lavinia Lupa,
MariusSilviu Milea,
Mihail Birzescu,
Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering,Politehnica
University of Timișoara,6 Vasile Pârvan Blvd.,300223Timisoara,Romania
Faculty of Pharmacy,“Vasile Goldiș” Western University of Arad,86 Liviu
Rebreanu,310414Arad,Romania
Faculty of Medicine,“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of
Timișoara,2 Eftimie Murgu Sq.,300041Timisoara,Romania
National Institute of Research and Development for Electrochemistry and
Condensed Matter – INCEMC,144 Dr. Aurel Păunescu
Podeanu,300569Timisoara,Romania
Research Institute for Renewable Energy,Politehnica University of
Timișoara,2 Victoriei Sq.,300006Timisoara,Romania1
2,*,3,4
1,*,5
6
1
1
1 T h e f a m i l y n a m e o f t h e l a s t a u t h o r d o e s n ' t d i s p l a y w e l l i n t h e
f i n a l P D F p r o o f , p l e a s e u s e t h e " B i r z e s c u " v a r i a n t ( w i t h a n " i " ) .
1
2
3
4
5
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 2/24Institute of Chemistry Timișoara of Romanian Academy,24 Mihai Viteazul
Blvd.,300223Timisoara,Romania
A b s t r a c t
The synthesis and thermal and spectroscopic studies of a new Co–Fe
heteropolynuclear coordination compound are presented. The in situ oxidation
product of ethylene glycol plays the role of ligand. Under specific working
conditions, the reaction of ethylene glycol with Fe and Co nitrates in dilute
acid solutions occurs with the oxidation of the former to glyoxylic acid,
coordinated to the Co and Fe cations as glyoxylate anion (CHO), with
simultaneous isolation of the heteropolynuclear coordination compound. In
order to separate and identify the ligand, the synthesized coordination
compound, having the composition formula
CoFe( L)(OH)(HO)·14HO, where L is the glyoxylate anion, has been
treated with R–H cationite (Purolite C100). After the retention of the metal
cations, the resulting glyoxylic acid was confirmed by measuring its physical
constants, by specific reactions and through spectroscopic methods. The
synthesized coordination compound was characterized by physical–chemical
analysis, electronic spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), Xray diffractometry (XRD) and thermal analysis. Cobalt ferrite
impurified with ferric oxide was obtained following the thermal
decomposition of Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate. The oxides obtained
through thermolysis were studied by FTIR, XRD, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis.
AQ1
AQ2
K e y w o r d s
Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate
Heteropolynuclear coordination compound
Glyoxylic acid
Cobalt ferrite
Thermal analysis
Xray diffractometry
Mihail Bîrzescu: Deceased in 2012.
I n t r o d u c t i o n6
IIIII
III II
II III
2242−
4109202322
IIIII
IIIII
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 3/24Starting with the nineteenth century and up until present day, the mono and
polynuclear coordination compounds that possess carboxylic acids and their
derivatives as ligands gained a notable place in the coordination chemistry
[1,2,3,4,5,6]. Besides their theoretical interest, these complex combinations
are used in the chemical industry (heterogeneous chemical catalysis,
electrocatalysis, preparation of special oxidic systems and ceramic pigments),
electrical engineering, information technology, pharmaceutical areas and others
[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14].
The classical methods of obtaining such coordination compounds involve the
aqueous treatment of metal salts with carboxylic acids or carboxylates.
Depending on the cation involved, the precipitation of the coordination
compound takes place at certain pH values, established with or without the
addition of alkaline hydroxides [15,16,17].
A number of new, unconventional methods have been developed in order to
obtain oxidic systems with special structures and properties, which are required
by the modern technologies. One of these, which gained popularity starting with
the 1990s, uses polynuclear coordination compounds with the glyoxylate anion
as ligand, obtained by a new protocol [18,19].
Polyols can be oxidized to aldehydes, carboxylic acids or compounds with
mixed functions, depending on the oxidizing agents and the working conditions,
as already established in the literature [20,21,22,23,24]. Thus, 1,2ethanediol
(ethylene glycol, EG) can be oxidized to glycolic aldehyde, glyoxal, glycolic,
glyoxylic and oxalic acids. In a strongly acidic environment and with energetic
oxidizers, a degradative oxidation of EG, which proceeds with the breaking of
the C–C bond, takes place, and formaldehyde, formic acid and carbon dioxide
are obtained [25,26,27].
In order to obtain only one of these oxidation products, some welldefined
working conditions are required. These include an adequate oxidizing agent,
concentration of reactants, acidity, temperature and heating rate [27].
The literature [28] mentions that the glyoxylic acid is obtained through the mild
oxidation of EG with a nitric acid solution. In addition, Knetsch and Groeneveld
[29] obtained the Cu(EG)(NO) combination by concentrating through
evaporation a solution containing 0.01 mol [Cu(OH)](NO) dissolved in
0.02 mol EG. The highly hygroscopic combination rapidly decomposes with the
release of NO. Although this process has not been studied in depth by the two
authors, Bîrzescu [19] later showed that a redox reaction takes place between
EG and the NO ions during the evaporation of the respective solution.232
2632
2
3−
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 4/24A series of homo and heteropolynuclear glyoxylates have been obtained and
characterized by means of a new method elaborated by the later author. The
method is based on the oxidation of EG to the glyoxylate dianion, CHO
(GA), by some metal nitrates, during the heating of their aqueous solution. The
oxidation reaction is carried out in the absence of other reagents, simultaneously
with the isolation of the corresponding solid glyoxylates. The yield of the
synthesis exceeds 80%.
The aerobic thermal conversion of the homopolynuclear M glyoxylates, namely
[MCHO(OH)] (M = Mn, Co, Ni) and [CuCHO·0.5HO], allowed for
the preparation of some (nonstoichiometric) metal oxides containing the metal at
different oxidation states: αMnO, CoO or NiO, and CuO or CuO,
respectively [19]. These oxides are obtained at relatively low temperatures
(300–400 °C) with a high degree of reproducibility.
After establishing the conditions for the production of nickel and cobalt
nonstoichiometric oxides, an original method of obtaining anodes with
electrocatalytic active films was elaborated [19,30]. The thus obtained anodes
can be used for oxygen discharge during electrolysis of alkaline solutions.
This paper is part of a series of studies concerned with the elaboration of new
methods for obtaining coordination compounds through the oxidation of diols
with metal nitrates [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. A
large variety of coordination compounds was prepared by this original synthesis
procedure. The obtained compounds decompose to simple or mixed oxides at
relatively low temperatures. The main objective of this research is to highlight
the importance of the precursor’s nature in the synthesis of simple and mixed
metal oxides with different properties and applications.
In the present paper, the preparation of Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate from
an aqueous EG/cobalt(II) nitrate/iron(III) nitrate system is presented from the
synthesis–structure relationship viewpoint. In addition, a novel method, which
can be used as an alternative way for the synthesis of the glyoxylic acid through
the decomposition of this new coordination compound, is also described.
E x p e r i m e n t a l
M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s
The reagents, all acquired from commercial sources, were of analytical grade.
EG, Co(NO).· 6HO and Fe(NO)·9HO (Merck) had a minimum purity of
99% w/w. A 0.1 mol L nitric acid solution was used.2242−
II
22422n 2242n
23−x34+x 1+x 2
IIIII
322 332
−1
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 5/24The coordination compound was characterized using the following methods:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electronic spectroscopy (diffuse
reflectance technique), Xray diffractometry (XRD), thermal analysis and
chemical analyses.
The FTIR spectra were recorded using KBr pellets on a Jasco FT/IR410
spectrometer, in the 400–4000 cm range, while the diffuse reflectance
spectrum was recorded with a PerkinElmer Lambda 950 spectrophotometer,
using Spectralon (a sintered polytetrafluoroethylene material) as reflection
standard.
TG, DTG and DTA curves were recorded on a Mettler TGA/SDTA 851/LF1100
thermoanalyzer system in the 25–1000 °C temperature range, with a heating rate
of 10 °C min. The measurements were taken in dynamic air atmosphere at a
flow rate of 0.05 L min, using 150μL alumina crucibles and samples of about
30 mg.
The XRD patterns were recorded at room temperature using a Rigaku Ultima IV
diffractometer with CuK radiation ( λ = 1.5406 Å). The average crystallite size
( d) and the phase proportions in the samples were calculated using the whole
pattern profile fitting (WPPF) method. The instrument influence was subtracted
using the diffraction pattern of a Si standard recorded in the same conditions.
The solidstate decomposition products formed during heating were also
obtained in a Nabertherm LE 6/10B150 oven by using the same temperature
regime as for the thermal analysis. The obtained powders were characterized by
FTIR, XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The surface morphology was studied by SEM, using a FEI Quanta FEG 250
instrument.
S y n t h e s i s o f t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n c o m p o u n d a n d s e p a r a t i o n o f
g l y o x y l i c a c i d
The synthesis of the complex compound is based on the oxidation of EG by Co
and Fe nitrates in a diol–water mixture, with the simultaneous isolation of the
coordination compound from the reaction system.
An aqueous solution of Co(NO)·6HO, Fe(NO)·9HO and EG, in the 1:2:2
molar ratio, was prepared. A few drops of aqueous nitric acid were also added to
set the pH value at 3.0. This mixture was gradually heated up to 90 °C in a
thermostat. The reaction was considered as complete when the gas evolution has
ceased.−1
®
−1
−1
α
II
III
322 332
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 6/241The solid, powdery reaction product was purified by refluxing in an acetone–
water (5:1 v/v) mixture. The suspension was then filtered, and the reddish brown
solid was washed with acetone and finally maintained in air until constant mass
(in order for the complex compound to stabilize itself as hydrate, by retaining
from the atmosphere the necessary lattice water). The yield was 65% (based on
EG). The metal nitrates were entirely consumed during the synthesis of the
coordination compound. This was verified by treating a sample with
concentrated sulfuric acid, when no release of brown vapors was observed. A
negative result was also obtained for the ring reaction (no intensely brown
colored [Fe(HO)NO]SO was obtained in the reaction with FeSO and HSO).
The Braccio reaction was negative as well (no or anions were
shown by the antipyrine test, so the oxidizing action of the nitrate anion did not
cause its reduction to the nitrite anion).
In order to separate and identify the ligand, the aqueous suspension of the
obtained coordination compound was treated with R–H cationite. After the
retention of the metal cations, the resulting acidic solution was lyophilized and a
white, crystalline solid was obtained.
R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e l i g a n d t h r o u g h p h y s i c a l – c h e m i c a l
a n a l y s i s
The obtained lyophilization product is the ligand in its protonated form, which
was identified by specific reactions and physical measurements. This is a highly
watersoluble product, with a poor solubility in alcohols and ethylic ether, and
with a 98 °C melting point. The physical properties of the lyophilization product
and the following analyses lead to the conclusion that this substance is glyoxylic
acid.
In the FTIR spectrum of the lyophilization product (Fig. 1), we can observe the
bands characteristic of the two forms of the glyoxylic acid, which exist in
equilibrium:
T I f p o s s i b l e , p l e a s e m o v e a l i t t l e b i t t o t h e r i g h t ( 1 o r 2 c m ) t h e w o r d s " g l y o x y l i c a c i d
( I ) " a n d " h y d r a t e d g l y o x y l i c a c i d ( I I ) " f r o m E q . 1 .he broad band in the range of
3200–3600 cm, with a maximum at 3390 cm, is attributed to the stretching
of the two different sorts of O–H bond—the one in the acid group and the simple25 4 4 24
NO−
3 NO−
2
HCO−COOH+ O⇌ HC−COOH H2 (HO)2
glyoxylicacid(I) hydratedglyoxylicacid(II)
−1 −1
−1
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 7/24“alcohol” type in the hydrated aldehyde group (II). The sharp band at 1731 cm
is assigned to the ν(C=O) vibration. The band at 1629 cm is attributed to the
asymmetric vibration of the carboxylate group. The band with maximum at
1380 cm is assigned to the ν(OCO) symmetric vibration. The band with
maximum at 1232 cm can be attributed to the coupling between a stretching
vibration, ν(CO), and a bending vibration, δ(OH). The two bands at 1089 and
993 cm are assigned to the hydrated aldehyde [gemdiol, CH(OH)]. The band
with maximum at 661 cm is attributed to the δ(OCO) bending vibration
[46,47,48].
Fig. 1
FTIR spectrum of the isolated glyoxylic acid
The chemical investigation of the lyophilization product was carried out through
specific redox, color and precipitation reactions. Firstly, the reaction with silver
oxide (AgO) produced metallic silver. Secondly, the reaction with metallic zinc
gave glycolic acid. Thirdly, after the reaction with indole or pyrogallol in
concentrated sulfuric acid, a red or, respectively, blue color occurred. Fourthly,
following the reaction with resorcinol, the lactone of the 2,2′,4,4′
tetraoxodyphenylacetic acid was formed in the presence of sulfuric acid; the
oxygen, in alkaline medium, oxidized the lactone and a blueviolet color
appeared. Lastly, precipitates were obtained in the reactions with p
nitrophenylhydrazine and 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine.
All these results are in good agreement with the literature data regarding
glyoxylic acid [19,49,50].
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n c o m p o u n d−1
−1
−1
sym
−1
−1
2
−1
2
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 8/242
3
4
5
6The elemental analysis results (Table 1), as well as the FTIR investigation, have
indicated that the synthesized coordination compound has the following
empirical chemical formula: CoFe(OH)( L)(HO)·3.5HO, where L is the
glyoxylate dianion (CHO).
Table 1
Elemental analysis data of the coordination compound
Compound (empirical chemical
formula)%C %H %Fe %Co
CoFe( L)(OH)(HO)·3.5HOFoundCalc.FoundCalc.FoundCalc.Found
7.687.794.544.6919.9820.198.62
These results, as well as those previously reported concerning the oxidation of
diols with metal nitrates [30,31,32,33,40,49], suggest that the oxidation of
EG with Fe(NO) and Co(NO) proceeds, in our working conditions, to
glyoxylate anion, coordinated to Fe and Co ions.
Accordingly, we suggest the following mechanism for the reaction between EG
and these metal nitrates:
(in the working conditions, hydrolysis virtually does not occur for the Co
aquacation)
By summing Eqs. 4, 5 and 6, and considering the interaction of the ligands
with the metal cations, we obtain:2.552.25282
2242−
2.52.255282
33 32
III II
+ + ⇌ O C2H3O−
4 6e− 7H+C2H4(OH)2 + 2H2
+ →NO+ O NO−
3 + 3e− 4H+2H2
+ + ⇌ + 2NO+ O C2H4(OH)22NO−
3H+C2H3O−
4 2H2
+ O⇌ + [Fe ] (O) H2 63+2H2 [Fe ] (OH)2(O) H2 4+2H3O+
⇌ [Co ] (O) H2 62+[Co ] (O) H2 62+
II
(18 +4 +10 )+ NO−
3 [Co ] (O) H2 62+[Fe ] (OH)2(O) H2 4+9 C2H4(OH)2⟶+ OxH2Co4Fe
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 9/248
After analyzing the previous reactions, one may notice the need for the presence
of protons generated as seen in Eq. 5, in order to potentiate the oxidation
activity of the nitrate ion, and the fact that Fe is a complex generator, being a
stronger Lewis acid than Co.
The suggested formula of the coordination compound, as well as the information
concerning its structure, will be confirmed by the next results.
The diffuse reflectance spectrum of the coordination compound shows the
presence of the characteristic bands for the hexacoordinated Co and Fe ions
in a (pseudo)octahedral environment (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Diffuse reflectance spectrum of the coordination compound
The reflectance spectrum reveals at ~330 nm the forbidden spin transition band,
A → E(G), which is attributed to the Fe ion. The band located at ~420 nm
(small shoulder) is due to the L → Fe charge transfer. The bands that appear in
the 800–1100 nm range are also attributed to the Fe ion in a highspin
octahedral configuration, A → T(G) [19,48].
Accordingly, the Fe ion exists in the fundamental state, , high spin, the
three ligands (HO, L and HO) being of low field and of similar strength.
The spinallowed transition band, T(F) → T(P) (ν), located at ~480 nm
(shoulder), is characteristic of Co ion in a highspin octahedral configuration (( )
2NO(g) (g)→2 (g) + O2 NO2
III
II
II III
6
1g4
gIII
III
III
6
1g4
1g
IIIt3
2ge2g
–
2
4
1g4
1g3
II
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 10/24) [51].
Also, the absence of the band at ~700 nm due to the T(P) ← A transition,
characteristic of tetracoordinated Co, shows that Co is hexacoordinated in the
complex compound. The relatively low intensity band that appears at ~1390 nm
due to the A → T(G) (ν) transition is also attributed to the Co ion [52].
Co ions have not been identified.
The overall shape of the electronic spectrum, together with the width and
asymmetry of the bands, are proofs for the deformation of the octahedral
coordination for both metal cations.
In order to obtain further information regarding the structure of the synthesized
compound and the ligands coordination, the FTIR spectrum was recorded in the
400–4000 cm range (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
FTIR spectrum of the synthesized coordination compound
Table 2 shows the characteristic FTIR bands for the synthesized coordination
compound and the corresponding assignments.
Table 2
Characteristic FTIR absorption bands for the coordination compound, together with the
corresponding assignments
Wavenumber/cm Assignment
3411 vs, b ν(OH)
1626 vs ν(OCO) + δ(HO*)t5
2ge2g
4
14
2
II II
6
1g4
1g1II
III
−1
−1
asym 2
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 11/24Wavenumber/cm Assignment
1565 m, sh Lattice water
1384 m ν(OCO) and/or ν(C–C)
1320 m ν(OCO) and/or δ(OCO)
1130 m ν(C–O) + δ(Fe–OH)
826 w δ(OCO)
701 m ρ(HO*)
645 m Lattice water
593 m ν(Co–O)
s strong (v very), b broad, m medium, w weak, s h shoulder, H O * coordinated water
The broad band in the 3200–3600 cm range, with a maximum at 3411 cm, is
attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the water molecules and
the hydroxyl groups [19,53]. The intense band at 1626 cm is attributed to the
asymmetrical vibration of the carboxylate group, the value also showing that the
carboxylate resonance is maintained during complex formation and that the
metal–carboxylate bond has a predominantly ionic character [48].
The band with the maximum at 1384 cm is attributed to the ν(OCO)
vibration. As the difference between ν and ν is higher than 170 cm, we
may conclude that the metal–carboxylate bond is preponderantly ionic and that
the carboxylate group acts as a bidentate ligand [48,53]. In addition, the
existence of the two bands for ν(OCO) can be explained through the
octahedral deformation. The band at 1320 cm confirms again that the
carboxylate group is acting as a bidentate ligand [30,48]. The band at 1130 cm
is attributed to the C–OH vibration. The bands of weak intensity at 1027 and
1053 cm are assigned to the vibration of the OH bridge group. The band at
826 cm is attributed to the δ(OCO) vibration [46,47].
The synthesized reddish brown solid shows a remarkable stability, due to the
very strong hydrogen bonds between adjacent layers; therefore, it is practically
insoluble in water and in common organic solvents. In pure state, its composition
does not alter with time and it can only be destroyed in a strong acidic medium
or by treatment with concentrated ammonia, when Co forms ammine
complexes.
These results, as well as the abovementioned data, suggest a polynuclear
structure that corresponds to the following formula A l a r g e g a p e x i s t s b e t w e e nsym
sym sym
asym
2
2
−1 −1
−1
−1
sym
asymsym−1
sym
−1
−1
−1
−1
asym
II
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 12/24t h e s e t w o w o r d s i n t h e f i n a l P D F p r o o f .:
[CoFe(CHO)(OH)(HO)]·14nHO.
In order to be consistent with the elemental analysis data, the distorted
octahedral stereochemistry of Co and Fe ions and the bridging glyoxylate
anion, we propose the structure from Fig. 4 for the synthesized
heteropolynuclear coordination compound.
Fig. 4
Proposed structure for the heteropolynuclear coordination compound
T h e r m a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f C o – F e p o l y h y d r o x o g l y o x y l a t e
In order to confirm the structural formula of the studied coordination compound,
as well as to establish the steps of its thermal conversion and the decomposition
products formed during heating, the thermoanalytical methods have been used.
The TG, DTG and DTA curves of the Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate
hydrate’s decomposition in dynamic oxidative atmosphere are shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5
Thermoanalytical curves for the aerobic decomposition of Co–Fe
polyhydroxoglyoxylate hydrate410224920232n2
II III
I I I I I
IIIII
IIIII
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 13/24
The thermal decomposition reactions of Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate were
monitored by FTIR, XRD and SEM. Figure 6 shows the 400–2000 cm range
FTIR spectra of the thermal decomposition products.
Fig. 6
FTIR spectra of the thermal decomposition products at a 350 °C, b 500 °C, c
800 °C and d 1000 °CIIIII
−1
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 14/24
The FTIR spectrum recorded for the residue obtained through thermal
decomposition of the polynuclear coordination compound in air at 350 °C
(Fig. 6a) reveals the disappearance of its characteristic bands, confirming its
degradation. The two sharp and strong bands at 1145 cm and 1099 cm are
assigned to the ν(C–O) stretching vibration for CoCO, one of the compounds
that are formed during the thermal decomposition [54]. The bands at 1636 cm
(m), 632 cm (s), 565 cm (m) and 490 cm (m) are assigned to FeO
[53,54]. This FTIR spectrum also reveals the characteristic absorption bands of
CoFeO nanoparticles at about 612 cm (s) and 408 cm (m) due to the Co–O
and Fe–O stretching vibrations [51,54]. The same bands, but more intense, are
found in the FTIR spectrum recorded for the residue obtained at 500 °C
(Fig. 6b).
The FTIR spectra of the thermal decomposition products obtained at 800 °C
(Fig. 6c) and 1000 °C (Fig. 6d) show the bands at 607 cm (vs) and 401 cm
(s), assigned to the CoFeO, and the characteristic bands of αFeO at 1637 cm
(w) and 478 cm (w/m), which are the endproducts of the thermal
decomposition [51,54]. The other weak bands are not relevant to the
decomposition of Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate.−1 −1
3
−1
−1 −1 −1
23
24−1 −1
−1 −1
24 23
−1 −1
IIIII
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 15/24The XRD analysis, which is the most useful technique for the identification of a
crystalline structure, was employed to investigate the crystallinity and purity of
the solid products obtained by thermal conversion of the polynuclear
coordination compound in air. The XRD patterns of the complex and of the
powders obtained by its annealing at 350, 500, 800 and 1000 °C are shown in
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
XRD patterns of the Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate and of the powders
obtained by annealing at 350, 500, 800 and 1000 °C
Although in the complex’s pattern some weak diffraction peaks are present, the
crystalline phase could not be identified. The analyzed complex is a new
compound, with a low crystallization degree. The powder obtained by the
coordination compound’s annealing at 350 °C also has a low crystallization
degree, but the emergence of the spinel phase was observed.IIIII
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 16/24In addition to the lines of the cubic CoFeO phase (ICDD—International Centre
for Diffraction Data file 000221086), the diffraction lines of the rhombohedral
αFeO phase (010890598) were also recorded in the pattern of the sample
annealed at 500 °C. The presence of αFeO in the sample annealed at 500 °C
shows that, at 350 °C, the powder contains a mixture of spinel phases (CoFeO
and γFeO) whose lines overlap. Following the annealing at 500 °C, γFeO
was converted to αFeO [55,56,57]. In the diffraction pattern, the weak lines
of rhombohedral CoCO phase (000110692) were also recorded.
The pattern of the powder obtained at 800 °C displays only the diffraction lines
of CoFeO and αFeO, which are present in the sample in proportions of 76%
and 24%, respectively. Both phases have the average crystallite size d in the
nanometer range (39 nm for CoFeO and 46 nm for αFeO). The composition
of the powder obtained at 1000 °C is the same, containing both CoFeO (78%)
and αFeO (22%), but the phases are better crystallized than at 800 °C.
Regarding the thermoanalytical curves [58,59] presented in Fig. 5, we can now
make the following comments.
In the 20–287 °C temperature range, the TG and DTG profiles show water
removal in three steps, with maximum rates at 103 °C (I, Eq. 9), 199 °C (II,
Eq. 10) and 249 °C (III, Eq. 11). The lattice water, the coordinated water and
additional water chemically obtained from the OH groups are all lost up to
around 287 °C (mass loss: found 33.36%, calculated 32.44%). In this
temperature range, the DTA curve displays three broad endothermic peaks.
The coordinated water is bounded weaker to the Co, and the majority is lost in
the second step. Fe is a much stronger complex generator; therefore, water
molecules bind more strongly and are lost with greater difficulty in the third
step, together with the water resulting from the OH groups (when oxo bridges
are formed).
The strong exothermic effect that characterizes step IV (maximum at 318 °C) is
due to the ligand combustion (Eq. 12). In the sixth and final step (Eq. 14), a
mixture of CoFeO spinel (predominant) and αFeO is formed (Fig. 7)
(according to elemental analysis, calculated/found %Co: 21.45/21.36; %Fe:
51.68/51.75). The final decomposition product obtained at 1000 °C, which is a
black powder, has the same composition (cobalt ferrite and hematite mixture),
but it is better crystallized, as seen in Fig. 7 (total mass loss throughout the
thermal decomposition: found 60.31%, calculated 60.35%).24
23
23
24
23 23
23
3
24 23
24 23
24
23
II
III
24 23
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 17/2413
14To conclude, the registered TG, DTG and DTA curves suggest that the following
steps occur during the progressive aerobic heating of Co–Fe
polyhydroxoglyoxylate hydrate:
We can state that the processes observed on the TG curve are global processes
and that the proposed decomposition steps represent a complex
(macro)mechanism.
In order to obtain information about the surface morphology and the particle size
of the products obtained by thermal decomposition of the polynuclear
coordination compound, SEM investigations [59] were performed. The SEM
images of the powder obtained at 350 °C (Fig. 8a) show spherical morphology
for the nanoparticles, with their size being distributed between 15 and 25 nm.
The image of the powder obtained through the annealing of the complex at
800 °C (Fig. 8b) shows bigger particles, with their sizes distributed in a wider
range (30–150 nm).
Fig. 8
SEM images of the powders obtained by Co–Fe polyhydroxoglyoxylate’s
annealing at a 350 °C and b 800 °CIIIII
⋅14 Co4Fe10(OH)20( ) C2H2O49(O) H2 32 H2O(s)⟶I(20−158C)−14O∘H2Co4Fe10(OH)20(C2H
Co4Fe10(OH)20( ) C2H2O49(O) H2 32(s)⟶II(158−217C)−12O∘H2Co4Fe10(OH)20( ) C2H2O49(
Co4Fe10(OH)20( ) C2H2O49(O) H2 20(s) ⟶III(217−287C)−24O ∘H2Co4Fe10O4(OH)12(C2H2O
2 +3γ Co4Fe10O4(OH)12( ) C2H2O49(s)⟶IV(287−380C)∘ + 9O2CoFe2O4(s) -Fe2O3(s) + 2CoCO
3γ 3α -Fe2O3(s)⟶V(400−500C)∘
-Fe2O3(s)
α-Fe2O3(s) + CoCO3(s)⟶VI(570−760C)−∘CO2CoFe2O4(s)
IIIII
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 18/24
C o n c l u s i o n s
We have elaborated a new method for the synthesis of a novel coordination
compound, which is based on the oxidation of ethylene glycol by cobalt(II) and
iron(III) nitrates in a diol–water mixture. The ethylene glycol’s oxidation
product, namely glyoxylic acid, is coordinated by the metal cations in the form
of glyoxylate dianion, and thus, the stable complex compound, which is hardly
soluble in water, precipitates and is already isolated.
The coordination compound synthesized by this new method is a
heteropolynuclear combination, having the formula
[CoFe( L)(OH)(HO)]·14nHO. This complex has been investigated by
physical–chemical analyses, thermal analysis (TG, DTG and DTA), electronic
and FTIR spectroscopy. All the experimental investigations lead to the
conclusion that this complex is characterized by a (pseudo)octahedral
configuration of the cobalt(II) and iron(III) cations.
The thermal conversion product obtained at 800°C is a mixture of CoFeO
(predominant) and αFeO. The SEM images showed spherical morphology of
particles with their size widely distributed between 30 and 150 nm.
R e f e r e n c e s
1. Brezeanu M, Safarica E, Segal E, Patron L, Robu T. An analysis of
thermal decomposition of coordination polynuclear compounds in Fe(III),
Mn(II), Ni(II) systems. Rev Roum Chim. 1982;27:137–40.
2. Brezeanu M, Tatu E, Bocai S, Brezeanu O, Segal E, Patron L. Non
isothermal decomposition kinetics of polynuclear coordination compounds.410920232n2
24
23
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 19/24Thermochim Acta. 1984;78:351–5.
3. Nicholson GC. The thermal decomposition of ferrous oxalate dehydrate. J
Inorg Nucl Chem. 1967;29:1599–604.
4. Sadakane M, Takahashi C, Kato N, Ogihara H, Nodasaka Y, Doi Y,
Hinatsu Y, Ueda W. Threedimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM)
materials of spineltype mixed iron oxides. Synthesis, structural
characterization, and formation mechanism of inverse opals with a skeleton
structure. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2007;80:677–85.
5. Buta I, Ianasi C, Savii C, Cseh L, Bakardieva S, Linert W, Costisor O.
Synthesis and characterization of New Heterometallic Cobaltzinc oxalates
linked by organic amines. Rev Chim Buchar. 2014;65:416–20.
6. Pillar EA, Zhou R, Guzman MI. Heterogeneous oxidation of catechol. J
Phys Chem A. 2015;119:10349–59.
7. Gao Z, Cui F, Zeng S, Guo L, Shi J. A high surface area
superparamagnetic mesoporous spinel ferrite synthesized by a templatefree
approach and its adsorptive property. Micropor Mesopor Mater.
2010;132:188–95.
8. Urbanovici E, Segal E, Andruh M, Brezeanu M. Nonisothermal
decomposition kinetics of a mononuclear coordination compound of Fe(II).
Thermochim Acta. 1987;118:309–12.
9. Andruh M, Brezeanu M, Paraschivoiu I, Segal E. Thermal behaviour of
complex cationcomplex aniontype coordination compounds. Part I.
Thermochim Acta. 1990;161:247–57.
10. Dragoe N, Andruh M, Meghea A, Segal E. Thermal behaviour of
complex cationcomplex aniontype coordination compounds. Part II.
Thermochim Acta. 1990;161:259–66.
11. Dragoe N, Andruh M, Segal E. Thermal behaviour of complex cation
complex anion type coordination compounds: part IV. Thermochim Acta.
1991;176:241–8.
12. Cimpoeșu F, Andruh M, Segal E. Thermal behaviour of complex cation
complex anion type coordination compounds: part V. Thermochim Acta.
1991;177:93–100.
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 20/2413. Ferbințeanu M, Andruh M, Segal E. On the thermal behaviour of two
coordination compounds of Ni(II) and Co(II). Thermochim Acta.
1991;178:241–8.
14. Teică DT, Segal E, Andruh M. On the thermal decomposition of some
coordination compounds of copper(II) with benzoylpyridine. Thermochim
Acta. 1991;178:249–55.
15. Yang H, Zhang X, Tang A, Qiu G. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared
by coprecipitation/mechanochemical treatment. Chem Lett. 2004;33:826–7.
16. Zhang K, Holloway T, Pradhan AK. Magnetic behavior of
nanocrystalline CoFeO. J Magn Magn Mater. 2011;323:1616–22.
17. Mohapatra S, Rout SR, Panda AB. Onepot synthesis of uniform and
spherically assembled functionalized MFeO (M=Co, Mn, Ni) nanoparticles.
Colloids Surf A. 2011;384:453–60.
18. Bîrzescu M, Cristea M, Ștefănescu M, Constantin G. Procedeu de
obținere a feritei de cobalt (Procedure for Obtaining Cobalt Ferrite).
Romanian Patent No. 102.501. IAEM, Timișoara. 1990.
19. Bîrzescu M. Combinații complexe cu etilen glicol și produșii săi de
oxidare (Complex combinations with ethylene glycol and its oxidation
products). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bucharest. 1998 (in Romanian).
20. Prati L, Rossi M. Gold on Carbon as a new catalyst for selective liquid
phase oxidation of diols. J Catal. 1998;176:552–60.
21. Porta F, Prati L, Rossi M, Coluccia S, Martra G. Metal sols as a useful
tool for heterogeneous gold catalyst preparation: reinvestigation of a liquid
phase oxidation. Catal Today. 2000;61:165–72.
22. Carrettin S, McMorn P, Johnston P, Griffin K, Hutchings GJ. Selective
oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid using a gold catalyst in aqueous sodium
hydroxide. Chem Commun. 2002;7:696–7.
AQ3
23. Niculescu M. Compuși coordinativi cu liganzi produși de oxidare a
diolilor (Coordination compounds with oxidation products of diols as
ligands). Ph.D. Thesis. University Politehnica Timișoara. 2004 (in
Romanian).24
24
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 21/2424. Mehta G, Uma R. Ladderanelike motifs: solid state architecture of trans
1,2diphenyl1cyclobutene3,4diol dinitrate. Indian J Chem Sect B Org
Chem Incl Med Chem. 1999;38B:1154–8.
25. Rebsdat S, Mayer, D. Ethylene Glycol. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: WileyVCH; 2000;
doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_101.
AQ4
26. Wiberg KB, Schäfer H. Chromic acid oxidation of isopropyl alcohol. The
oxidation steps. J Am Chem Soc. 1969;91:933–6.
27. Ogata Y. Oxidations with nitric acid or nitrogen oxides. In: Trahanovsky
WS, editor. Oxidation in organic chemistry. Part C. New York: Academic
Press; 1978. p. 295–342.
28. Wilkinson G, Gillard RD, McCleverty JA, editors. Comprehensive
coordination chemistry. 1st ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1987. p. 435–83.
29. Knetsch D, Groeneveld WL. Alcohols as ligands: part IV. Complexes of
ethylene glycol with some metal(II) sulfates and nitrates. Recl Trav Chim
Pays Bas. 1973;92:855–64.
30. Rădoi I, Bîrzescu M, Golumbioschi F, Ștefănescu M. Obținerea de anozi
cu pelicule electrocatalitice active din complecși metalici, folosiți în
electroliza apei (Obtaining anodes with electrocatalytically active films from
metal complexes, used in water electrolysis). Rev Chim Buchar.
1985;36:832–6 (in Romanian).
31. Niculescu M, Bîrzescu M, Budrugeac P, Segal E. Thermal and structural
investigation of the reaction between 1,2propanediol and Ni(NO)·6HO. J
Therm Anal Calorim. 2001;63:181–9.
32. Niculescu M, Bîrzescu M, Budrugeac P, Segal E. Thermal and structural
investigation of the reaction between 1,2propanediol and Co(NO)·6HO. J
Therm Anal Calorim. 2001;65:881–9.
33. Niculescu M, Negrea P, Bîrzescu M, Budrugeac P. Structural
investigations and thermal analysis of the coordination compound obtained
through the reaction of 1,3propanediol with Co(NO)·6HO. Rev Roum
Chim. 2003;48:997–1006.322
322
322
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 22/2434. Niculescu M, Dumitru R, Magda A, Bandur G, Sisu E. Noi metode de
obținere a unor acizi carboxilici prin reacții de oxidare a poliolilor cu azotați
de metal(II). I. Reacții de oxidare a 1,2propandiolului cu azotați de metal(II)
(New methods to obtain carboxylic acids by oxidation reactions of polyols
with metal(II) nitrates. I. Oxidation reactions of 1,2propandiol with metal(II)
nitrates). Rev Chim Buchar. 2007;58:932–6 (in Romanian).
35. Birzescu M, Niculescu M, Dumitru R, Budrugeac P, Segal E. Copper(II)
oxalate obtained through the reaction of 1,2ethanediol with Cu(NO)·3HO:
structural investigations and thermal analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim.
2008;94:297–303.
36. Niculescu M, Bîrzescu M, Dumitru R, Sisu E, Budrugeac P. Co(II)–Ni(II)
heteropolynuclear coordination compound obtained through the reaction of
1,2propanediol with metallic nitrates as precursor for mixed oxide of spinel
type NiCoO. Thermochim Acta. 2009;493:1–5.
37. Birzescu M, Niculescu M, Dumitru R, Carp O, Segal E. Synthesis,
structural characterization and thermal analysis of the cobalt(II) oxalate
obtained through the reaction of 1,2ethanediol with Co(NO)·6HO. J
Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;96:979–86.
38. Niculescu M, Dumitru R, Magda A, Pode V. New methods to obtain
carboxylic acids by oxidation reactions of polyols with metal(II) nitrates. II.
Oxidation reactions of 1,3propanediol with metal(II) nitrates. Rev Chim
Buchar. 2013;64:271–4.
39. Niculescu M, Budrugeac P. Structural characterization of nickel oxide
obtained by thermal decomposition of polynuclear coordination compound
[Ni(OH)(HCCH(OH)COO)(HO)·0.5HO]. Rev Roum Chim.
2013;58:381–6.
40. Niculescu M, Roșu D, Ledeți I, Milea M, Budrugeac P. Thermal and
spectroscopic studies of Ni(II)Fe(III) heteropolynuclear coordination
compound obtained through the reaction of 1,2ethanediol with metallic
nitrates. Rev Roum Chim. 2013;58:543–52.
41. Niculescu M, Budrugeac P, Ledeți I, Pode V, Birzescu M. Synthesis and
characterization of the polynuclear coordination compound obtained through
the reaction of 1,3propanediol with Cu(NO)·3HO. Rev Roum Chim.
2013;58:387–92.322
24
322
223−
2222n
322
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 23/2442. Niculescu M, Ledeți I, Bîrzescu M. New methods to obtain carboxylic
acids by oxidation reactions of 1,2ethanediol with metallic nitrates. J
Organomet Chem. 2014;767:108–11.
43. Bîrzescu M, Milea M, Roșu D, Ledeți I, Rafailă M, Sasca V, Niculescu
M. Synthesis and thermal analysis of the nickel(II) oxalate obtained through
the reaction of ethylene glycol with Ni(NO)·6HO. Rev Roum Chim.
2014;59:555–63.
44. Roșu D, Bîrzescu M, Milea MS, Pascariu MC, Sasca V, Niculescu M.
Synthesisstructure relationship in the aqueous ethylene glycoliron(III)
nitrate system. Rev Roum Chim. 2014;59:789–96.
45. Niculescu M, Magda A, Jurca M, Costea L, Pode V. Thermal and kinetic
studies of the polynuclear coordination compound obtained through the
reaction of 1,3propanediol with Ni(NO)·6HO. Rev Chim Buchar.
2015;66:1217–21.
46. Antti BM. The crystal and molecular structure of c i sDichlorobis(1,2
ethanediol)manganese(II) [MnCl(CHO)]. Acta Chem Scand.
1973;27:3513–22.
47. Nakamoto K, Morimoto Y, Martell AE. Infrared spectra of aqueous
solutions. I. Metal chelate compounds of amino acids. J Am Chem Soc.
1961;83:4528–32.
48. Ekström GN, McQuillan AJ. In situ infrared spectroscopy of glyoxylic
acid adsorption and photocatalysis on TiO in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem
B. 1999;03:10562–5.
49. Ștefănescu M, Sasca V, Bîrzescu M. Thermal behaviour of the
homopolynuclear glyoxylate complex combinations with Cu(II) and Cr(III). J
Therm Anal Calorim. 2003;72:515–24.
50. Sandulescu D. Manualul inginerului chimist (The book of the chemical
engineer), vol. Second. Bucharest: Editura Tehnică; 1973 (in Romanian).
51. Habibi MH, Parhizkar HJ. FTIR and UV–vis diffuse reflectance
spectroscopy studies of the wet chemical (WC) route synthesized nano
structure CoFeO from CoCl and FeCl. Spectrochim Acta Part A.
2014;127:102–6.322
322
22622
2
24 2 3
12/31/2016 e.Proofing
http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 24/2452. Brezeanu M, Cristurean E, Antoniu A, Marinescu D, Andruh M. Chimia
metalelor (Chemistry of metals). Bucharest: Publishing House of the
Romanian Academy; 1990. p. 328–33 (in Romanian).
53. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds, SDBS,
http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgibin/cre_index.cgi. Accessed 4 April 2016.
54. Bentley FF, Smithson LD, Rozek AL. Infrared spectra and characteristic
frequencies ~700 to 300 cm. New York: Wiley; 1968.
55. Ștefănescu M, Bozdog M, Muntean C, Ștefănescu O, Vlase T. Synthesis
and magnetic properties of CoZnFeO (x = 0÷1) nanopowders by thermal
decomposition of Co(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) carboxylates. J Magn Magn
Mater. 2015;393:92–8.
56. Grigorie AC, Muntean C, Ștefănescu M. Obtaining of γ
FeO nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of polyethyleneglycol–iron
nitrate mixtures. Thermochim Acta. 2015;621:61–7.
57. Niculescu M, Sasca V, Muntean C, Milea MS, Roșu D, Pascariu MC,
Sisu E, Ursoiu I, Pode V, Budrugeac P. Thermal behavior studies of the
homopolynuclear coordination compound iron(III) polyoxalate. Thermochim
Acta. 2016;623:36–42.
58. Zapała L, Kosińska M, Woźnicka E, Byczyński Ł, Zapała W. Synthesis,
spectral and thermal study of La(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Gd(III) and
Tb(III) complexes with mefenamic acid. J Therm Anal Calorim.
2016;124:363–74.
59. Predoana L, Jitianu A, Preda S, Malic B, Zaharescu M. Thermal behavior
of Li–Cocitric acid waterbased gels as precursors for LiCoO powders. J
Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;119:145–53.−1
1xx24
23
2
Copyright Notice
© Licențiada.org respectă drepturile de proprietate intelectuală și așteaptă ca toți utilizatorii să facă același lucru. Dacă consideri că un conținut de pe site încalcă drepturile tale de autor, te rugăm să trimiți o notificare DMCA.
Acest articol: http://eproofing.springer.com/journals/printpage.php?token=_KdGpOphSgHTbQtijrdABDY0csx6b50DNcWDsymrU8r_iPfiIueI05uhIhfmO 1/24T h e r m a l a n d s… [610261] (ID: 610261)
Dacă considerați că acest conținut vă încalcă drepturile de autor, vă rugăm să depuneți o cerere pe pagina noastră Copyright Takedown.
