HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU Page | 1 UNIVERSITY O F ORADEA FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY HABILITATION THESIS Carmen -Corina Radu 2017… [612384]
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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UNIVERSITY O F ORADEA
FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
HABILITATION THESIS
Carmen -Corina Radu
2017
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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C O N T E N T
Abstract (in Romanian)……………………………………………… .……… ………. …… ….3
Abstract (in English)………………………………… ……… ……………… ……… .….…… ….6
SECTION I – RESEARCH ACTIVITY ……………………………………… …….…… ….9
A short autobiography ………………………………………………………………… …….9
Chapter 1. Research in forensic identification …………………………………………….. ..11
1.1. Introduction to Forensic Medicine and Identification …….……………… ……11
1.2. Justification of the research topic ………… ……………… ……… …..……… 11
1.3. Results. Discussions ……………………………………………………… ………….. ……….. .12
1.4. Conclusions ……………….. ……………………………. ………………………… ………… …….43
Chapter 2. Research in the field of bioethics ………………………………… ..…………….4 6
2.1.Justification on the research topic. …………………………………………. ………….. ………..46
2.2. Results. ………………………………………………………….. ……………… ……………… ……….. 46
2.3.Discussions ………………………………………… …………………………. ……………. ……………57
SECTION II – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE ………………………………………………. …….58
1. Professional, scientific and academic contributions ……… ….………… ……… ……….58
2. Future directions …………… ………………………………………. ……………. ………………….. …….62
SECTION III – LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Articles published in extenso in ISI/BDI quoted…………………………….. ………….. …………. …….64
Representative articles……………… …………………………………….… .…………………..6 8
Sectio n IV – Curriculum vitae ………………………………………………….. ……….. …………………….. 70
References …… ……….. …………..…………………………. ………… ……….. ……..…… …….78
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Rezumat
Acestă teză de abilitare cuprinde toate aspectele legate de activitatea științifică,
profesională și academică a aut oarei începând cu anul 2006, odată cu susținerea tezei de
doctorat, și până la momentul actual.
Teza de doctorat cu titlul: „ Administrarea mijloacelor de probă medico -legale în
accidente colective ”, a fost realizată sub îndrumarea prof. univ. dr. Milan Leonard Dressler și
în urma susținerii acesteia, autoarea a primit titulatura de doctor în științe medicale.
Mi-am structurat teza de abili tare în două secțiuni principale, care, de altfel, se află
într-o strânsă corelație, și anume:
SECȚIUNEA I descrie activitatea mea știin țifică cu principalele direcții de cercetare
după susținerea tezei de doctorat și până în prezent (200 6-2016).
În aceas tă secțiune, a m abordat următoarele direcții de cercetare:
Realizari științifice în domeniul identificării medico -legale.
Identificarea medico -legală a cadavrelor cu identitate necunoscută a constituit una
dintre prioritățile mele de cercetare , fiind concepută de -a lungul mai multor ani, materializată
prin teza de doctorat și publicarea unei cărți. Un element de cercetare din punct de vedere
teoretic asupra c ăruia auto area și-a îndreptat aten ția a fost reprezentat de contribu ția medicului
legist în identificarea medico -legală a victimelor, exemplificând activitatea sa practică prin
cazurile prezentate.
Realizarii științifice în domeniul bioeticii .
Al doilea capitol al realiz ărilor știintifice este marcat prin prezentarea aspectelor de
actualitate d in domeniul eticii în facultăți de medicină și aspecte etice în situații de urgență.
Am redat în con ținutul lucrarii , implica țiile aduse pe aceste teme , de către cercetările
științifice ale autoarei.
Etica și în special bioetic a, a căpătat în ultimii an i o importan ță în creștere, aceasta
implic ând adesea aspecte sociale, religioase și legale . Auto area a subliniat , în cateva dintre
lucrările sale publicate în reviste indexate , elementele care țin de raspunder ea medicală ș i care
merit ă o aten ție special ă.
SECȚIUNEA II: Activitatea profesională
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Activitatea de cercetare nu poate fi analizată decât împreună cu activitatea
profesională întrucât obiectivele mele educaționale și de cercetare își au originea în educația și
în experiența mea profesională ..
Pornind de la realitatea că în activitatea medico -legală cotidiană am identificat o
creștere a numărului de accidente colective, am încercat o abordare transfrontalieră comună
România –Ungaria (prin județele Bihor – Hajdu -Bihar ) a situațiilor de urgență , fapt m aterializat
într-un proiect transfrontalier „Laborator mobil de medicină legală pentru situații de urgență
în zona transfrontalieră ‖.
O înclinație aparte o reprezintă activitatea didactică c are este orientată către student,
doctorand și medic rezident. Consider că formarea unei cariere solide, în orice specialitate
medicală, constă în experiență profesională și de cercetare. Un program doctoral și unul de
rezidențiat de vârf cu elemente teoretice și practice de actualitate și solid structurate, este ceea
ce încerc să implementez în domeniile: medicină legală și bioetică. Apreciez, că între etică și
cercetarea științifică exista o legătură foarte puternică ce poate fi privită și ca o intercondiționare
reciprocă în sensul că etica, poate impune prin voință s ocială, cadrul în care, cercetarea științifică
trebuie să se desfășoare. Reiese, așadar, că etica poate să constituie un subiect de cercetare aparte.
Eu sunt formată ca medic legist și practic medicina legală de peste 16 ani. În toată
această perioadă, m -am implicat în diverse proiecte de cercetare -dezvoltare a acestui
domeniu, dar și în domenii conexe. Dintre contribuțiile știintifice notabile amint esc aspecte
legate de stabilirea unui parteneriat durabil transfrontalier România – Ungaria, în domeniul
Medicină Legală prin intermediul proiectului intitulat „Laborator mobil de medicină legală
pentru situații de urgență în zona transfrontalieră ‖.
In cadrul conferinței „Diaspora și prietenii săi, 2016 ”, am prezentat strategia de
cercetare a Universității din Oradea – Facultatea de Medicină și Farmacie și realizările
proiectul transfrontalier a cărui manager de proiect am fost.
Printre alte activit ăți de cerecetare se numar ă participarea în cadrul a 5 proiecte de
cercetare științifică din care 3 câștigate : 1 proiect internațional în calitate de director; 2
proiecte în calitate de membru al echipei de cercetare, d in care 1 proiect internațional.
Am ocupat funcția de expert consultant extern în proiectul: „Bihor Counties’ Health
Care Contribution ”; expert voluntar în cadrul proiectului: „Eficientizarea serviciil or medicale
prin implementarea unui sistem integrat la Spitalul Clinic de Urgență Oradea ”, proiect de
tipul POSCCE și implementat de Spitalul Clinic Județean de Urgență Oradea, în perioada
01.08.2010 -30.06.2012. În alte două proiecte de c ercetare aplicate și necâștigate, am deținut
funcția de asistent manager în cadrul proiectului „Program interdisciplinar de abordare a
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situa țiilor de urgență ‖ – Phare CBC 2006/018 -446.01.01 România –Ungaria a plicat în anul
2008 și declarat necâștigător, b eneficiar fiind Asoc iația Studenților Mediciniști din Oradea;
manager proiect HURO , aplicat în anul 2011 și declarat necâștig ător „Forensic processing
procedures in emergency situations in the Bihor -Hajdu -Bihar cross -border region ”.
Am participat la programul Erasmus pentru cadre didactice, grant de predare : asistent
mobilitate de predare în perioada 22.09.2014 -28.09.2014 Universitatea Debrecen și s taff
mobility în perioada 21.09.2015 -25.09.2015 Universitatea Debrecen.
Atribuțiile mele în implementarea proiectelor au fost extrem de diversificate și anume:
– redactarea de materiale edito riale sau cu caracter științifico – medic al;
– pregatirea, realizarea și susținerea de cursuri și prezentări de instruire și training
destinate medicilor ;
– prin intermediul proiectului am pus baze le unui parteneriat transfrontalier româno –
maghiar în domeniul Medicină Legală;
– am derulat diverse activități precum gestionarea resurselor operaționale în cadrul
proiectelor, am participat la managementul echipei de proiect precum și a calității
proiectel or;
– aptitudinile de comunicare în grup și individual, comunicare interactivă și
interpersonală au fost dobândite atât prin practica medicală și cea de formare, cât și ca
partener în procesul de cercetare, dar și în timpul activității de cadru didactic .
Ca urmare, pot sintetiza că, principalele puncte importante ale activității derulate de
mine până la acest moment, sunt următoarele:
– promovarea cunoștințelor din domeniile: bioetică și medicina legală prin educație și
cercetare;
– excelență în cercetare și edu cație ;
– implicarea în grupuri de cercetare multidisciplinare;
– crearea unor direcții de cercetare care să stimuleze activitățile de cercetare
interdisciplinare și transdisciplinare colaborative.
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Abstract
This habilitation thesis includes all of the aspects based on scientif ical, professional
and academic activity of the author since 2006, when the thesis was held, until now.
The thesis is titled „ Forensic Pathologist ’s Role in Collective Accidents ” and was
conduct ed under the guidance of prof. Univ. Dr. M ilan Leonard Dressler and after , the author
recieved the title of doctor in medical science s.
I structured my thesis in two main sections that are in a thight correlation. These are:
Section I describing my scientific activity along with the main re search directions after
sustaining the thesis to the present (2006 -2016).
In this section, I approached the following research directions:
Scientific developm ents in forensic identification
Forensic identification of dead bodies with unknown identity becam e one of the
priorities of my research, was developed during several years, materialised through the
thesis and publishing a book. A reasearch element based on an ethical view on which
the author has turned her attention was represented by the forensic do ctor`s
contribution in forensic medicine based on the identification of the victims,
exemplifying her practical activity through casuistry.
Scientific achievements in the field of bioethics
The second chapter of the scientific achievements is marked by th e presentation of current
issues about ethics in medical faculties and ethical aspects in emergency situations. I
presented in the content of my work the implications made on these issues, along with
scientific research.
Ethics and bioethics in particular, had become increasingly important in recent years, often
involving social, religious and legal aspects . The author highlighted in some of the
publications in the mag azines from the index, elements related to medical liability which
deserve a special atten tion.
Section II: Professional activity
The research activity can only be analysed together with the professional activity
because my educational and research targets have their origins in my professional education
and experience.
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Starting from the reality that in the daily forensic medicine activity I i dentified a raise
of numbers of collective accidents, I tried making an approach between Romania -Hungary
borders (through counties Bihor -Hajdu -Bihar) about emergency situations, fact that was
materialised in a project named „Mobile laboratory of legal medicine for emergency
situations in the cross -border region ‖.
A special inclination is the teaching activity that is oriented towards student s, PhD`s
and residents. I believe that forming a solid career in any medical speciality consists in
profess ional experience and research. An elite doctoral and residency program with
theoretical and practical elements that are actualised and solid structured is what I try to
implement in the fields of forensic medicine and bioethics. Between ethics and scientific
research there are solid bound that can be seen as mutual interconditionality , meaning, that
ethics can impose through social will, the setting in which the scientifical research has to
develop. So, ethics can form a particular research subject.
I am formed as a forensic doctor and I`m practising forensic medicine for about 16
years. In this period, I`ve been involved in various projects of research -developement in this
field, but in other connected fields aswell. A notable scientific contribution was the
estabilishing a durable partnership between Romania -Hungary, in the Forensic Field thourgh
the project titled „Mobile laboratory of legal medicine for emergency situations in the cross –
border region‖.
During the con ference „ Diaspora and friends , 2016‖, I presented the research strategy
of the University of Oradea – Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy and the achievements of the
project I named above, whose project manager I got to be.
Some other activities in research a re the contribution in 5 projects in scientific
research, 3 ha d won: 1 international project whose director I got to be; 2 projects as a member
in the research team, 1 of them was international.
I had the position of extern expert consultant in the project Bihor Counties’ Health
Care Contribution; expert volunteer in the project Efficient health services by implementing
an integrated system in the Emergency Hospital Oradea , POSCCE type of project ,
implemented by the County Clinical Emergency Hospital Orade a, in te following period:
01.08.2010 -30.06.2012. In another two research projects, applied bu t lost, I had the position
of assistant manager in the Project named Interdisciplinary Program to address in emergency
situations -Phare CBC 2006/018 -446.01.01 România –Ungaria, applied in year 2008 and was
announced as lost, beneficiary being the Association of Medical Students from Oradea.
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Manager in the project H URO , applied in 2011 and declared lost Forensic processing
procedures in emergency situations in the Bihor -Hajdu -Bihar cross -border region.
I was a participant in the Erasmus project for teachers: mobility assistant in teaching in
the following period 22.09.2014 -28.09.2014, University of Debrecen and staff mobility in the
period 21.09.2015 -25.09.2015, Un iversity of Debrecen.
My atributions in implementing these projects were extremely diversified :
-wording the editorial materials with scientific -medical character
-preparing, realising and supporting courses and presentations of trainings addressed to
doctors
-through the project I succeded to rise the partnership between Romania and Hungary in the
Medical Field
-I unrolled a variety of activities like gestioning the operational resources in the projects,
participated in the projec t team`s management and in the mentaining the quality of the
projects
-Communication aptitudes in groups but also as an individual, interactive and interpersonal
communication were acquired through medical practice and forming practice, but also as a
partner in the process of resea rch and during the activity as a teacher
As a conclusion, i can synthesize that the main points of my activity until this moment
are the following ones:
– promoting knowledge in fields of bioethics and forensic medicine through education
and research ;
– Excellence in research and education ;
– Involvement in multidisciplinary research groups ;
-creating directions of research that can stimulate collabrative interd isciplinary
research activities.
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S e c t i o n I
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
A short auto biography
My short and long -term research objective s originate in my education, professional
and research experience. I am trained as a medical examiner and I have been practising legal
medicine for more than 16 years.
During this entire period, I've bee n involved in various research and development
projects, as well as related areas. My attributions in project implementation have been
extremely diversified, as follows:
– drawing up editorial or scientific materials on legal medicine and or other medical
fields;
– preparing, drawing up and defending classes and training presentations for
physicians;
– presenting scientific opinions on topics such as forensic identification , emergency
situation ;
– I have developed various prevention and intervention p rotocols in emergency
situations , or in cooperation with various relevant organisations, whereby multidisciplinary
intervention teams have been set up;
– I have taken part in the training of experts in medico -legal identifications , courses
held by invited p rofessors : Michel Perrier and Thomas Krompeker from Switzerland –
Lausanne , where I'v e been involved for more than 2 years.
Therefore, I have coordinated my research activity considering the following major
strategic directions, which will be also envisag ed in my future research activity, with further
directions being added subsequently:
Collaborative research, mainly aiming at reinforcing the impact of my research, by
developing the relations between our researchers, public institutions, governmental aut horities
and community at large, across the times.
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Therefore, in the medium and long run, I shall keep on improving our research
performance through investment in excellence and by exploring new and innovative
cooperation methods, that will ensure the ach ievement of high quality results in research,
closely related to national and international research priorities. My position is to encourage
the increase of co -participationin investments in research efforts, as well as to increase
cooperation in research projects, in accordance with the collaborative model currently in
progress in Romania. To this purpose, my strategy is based on the organisation of
interdisciplinary research groups and due to the geographical position of the county , a cross –
border researc h (Bihor -Hajdu -Bihar county s).
Scalability and focus: My activity has aimed at supporting the scalability and focus in
research strategy; therefore, I must be selective in investments with long -term benefits. While
these initiatives will keep on being enc ouraged and supported, a relative priority for me will
be passing from punctual initiatives to wide -scale research initiatives.
Research with an impact, meaning that, in accordance with my short -term goals, my priority
development and reinforcement fields in the upcoming years will be mainly represented by
the research in forensic identification and bioethics field with multiple medical and medico –
legal consequences.
The priority research directions we have followed and developed along these years have bee n:
Research in Forensic Identification
Research in Bioethics
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1.Research in Forensic Identification
1.1. Introduction to Forensic Medicine and Identification
Forensic medicine is known for its application in medical knowledge and
methodologie s and it is the science that response to legal questions. It has been used in law
cases (i.e. criminal, civil, work, family and administrative) and it was established as a
specialty in the early 19th century. The field of study involves: observation, docum entation,
collection, assessment, scientific interpretation of medical data, and identification.
Research on forensic identification , has been one of my research priorities,
subsequently materialised in my doctoral dissertation. The research was initiate d and
conceived along several years, both as an extensive approach regarding a significant number
of subjects , and as an intensive approach.
The mechanism of identification is looming a comparative study . Any information we
acquire from the examination o f the body, we have to compare it with ante -mortem data of the
deceased. The fundamental occupation of forensic identification are the violent deaths,
sometimes non-violent deaths, the suspicious deaths, deaths of unknown cause, deaths in
institutions or i n custody, deaths which happened during surgery or anesthesia and deaths
occurred when no medical assistance has been provided.
1.2. Justification of the research topic:
The rationale for this study is based on a deep fascination with the nature of
ident ification, not only from a scientific point of view, but also from an existential and ethical
perspective. The purpose of this work is to explore and unfold the complexity of the field of
forensic identification, by defining and clarifying the theories and applications comprising
different scientific and non -scientific identification methodologies.
The choice of identification for the cases in Romania, most often , is visual
identification method , as the possibilities for other methodological approaches we re limited.
Even though visual identification is the most used forensic identification method worldwide,
it must be emphasized that it is a presumptive method, whose conclusions are derived from
subjective observations and perceptions, making it a less rel iable and accurate.
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In view of the disadvantages of visual identification a question was raised: ―Can visual
identification be more reliable and accurate? In order to answer this question the concept of
―moral sensitivity‖ is introduced and discussed.
The end of the section is an attempt to make a philosophical approach to some
identification methods, which are claimed by their supporters to be based on the theory of
―uniquness‖. It is a challenging claim which is counteracted in an argumentative discu ssion.
1.3. The concrete results of this research until 201 7 can be quantified as:
A. Projects:
• Project coordinator for the project : „Mobile laboratory of legal medicine for emergency
situations in the cross -border region ”.
Project HURO 0801/153 is a project implemented in Hungary -Romania Cross -border
Cooperation Programme 2007 -2013. Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea – RO (Lead
Partner) in partnership with University of Debrecen – HU (Project Partner), implemented the
project in the period 15.12.2009 to 14.01.2011.
Purpose of the project:
– Was the common approach of transboundary emergency situations created by the
production of collective traffic accidents in the Bihor -Hajdu -Bihar area by developing
common mechanisms for these situations req uiring quick reactions and interventions.
– •Formation of the nucleus of the intervention team consisting of: pathologists ,
attorney, orthopedist , radiologist, dentist , mentioning that they are members of the
project team.
– Informing and raising public awaren ess of the dangers represented by emergency
situations
– The project team was made up of forensic doctors from the two border regions; from
the Department for Forensic Bihor, where Doctor Radu Carmen served as project
manager.
– Within the project we organized academic training
– ―Forensic aspects of emergency situations‖ from 05/11/2010 to 05/15/2010 was held
in Oradea, vocational training course conducted by a specialist in emergency
situations, Professor Thomas Krompecher from Switzerland. Subtasks involved co urse
work and training seminar setting, Questionnaires were developed for assess activity,
attendance, prepared PowerPoint presentations by the project manager. The course
was attended by over 100 participants, project team, consisting of representatives o f
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target groups, local public institutions and institutions involved in emergency
management and doctors of various specialities. Doctors participants received a
participation diploma course (the course was credited with 18 hours EMC), folder,
material pre sented on paper, have completed an evaluation form. Activity was
announced in the weekly press Together Business in appearance from 19th to 25th of
April 2010 (simultaneous communication model, transmission model, collecting
paper, archival paper). In Hung ary trainings continued over 5 days.
– „Intervention protocols in collective accidents ” (credited with 6 hours EMC) held on
13 January 2011 consisted in drawing interventional protocols for emergency
situations caused by road traffic, railways and plane casu alties, also a protocol for
identification of victims of collective accidents. After extending the implementation
time of the project with a month, we made conferences to promote the interventional
plans that we did and the project. At the conference were present the project team
members and forensic doctors from counties as Arad, Satu -Mare, Timis, Bistrita –
Nasaud, Caras -Severin, Cluj, Salaj.
B. Works published in scientific journals:
„General Aspects Regarding The Management Of Disasters ”, Carmen Radu , Dalea
Atanasie, Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula Protecția Mediului vol. 12, anul XII,
Editura Universitătii din Oradea, 2007 ISSN 1224 -6255 pg. 236 -240
In this paper are mentioned the operatio ns at the identification center:
1. Body reception at the morgue
It is esential that in every collective accident all the bodies to be received at the same morgue.
The identification center can be organized in the nearest morgue from the disaster site, with the
mention that one can organize a temporary morg ue even in a hangar, skate ring, warehouse, military
facility, etc.
At the morgue each body will be received by the reception team formed of coroners, police
officers, medical students.
Reception team‘s tasks:
Will hold a special register where they wil l note the number of the body and the arrival hour at the
morgue;
Body inspection and taking picture of the head and face (2 pictures and one will be sent to the
victim registration office);
Detailed inventory of each item and putting them in plastic beari ng the number of the body;
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External examination of the body, noting the general signs (according to the preservation condition
of the body): waist, age, sex, various details, infirmities, scars, surgery signs, color and length of
the hair, tatoos.
2. Deposit ing the bodies and the corpus delicti
In case the identification center is organised in a morgue, the bodies are put in refrigerators,
according to their capacities; if it is about other locations they are placed in parallel rows, with at least
1,5 m betw een them to ease their manipulation.
The evidence and corpus delicti will be packed, labelled and sealed.
The sealing specifies the integrity of the evidence; on the superior part of the plastic bags it is
to be made 3 cm fold which is to be refolded and secured with an isolating tape. When the evidence
need to be refrigerated or frosted they are put in special refrigerators, with the mention that the corpus
delicti depositing belongs to the police.
3. The body autopsy
All the data obtained during the auto psy must be discussed with other specialists and must be
compared with the information referring to the conditions of the accident. Only a good collaboration
between the coroner, anatomist -pathologist, toxicologist and the persons investigating the case wi ll
offer results in establishing the cause of the accident.
4. The reception of the relatives
A team will be made containing: members of the Red Cross, social assistents, pshycologists,
volunteers, priests whose assistance may be good for the relatives.
5. Coop erating with other agencies
The need of tcollaboration with other agencies has already been indicated as being essential for a
proper investigation.
Mass -media may be of great help in publishing some emergency telephone numbers, some
photographs and in de scribing the deceased and unidentified persons.
In order to prevent the publishing of incorrect details it is essential for the press to have access to
information. Therefore, it is important to organize a press office for each accident and assigning a
person to bear the responsability of offering authentic information. We must mention the fact that the
press will not have access in the working halls, waiting rooms and autopsy rooms.
The victim office must be installed early for each incident and will hold the information regarding the
hospitals that had received injured people, their identity, the situation of the morgue and of the bodies
received here.
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In march 2016 , I published in the Romanian Journal of Lega l Medicine the article entitled:
„Identifica rea cadavrelor cu identitate n ecunoscută rezultate din catastrofe și accidente
colective ” [Identification of unknown cadavers from mass disasters and collective accidents ],
Radu C ., Mihalache G., Buhaș C., Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. XIV, nr. 1
march 2006.
This writing hi ghlights the forensic field as follows:
I. General concepts on the forensic identification
The structure of the Identification Center .
The center will be leaded by a person with a vast of personal and professional
experience in the fie ld of forensic identifi cation ( usually a prosecutor) who subordinates a
team of heads of departments involved in the identification process. The identification center
should be divided in two sections: one for gathering of the information about the victims
(ante-mortem) and anot her one who collects informations by examining the death body ( post-
mortem).
The research team is form by:
– Forensic doctors who fills the identificatio n files, perform the autopsys ( in
collaboration with the criminologist), takes samples for the lab exam ination, establish
the cause, time and circumstance of death and t he existances of other lessions;
– Police office rs who interogate the witnesses;
– Criminologists who intervene in the process of the external examination, takes
fingerprints, collect samples and takes pictures of location;
– Other specialists like plasticians, orthopedicts, dentists.
II. Identification methods:
Must be mentioned that the identification process is not supposed to be separated from the full
investigation of the disaster, but to be a par t of this. For an accurate identification it has to be
noted the datas ante -portem and post -mortem gathered from examinating the clothes, jewelry,
personal goods and internal/external examination of the body.
1. Visual identification – is a relative method, w hich is done by the family members
or closed friends, and in many countries is the only accepted criteria. In many
situations, the results of this approach has been proven to be resilient, so that the
identification to be accurated we need combined method s, not only the simply
visual identification.
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2. Personal goods – the description of the clothes, jewelry and the pockets and porses
content is fully necessary to be mentioned. This description can provide substantial
evidence of the identity but is never d efinitive.
3. The external examination of the body – is generally accepted that the identification
of the bodies with unknown identity, is based on physical evidence, obtained from
the external examination. The description of the physical characteristics is ma de by
a police officer in collabora tion with the forensic doctor. This will specify the
gender, age, height and the development of the musculoskeletal and adipose tissue,
the color of the skin and will be remembered that some characteristics like the
color of the hair and the eyes can have mesure of subjectivity in the description
leading to non accurate conclusions. Specific features like tattoos, scars and other
abnormalities are usually unique and must be compared with the datas ante –
mortem.
4. The internal examination of the body – in some countries the identification of the
bodies and establishing the cause of death is made only by external identification,
the autopsy being made only if the identification is impossible. Because of the fact
that the natura l disasters and collective accidents are events with general
spreading, is needed a standardization of the autopsy methods, not only for
identification and to specify the cause of death, but olso for preventing and
mitigating their effects. By doing the au topsy will be taken blood samples for the
examination of the blood type, CO levels, alcohol level and drugs, tissue samples
for the microscopic, serological, histopathological and toxicological examination.
5. Odonto -stomatology identification is an important method for identification and is
done by examinating the teeth, maxillary and mandible, soft tissues and prints
from the delict object or other bodies.
6. Genetical identification is the most certaine method of identification, being well
knowed that the gene tical material is unique for every human being, and it could
resist even after death. Olso this method needs comparing datas ante -mortem or the
genetic profile, which can be determinated using the biological material obtained
from relatives.
III. In the issue, I appreciated that the conclusions can be from one of these categories:
o positive identification ( certainly)
o probable identification
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o unidentified ( in this situation all the information gathered about that body will be
kept so that could be identify at a later date ).
I imagined records to victim identifica tion, which I detailed below in photo 1.
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Photo 1
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DISCUSSIONS :
I conclude that t he autopsy is an important identification tool!
The autopsy, that is made by the forensic doctor, is used often for i dentifying the
corpse, being always the most important method to examinate the body to establish the cause
and type of death and olso the moment when the external and internal injuries could have
been produced. For example, if a weapon is the one who produ ced the death, the forensic
doctor can specify what was the type of weapon used and the circumstance. By examining th e
injuries the forensic doctor can differentiate the range and the angle of the fire. Corroborating
the data from the police officers, the origin of the weapon can be detected, and this can lead to
the identification of the body.
The forensic field had an important role in the identification of victims in mass
disasters like plane crashes, massive train accidents, earth quakes, typhoons, tsuna mis; so, in
court where the inheritance and insurance issues are establish ed, the forensic pathologists are
the ones who detailes the cause of death, contributing in this way to the processes verdict .
„The administration of the risk factors in emergency si tuations –the victim’s identification ‖,
Gabriela Radu, Radu Carmen , Lajosi P., Dalea A., Analele Universitatii din Oradea –
Fascicula protecția mediului vol. 12, Editura Universității din Oradea, 2007 pg. 247 -251
According to this paper the Forensical Odo ntological Identification, represents a used
method in the following situation: bodies in corruption, carcasses, dead bodies (having the
head part), unknown deads, and situations when it is necessary the verify of identity (e. q.
murder), when are storus or flood, or even calamities.
The identify process includes some specific levels: the preparing when the dentist will
be informed about the case; t he post -mortem examination (oral autopsy) when they can find 3
different situations: bones, carcasses, burned bodies, disabled bodies, identifiable bodies; the
obtain of the recorders for the before death dentition;the comparison between before and after
death information; t he final raport.
It is important to be a mixt team for the identification of the deads, a team formed of
forensic doctors who complete the identification acts, made the extern consultation of the
death body (together with the team of criminal police), they establish the cause of death,
discover the wounds, necessary elements for identification (old brokens, treatment marks).
They assure the collection of the markes and prooves for the lab. The policeman ask the
witness, examine the material prooves; the criminalists examine the external body, take
amprents, photos, work together for the painting of the portret; the dentist make the x -rays of
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speciality, collect necessary pieces, write the existent date in specific formulares; other
specialists like surgeous, plastic surgeous, antropologists, man of lab‘s.
Because of the resistance of the den tal stru ctures, even in severe disables e.q.
carcasses, burned bodies, the forensic odontological identification represents a good method
of identification.
In 2015 , I published the article entitled : „Environmental Factors that influence Forensic
Antropol ogical Identification ”, Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Analele Universității
din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol.
XIV/A .
This article had the role to highlight the importance of the environmental factors that
can change quickly and es sential the corpse and the medico -legal expertise.
The forensic anthropology is based on anatomy and osteology, studying the human
remains and the bones using the propitious methods. For this kind of study is necessary the
collaboration between osteology specialists, forensic doctors and police invastigators; this
closely collaboration leads to the identification of humans, which includes the identification
of gender, height, age and circumstance of death. All these data are used in low process or
other le gal procedures.
Fundamental, the first stage to identify a corpse is to analize the bones, which was
proved to be an extraordinary information source. Starting with the skull, which can give us a
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lot of data that orientates us finding the gender or age, t rough other bones, like the hands for
example, that could have increased areas who indicate that person worked hard with the
hands. Olso the skeletal abnormalities, the dental formula and the surgical interventions are
part of the interests of anthropologi c specialists.
A basic mechanism used in identification is Bertillon method. Is an anthropometric
technique that uses photography. This process had lead to the modernization of forensic
identification methods.
Facial reconstruction is a traditional and n on-scientific identification method, that is
used when no other method gives results. This requires a fine balance between science and
art, because in the present there are new tehniques that can make possible the CT scan and
3D reconstruction.
Forensic identification is one of the juridical and legal problems that occur more and
more frequently in the field of forensic pathology and criminology. Beside the modern DNA
techniques, the classic and on -the-place methods are quick and have a rapidity that help s the
work of the police and prosecutors giving them clues and starts. That is why these methods
used in identification are still and will be still in use. In these quick and essential identification
methods, the environmental factors have a major importan ce, because they can change the
aspect quickly and essentially.
This paper highlights this aspects, and is a reminder of the importance of the study of
the factors of the medium on the decomposition of the body.
DISCUSSIONS :
The identification is essent ial for different reasons, like:
– affectivity reasons: the family wishes that the lifeless body of the beloved one to be
brought back, after a tragic accident or after a period that thae corps coudn‘t be found;
the identification being the solution to brig peace and relief to the family ;
– financial reasons: settlements of legal claims, asis needed in heritage and life
insurances cases, assistance for cases in court, payment of pensions ;
– marriage reasons: when somebody wants to get married, but it can because the other
partner it‘s not confirmed dead;
– burial reason: many religions whish the identification its made in the fair way, the the
deceased to be buried after the real traditions ;
– criminal purposes: it cannot be done unless the victim is positively identi fied;
– statistics and official records .
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I concluded that , the medico -legal identification is one of the major problems from our
domain but olso in the criminology field. Even if we use the described methods, the
environmental factors have an exclusive role .
„The Importance of Environmental Factors in Visual Identification”, Carmen Radu, Analele
Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie
Alimentară Vol. XIII/A, 2014 pg.211 -214
Visual identification is the most common world -wide used identification method. It is
cheap, easy and used when no ot her method is available. It has its limitation as it can only be
used when the body is fresh and intact. When there are severe alterations of the body this
method are not appropriate, and visual identification can not considered a positive
identification m ethod should be confirmed by scientific identification methods.
In order to interpret the datas, obtained by examining the body, and to continue the
identification of the corpse, the first step that has to be done is to recognize the primary and
secondar y physical characteristics of the deceased.
I. Primary physical characteristics :
Some of the primary characteristics could change after death. For example:
– height: it can change by becoming 2 -3 cm longer post -mortem, because the muscles
relax;
– sex: usually is quite obvious, but sometimes we can find ourselves in difficult
situations like in the cases of hermaphrodites and androgenital syndrome or travestites.
Other cases like mutiled or charred bodies are olso special circumstances, where to the
female the ute rus or cervix, and to the men the prostate could be quite resilient; but
having this background we can use the pelvis, which is the strongest sex determinant,
or the skull, sternum and the long bones that could give us clues about the gender;
– race: the de termination of the race is not in many times very emphasized, but the best
method to discover this, is by examining the skull.
– age: can be determinated by evaluating the physiological age of the skeleton in
comparation with some patterns of growing, the re sults
demonstrating the estimated chronological age; but the skeleton can change during
life, based on various factors like nutrition or internal degenerative diseases; another
vector of alteration of the corpse are the environmental factors;
– DNA examinat ion: the DNA is a molecule that is coding the genetic material; it is
unique to every human being, except the monozygotic twins. It has a very long period
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of resistance, especially in bones. This is an extraordinary method, that makes possible
to compare t he material of the decedent with the family members. The DNA can be
analyzed only if we have the means and elements required, because there are
situations when DNA cannot be analyzed by sampling of soft tissues which has a
shorter life, if it is exposed to environmental factors, like humidity and heat.
In many occasions when primary biometric trait are missing e.g. fingerprints, palm prints,
face and iris are missing, soft biometric traits like for scars, marks and tattoos can instead give
some identifying information.
II. Secondary physical characteristics can be modified easier during life, either
deliberately by the individual, or by any medical/ dental interventions. Olso some
of the secondary characteristics can change post -mortem.
These are:
– skin color: it can be modified during life, but olso after death;
– eyes: can change both ante -mortem and post -mortem;
– teeth: it‘s a very resistant tissue, can be changed during life and it can provide
essential information post -mortem;
– hair: the color, the style and le ngth can change both ante -mortem and post -mortem;
the same thing could do with the beard or moustache;
– scars: that results from surgical interventions or prostheses; can be high lighters to
post-mortem changes. A scar is a lesion in the dermis and it remai ns on the skin for
the rest of the person‘s life. It is a result either of a surgical intervention, self -induced
or accidently acquired. A scar can give important pieces of information about the
deceased; can be self -inflicted in a suicide attempt, a previ ous surgery, or a symbol
indicating religious beliefs. Above all a scar is a mark which friends or close family
members usually remember and constitute a very important identification tool in
visual identification.
– fingerprints: that could change during l ife in cases of the pacients with chemotherapy
treatment with capecitabine or in cases with professional disease that could cause
fingerprint alteration like the brick layers;
– external peculiarities: circumcisios (muslims), moles, warts;
– clothing and obje cts, cosmetics ;
– tattoos: even if the corpse is putrefied we can observe them. A tattoo is an ineradicable
mark or a larger modification of the dermis of the skin and like a scar it can accidently
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or intentionally be acquired. It can be professionally done or it can be an amateur
work, e.g. done in prison by prisoners. Medical reasons can also be the cause of tattoos
e.g. radiotherapy markings.
Tattoos very often have information as, names, dates, blood types, military service records.
They can give a clue to gang memberships, religious beliefs, the years spent in prison etc.
Like with the scars, these tattoos are often remembered by friends or close family members
and therefore of great help in the identification process.
In 2016 , I published the article e ntitled: „Biblically Inspired Tattoos in forensic examinations
made on inmates bodies in prisons territorially assigned to the forensic institute of medicine
from Cluj”, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Ureche Daniel, Cristian Gherman, Ovidiu Chiroban,
Laurian Ștefan Bonea, Carmen Corina Radu , Journal for the Study of Rel igions and
Ideologies, vol 15, no 45
As we know, tattoos are a form of expressing spiritual trends or a life style. Over
time, tattoos had different meanings, beginning like a right of free way or a mark of a social
rank, symbol of spiritual and religiou s devotion, decorations for braveness, sexual and fertility
signs, but also could've been proofs of love, punishments or like charms for protection, slaves
and convicts demarcation .
Today, people associate tattoos with gangs and criminal groups, but we have to
mention the fact that these are signs of their faith, and we don‘t have to judge them, we should
think that it represents a very important thing for that human being and that are suggesting
something about their life, way of thinking and also about their character.
Worldwide biblical tattoos are extremely popular. According to forensic literature, for
Christians it is a personal way of having a Christian iconography always with them.
Comparing with the Jewish belief, Christianity doesn‘t have rules against tattoos, except the
fact that should not be showed very often among people.
In our country we don‘t have a very complex culture regarding tattoos or persons who
practice this kind of art, the majority are with no special meaning. Most of them are m ade on
‗the black market‘ in illegal cabinets or prisons, with no suitable equipment. From this
outlook, we can say that is becoming a very important problem of public health, because,
according to some convicts‘ testimonies, during the procedure they co ntacted illnesses with
blood transition; but this wasn‘t an impediment for them tattooing new works of art to
acquire a certain statute in prison.
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In forensic science, by conducting psychical, traumatic expertise or by postponing the
punishment, we mee t a lot of persons who have tattoos with a biblical inspiration. No matter
for what the person is in detention, the examination is necessary. Even if we find them on
people in life, we can also see it to some corpses
According to this retrospective study, we noticed an increased frequency of biblical
tattoos to convicts. These are signs that offer clues about the offense brought against the law
or could say something about their personality. Also, tattoos can have different connotations
to people who use d rugs or to people with psychical disorders that have criminal implications,
all of these being part of the forensic expertise.
Even if that tattoo, a particular skin sign, represents just a small part from the forensic
criteria of identification of the dec eased, his importance is based in pointing out the individual
characteristics which can lead to essential identification elements.
All over the world we find a tattoos‘ culture, where every tattoo means Something
specific, and has the role to express the character of a human in community he belongs to. Of
course, these acts are more experienced in prisons; but we have to say that in the Romanian‘s
prisons are more reduced, considering there is no well -established hierarchy.
Tattoos are often stamps o f a desperate search of the human personality and they are
made in places close to them, so we can conclude that can be an unsuccessful replacement of
personality, representing cultures, eruditions, sense of humor, joy, opening and creative
uniqueness.
Even if a lot of people don‘t recognize that they belong to a certain religion,
everyone has a reliable seed that somewhere there is a divine power. These are the testimonies
of prisoners, that during the sentence need something to lean on, but also becaus e tattoos are
like some business cards, as are diplomas of graduation for other people.
For the prisoners that we met in the forensic practice, all that matters is the plurality
and the size of them, some of them having no knowledge regarding this tatto os‘ meaning.
From their point of view, the meaning represents an intense feeling, experience which is
wanted to remain as a mark or just a copy of other tattoos seen at their colleagues. Some
convicts make and wear a biblical tattoo as an accessory without a specific meaning, it just
looks good or amplifies the sense of faith of the bearer.
DISCUSSIONS :
There are two basic principles that can determinate the identification method, as follows:
1. State of the corpse
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2. Circumstances around the person‘s death .
Principle 1. State of the corpse
Following the theory of Lee Goff, that is based on the type of insetcs that are inhabiting the
body, are described five stages of decay/purification of the corpse:
I. Is the initial stage of decomposition, that occurs between the moment of death and
the first signs of bloating; This stage is composed by: algor mortis, livor mortis and
rigor mortis. In this phase the body is still intact and the first blow flies arrive to the
corpse within a few minutes of death, more species occu rring after.
II. Bloated phase:
On land: about 36 hours after death, the bacteria is
crossing the intestinal tract and initializes the melting process of the body. After the
bacteria transition, maggots and other insects invades the body, appearing new specie s
of beetles. This phase determine the foul smell typical for a putrefying body;
In water: it can be observed the gas formation, skin maceration and adipocere;
III. Active decay stage: in this phase putrefaction gases are reduced, because the larva of
the flie s are now pricking the body, that is wet due to liquefaction of the tissues. The
feeding larvae are removing the flesh from the body starting with head, umbilicus
area, and anus and forward towards thorax and abdominal cavity. The foul smell is
very strong in this stage.
IV. Advanced decay stage: The foul smell is now disappearing and the removal of the
flesh of dead body is most completed.
V. Skeletonized: is the last stage of decomposition. The time when a dead body gets
skeletonized depends on the period of tim e since death occurred and o f course
environmental factors, for example a body that has been exposed to 37, 8 ᵒ C and
under extreme humidity may completely decompose in few weeks.
There are situation where we find only fragmentary decomposed or skeletal remains on the
scene. In this cases, automatically several questions may be raised which are important in the
identification process and can lead us to a real hypothesis. Those questions are:
1. Are the remains human or animals?
2. If it is only bones that have been found, are they really bones and not e.g. woods,
stones or other objects with similar surface appearance?
3. Are there many pieces of bones?
4. How old are they?
5. Which is the sex?
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6. Which is the age?
7. Which is the cause of death?
Principle 2. Circumstances around the death
Is import ant to examine the scene and the environment where the death occurred and
correlate the data with the autopsy findings, because together can determine or reconstruct the
circumstances of death. The type of death dictates very often the choice of identifica tion
method, so if it was a natural death, a homicide, a murder, a suicide, a vehicle accident or a
mass disaster? We have to find out how these events affect the body and its environment.
Particular situations are:
Mutilated: represents the state of the body with the absence of a member or another
part of the body, or deprival of an organ or severe disfigurement. This can for example
happen in crimes. The term mutilation also covers the term „dismemberment" which
means amputation of a limb or a part of it .
Charred: represents the state of the body resulted from the application of the fire or
radiant heat, radiation, chemical or electrical burns. The effects of the heat to the body
continue after death. Therefore the effects of the temperature to the body can be post –
mortem and has to be considered when making the autopsy. On the charred body the
internal and external findings depend on several factors like:
– the degree of temperature;
– when the body was exposed to the temperature;
– the way of the heat tr ansmission to the body.
Complete, partially disruption of the body due to violent mechanical force. A typical
example is a railway track suicide or a railway track accident.
I will detail in the following, a case presentation in the paper:
‖The Influence of Environmental Factors in a case of Forensic Identification ‖, Carmen Radu,
Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicolo gie, Zootehnie
și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XIV/A, 2015 pg.441 -445
Case history: On 25.08.2009 a 82 -old female suffering from known dementia
disappeared from home. On 16.01.2010 bone fragments and clothing were found on the rocks
at the rive rside near the village Dr ăgești , Romania. Within a radius of about 4 m2 in an
underbrush -bones, clothes and a stick were discovered . The body was skeletonized.
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Autopsy examination
Identification data: examination of clothes Photos 2, 3, 4- white cotton shi rt, green cotton
blouse, gray -beige striped sweater, black knitting sweater, blue crochet vest, sleeved
blue shorts, brown knitting trousers, black wide skirt, dark blue apron, black woolen
scarf, blue plastic shoes, partially red;
Personal belongings: walking stick.
The clothes were cold-frozen, they were lying next to the skeleton and they were covered with
dry leaves, mud and maggots.
Photo 2 Photo.3 Photo. 4
The dental formula of the subject was analysed , but unfortunately the deceased
didn‘t have any ante -mortem dental records to compare it with.
1.1. old missing
1.2. old missing
1.3. old missing
1.4. old missing
1.5. old missing
1.6. old missing
1.7. old missing
1.8. rest coronary 2.1. old missing
2.2. old mi ssing
2.3. old missing
2.4. old missing
2.5. old missing
2.6. old missing
2.7. old missing
2.8. old missing
3.1. rest coronary
3.2. rest coronary
3.3. rest root
3.4. old missing
3.5. old missing
3.6. old missing
3.7. old missing
3.8. old missing 4.1. rest coronary
4.2. rest coronary
4.3. old missing
4.4. old missing
4.5. old missing
4.6. old missing
4.7. old missing
4.8. old missing
Table no.1
Internal examination
Head: complete detachment of the head from the cervical column, which was covered with
dry leaves and larvae up to 0.6 cm. Cranial bones and viscerocranium are integral, mandible
is dislocated.
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Photo 5 The appearance of the skull
Photo 6 The appearance of the mandibule
Neck: soft tissue is missing. C1 vertebra is missing. C2 -C7 vertebrae ar e present and of
integrity, articulations between the vertebral bodies, covered with muscular debris at sites and
white mold deposits.
Photo 7 The appearance of the neck
and the thoracic cavity
Photo 8 The appearance of the thoracic
cavity
Thorax: lack of soft tissues. Integrity of th oracic bones, articulations between the vertebral
bodies (integrity of ribs, sternum incomplete – missing xiphoid appendix, the thoracic
vertebral column persists at T1 -T4 level, the rest is missing). Thoracic organs cannot be
examined, the thoracic cavity contains a whitish -brown paste, covered with whitish mold
deposit and l arvae up to 0.6 cm; it gives of a foul smell of putrefaction and mold.
Abdomen: lack of soft tissues . Abdominal organs are missing . Basin with disarticulated
bones, right hip bone a nd sacrum persist and are fully or partially covered by brown -blackish
soft tissue. Left hip bone disarticulated.
Skeleton : left upper limb – bones and soft tissues are missing, shoulder girdle (scapular bone )
bones are present; right upper limb and bones totally disarticulated. The humerus, radius,
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ulna, carpal bones , metacarpal bones and phalanges are present and are complete or partially
covered by blackish brown soft tissue; inferior limbs and bones disarticulated; femur, tibia,
fibula and partially the tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges are complete or partially
covered by blackish brown soft tissue.
Diagnosis based on macroscopical pathoanatomical analysis: advanced putrefaction with
partial skeletonization.
Forensic autopsy conclusions :
1. Medical type and cause of death of A.A . cannot be established precisely because of
the advanced state of putrefaction and partial skeletonization.
2. According to the autopsy findings and the survey data, the death could be classified
as nonviolent, and a pos sible cause is coronary myocard osclerosis
3. The death may have occurred approximately 4 -6 months ago
4. Autopsy examination revealed no injuries in the skeleton and of the remaining soft
tissues.
5. Actual signs of death (lividity, rigidity) ca n not highlighted .
6. Signs of violence: No evidence .
The identification of the subject was done by the family members based on the recognition of
the clothes and the walking stick.
In cases of forensic identification with delayed discovery of the body, the influence of
environmental factors is essential. In opposition with situations when the body is preserved
due to natural mummification, freezing or lignification, the importance of the environmental
factors in cases of deaths that occur in the direct and intense action of the medi um factors is
statistically overwhelming in Romania. The existence of materials more resistant than the soft
tissues is primordial , clothes, also the existence of a chartered dental file, or a personal
belonging easily recogni zable. That is why the forensic specialists have to take into
consideration all the factors that concur i n the decomposition of the body, and to reconstruct
and work backwards the environmental factors that caused the existing situation of the body
of the deceased. The idea is to exert a scientific synergistic addition of all forensic methods of
identification and of course mainly to c onsider the environment factors that led to the existing
state of decomposition of the body.
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I will detail in the following , a case presentation in the paper: „Suicide on Railway Track ”,
Carmen Radu, Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și
Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XIII/B, 2014 pg. 237 -240
Scene of event history : the subject JI, 26 -year-old male, found dead on 23.10.2010 at at
Oradea West railway station at Km 116+9".
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Crime scene investigation. Photo unit 9
Photos 13 -14. Both photos show the locations where fragments of organic substances where
found (marked with signs 0, 1) ; Photos 15 -18. Place where the head of the corpse (marked
with sign 2) was f ound and details of location in which it was found.
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The forensic autopsy report presented the following conclusions:
1. Type of death: violent
2. Cause of death: Crushing and sectioning of the neck vessels, decapitation
3. Manner of death. Railway track injury
4. Lesions found on the body could have been produced in a railway accident,
through crushing and sectioning by the wheels of the train.
5. Mechanism of death: massive external bleeding
6. The victim's blood alcohol level at the time of death was 0 (zero) mg per 1 00 ml of
blood
7. Date of death 23.10.201
The train had no outside stairs, which could have explained why there were no injuries on the
other part of the body.
Discussions with family showed that he was going to take part at his sister's wedding next
day. He was a construction worker and wall painter.
Identification clues:
– mobile found in the pocket of trousers with numbers to the family ;
– piece of paper with address in the pocket of the trousers leading to the place where the
subject had perforemd a painting job;
– three days later after the death of JI a farewell letter was found by the family, in which
the victim gives the reasons for his decision to terminate his life. Photo 10
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In a unorganised, uncivilised family you
can’t live without having remorse. I le ft
everything go by itself, but I fought to
create a future by myself. I had just one
thought , to achieve something at the age
of 27 but I followed another way and all
my wishes ended. I believe that I started
to destroy myself by the loss of money and
work. It doesn`t matter who you are in
life, only if you don’t depend on someone?
To fight in loneliness is hard but I was
punished. I only want just one thing; to be
happy. But no matter how hard I tried, I
still didn’t succeed. Maybe it’s because I
was shy ; I lost my words and myself. It is
and it was a genetic disease. The
loneliness takes all you have better but it
kills you, of me when I was helped by
Marcela with the amount of 700 Ron for
rent and food. Not that money brought me
to this situation, but t he consciousness of
holding the money and taking care of
them […] and the games (games or
playing devices) destroyed me? I may had
qualities but I had no brain [ ..]
I got humiliated in 2000. I had an
apartment on Bumbacului Street; I was
born there o n the 15th on April 1984.Then
I understood that I had to fight with life. I
worked illegally in the construction
business, where I earned quite enough
money.[..] (I was a stupid kid)(that
affected me) only when I was in a civilized
place I tried to adapt.( sometimes it could
be seen from the way I spoke that I had a
bad expression( I was not a kid who was
reading) I was set on one thing only; to
make money and this was all I knew , and
I liked it( but the games destroyed me)but
I couldn`t get more money . when I hadn`t
money I was calm, when I had, I was
restless. When I saw a gambling place, I
entered it and I didn’t go home until I had
no money, and I repeated this thing
several times. Bad thoughts came because
I said that I won`t go to play anymore but
I still did. I was an addict because I
played 53000 million. With sorrow, mom ,
Marcela, Cami, Patri, Ioana, Demian, etc.
Be happy for who you are because, I am
not anymore.
Farewell letter to the family. Photo 10
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Discussion about the results :
The visual identification is not a favorable method in identification of severel y
decomposed or damaged bodies. In this particular case the sister came three times
for identification, as she couldn‘t recognize the deceased due to severe disruptions
of the face. At the same time the family refused to believe that it could be their son
and he could have committed suicide. As they said „Our son is orthodox, and
could not have done this to himself ‖.
The two items, the mobile and the piece of paper with an address contributed to
the process of identification of the body. Three days later t he family found the
farewell letter, which sustained that suicide was the cause of death. For forensic
examiners it is not an easy task to establish the cause of death when a body is
found on a railway track. Generally the lesions on the body will not tel l if it was
suicide, homicide or accident. It is also very difficult for the examiners to
distinguish between ante -mortem and post -mortem lesions.
The alcohol blood level in this case showed 0. This result must be questioned, as
there was a massive hemorr hage. Studies have shown that heavy blood losses can
give false negative alcohol blood level results.
Suggested Identification methods if available :
DNA -profile compared with family member.
Dental profile – the age and compare with ante -mortem dental recor ds
Fingerprints -compare with ante -mortem civil fingerprint database as the
fingers where intact in this body
„The risk factors in rail traffic accidents. Case reports ‖, Radu Carmen , Analele Universității
din Oradea Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie si Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară, 2012
pg. 197 -203
In this paper, the authors presented the rail traffic accidents, produced in Bihor
County , in the period 2010 -2011, accidents resulting in the death of the victims involved. As a
result of the research oncrime scene, in conjunction with the results of the autopsy and
complementary examinations it was established the cause of death, estimation of date of death
and the corpses have been identified.
.
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„Rolul medicinei legale în combaterea fenomenului femeia -victimă a violenței domestice ‖
[The role of forensic medicine in preventing domestic violence ], C. Buhaș, Gabriel Milache,
C. Radu
A domestic abuse may be a physical, mental or sexual aggression ; it is any kind of violent act,
physically or emotionally, t hat take place between the members of a family .
The authors establish, upon their medical experience, that this kind of vio lence
involves women as victims. Based on this fact, the authors illustrated a statistica l case with
graphics and tables containing items that show: the age of the victims, medium of providence,
the mechanism of making the wounds, the factors that encouraged the domestic abuse and the
circumstance of the aggressors.
The conclusions they reached can be considered an signal on the gra vity of this social
phenomenon.
„Mechanical asphyxia due to biological agents. Case report and literature review ‖, Dan
Perju Dumbravă , Ovidiu Chiroban , Carmen Corina Radu
The paper presents a unique ca se and a literature review data of the fatal situations in which
biological agents acted upon a human body mechanically, and thus inducing traumatic
asphyxia.
A 54 -year-old man, working as a shepherd, was found dead in a valley, at the bottom
of a natural pit, by the family members. The pit had very steep walls, was 3,5 meters deep and
had a diameter of about 10 m eters. The investigators stated that most probably, some sheep
fell into the pit, the shepherd lowered himself there in order to br ing them out, but
unfortunately the rest of the sheep followed him into the pit, thus collapsing over him and
preventing him to get out . At the scene of investigation there were found 75 dead sheep,
covering the dead body and surrounding him. A medico -legal autopsy was performed,
followed by histological and forensic toxicology analysis. Autopsy revealed advanced
putrefaction, a vital sternal fracture and generalized atherosclerosis. The toxicological exam
showed an alcohol blood concentration of 2,80 g/l. The refore, tak ing into account the onsite
scene investigation, the autopsy findings and the ancillary examinations, the death was
considered violent, produced by an accidental traumatic asphyxia due to biological agents
(sheep), this being a unique case in the acti vity of the Department of Legal Medicine.
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„Accessory spleen – case reports ‖ Carmen Corina Radu , Gabriela Muțiu, Ovidiu Pop
Literature describes the accessory spleen as common phenomenon for both sexes and at all
ages and has been encountered in differen t causes of death. Therefore, a medical autopsy can
be a means to determine the incidence and the c haracteristics of accessory spleens
(location, dimension, etc.) in the population.
An accessory spleen , or splenunculus, is a small nodule of splenic tissue found outside
of the spleen. Post -mortem examinations, also known as autopsies, are carried out to identify
a cause of death, and to assess the state of the organs of the deceased. We present two
incidental cases of splenunculi, one localized in greater omentum and a second one localized
in the hilum of the spleen, diagnosed during a histopathological e xamination. An
immunohistochemical profile of the normal and accessory spleen was followed where the
expression of the CD20, CD3, CD23, α -SMA were analyzed.
DISCUSSIONS:
Having all these theoretical concepts, to which are added the cases presented I have to
distinguish between three types of comparative forensic methods: scientific identification
methods, non -scientific methods and factors that correspond to the decedent and the missing
person.
Scientific identification methods: traditional and new
These methods compose a systematic comparison procedure between known characteristics of
a missing individual (ante mortem data) and revealed characteristics from an unknown body
(post mortem data). All these methods are based on objective observations, exp eriments and
other scientific research and they are considered very accurate and reliable.
The scientific identification methods that belong to the traditional ones are:
1. Dental identification
2. Fingerprints
3. Nuclear DNA
4. Forensic radiology (x -rays)
5. Forensi c anthropology (skeleton remains)
There are new and more sophisticated techniques that not only are used to confirm the identity
but als o to exclude identity. This one demands more accuracy and reliability. They are as
follows:
1. mitochondrial DNA tests
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2. high performance liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) -mass spectrometry (MS),
3. 3-D computer imaging,
4. digital forensics
5. multi -detector CT scan .
The above methods are not only used to confirm the identity but also to exclude identity.
Since all these methods are based on objective observations, experiments and other scientifc
research, they are concidered very accurate and reliable.
Non-scientific identification method
The major non -scientific identification method is visual identification. This method is based
on the sta tement of a person who is familiar with the deceased and who can confirm its
identity. It does generally not include any picture evidence. The visual identification is based
on primary and secondary physical characteristics . Visual identification is based on
conclusion relied on subjective observations and perceptions and therefore less accurate and
reliable than the scientific.
Factors that correspond to the decedent and the missing person
In this group we include the cases where we do not have any ante -mortem data which can
match with the decedent, but we have information which has to be examined in its context,
e.g. the place where the dead body was found and its physical features e.g. tattoo, birth marks,
dental characteristics, etc
Results of identifi cation
Regardless the choice of identification method, the results have to be directed into one of the
following groups:
Positive identification
In positive identification the ante -mortem and the post -mortem data match in sufficient detail
to establish t hat they are from the same individual. In addition there are no irreconcilable
discrepancies. This is the only identification which can be used alone in court.
The main positive identification methods are: dental records, DNA and fingerprint analysis, x –
rays and that part of forensic anthropology which deals with scientific anthropological
methods when examining bones.
Presumptive identification
In presumptive identification the ante -mortem and the post -mortem data have consistent
features, but due to the poor quality of either the most -mortem remains or the ante -mortem
evidence, it is impossible to establish positive identification. This method is not valid alone in
court. It needs to be confirmed by positive identification testimonial.
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The primary presu mptive identification methods are: visual identification and the part of
forensic anthropology dealing with facial reconstruction. Jurisdictions in several countries are
using these when there is lack of positive identification methods or as assisting meth ods to the
positive identification methods.
Ethical aspects in forensic medicine identification
Works published in scientific journals:
„The relationship between work environment and moral sensitivity ”, Carmen Radu, Dan
Perju -Dumbravă
As we have mentioned above, the method of visual identification is one that raises
many problems. Still though, it is the most used identification method worldwide. Despite the
fact that many new and high -sophisticated techniques have been introduced, its advantages of
being cost -effective, easily performed and often correct, will continue to make it a widely
practiced method in forensic identification. Even though visual identification is not regarded
as a scientific identification met hod and it is generally not allowed to be used in court as a
testimony, interestingly enough, the medico -legal systems throughout the world are dealing
differently with the importance of visual identification. Some of these jurisdictions require
the close st blood relative or relative to actually be present and visually identify the deceased,
others require a photograph of the deceased as a part of visual identification and several
jurisdictions allow visual identification by familiar persons only after a r apid scientific
identification. A visual identification is very often asked after a scientific identification had
been performed; by the family members in order to ―be sure‖ that their beloved is the
deceased one.
We have to take into consideration that m any forensic offices do not owe any
appropriate financial resources to acquire or maintain adequate technology equipment and
logistics in order to perform a scientific identification. In deaths which have occurred in
remote places and no equipment was avai lable, the visual identification may be the only
possible identification method.
Can visual identification turn into a more reliable and more accurate method?
Visual identification will never meet the criteria of a scientific method or reach those
standa rds of uniqueness, accuracy and preciseness that the other methods claim to have. But if
we focus on the main component in visual identification which is the nearest environment of
the dead person, e.g. family members, friends, colleagues, and see how we c an approach them
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in relation to ourselves and to the deceased we may come closer to the answer of the question
above.
In this context we would like to make a philosophical -psychological approach and
introduce the concept of ―moral sensitivity‖ in the disc ussion of visual identification. It is a
term taken from bioethics and is a new field of interest among professionals in the health care
system. Lutzen K. gives a very good explanation by introducing the word sensitivity in
relation to the welfare and righ t of others, especially when they come into conflict with one‘s
own interests. Moral sensitivity should be seen as a process of reflection on the consequences
of one‘s own acts towards the others .
According to Muriel Bebeau and her colleagues (1999), mora l sensitivity ― …is the awareness
of how our actions affect other people. It involves being aware of the different possible lines
of action and how each line of action could affect the parties involved (including oneself).
Moral sensitivity involves imagina tively constructing possible scenarios (often from limited
cues and partial information), knowing cause -consequent chains of events in the real world,
and having empathy and role -taking skills. Moral sensitivity is necessary to become aware
that a moral is sue is involved in a situation.‖
The „moral sensitivity‖ is not only the ability to identify an ethical problem by the process of
reasoning and understanding the moral consequences of the ethical code that dictated that
particular decision, but even to dis tinguish what is right or wrong in a „normative‖
perspective. „Moral sensitivity‖ is also a process of being able to raise the ethical norms
above „reason‖ and put them on „a human inter -relational cross -boundary level ‖ and to leave
open for an intuitive a pproach to what is good for the others .
What is visual identification, besides being a moment during which the family members
recognize and identify the deceased?
It is a meeting point, between the deceased, the family members and the forensic officer. Th e
meeting point is on the level of a human inter -relational cross -boundary between three
individuals in the domain of life and death. It is a moment when the deceased has the right to
be identified and treated with respect and dignity. It is an emotional a nd cognitive process
during which the family members meet themselves in a moment of extreme emotional stress
with conflicting feelings, goals, desires and expectations. It is a moment when the forensic
examiner has to balance between being professional i.e . following rules and protocols and at
the same time showing respect to the integrity and dignity of the dead as well as preparing the
family members for the recognition. It requires more than reason from the forensic examiner –
he/she has to be willing to s tep out of himself/herself and meet the involved people in the
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current situation by acting balanced and calm, giving them the feeling that this moment is
theirs, being compassionate and understanding, showing empathy and patience. It sounds like
an utopia at first, but we firmly believe it is possible, if the forensic examiners decide to invite
themselves to reach a communication on an inter -human level where ethical and moral codes
can find an intuitive point of expression; it is a dynamic moment when the meeting point
between life and death is completed and the three components: the dead, the forensic
examiner and the close members of the dead have reached an optimal level of interaction.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of „moral sen sitivity‖ in Forensic
Medicine. „Moral sensitivity‖ is the sensitivity to the w elfare and the rights of others ,
especially when these rights come into conflict with one‘s own interests. It is a dynamic
concept including the reflection about the consequence s of one‘s own acts towards the others;
it is a meeting point of a triangular interaction between the rights and the dignity of the dead,
the emotional state of the family member and the professionalism and human qualities of the
forensic pathologist. It i s the point when identification is completed.
Identification means recognition, recognition means memories, memories mean
individualization. Individualization is the purpose of identification.
The concept of „moral sensitivity‖ should be introduced in forensic medicine in
Romania since, due to the lack of financial resources for expensive scientific identification
methods, visual identification is the most widely used in this country. It is worth mentioning
that the visual form of identification, which is by definition not scientific, is also the most
interpersonal one. It is an open field for non -scientific approach of ideas, such as moral
sensitivity.
In order to introduce „moral sensitivity‖ in forensic medicine it has to be accepted by
the professi onal staff. We, as forensic pathologists, are working strictly according to the law
and protocols. Our behavior and actions are also dictated by an accepted moral code of what
is right or wrong. Therefore we have to evaluate and discuss this new concept a nd approach it
from different angles. Educational forums and workshops could be held by specialists in
bioethics, which could present their ideas and discuss them with the forensic staff, including
pathologists, nurses and physicians.
We firmly believe t hat moral sensitivity can in practice improve and give new
perspectives to visual identification, by the action of the three components of the triangle
mentioned above.
– Dead person: requires respect and dignity for his or her integrity, as it is his/her
human right
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– Relatives: require respect for the emotional stress he/she experiencing and time and
space to face the situation
– Forensic pathologists: besides doing a professional job, forensic pathologists have a
very important task; to meet these requiremen ts and to deal with them.
Our conviction is that many mistakes in visual identification could be avoided, thus making
visual identification better
„Claims of „uniqueness” in forensic medicine ‖, Carmen Corina Radu, Diana Bulgaru –
Iliescu
To support my rese arch I wrote this article , that was meant to prove the nature of
identification, from an ethical point of view, not only from a scientific angle. In our times,
where everything has to be identified to prove his existence, the identification, in forensic
field, has an important role for the living person.
My goal for this paper was to make a philosophical approach, by gathering
information about a few identification methods that are supposed to be based on the theory of
„uniqueness‖.
As the word uniqueness appears as a statement of truth, it‘s obvious that the result is a
„proof‖. The concept has a fundamental thinking that goes from the particular to general, so
we have to corroborate information, formulate premises that will lead to general conclusion.
As it seems, an inductive conclusion is almost a probable conclusion, which can be strong or
weak. For this hypothesis I brought strong examples, to sustain my opinion, which
demonstrate that, both sciences, forensic and philosophy, follows the hypothetico -deducitve
model. This assumes if something is true for a class of things in general, then this is true also
for all members of that class.
Everything starts with a statement, that is processed by examining the possibilities for
testing, therefore a deductiv e reasoning will go to a valid or invalid conclusion, so, if we are
pointing the forensic science, that uses fingerprints analysis and ballistics, or forensic
odontologists that works with dental formulas, how can occur technological errors or is the
human perceptional and cognitive not sufficient. To explain these we have to examine the
errors from the aspect of „uniqueness‖, from the forensic point of view. In our field, the
probability is always greater than zero, so forensic examiners round down the pro bability in
order to justify the uniqueness of their theory.
The probability prototype is based on statistically modeled combinations of traits,
which has real data from the population, like DNA , fingerprints, dentition. But , instead of
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analyzing the frequ ency of data, the analysts often just assume the distribution of traits, or are
not verifying the frequency of the trait in the population. From this, we can conclude that it is
unknown if the samples are truly random or if they truly represent the populat ion that has
been studied.
Another very interesting principle is that the theory of uniqueness relies on the
assumption that the trait of each individual is independent of any other. For example, the
DNA analysis has accepted the fact that there is no complete independence of alleles by trying
to solve it through mathematical formula, so this demonstrates a realistic approach to the
probability claim .
In completion of this article, I may say that humans wish to believe in the concept of
uniqueness, even if there is no scientific proof for this, so I concluded that uniqueness is a
way of belief, than a scientific rule. I believe that the forensic field is not favored by this
concept, and I support my thinking with three logical reasons and examples. First of all are
the technological devices, like computers who use complex mathematical models. By
example, in our field of work, was demonstrated that the human dentition is physically
unique, but a device showed that cannot be reliably distinguished when is c ompared. Another
reason and example are the fingerprints that are based on several experiments where duplicate
images were used in order to set a match score . This match is scheduled by the comparison of
different images taken from different fingers and no t comparison of the same fingers! The
third reason that I believe about of uniqueness is not good for the legal system, is the error
rate crescending, and us, the forensic doctors we have to provide the most accurate results.
In c onclusion, „uniqueness‖ is not a scientific method, because is based on
assumption. It cannot be used in forensic science, as it belongs to pure philosophy. Forensic
doctors have to corroborate facts, sustained by probative information and not use the claim of
uniqueness which can lead to a wrong presumption.
1.4. CONCLUSIONS
1. Forensic medicine is dealing with medical knowledge and methodologies for legal
purposes. Identification is a field of study in forensic medicine. It is a comparative
study between ante-mortem and post-mortem data. Its core stone is the autopsy , with
which the identification process starts. Forensic identification covers e.g. violent
deaths, suspicious deaths and deaths of unknown cause. Forensic medicine has played
a very important role in the process of the identification of victims in mass disasters,
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e.g. plane crashes and court cases where insurance and inheritance issues have to be
settled. A forensic identification can be requested for different reasons: affectivity,
monetary, marriage and burial reasons, for statistics and official records and for
criminal purposes.
2. In order to identify a dead body the examiner need to evaluate the state of the corpse
and the circumstances around the death. After the first step of the identification by
examining the phy sical characteristics of the body different identification methods can
be applied scientific and non scientific. Regardless the choice of identification method,
the results have to be positive, i.e. the ante -mortem and the post -mortem data match in
suffici ent detail to establish that they are from the same individual or presumptive: the
ante-mortem and the post -mortem data have consistent features but due to the quality
of either the most -mortem remains or the ante -mortem evidence, it is impossible to
estab lish positive identification.
3. The most well known traditional scientific methods; dental identification, fingerprints,
nuclear DNA, radiographs and forensic anthropology have been developed in order to
meet the demand of accuracy and reliability in the i dentification process. The method
of choice is mostly dependent on the status of the dead body, the type and manner of
death and the financial resources of the forensic identification authorities. These
methods are used separately, together or as confirmat ion methods to visual
identification.
4. Despite the rapid increase of new forensic scientific technology methods, visual
identification is the most common world -wide used identification method. It is cheap,
easy and used when no other method is availableIt has its limitation as it can only be
used when the body is fresh and intact. When there are severe alterations of the body
this method are not appropriate. Visual identification has other disadvantages which
put limitations to its accuracy and reliability: The visibility may be poor, research have
shown that the general ability in humans to identify is poor leading e.g. innocent to
convictions the biased identifications which have happened repeatedly in crime
history, the distress and shock by family member s have resulted in negative or positive
identifications.
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Can visual identification turn into a more reliable and more accurate method? ―Moral
sensitivity‖ is introduced into forensic identification. It is the sensitivity to the welfare and the
rights of others, especially when these rights come into conflict with one‘s own interests. It is
a dynamic concept including the reflection about the consequences of one‘s own acts towards
the others; it is a meeting point of a triangular interaction between the ri ghts and the dignity of
the dead, the emotional state of the family member and the professionalism and human
qualities of the forensic officer. It is the point when identification completed. Identification
means recognition, recognition means memories, mem ories mean individualization.
Individualization is the purpose of identification.
5. „Uniqueness‖ should not be used in forensic science, as it belongs to the realm of a
pure philosophy. The induction model which ―uniqueness‖ is based on is not favoring
forensic individualization. It is definitely not a scientific conclusion. On the contrary it
is a pure assumption. The job of the forensic examiner is to collect facts sustained by
probative data and not to claim uniqueness which can lead to prejudices and
conclusions not supportable by facts. Uniqueness is impossible to prove.
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Chapter 2
RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF BIOETHICS
2.1. Justification of the research topic:
As mentioned in the first chapter, identification represents an important objecti ve of
forensic autopsy.
Identification of the intact bodies, of fragments of the body or decomposed bodies is
most often a laborious activity, and although the ultimate goal is to obtain the identification,
the specific context of testing human identity ha s specific problems which vary from the
technical approach to statistical interpretation, or ethical issues.
Some of the ethical issues covered are: the humanitarian importance of identification;
allocating resources in order to identify victims; secondary use for research of the samples
originally collected for identification purposes.
Therefore, it follows that it is a topical subject and future research topic.
2.2. Some of the results of this research in progress:
Books/chapters in books:
The book entit led " INTRODUCTION TO BIOE THICS IN FORENSIC MEDICINE –
LECTURE NOTES " is a first attempt to provide an overview of how bioethics can apply in
current forensic practice.
As seen from this, the pathologist must be subject to the fundamental obligations and
responsibilities, individual to the profession, to the medico -legal system of death investigation
laws and rules, to the legal system as witness, to forensics and science, and not ultimately to
society. It is not just about committing crimes or offenses that are, of course, the main
priorities, but also ethical and moral issues, major or minor, occurring in everyday legal
practice. Often the questions are very complicated and the pathologist must make a decision.
Therefore, it is required a model for professi onal-personal ethical decisions in which
values and rights are based on both "reason" and "intuition". This model is developed and
presented in this book and act s like an "ethical and moral compass" in the ethic and moral
decision making in daily forensi c.
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I suggest a professional -personal ethical model based on three elements:
– Universal and conditional ethical values and rights
– Professional -personal ethical reasoning: the four principles of medical bioethics in
forensic medicine
– Moral sensitivity
Universal ethical values and rights and conditional ethical values
My model is based on a holistic approach to the human being, where he/she is not only
defined by his/her social, cultural, religious, political, financial and legal status, but by his/her
a priori values and rights .
Values give us our rights , or better said; to have values is to have rig hts. In order to identify
universal human rights we need first to identify values which are common for all humans.
This in its turn prerequisites that we identify wha t all human have in common. Assuming that
all humans have rights in common; they are autonomous creatures, they can act in a moral
way; and they belong to a moral community .
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights which concerns the living people states that there
are two specific values common for all humans; dignity and agenc y. It further stipulates that
―all humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights ‖. If we accept that death is a
function or process of life then the values above are also valid for dead peop le.
In modern western societies there is a strong tendency to analyze, individualize and
categorize, giving holistic views and approaches to life and less importance to death . It is
necessary to integrate these two aspects of reasoning in order to optimize problem -solving.
Our ethical model will include both, but emphasis will be given to the holistic approach, i.e.
to see the human being in relation to ―itself‖, as an inherent unite of nature which is in
constant change and in interaction with its environment.
Our rights are categorized into e.g. legal , social and political, t hey are woven into national and
international laws, which are stipulated by jurisdictions.
The dead person can be exposed to different crimes e.g. trafficking, dissection without
consent or sexual use. Therefore he/she must be protected and ensured according to the rights
dictated and realized by the society . These rights are so called conditional rights – they
originate in the accepted values of each society and are time related . I would like to present
two other opposite concepts, dignity and agency, which could be placed in the realm of
inherited/universal rights . These two concepts will be the s tarting point for our professional –
personal ethical approach.
„Human dignity ” versus “my dignity”
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Human dignity is a word that is almost never challenged or negotiated. It is innate or
inherited. It goes back to itself. It is a priori . To have human dignity means to have rights and
claims and should be seen in respect to how other treat us. It is not to be confused with the
individual dignity ―my dignity‖, w hich is referring to my actions. There is not a clear
definition on what dignity is. Nevertheless, everybody unconsciously seems to know what it
means. One hardly hears conflicting ideas about human dignity and it is rarely under the loop
of examination or criticism. Mostly it is perceived and accepted as an absolute notion, but
without any clear measurable frame. You cannot demonstrate dignity, except to the self.
Sometimes it is defined as e.g. autonomy , human rights, assertion of claims, duties . I believe
it would be useful to see human dignity in the context of rights and claims. Some scholars
give human dignity an even broader definition; they argue that dignity is a description of a
behavior directed to the individu al from outside; the right to be treated with dignity , i.e. with
proper respect . Human dignity is something we posses, we cannot lose it but it can be violated
or disrespected. ―My dignity‖ on the other hand can be lost since it has to do with what we do
to others. My dignity is only conditional and related to my religion, culture, society, family
and can be lost by acting disrespectfully, irresponsibly, unequally, etc.
I consider that human dignity should clearly be separat ed from the notion of respect,
which is a c onditional and a cultural act, c ustoms and rituals about the dead are set by
different cultures. It is important to emphasize that if a dead person is not acknowledged or
respected, it doesn‘t mean that he has no dignity. Respect describes the behavior of a person
while human dignity expresses a value a person possesses.
Many people encounter difficulties in perceiving and understanding the meaning of
―being dead‖ or what a dead body actually means. What they kno w though, is that it is
―something‖ very important. I am of the opinion that human dignity is nothing that appears as
soon as you come into contact with a dead person. It is there a priori, within that person. That
is why huma n dignity is not conditional. If the dead person has human dignity it consequently
has human rights , i.e. he/she has the right e.g. not to be treated inhumanely, cruelly,
humiliatingly or with indignity.
Agency – a universal inherited right as well as a conditional right
The definition of agency is changeable and often influenced by different intellectual
approaches. Agency in contrast to human dignity can be observed and measured. It is the
capacity of a person to make choices and have duties in an interactive way with his/her
outside world. If we accept this definition, then any demented, newborn or person with
inherited cognitive impairment would lack agency. But would they lack needs or interests? I
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would say no. Needs and interests are affecting our external world, not in the active way that
duties and choices may do, but certainly they have an impact on different levels of the society;
i.e. family, friends or the state in general. The dead is an ―agent‖ of h is history but also of the
future. To have a historical agency is to have a ― futurity” agency . An interesting example that
elucidates this aspect is the belief of the Māori people on New Zeeland, who respect the
wishes of the deceased to shape the political reasoning of the living. The dead ancestors are
participating actively in politics and society by their agency. Even if the body of the dead
literall y does not speak out its needs, wishes, claims or interests it has a social voice affecting
those who are living, by leaving memories, changes in relations and spaces. There are
controversial ideas about the futurity of the dead. Archeologists for example are interested in
the dead himself and not his wishes, claims or debts to the society. Many scholars argue that
there is no way for the living to actually know what a dead wants or wishes, because as soon
as death appears the voice of the dea d will be filtered by the living.
Even though agency is conditional and ―actualized‖ in a cultural and social context,
we could make an attempt to widen the definition, by considering that an individual a priori
has an agency, in the past; in the presenc e; in the future.
By universalizing the concept of human dignity and agency and making them kind of
―virtues ―of being a human being, we will be able to obtain a more human and unapologetic
approach to the dead.
We should always start our ethical reasoning by accepting that every human being
possesses human dignity and ―agency‖ of her past, her presence and her future. They are both
related to her rights and claims in respect to how she is treated by others. The deceased has
the right to be identified and it is the moral responsibility of the forensic service to make sure
that the respect for the deceased is ensured.
Professional ethi cal reasoning: the four principles of medical bioethics in forensic
medicine
Instead of only listing a series of rights , I would like to introduce the notion of
responsibility of the living in respect to the values and rights of the dead. Every society,
organization, profession, individual sets certain values about what is right or wrong, good or
bad, fair or unfair, true or false, equal or unequal. Value -based reasoning defines and
determin es whether the action performed conforms to these values. When we talk about
human values, we mostly relate them to living people. Our question is, are these values the
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same for dead individuals? The answer is not very clear. As soon as we tr y to apply ethical
principles on dead people, definitions of values become more diffuse.
The four principles of bioethical medicine ; to respect each individual‘s autonomy ,
non-maleficence , beneficence and justice29 will be approached from a professional -ethical
point of view. It is our responsibility to respect, acknowledge and actualize the values that
constitute these principles.
For our pur pose we will attempt to apply these four principles in forensic medicine .
Autonomy
„Does the dead person have autonomy ‖? If we accept the current definition that a dead person
does not have desires, wishes or demands, nor is he/she capable of forming intentions or
understanding, then the dead does not have autonomy. Therefore autonomy, in this respect
can only be valid for a living person . This seems to me a quite narro w definition, which would
lead to the conclusion that those who have dementia or other congenital, inherited or
accidental cognitive impairments would not have autonomy. There are many controversies
around the concept of autonomy of the dead and how it sho uld be interpreted. In its strict
meaning, the individual is not totally autonomous, because this would mean that he/she has
access to all facts prior to his/her decisions. Even if there is a written prior -to-death consent
by the deceased to donate organs, still we don‘t know under which circumstances this was
written. Therefore it would be of benefit to actually analyze the term autonomy in degrees.
One person can be more autonomous on one occasion and less in another, depending on the
degree of understanding, intentionality and external impact at the very moment of the
decision.
Principle of non -maleficence
The forensic practitioner is obliged to avoid doing harm to his/her subje ct whether alive or
dead according to the principle of non -maleficence . How can a forensic pathologist avoid
doing harm to a dead person? The dead body must and should be entitled to a moral status
which protects it fr om violations and disrespect as a result of mistakes, negligence or
intentional acts. A forensic pathologist is obliged to the following .
Perform an autopsy without letting stress or other external delays affect the quality of
the examina tion, thus avoiding missing any subtle factors or evidence that could
jeopardize the results.
Not to injure the body by being careless when put in a state of stress or not performing
the dissection according to the scientific techniqu es. Destruction or injury of an organ,
would jeopardize the best possible evidence for the cause of death .
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To be aware of the objective of the medico -legal autopsy , not only the cause, time,
manner, mechan ism of death but also for potenti al litigation in medical death, the
duration of disease .
To perform a complete autopsy . Several autopsy studies have shown that failure to
diagnose and misdiagnosis are common in critically il l patients .
To perform a medico -legal autopsy before giving the permission to embalm the
deceased. Gross tissue changes are much better appreciated when the body has not
been embalmed.
To aim at an examination and a description of the external lesions on the body, which
are satisfactory and acceptable in quality, in order to get the best possible evidence .
To examine the dead person at the crime scene .
To take adequate photographs , audio and video recordings for the evidence .
To violate or disrespect the above principles would lead to inaccurate, unreliable and
even false results.
Principle of beneficence
As the medical physician has the duty to act for the benefit o f the patient, so has the forensic
practitioner for the dead and the living. How would we describe an act of beneficence in
forensic pathology? Here are some examples:
Respect for the moral status of the dead body by examining and treating it according to
its rights and needs.
Compassion, kindness and understanding during the communication with the
relatives, even in situation where there is stress
Respect for and cons ideration of any religious belief, in the best possible way, without
violating the legal purpose of the autopsy .
The principle of justice
The principle of justice and its subcategories should al so be applied for the dead person. He
must receive equal, fair and just treatment and care according to his/her needs and rights .
Moral sensitivity
I would like to make a philosophical -psychological approach to our discussion on
professiona l-personal ethics by introducing the concept of ―moral sensitivity‖ . Moral
sensitivity is also a process of being able to raise the ethical norms above ―reason‖ and put
them on ― a human inter -relational cros s-boundary level ‖ leaving it open for an intuitive
approach to decide what is good for the others. In forensic practice this could be as simple as
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e.g. holding a relative‘s hand when he/she is in shock or folding the dead person‘s clothes and
putting them gently in a bag when given to the relatives.
Works published in scientific journals:
„ETHICS AND SUICIDE PREVENTION. A CASE REPORT”, Carmen Corina Radu , Dan
Perju -Dumbravă , Codrin Rebeleanu
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Medical professions, through multiple human relationships that are committed during
and for making medical act, were involved from the start with a rich professional ethical
conduct content . Professional ethics in the field of medicine is a system of moral norms and
rules governing the behavior of the doctor and of healt h workers . The medical moral as any
moral professional is socially determined, not only by doctor's personal qualities, but also the
character of the social system, the dominant health care system, the social prestige of medical
workers and their working c onditions.
The medical act must primarily be conducted in the direction to help and protect the
patient, i.e. legally, nominally and personally. The organization or the institution offers legal
protection but t he nominal and personal protection is given b y our personal values and
common dictated professional values . Legal protection is covered by laws, regulations and
protocols and n ominal protection e.g. human rights, principles and professional codes. For the
protection of the patients ethical codes are given and are based on the classical principles of
autonomy, beneficence, non -maleficience and justice.
Bioethics has developed responsibilities which are based on the principle of autonomy
such as: respect for individuals based on patient rights; telling the truth and giving all the
details; confidentiality, fidelity. Autonomy advertises respect, dignity and choice.
The principles are there but they are not sufficient to solve dilemmas in everyday
professional life. We need personal protection of the pat ients. Personal protection is under the
umbrella of our personal values which are dictating our contact with the patients. Good
examples are: awareness, understanding, integrity and respect for patients‘ rights, honesty,
and trust, maintaining a good rela tionship with the patient, empathy, listening skills, and
patience.
Watson said in 2006 that "the values of the organization are dictated by economics,
technology, medical sciences, administration". The organization protects mainly its own
interests.
The ethical dilemma begins where there is a conflict betw een loyalty to the
organization/ institution (upper hierarchical structures), to the patient, to oneself or sometimes
to the rules of the group. It is important to note that legal is not equal to ethical . In most
cases, laws only provide the minimum standard of attitude – ethics claims for more.
The studied case is of a 26 year old woman who suffered for a year and a half of
severe anxiety, repeated panic attacks which finally led to suicide by hanging i n an inpatient
psychiatric clinic. The ethic dilemmas presented make this study unique.
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„THE ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE USE OF HUMAN TISSUE IN
ROMANIA ”, Carmen Corina Radu, Dan Perju Dumbravă, Alexandru Rusu
A civilised society can be measur ed by how it treats its deceased. The dignity of the
human body represents a priority according to our ethical and moral values. It‘s a legal right
for any deceased person in unnatural circumstances, despite race, religion, gender or social
beliefs to get an examination conducted by a forensic pathologist in order to include or
exclude the possibility of a crime. Other aspects that are also being investigated are the cause,
time, manner, and mechanism of death. The results of the examinations can determine
eventual mistakes or negligence in the health care. The poor, the disadvantaged people such
as the homeless people are frequently unclaimed and unidentified. Usually these bodies are
the source of cadaveric material.According to Romanian law (Law no. 104/ 2003) there are
two cases in which it is legal and ethical to use a dead body for teaching or learning purposes.
In the first case the person in cause must sign a written agreement prior to his/her death or if
the person is already deceased the family has the ri ght to agree with the consent. The second
case regards unclaimed bodies that can be used as long as there are no evidence of his/her
identity. A forensic pathologist‘s conduct must be guided by ethical cod es that protect the
human body, which imply the following principles: autonomy , beneficence , non-maleficence
and justice. It is morally wrong and illegal to use a human body without consent, regardless
the purpose .
„A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ETHICAL DECISIONS IN ANATOMY CLASSES OF
ROMANIAN MEDICAL F ACULTIES ‖, Carmen Corina Radu, Dan Perju Dumbravă , Chiriac
Serghei , Diana Bulgaru Iliescu
According to Davidson‘s statement ―throughout history and in cultures around the world,
education rightly conceived has had two great goals: helping students become smart and
helping them become good. They need character for both‖.
The fundamental ethical principles under which the universities shall follow are the
following: academic freedom, personal autonomy, justice, fairness, professionalism,
excellence, transpa rency, quality and professional collaboration.
Some ethical issues which have appeared in anatomy classes of the English section in
the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oradea is an attempt to alert the academic
community by emphasizing the necessity o f ethics in teaching. It is not enough to have laws
and regulations; we must formulate ethical codes based on common and accepted values and
apply them in daily academic work. The academic environment is responsible for everything
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that happens within the f our walls of its house. Therefore we advise participation of all the
members of the academic society in forming and joining workshops, discussions in order to
identify problems and to find ways to solve them. In such team, a students‘ mentors would be
of great value. Many universities all over the world use mentors‘ quality as channels for
solving ethical and moral dilemmas among students.
I appreciate that the academic community will stay free and independent from any
religious, political or financial doc trine or orientation.
„ETHICAL NOTIONS IN CATASTROPHIES”, Carmen Radu , Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu,
Daniela Rahotă, Dan Perju Dumbravă Revista Română de Bioetică,
Starting from the premise that disasters only happens to others, the majority of cases
present with a deficiency in intervention capacity. As such, we can encounter i nefficient first
aid instruments within the first hours of a calamity or in the cases when a calamity occurs
over an extended space and is accompanied by poorly organized intervention squads. The
ethical imperative in these situations is saving all of the victims, in the shortest amount of
time, using the resources available at that particular moment. In case the intervention squad is
outnumbered by the number of victims, a priority in offering first aid goes to people with
more severe lesions. It is not mo rally correct to discriminate based on women, children and
older people. Favoring one of the aforementioned categories relates to the generosity and
availability of each particular person, with heroism and martyrdom always being voluntary
and lauded, but n ever requested. In these cases first aid should be offered to everybody,
respecting the will of people who want to risk their personal safety in order to save other
people. There has been a tendency in offering priority to victims who have greater chances of
survival or preferring people who have more to offer to society. The opinions are split, with
some people believing in the application of the temporal principle (first come, first helped)
and others supporting the application of the therapeutic principl e, which states that people
with greater chances of survival should be treated first.
In cases of disaster, a special respect needs to be offered to the deceas ed. In the
practice of forensic medicine we encounter situations in which family members of the
deceased are interested in the cause of death and the circumstances that lead to the death of
their loved one. Informing them is necessary, even if it breaches the rule of confidentiality,
with the note that some medical aspects which could damage the ima ge of the deceased such
as venereal disease or chronic alcohol consumption will be tactfully approached and only
disclosed to close family. The family will be warned not to release information which could
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damage the memory and reputation of the deceased pe rson. This is an exception from the rule
of confidentiality, according to which each deceased individual examined has the right to
have his medical information kept secret even after death.
Mentioning the principle of responsibility brought into discussi on by the founder of
bioethics, V.R. Potter is paramount; according to this principle, we are in absolute need of
responsible measures in order to prevent calamities, and once these calamities have unfolded,
we are in more need of people willing to sacrifi ce their own lives in order to save the lives of
others. In crisis situations, respecting some basic ethical principles is imposed.
2.3. Discussions
The interpretation of universal ethical principles varies depending on the cultures and
nations; however, they follow a common trend in most cultures that is beneficence, justice,
non-maleficence and human dignity.
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S e c t i o n II
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
1. Professional, scientific and academic contributions
Career overview
My enti re career is presented in the Curriculum vitae included in Section IV. However,
I considered useful to insert here a very brief synthesis of my experience to facilitate the
interpretation of the scientific achievements presented in detail in Section I and their
correlation with future research directions mentioned below. Thus, the most representative
landmarks of my activity include:
– Editorial activity consisting of: 4 specialty books as sole author, two specialty books in
electronic format, co -author of tw o specialty books, contributor to a chapter in an
international published book, author and / or coauthor of five chapters published in
collective volume .
– Regarding the published articles I mention 7 papers published in ISI scientific journals
with impa ct factor as the principal author, 3 0 indexed BDI papers , 9 articles published
in journals and volumes of scientific demonstrations with ISBN or ISSN.
– In the period between her doctoral thesis and currently, the author has participated in
numerous scientif ic sessions and conferences, both nati onal and international, where
she improved her professional experience and teaching skills, being always updated
with the lat est discoveries and changes in legal medicine and in bioethics.
– An important point concerning the latest research in the field is represented by her
membership in the Research Ethics Committee of Oradea University (CEC UO).
– At the same time, certifying the professional quality of the author, she is member of
the organizing committees of nation al congresses and member of scientific and
professional societies: national and international, in which she is a founding member
in Forensic Association of Romania .
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PhD thesis
„FORENSIC PATHOLOGIST ROLE IN COLLECTIVE ACCIDENTS‖, supervisor: Prof.
PhD. Milan L eonard Dressler.
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Contemporary forensic medicine dealing with collective accidents presumes a very
good methodological approach in this field. The large number of victims, the diversity of
situations as well as the often unpredictable circumstances, requi res the forensic medicine to
adapt according to the nature of the incident and collaborate with healthcare professionals
who are involved in the research of criminalities and justice. One such topic, although
commonly met, has not gained a distinguished pl ace in forensic practice.
The hypothesis and the aim of this thesis is to thoroughly study and implement
procedural guidelines for the development of a methodology.
The thesis has an irreproachable theoretical foundation and is a comprehensive
analysis sup ported by legislature.
The personal part of this thesis includes an objective analysis of the current situation
of collective accidents in our country. I approached topics such as: dynamic collective
accidents during the last five years; I conducted a comp arative study on the methodology of
approach of collective accidents in different countries by accident type. The entire research
approach is outlined in detail in order to clarify forensic emergency assistance and its
relations to existing conditions that should exist in our country in order to achieve the
relevance of forensic evidence in collective accidents. Many other casuistical examples have
certain methodological value for forensic practice.
The methodological proposals can constitute a prototype fo r the laws and can
support legislative initiatives.
Academic activity
I shall refer below to the most important achievements in the field of teaching activities,
dissertations coordinated, books published, as well as my attendance in different commit tees and
commissions.
Regarding the academic work, the author holds the rank of lecturer in the University of
Oradea, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, where she began working in 2003. She is teaching
courses for students (behavioral sciences), for residen t doctors (Bioethics), coordination and
training of resident doctors, cunducting the graduation thesis. Noteworthy is the membership of
admission and examination committees, selection and equivalence committee of Erasmus, the
Faculty representative member in the Council for Research Development -Innovation, the Ethics
Committee of Scientific Research, the year directive of MGE.
Based on the theoretical and practical experience accumulated, between 2006 and 2016, I
have supervised more than 50 dissertations (in Romanian and in English), all of them in the field
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of Forensic Medicine. The major aim for every thesis was to teach the students how to do a
literature review (how to select good articles, how to extract useful information and then how to
build a prop er review) and a basic study (which information should be extracted from every file,
how to organize them, how to do simple statistical interpretations, how to correlate the results and
how to formulate conclusions). Students also learned how to do a refer ences list and how to
design and to present a Power Point presentation. All the theses passed the final evaluation with
maximum mark.
My academic activity also includes writing books. In the interval mentioned above, I have
written or contributed to 14 bo oks.
Concerning my attendance in different commissions of the university, I think I should
mention that I was appointed member of the commission that selects overseas candidates that
apply to become students in the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy – Orade a University. I have
also been a member of promotion commission in our faculty ; as well I have attended the
commission for the entrance exam for graduate students . Moreover, I have been a tutor of
graduate students (English series).
For all these jobs I h ave accomplished my mission as good as I could, trying to get the
maximum benefit for all the parts involved and to encourage people to develop their potential.
Research projects
I have teacher training knowledge and skills formally acquired within t rainer training
programmes, through my educational experience in continuous medical training and in
university teaching.
I have participated on a constant basis in the development and performance of projects, in the
coordination of multidisciplinary teams and in organisational management.
I can synthesize that the major aspects of my activity so far are as follows:
– promoting legal medicine knowledge through education and research;
– excellence in medico -legal services, research and education;
– involvement in m ultidisciplinary research groups;
– creation of research programme/ splans stimulating collaborative inter – and
transdisciplinary research activities.
Project HURO 0801/153 „Mobile laboratory of legal medicine for emergency
situations in the cross -border re gion‖ a project implemented in Hungary -Romania Cross –
border Cooperation Programme 2007 -2013. Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea –
RO (Lead Partner) in partnership with University of Debrecen – HU (Project Partner),
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implemented the project in the per iod 15.12.2009 to 14.01.2011. Total value of the project:
73,943.25 EUR. An important activity was held in Oradea, vocational training course
conducted by a specialist in emergency situations, Professor Thomas Krompecher from
Switzerland. The course was at tended by over 100 participants, project team, consisting of
representatives of target groups, local public institutions and institutions involved in
emergency management and doctors of various specialties. Interventional plans developing
activity was made and consisted in interventional plans for emergency situations caused by
road traffic, railways, and aircraft collective accidents and a protocol for victims identification
results in collective accidents. Finally, both institutions involved in the projec t were recovered
amounts from ERDF and MDRT. This success was due to a very good interinstitutional
cooperation.
The projects : „Interdisciplinary program of emergency situations approach‖ and
„Forensic processing procedures in emergency situations in the Bihor -Hajdu -Bihar cross –
border region‖ with the a cronym PPMLISU and project code: HURO 1001 were unsuccessful
projects .
In the project HURO/0802/082_AF entitled : „Bihor Counties’ Health Care Contribution ‖
valued at 1,909,898.28€, I served as extern expert consultant. Project duration: March 1st 2011 –
July 31st 2013. The project‘s beneficiary: Bihor County Council and Oradea‘s County Emergency
Clinical Hospital was PP3 partner. Within the project we organized a symposium entitled:
Common treatment protocols and medical procedures in Oradea’s Emergency County Hospital ,
during 22 -23.11.2015 (organizing committee) concluded by making a CD, entitled Common
treatment protocols and medical procedures in Oradea’s Emergency County Hospital , University
of Oradea Publ ishing, ISBN 978 -606-10-0953 -4 2012 in electronic format.
The basic concept relies on the planned material put together during project meetings
and previous commun ications between the partners. The encompassing goal of the project
was to give birth to a s uch a cooperation between Debrecen -Oradea -Felix Spa health care
centres, where they focus on the emergency treatment of patients and would like to improve
the potency of medical service provided in Hajdú -Bihar and Bihor counties and expand the
professional knowledge and tools of the hospital staff of the institutions involved in the
project through knowledge transfer programs, the mutual treatment of patients and increasing
the capa city of diagnostics and surgery.
It was multiple partnerships with Romanian Partners (Bihor County Council, Oradea County
Emergency Clinic and Hospital, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital Felix Spa, Oradea County
Emergency Clinic and Hospital) and Hungarian partners (Kenézy Hospital and Clinic Medical
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Service Provider Non -Profit Lt d; Medical Out -Patient Centre S ervice Provider Non -Profit
Ltd).
2. Future directions
My plan of career development is correlated with the development plan of the Faculty
of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, implying that I realize as reasonable as
possible the necessary imperatives for my profession: teacher, member of the Ethics
Commission of Research of Oradea University (CEC -UO), representative of faculty in CCDI
(Council of Research -Development -Innovation) and director of the research center within the
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy – University of Oradea, entitled: Center for research in
Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Dental Medicine (CCFMD), plus: maintaining and
increasing standards of academic and professional excellence, direct c ollaboration with peers,
teachers and students.
Development and evolution plans of the scientific career will pursue the purchasing of
a portable x -ray machine for autopsy to increase the quality of forensic identification of
victims, this acquisition is possible by applying a project within the Interreg V program.
Another professional plan is the establishment of a Transboundary Bioethics Center.
I'm referring to a partnership with the University of Debrecen and establishing a research core
in the field o f Bioethics, in the border area. I must point out that I have initiated a cross -border
partnership in the field of forensic medicine through the LMLTRANSSU project. Research
areas: forensics, held to date, in the future it will remain a priority given the existence of
strong base of collaboration.
I also add my interest to research in the field of legal methodology applied in
forensics.
Career development can be summed up in continuing the forensic services with the
participation in the conferences and scie ntific sessions organized nationally and
internationally. I'm a forensic expert with international recognition: being a scientific expert
certified both nationally and internationally. My wish is to further collaborate with all our
colleagues from other un iversities or services, perhaps even more intensively than to date, in
order to highlight and take cognizance of all the professional discoveries and innovations
traced in the forensic, legal and bioethical fields.
The major plan in order to develop the ac ademic career includes the proposal of a
topic and the establishment of courses for doctoral school with the purpose to train
professionals in the field of research and forensic practice and why not in the field of research
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and jurisprudence also. Simultan eously targets set till today on undergraduate and
postgraduate courses will continue with the same objective which is to train medical and legal
professionals or acquire a certain competence.
Only through training and ensuring a qualified and professional staff we can ensure
that in future scientific achievements will evolve even further by finding new trends in the
field and the works discovered and materialized today will stand as a basis or milestone in the
evolution of science.
Therefore, my profession al and scientific accomplishments so far represent a support
that will allow me to both continue educating generations of students and doctors, and also to
select and train new academics and PhD‘s in a quality adapted to the requirements of modern
European universities, parallel to the development of scientific research in the fields of
forensics, bioethics and related matters.
Objective 1 (teaching -oriented)
Developing graduate and postgraduate education in Legal medicine and Bioethics. Summary
of my fut ure research activities :
Analyzing the ethical questions of suicide, and examining the moral permissibility of
the so called „rational suicide‖ ;
Analyzing the questions of victims identification;
Analysis of forensic medicine and ethical problems related t o tissue and organ
transplantation ;
Examining the stigmatizing effects of psychiatric disorders and their influence on the
quality of life of psychiatric patients .
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Section III – List of publications
ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN EXTENSO IN ISI/BDI QU OTED
1. C. Buhaș, Gabriel Milache, C. Radu , „Rolul medicinei legale în combaterea fenomenului
femeia -victimă a violenței domestice ‖ Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. XV, nr. 4
decembrie 2007 pg.301 -305
2. Carmen Radu , Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu, Daniela Rahotă, Dan Perju Dumbravă „Ethical notions
in catastrophies ― Revista Română de Bioetică, vol 12, No 2, 2014 pg. 53 -57 Factor de impact
1.17
3. Dan Perju Dumbravă, Serghei Chiriac, Carmen Corina Radu (corres ponding author) , Diana
Bulgaru Iliescu „Ethical and religious statements regarding organ transplantation in case of
homosexuals ‖ Revista Română de Bioetică, vol 12, No 3, 2014 pg. 44 -48 Factor de impact 1.17
4. Carmen Corina Radu , Gabriela Muțiu, Ovidiu Pop „Accessory spleen – CASE REPORTS ‖
Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2014, 55(3 Suppl):3 –6 Factor de impact
0.723
5. Dan Perju Dumbravă , Ovidiu Chiroban , Carmen Corina Radu , „Mechanical asphyxia due to
biological agents. Case report and literature review ‖
Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. XXII, nr. 3 Sept. 2015 pg. 177 -180 Factor de
impact 0,144
6. Carmen Corina Radu, Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu, Claims of „uniqueness” in forensic medicine,
Revi sta Română de Medicină Legală, vol. 24, nr. 4, decembrie (2016) Factor de impact 0,144
7. Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Ureche Daniel, Cristian Gherman, Ovidiu Chi roban, Laurian Ștefan
Bonea, Carmen Corina Radu , „Biblically Inspired Tattoos in Forensic Examinations Made
on Inmates Bodies in Prisons Territorially Assigne d to the Forensic Institute of Medicine from
Cluj” , Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, vol 15, no 45 (2016)
8. Radu Carmen, Gabriel Mihalache, Camelia Buhaș, „ Mijloace procedurale de investigare a
accidentelor colective ‖, Revista Română de Med icină Legală, vol. XIII, nr. 2 iunie 2005
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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9. Radu Carmen , Buhaș Camelia, Beleș Daniela, „ Accident chimic pe timpul transportului
substanțelor chimice”, Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol. X,
anul X, Editura Universității din Oradea, 2005 pg. 113 -120
10. Radu Carmen , Buhaș Camelia, Beleș Daniela, „ Gestionarea factorilor de risc în accidente
chimice ‖, Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol. X, anul X,
Editura Universității din Oradea, 2005 pg. 121 -129
11. Radu C ., Buhaș Camelia „ Protocol de examinare a victimelor rezultate în urma unui accident
colectiv ‖, Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol. X, anul X,
Editura Universitătii din Oradea, 2005.
12. Buhaș Camelia, Radu C .,Beleș Daniel a, „Factori de risc si mecanisme tanatogeneratoare în
intoxicatia acută cu diazepam ‖, Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția
mediului vol. X, anul X, Editura Universității din Oradea, 2005 pg. 51 -60
13. Radu Carmen , Buhaș C., Atanasie Dalea, „ The anthropical and natural risk factors’
management in Bihor Country” Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția
mediului vol. XI, anul XI, Editura Universitătii din Oradea, 2006 pg. 209 -215
14. Buhaș Camelia, G. Mihalache, Carmen Radu, „Particula rități ale expertizei medico -legale la
victime cu polifracturi ‖ Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. XIV , nr. 2, june 2006
pg.91 -92
15. Radu C ., Mihalache G., Buhaș C., „Identificarea cadavrelor cu identitate necunoscută
rezultate din catastrofe și accid ente colective ‖ Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. XIV,
nr. 1 march 2006.
16. Buhaș C., Mihalache G., Radu Carmen „The limits of the official medical report added to the
drawing of biological investigation in order to determine the degree of ethylic intoxication –
Agora International Journal of Juridical Sci ences, Editura Universității Agora, Oradea 2007,
ISSN 1843 – 570x pg. 84 -86
17. Carmen Radu , Dalea Atanasie, „ General Aspects Regarding The Management Of
Disasters ” Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol. 12, anul XII,
Editura Univ ersitătii din Oradea, 2007 ISSN 1224 -6255 pg. 236 -240
18. Gabriela Radu, Radu Carmen , Lajosi P., Dalea A., „The administration of the risk factors in
emergency situations –the victim’s identification” Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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protecția mediu lui vol. 12, Editura Universității din Oradea, ISSN 1224 -6255, 2007 pg. 247 –
251
19. Camelia Buhaș, Gabriel Mihalache, Carmen Radu, Gabriela Tășnade „The legal lability,
malpraxis and the deontological liability in the medical practice ”, Agora International Jo urnal
of Juridical Sciences, Editura Universității Agora, Oradea 2009, ISSN 1843 – 570x pg. 43 -47
20. Gabriel Mihalache, Camelia Buhaș, Carmen Radu, Gabriela Tăsnade „Innovation about the
medico -legal psychiatrically report: the report requested by persons th at intend to pursure acts
that have an alienation value ‖, Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences, Editura
Universității Agora, Oradea 2009, ISSN 1843 – 570x pg. 155 -157
21. Carmen Radu, Oros R., „ Transportation of dangerous substances – Risk factor s for
environment protection and human factor. Presentation of case ”, Analele Universitatii din
Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol. 10/A, anul 10, Editura Universitătii din Oradea,
2011 ISSN 1583 -4301 pg. 319 -324
22. Radu Carmen , „The risk factors in rail traffic accidents. Case reports ”, Analele Universității
din Oradea Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie si Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară, 2012
pg. 197 -203
23. Radu Carmen „Behavioral factors which pose a health risk. Case study” , Analele
Universită ții din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie
Alimentară Vol. XII/B, 2013 pg. 121 -124
24. Carmen Radu „Suicide on Railway Track ”, Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula:
Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de In dustrie Alimentară Vol. XIII/B, 2014 pg. 237 –
240
25. Carmen Radu „The Importance of Environmental Factors in Visual Identification ‖, Analele
Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie
Alimentară Vol. XIII/A, 2014 pg.211 -214
26. Carmen Corina Radu , Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Daniel Mureșan , Chiriac Serghei , Diana
Bulgaru Iliescu „A practical approach to ethical decisions in anatomy classes of r omanian
medical faculties” , Studia Bioethica Ediția nr. 1 -2 din 2014
27. Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Adina Danciu , Daniel Mureșan , Radu Moldovan , Paul Volsitz , Carmen
Corina Radu , „Etica abordării mamei pru ncucigașe în expertiza m edico – legală psihiatrică ‖,
Studia Bioethica Ediția nr. 1 -2 din 2014 .
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28. Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , „The Influence of Environmental Factors in a case of
Forensic Identification ‖, Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie,
Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XIV/A, 2015 pg.441 -445
29. Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , „Environmental Factors that influence Forensic
Antropological Identification ‖, Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie,
Zootehnie și Tehn ologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XIV/A, 2015 pg.437 -440
30. Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Adina Danciu , Ovidiu Chiroban, Cristian Gherman , Carmen Corina
Radu „Discrimination against fat people and persons with physical and mental disabilities” ,
Studia Bioethica Ediția nr. 1 din 2015
31. Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Corina Beiușanu „The Influence of cold in
cardiovascular diseases” Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie,
Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XV/B, Anul 15, 2016 pg.189 -192
32. Rebeleanu Codrin, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Radu Carmen „ Artisanal production of spirit
beverages – Risk factor for chronic poisoning with methyl alcohol” Anal ele Universității din
Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol.
XV/B, Anul 15, 2016 pg.321 -325
33. Daniel Ureche, Ovidiu Chiroban, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Carmen – Corina Radu , „Forensic
fundamentals in malpractice expertise ‖, Fiat Iustitia – „Dimitrie Cantemir‖ Christian
University Bucharest. Faculty of Low Cluj – Napoca, No 2/2016 PG. 302 -310
34. Dan Perju -Dumbravă, Daniel Mureșan, Carmen -Corina Radu , Ovidiu Chiroban, Raul
Sîntămărean, Daniel Ureche, Radu -Bogdan Davidescu , „Malpractice in obstetrics and
gynecology. Case repor t and literature review ‖, Fiat Iustitia – „Dimitrie Cantemir‖ Christian
University Bucharest. Faculty of Low Cluj – Napoca, No 2/2016 PG. 220 -229
35. Rebeleanu Codrin , Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Radu Carmen, „Exposure to nitrates –
Professional hazard or work accident in food industry workers. Case report of a
collective intoxication. ” Analele Universitatii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol.
XXVII, Editura Universi tătii din Oradea, 2016 pg 579 -582
36. Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă „The relationship between work environment and
moral sensitivity” , Analele Universita tii din Oradea – Fascicula protecția mediului vol.
XXVII, Editura Universitătii din Oradea, 2016 pg 573 -578
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37. Carmen Corina Radu , Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Cod rin Rebeleanu , „Etică și prevenirea
suicidului. Analiză de caz” – Studia Bioethica Ediția nr. 1 -2 din 2016, pg 71 -77
REPRESENTATIVE ARTICLES :
1. Radu Carmen -Corina, „Aspecte medico -legale și etice ale traumatismului cranio -facial ‖
Editura Universității din Oradea, ISBN 978 -606-10-1826 -0, 141 pg, 2016
2. Carmen Corina Radu, Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu, Claims of „uniqueness” in forensic
medicine, Revista Română de Medicină Lega lă, vol. 24, nr. 4, decembrie 2016
3. Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Ureche Daniel, Cristian Gherman, Ovidiu Chiroban, Laurian Ștefan
Bonea, Carmen Corina Radu , Biblically Inspired Tattoos in forensic examinations made
on inmates bodies in prisons territorially assigned to the forensic institute of medicine from
Cluj, Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, vol 15, no 45 (2016)
4. Dan Perju Dumbravă , Ovidiu Chiroban , Carmen Corina Radu , Mechanical asphyxia due
to biological agents. Case report and literature review , Revista Română de Medicină
Legală, vol. X XII, nr. 3 Sept. 2015 pg. 177 -180
5. Radu Carmen -Corina, Noțiuni introductive de bioetică în medicina legală/ Introduction
to bioethics in forensic medicine: note de curs/lecture notes , Editura Universității din
Oradea, ISBN 978 -606-10-1461 -3, 106 pg, 2015
6. Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă The Influence of Environmental Factors in a case of
Forensic Identification Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie,
Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XIV/B , 2015 pg.441 -445
7. Carmen Radu, Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Environmental Factors that influence Forensic
Antropological Identification , Analele Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie,
Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară Vol. XIV/B , 2015 pg.437 -440
8. Carmen Radu The Importance of Environmental Factors in Visual Identification , Analele
Universității din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Industrie
Alimentară Vol. XIII/A, 2014 pg.211 -214
9. Carmen Radu , Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu, Daniela Rahotă, Dan Perju Dumbravă , Ethical
notions in catastrophies , Revista Română de Bioetică, vol 12, No 2, 2014 pg. 53 -57 Factor
de impact 1.17
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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10. Radu C ., Mihalache G., Buhaș C., Identificarea cadavrelor cu identitate necunoscută
rezultate din catastrofe și accidente colective Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol.
XIV, nr. 1 march 2006.
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Section IV – Curriculum vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE
1. Full name: R ADU CARMEN -CORINA
2. Date and place of birth: 0 3/06/1975, Oradea
3. Status: divorced, 2 children
4. Address: Oradea, Galaction no. 15
5. Telephone / Email address: 0735852110, raducarmencorina@yahoo.com
6. Education:
Nr.
crt. Higher education institution Field Period The title conferred
Degrees / Diplomas
1. University of Oradea, Faculty of
Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea General medicine 1993 – 1999 Bachelor's degree
7. Scientific title:
8. Specializations, qualifications, postgraduate studies:
Nr.
crt. Higher education institution Course title Period Hours
EMC/EFC
1 University of Oradea, Department of
Teacher Training and Improvemen t Course and Training
Department for Teacher
Training 1998
2. University of Oradea, Faculty of
Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea Post-graduate training
courses in the field of life
sciences 2002 70,5
3. University of Oradea, Faculty of
Medicine and Pharmacy , Oradea Morphological sciences
management 2003
4. University of Medicine and Pharmacy
– Victor Babes, Timisoara Doctor Degree series D No.
0000110, European Public
Health Management 2002 –
2006 2002 -2006 Doctor in Medical Sciences
Dissertation: For ensic evidence administration in collective accidents
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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5. University of Oradea, Faculty of
Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea Master's degree series F
No.0051947 European
Health Management
0051947
public 2004 –
2006
6. County Hospital Oradea, Bihor
Forensic Service Forensic specialist confirmed
by the Minister of Health
Nr.1315 / 07.12.2005 2005 –
2011
7. Oradea County Ho spital Resident second related
specialty Patholog ical
Anatomy 2006 –
prezent
8. Ministry of Labor, Family and Equal
Opportunities
National Council for adult training
Ministry of Education and Research Graduation Certificate Series
F No. 0020030 Civil
Prote ction Inspector in
emergency management 2008
9 University of Debrecen Refresher course during the
period 17 to 21 May 2010
collective identification of
accident victims 2010
10. College of Physicians in Romania,
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy
Oradea, Oradea County Hospital
Emergency Certificate of participation in
continuing education course
Forensic spects of
emergency 2010 18 credit s
11. Ministry of Education, Research,
Youth and Sports Certificate of English
language proficiency 2010
12. Ministr y of Labor, Family and Equal
Opportunities
Ministry of Education and Research Graduation Certificate Series
F No. 0194177 Project
Manager 2010
13. FSE, POSD European standards for
competitive postdoctoral training
programs in the management of
advanced r esearch and psychiatric
forensic expertise Graduation Certificate
Advanced management
research 2011 60 credit s
14 College of Physicians in Romania,
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy
Oradea, Oradea County Hospital
Emergency Certificate of participation in
continuing education course
Intervention protocols in
collective accidents 2011
15 Ministry of Health Forensic physician
confirmed by the Minister of
Health
Nr.4405 / 14.09.2011 2011
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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16 Ministry of Labour, Family and Social
Protection
Ministry of Educat ion, Research and
Innovation Graduation certificate series
G, no. 00171676
trainer 2011
17 FSE, Sectoral Operational Programme
Human Resources Development
European standards for competitive
postdoctoral training programs in the
management of advanced res earch and
forensic psychiatric expertise Advanced research
management Ianuarie –
iunie
2011
18 University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Iuliu Hațieganu Cluj -Napoca Certificate of completion
no.82 / 19.10.2012
Serology and DNA
genotyping in forensic
practice
2012 23 credit s
19 FSE, Sectoral Operational Programme
Human Resources Development
European stan dards for competitive
postdoctoral training programs in the
management of advanced research and
forensic psychiatric expertise Forensic psychiatric
expertise Aprilie
2012 –
aprilie
2013
20 European Computer Driving License
Start European Computer Driving
License RO061608 Start /
11.26.2013 2013
21 Medical Malpractice and responsibility
course, Deva 23 Certificate series BH2015 /
nr.045843 aprilie
2015
22 University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Iuliu Hațieganu Cluj -Napoca Certificate no. 2942/07 April
2016 Patient's informed
consent. The procedure of
obtaining and legal
consequences 2016 38 credit s
23 University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Iuliu Hațieganu Cluj -Napoca Certificate no. 4027/26 April
2016
Conditions of doctor liability
for professional misconduct 2016 38 credit s
9. Professional experience:
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
73 | P a g e
Nr.
crt. The institution The field Period Title / teaching
position or
degree /
professional
position
1. Unive rsity of Oradea, Faculty
of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Oradea Anatomy 2001 -2004 University tutor
2. University of Oradea, Faculty
of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Oradea Anatomy 2004 -2015 University
assistant
3. University of Oradea, Faculty
of Medicine and Pharmac y,
Oradea Bioethics 2015 – prezent Associate
professor
10. Current job / position / time: University of Oradea, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Morphological disciplines/ Conf. Univ. Dr./ 2015 – Present, MD Forensic/ 2011, resident
physician second relat ed specialty Pathological Anatomy / 2006 -present.
11. Experience at the current job (total / current post): 16 years / 18 months
12. Patents:
13. Public ations ( total no.): 86 specialized scientific papers, 7 papers published in ISI
journals with impact fa ctor as the principal author, 31 papers BDI indexed
13.1. Doctoral thesis: „FORENSIC PATHOLOGIST ROLE IN COLLECTIVE
ACCIDENTS ", University Victor -Babes Timisoara. Guide – prof. Univ. dr. Milan Leonard
Dressler, 14.04.2006.
13.2. Elaborated teaching mater ials (course support – electronic format):
„Myology – practical guide „ Radu Carmen ; Editura Universitătii din Oradea, 2013
ISBN: 978-606-10-1000 -4
„Human skeleton – practical guide „coordonator Radu Carmen ; Editura Universitătii din
Oradea, 2013 ISBN: 978-606-10-0999 -2
13.3. Books, monographs, treatises:
Author of two specialized books published in national publishers CNCSIS:
13.3.1. Carmen -Corina Radu ; colab.: Camelia Buhaș, Gabriel Mihalache – Oradea
„Rolul medicului legist în accidente colective” / Carmen -Corina Radu ; colab.: Camelia
Buhaș, Gabriel Mihalache: Editura Universității d in Oradea, ISBN (10) 973 -759-119-4;
ISBN (13) 978 -973-759-119-7, 238 pg., 2006 – carte de specialitate în domeniul Medicină
Legală
13.3.2 . Radu Carmen -Corina „ Noțiuni introductive de bioetică în medicina legală/
Introduction to bioethics in forensic medic ine: note de curs/lecture notes: Editura
Universității din Oradea, ISBN 978 -606-10-1461 -3, 106 pg, 2015 – carte de specialitate
în domeniul Medicină Legală și Bioetică
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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13.3.3. Radu Carmen -Corina, „Aspecte medico -legale și etice ale traumatismului cranio –
facial‖ Editura Universității din Oradea, ISBN 978 -606-10-1826 -0, 141 pg, 2016 – carte de
specialitate în domeniul Medicină Legală și Bioetică
13.3.4. Radu Carmen -Corina , „Științele comportamentului: deontologie medicală,
bioetică: note de curs. Behavioral sc iences: medical deontology, bioethics: lecture notes ‖,
Editura Universității din Oradea, ISBN 978 -606-10-1836 -9, 140 pg, 2016 – carte de
specialitate în domeniul Bioetică
Author / coordinator of two specialized books in electronic format published in nat ional
publishers CNCSIS:
13.3.5. Radu Carmen „Myology – practical guide „ Editura Universitătii din Oradea,
ISBN: 978-606-10-1000 -4, 2013 – carte de specialitate în domeniul Anatomie
13.3.6. Coord. Radu Carmen „Human skeleton – practical guide „ Editura Un iversitătii
din Oradea, ISBN: 978-606-10-0999 -2, 2013 – carte de specialitate în domeniul Anatomie
Contributor to one chapter, Specialist support published in international publishing:
13.3.7. Dan Perju Dumbravă ‖Medicină Legala (suport de specialitate)‖ , UMF Iuliu
Hațieganu Cluj -Napoca – Chișinău ISBN 978 -9975 -129-08-4, 164pg, 2015 (Combinatul
Poligrafic) Dr. Carmen Corina Radu colaborator capitol Traumatologie medico –
legală pg.17 -42 -carte de specialitate în domeniul Medicină Legală
Co-author of two specialized books published in national publishers CNCSIS:
13.3.8. Viorel Gavra; colab. Camelia Buhas, Carmen Radu „Mijloace de probă medico –
legale în infractiuni contra vietii„ : Editura Universității din Oradea, ISBN 978 -973-
759-308-5, 178 pg., 2007 – carte de specialitate în domeniul Medicină Legală
13.3.9. Carmen Radu „Protocoale de intervenție în accidente colective” / Radu Carmen –
Oradea: Editura Universității din Oradea, ISBN (10) 978 -606-10-0273 -3, 93 pg., 2010
– carte de specialitate în domeniul Medicină Legală publicată în cadrul proiectului
HURO/0801/153
Author / co -author of five chapters published in collective volume:
13.3.10. Carmen Corina Radu , Dan P erju-Dumbravă, Celule stem – între beneficii
materiale și eficiență biologică – ―Medicii si Biserica‖, vol. XIII Ed. R enașterea 2015,
pg. 335 – 340, ISBN 978 -606-607-146-8 – carte de specialitate în domeniul Bioetică
13.3.11. Adina Danciu, Ioana Mic, Carmen Corina Radu , Paul -Dan Mucichescu, Radu
Moldovan, Ovidiu Chiroban, Lucian Pintea, Dan Perju -Dumbrava –Sinergism și
complementaritate între asistența medical și cea duhovnicească în bolile psihice –
―Medicii si Biserica‖, vol. XIII Ed. Renașterea 2015, pg.159 -170, ISBN 978 -606-607-146-
8 – carte de specialitate în domeniul Bioetică
13.3.12. Adina Danciu, Radu Moldovan , Carmen Corina Radu , Serghei Chiriac, Dan
Danciu, Lucian Pintea, Dan Perju -Dumbravă – Elemente de interferență medico –
religioase ale asistenței sociale în demențe – ―Medicii și Biserica‖, vol. XIII Ed. Renașterea
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
75 | P a g e
2015, pg.281 – 290, ISBN 978 -606-607-146-8 – carte de specialitate în domeniul
Bioetică.
13.3.13. Carmen Radu , Dan Mărculescu, Adina Danciu, Rareș Trișcă, Dan Perju –
Dumbravă – Considerații istorice și etice în suicid – ―Medicii si Biserica‖, vol. XIV Ed.
Renașterea 2016, pg. 419 – 425, ISBN 978 -606-607-178-9 – carte de specialitate în
domeniul Bioetică
13.3.14. Dan Perju -Dumbravă, Daniel Ureche, Radu Moldovan, Leontin Breaban,
Alexandru Miron, Carmen Corina Radu , – Corelații între masochism și patologie
medico -legală în mediile socio -profesionale semiermetice – ―Medicii si Biserica‖, vol. XIV
Ed. Renașterea 2016, pg. 419 – 425, ISBN 978 -606-607-178-9 – carte de specialitate
în domeniul Bioetică
13.4. Scient ific papers relevant to specialization (max.5 works):
1. Carmen Radu , Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu, Daniela Rahotă, Dan Perju Dumbravă , „Ethical
notions in catastrophies ― Revista Română de Bioetică, vol 12, No 2, 2014 pg. 53 -57
Factor de impact 1.17
2. Carmen Corina Ra du, Gabriela Muțiu, Ovidiu Pop , „Accessory spleen – CASE
REPORTS ‖ Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2014, 55(3 Suppl):3 –6
Factor de impact 0.723
3. Dan Perju Dumbravă , Ovidiu Chiroban , Carmen Corina Radu , „Mechanical asphyxia
due to biological agents. Case report and literature review ‖
Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. XXII, nr. 3 Sept. 2015 pg. 177 -180 Factor
de impact 0,144
4. Carmen Corina Radu, Diana Bulgaru -Iliescu, Claims of „uniquenes s” in forensic
medicine, Revista Română de Medicină Legală, vol. 24, nr. 4, decembrie (2016)
Factor de impact 0,144
5. Dan Perju -Dumbravă , Ureche Daniel, Cristian Gherman, Ovidiu Chiroban, Laurian
Ștefan Bonea, Carmen Corina Radu , „Biblically Inspired Tattoos in Forensic
Examinations Made on Inmates Bodies in P risons Territorially Assigned to the
Forensic Institute of Medicine from Cluj” , Journal for the Study of Religions and
Ideologies, vol 15, no 45 (2016)
13.5. Experience in other national / international / grants / contracts:
Program / Project Position Period
Interdisciplinary program for addressing
emergency situations – Phare CBC 2006 /
018-446.01.01 Romania -Hungary Asistent manager Applied in 2008 – unearned
Mobile forensic laboratory for
emergencies in the border area HURO /
0801/153 Manager proiect 15.12.2009 -14.01.2011
Forensic processing procedures in
emergency situations in the Bihor -Hajdu –
Bihar cross -border region – HURO 1001 Manager proiect Applied in 2011 – unearned
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
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Bihor Counties‘ Health Care Contribution
HURO/0802/082_AF External expert 01.03.2011 – 31.07.2013
Streamlining medical services by
implementing an integrated system at the
Emergency Hospital Oradea POSCCE Volunteer expert 01.08.2010 -30.06.2012
Erasmus teaching grant for teachers Mobility teaching
assistant 22.09.2014 -28.09.2014
University of Debrecen
Erasmus mobility Grant for teachers Staff mobility 21.09.2015 -25.09.2015
University of Debrecen
14. Member of professional associations:
– College of Physicians Bihor
– Romanian Society of Forensic Medicine,
– Romania Society of Anatomists,
– Balkan Medical Union,
– Forensic Association of Romania Bihor branch (founding member and board
member).
References:
15. Known foreign languages:
Language Read Understanding Speaking Writing
English
French Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Satisfying Well
Satisfying
16. Other skills:
▪ good knowledge of Microsoft Office, European Computer Driving Licence Start certificate,
driving license cat. B.
▪ Skills acquired at work: speaker in the conference „Diaspora and friends ‖ 2016 where I
presented the research strategy of the faculty and the cross -border project LMLTRANSSU
17. Other information Prof. Thomas Krompecher, MD
Forensic Patologist
Professor Emeritus, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Tel. +41216521726; e -mail: krompecher@hotmail.com
Dr. Herczeg Laszlo , MD, PhD
Head of the D epartmen t of Forensic Medicine – University of Debrecen
Tel.+36 52 255 865;
Dr. Turzo Csaba – assistant professor
University of Debrecen
Tel. +36 30 436 3522; e -mail: turzocsaba@gmail.com
Medical students
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
77 | P a g e
– Member of admission committees, Erasmus selection and equivalence committee Faculty
– Faculty representative in the Council for Research Developme nt and Innovation, the
Research Ethics Committee, mentor of the MGE year.
– Director of the Research Centre of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy – University of
Oradea entitled: Center for Research in Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Dental
Medicine (CCFMD).
18. Pres entation of didactic activities:
– Teaching in Bioethics: supporting courses for students in years I and II; evaluation of the
students; supporting training for residents; assess residents.
Presenting anterior teaching activity: l aboratory hours at the Dep artment of Anatomy, Faculty
of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea;
-Laboratory hours at the Department of Anatomy, discipline Forensic Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea; advisor to numerous term papers.
19. Administ rative Activity
– Organizing an d equipping the Anatomy and Forensic Medicine laboratories , the Faculty of
Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea.
– Organizing the Research Centre of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy – University of
Oradea entitled: Center for Research in Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Dental
Medicine (CCFMD).
I declare on my own responsibility that the data presented is in accordance with the reality.
Date of completion : Signature
31.03.2017
HABILITATION THESIS CARMEN -CORINA RADU
78 | P a g e
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