Grееν Маrκеτινg Аνd Ϲοrрοrаτе Ѕοсιаl Rеѕрονѕιβιlιτү

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Grееν Маrκеτινg Аνd Ϲοrрοrаτе Ѕοсιаl Rеѕрονѕιβιlιτү

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

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CHAPTER III

3.1 General presentation of Rompetrol

Rompetrol Group is a multinational company whose activities are developed in 12 countries and whose activity is constant in the Black and the Mediterranean Sea. The group is the main brand of KMG International, as well as one of the most famous and popular international brands of Romanian origin.

In 1974 Rompetrol established the international Romanian oil industry. Nineteen years later (1993), Rompetrol is privatized through MEBO, but the turnover of the company decreases in the coming years of privatization under $ 6 million.

In 1998, Dinu Patriciu and a group of local investors acquired a majority stake and capital increases, thereby resulting in the comeback of turnover. The stabilization of the business is completed in 1999 and the company takes the first step towards an international expansion and established headquarters in the Netherlands, during the same year.

During 1999-2000, Rompetrol meant for major growth as the company speeds up to a modest oilfield based on undercapitalized company services, with a turnover of $ 5 million, the powerful integrated oil group today with a figure of turnover of about $ 10 billion estimated for 2016. Vega refinery is the first major acquisition of the company, thereby beginning the process of TRG formation. In just nine months after the takeover, the turnover of Vega tripled.

In 2000, Rompetrol takes over Petros – the sole provider of well services in Romania at that time. Petros is renamed Rompetrol Well Services S.A.

2001 is representative of Rompetrol and since then, the group achieved its main acquisition – the Petromidia refinery, after signing the sales contract with the State Property Fund (SPF). The Group has implemented a complex investment program for modernization and transformation of Petromidia the most powerful unit of its kind in Central and Eastern Europe. Petromidia has changed its name into Rompetrol Rafinare S.A. In the same year, Rompetrol signs the contract for the sale of the 11th Block in Ecuador's basin.

Petrochemical activities are resumed at the Petromidia in 2002. They are organized into a new legal entity, Rompetrol Petrochemicals, combining production and marketing of its own products with an extensive program of Rompetrol branded sales, including third-party products. In the same year occured two important events: the first event is significant for Moldova and Bulgaria, as are subsidiary open in Moldova (Rompetrol Moldova) and Bulgaria (Rompetro Bulgaria) and the second event announced that OMV Aktiengeselschaft Austria became the owner of 25,1% stake in Rompetrol Group.

In 2003, Rompetrol runs a complex program to expand the network of petrol stations across the country. Rompetrol strategy seeks to harmonize quality standards throughout the network of filling stations offering full services at prices that are adapted Romanian consumer. In order to expand and streamline distribution of products to other customers, Rompetrol creates networks of wholesale storage facilities in strategic locations in Romania (Arad, Craiova, Simleu, Zarnesti, Wah, Constanta, Bucharest Mogosoaia). Today, these deposits fueling domestic network that includes more than 100 gas stations and 150 stations Rompetrol Partner.

Rompetrol Rafinare is listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange in 2004. The refinery operating profit increase more than 5 times the previous year, managing to reach a level of $ 86.4 million. Rompetrol Rafinare recorded a net profit of $ 11 million for the first time in 30 years of activity. In the same year in Command and Control Center of the refinery’s operation, an automation project worth $ 33 million. OMV sold its stake of 25.1% to Rompetrol management. TRG set up the subsidiary Vector Energy AG, in Switzerland, specialized in trading oil and oil products.

The Rompetrol Group NV ( "TRG") in the Netherlands, announced in 2005 signed a contract for the purchase of the entire stake owned by Dyneff Group SA, the largest independent distributor of oil products in France, with operations in the State, In Spain. TRG to start operations in Albania and Georgia and opens a representative office in Moscow.

In 2006 Rompetrol has completed commissioning of the Automated mixture of gas Unie ("Diesel In Line Blending"), following a greenfield investment of about $ 7 million. "Blending In Line" is a technology by which all components of a fuel are mixed together in the correct proportions, according to certain standards. The mixture is done automatically and the entire system employs the best art software and analysis equipment in line. As a result of employing this technology, a series of intermediate costs decrease, the realization of the final produdului is much lower proportions and ensure control of the respective compounds are mixed.

Also, in September 2006, the company completed tests on a product specifically made for the domestic market, Efix, fuel based on an optimum combination of additives and active compounds that clean up deposits, protects against corrosion, optimize engine operation and ensures low power consumption.

The company started shipping in June 2007, domestic diesel Euro 4, containing 2% biodiesel. Thus Rompetrol began to consolidate its presence on the biofuel market, aiming also building a plant's production of biofuel refinery Petromidia.

Since December 2007, Vega became the Rompetrol Rompetrol Rafinare workstation. The change was necessary to align with the requirements of the Tax Code, which provides that tax warehouses production and work can not be authorized unless they are owners of the means of production. Thus Rompetrol Rafinare, owner of most of the production took over the quality of warehouse over Vega Refinery personnel and all its activities.

In 2008, the company registred an historic record processed raw material (4.5 million tonnes), up 18% compared to 2007 and a historically low energy consumption. Later, in 2008, it began to produce Euro 5 fuel type.

White products yield achieved in 2009 was 5.58% higher than that achieved in 2008 together with the transition to Euro 5. Gasoline’s performant production technology of Rompetrol represents a new step in its growth, a profitability of the refinery operational performance being compliance with rules imposed by local and European directives. During 2009, Rompetrol made continued efforts to reduce energy consumption, decreasing it with 2.91% from 2008.

Vega refinery by Rompetrol, in Ploiesti city, launched a new range of products for waterproofing-Euroizolir, in 2009, continuing increasing a recovery of raw materials by developing new products for the retail market.

In June 2009, Rompetrol celebrated 30 years after the commissioning of the first plant on the Petromidia platform. Dinu Patriciu, a Romanian Businessman, who sold the company KazMunaiGaz package in 2009 and stake 25% in Rompetrol Group, has invested some of the money into shares in two companies in the green energy field.

To explore potential areas of petroleum, the group has invested in 2009-2014 over $ 5.5 million in acquisition / processing of seismic and geological surveys achievement. Rompetrol Rafinare, recorded consolidated sales in 2014, the business over USD 3.5 billion, up to 12% compared to the result in 2009 and an improvement in the operating result (EBITDA) from 3.25 million USD to 16 million USD.

Rompetrol Rafinare recorded an increase in the first 9 months of 2016 and generated consolidated revenues of over USD 3.79 billion, with 40% up from the level achieved in the same period of 2010. During the same period, the company achieved a significant growth regarding both operating a negative result from 6.76 million in the first 9 months of 2016 to 42 million USD.

3.2 Rompetrol’s activity

Rompetrol group's work is significant both internally and externally. Leading regional oil field, Rompetrol S.A. It is a multinational company with operations in 13 countries and having a strong operational base in the Black Sea region and the Mediterranean.

The complexity and number of projects implemented globally over time, made Romanian Rompetrol best known brand internationally.

With a turnover of approximately USD 6.5 billion in 2010, Rompetrol has evolved from a regional company of medium size to one of the top 20 oil companies in Europe and the first global successful business in Romania.

Rompetrol is synonymous with the values of modernity, success and independent spirit. Rompetrol brand was built with personality and vision, naturally reflecting the spirit of people who contributed to the foundation. Because more than products and services is the oil industry, Rompetrol is the essence of the innovative spirit and desire for perfection translated into dedicated work of over 8,000 employees.

Independence and passion for quality are the two fundamental values of Rompetrol group initiated the development of a business performing any of the international markets.

By the 40 companies that represent the group, Rompetrol is primarily active in refining and marketing requirements with additional operations in exploration and production, distribution, industrial services, simultaneous maintained, project management, logistics, industrial ecology service and other related services France, Romania, Spain and South-Eastern Europe. It is present on the air transport market but also the tourism services, or those of safety and protection.

Aligning rigorous European standards of technology’s quality, products and services have led to the company's success and to Romanian local and regional markets. Rompetrol supply quality is understood and promoted as a benchmark, but also as a stimulus for business development and in the entire Romanian society, Rompetrol is the main exponent of capitalism and a local development model.

As a true corporate citizen of the world, Rompetrol has developed and applied a strategy of involvement in the evolution of complex life of the community to which he belongs, in protecting the environment and supporting education and culture in Romania.

TRG moment is considered an achievement as new starting points for the evolution of Rompetrol’s business, the desire for continued global expansion and to determine the fuel that gives dynamism to the group. Rompetrol is the formula for independent success, supported by a strategy based on flexible ideas and actions aimed at ensuring the ongoing development of the company for the benefit of investors, shareholders, employees and customers.

The main export partners are: Vector Energy AG, Rompetrol Moldova, UNICO SPA Italy, Calvi Trade Limited, Transamonia, Steuerman Investitions. TRG suppliers linked domestically, they are secondary headquarters S.C.ROMPETROL S.A. ..- Vega refinery in Ploiesti, S.N.G.N. Romgaz, S.C UPETROM S.A. Ploiesti and external suppliers of the Group are: Glencore International A.G., Naftex Bulgaria.

Group customers are numerous, but the most important are: SNP Petrom S.A. and S.N.G.N. Romgaz.

The regional expansion of Rompetrol Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, Georgia, Armenia, Serbia, Ukraine and France and Spain will ensure increased customer portfolio

As mentioned above, the Rompetrol Group has operations and activities in 13 countries, grouped mainly in two major areas. The first of these includes Romania and the Balkans, and with the takeover of the French company Dyneff, Rompetrol has expanded its presence in markets in France and Spain. Thus, the strategic directions of the group's aims on the one hand the union of these two geographic poles – Rompetrol West (France and Spain) and Rompetrol Eastern Europe (Romania and the Balkans), and on the other hand, to become an integrated oil company, focused primarily on the Mediterane Sea basin. In order to improve the performance of the 40 member companies of the Group, it was organized in four Business Units. Such business unit may represent a single business unit or group of different companies which form a single business segment.

The group is currently centered towards retail networks in six European countries, consisting of 1,063 fuel outlets and service stations: 786 in Romania, through Rompetrol Downstream; 135 in France and Spain through Dyneff; 57 Georgia, Rompetrol Georgia; 29 Moldova, Rompetrol Moldova; 56 in Bulgaria, Rompetrol Bulgaria.

Refining unit is composed of three entities Performance:

Petromidia refinery

Petrochemicals

Vega refinery.

The main customers in the domestic market are: Rompetrol Downstream, Rompetrol Petrochemicals Rompetrol Gas SRL, Termoelectrica Midia Air BP Sales, Air Total Romania.

Export partners are: Vector Energy AG, Rompetrol Moldova, Calvi Trade Limited, Transamonia, Steuerman Investitions.

Rompetrol Refining covers about 25% of domestic demand and a strong presence on the Balkan market.

Regarding competition, the main competitors of Rompetrol Rafinare are OMV-Petrom, Lukoil and Rafo refinery that were developed with the Petromidia Refinery.

The new portfolio of products launched in 2011, the Rompetrol fuels, is designed for greater customer satisfaction, with environmental consciousness. Rompetrol fuels helps improve engine protection, boosting the maximum operating power via a low fuel consumption. Moreover, low sulfur content (up to 50 ppm for all Petrom fuels) that reduce pollution, contributing to environmental protection.

Premium 95 unleaded is gasoline with 95 octane for engines Euro 1 to Euro 5, which has low sulfur and benzene ecological effect, has increased power of the engine is low aromatics enabling increased power of engine and low-environmental carburant. It is under the EU laws.

Euro Diesel 5 is a quality fuel for diesel engines that can be used EURO 5 engines and EURO 1 to EURO 4. It has a low sulfur content, provides maximum protection engine has low power consumption and protect the environment.

Rompetrol Petrochemicals, member of Rompetrol Group, is one of the most dynamic and innovative companies in manufacturing and distributing of olefins in Romania. Rompetrol Petrochemicals has become, in late 2002, a separate entity of Rompetrol Group, with the separation of polymers production in refining in Petromidia Complex.

The company is the sole producer of polypropylene in Romania, managed to steadily increase its market share and secondary category of products.

3.3 Development directions, strategies and objectives

Rompetrol’s main objective is to become the most productive, efficient and innovative refining system in Central and Southeastern Europe.

Business Unit Trading Group provides oil refineries or feedstock with the best net margins available, while the products are sold both through entity by the Trading and Retail.

Rompetrol Rafinare manufactures and markets a wide range of petroleum products, high quality, for a wide range of customers, from individuals to large comapanii.

With extensive experience in this area, the company can sell a wide variety of products:

1. Petrol and Diesel Efix Euro plus unleaded

2. Efix Diesel and Super Diesel Euro 5

3. Gas and Propane fuel C5-C6

4. Propylene

5. Reactor Jet A1 Oil

6. Petroleum coke

7. Sulphur

8. Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LPG and Propane Butane Commercial Auto

9. Dstilat vacuum

Dynamic development strategy to ensure the company's competitive position on the domestic market but also on the regional – the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe.

Rompetrol Petrochemicals has three major development directions:

Different polypropylene types, their molding production, films, monofilaments, fibers and tapes, propane and steam;

Marketing of petrochemical products purchased from third-party manufacturers and sold under the brand elite Rompetrol Petrochemicals;

Activities (steam and sola production, chemical storage, laboratory analyzes and so on) for their own needs and those of Rompetrol Rafinare.

Vega Ploiesti refinery is not a part of conventional producing motor fuels, but is a chemical complex, focused on delivering niche products, special: organic solvents, fuels for heating, special bitumen, etc.

Vega refinery manufactures and sells the following range of special products:

Solvents: Organic solvents, Rompetrol SE, Sloventi Easy and Normal Hexane;

White Spirit;

Fuel;

Bitumen and special polymer modified bitumen.

Vega Refinery is the only manufacturer in Eastern Europe Hexan used in the production of polypropylene and uleililor extraction plant in the food industry.

Sales of biofuels for heating by over 7% (from 18 145 tonnes in 2014 to 21,000 tonnes in 2015) due to aggressive territorial expansion strategy by deliveries from warehouses located in areas with high potential consumer.

Analyzing the evolution of the economic group Rompetrol, we can say that Rompetrol is in a continuous growth, registering in the first quarter of this year a consolidated turnover of 1.1 billion USD, up to 18% compared to the level registered in the same period of 2015.

In the same period, the operating result and net income reported by the company were negative. Financial indicators were strongly influenced by the volatility of quotations foreign and domestic commodity (+ 14% for oil) and finished products (+ 15% petrol and 10% diesel) and the significant decrease in the refining margin (the 32 USD / tonne in the first quarter of 2015 to 0.49 USD / tonne in the first quarter of 2016).

The main objective of The Rompetrol Group is to become the market leader in Romania and to rank among the top players on other markets in which it operates, increasing default and Rompetrol brand value. In this regard, Retail and Marketing, through a dynamic strategy and management, support development of distribution networks and integration related to commercial activities.

3.4 Product Policy

From the economic point of view, the existence of the group, alongside with the manufacture and supply of products on the market are designed to meet the needs of consumers. This means that the first element of the marketing mix, the product, refers, in fact, to the purpose of business activity and it may take the form of goods, services or combinations, thereof. Ultimately, the product is the company's activity, the mirror volume, structure and quality. On the other hand, by destination, product market, represents the main message sent by the company, the central mid-market, and also the economic and social justification for the existence of the company.

Rompetrol company's product range is varied and it includes:

● Lubricants;

● Liquid fuels;

● Gaseous fuels;

● Fuels;

● Chemicals;

● Pipes and fittings;

● Industrial valves.

As Petromidia aims the development strategy, it looks forward to expand activities at all levels, from production to marketing as follows:

Achieving a turnover of USD 3.156 thousands in terms of products quantities delivery

Increased sales of petroleum products on the domestic and European markets (Netherlands, Switzerland, France, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, Georgia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Hungary, Ukraine, Greece, Serbia, Malta, Italy, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Turkey).

Vega refinery formed its own strategies and objectives, and among the most important ones, one my observe the following:

Transform Vega bulk from a manufacturer in a player on the retail market;

Launching new products for niche retail market (hypermarkets, specialized stores, distribution networks);

Changing the structure of production and trade of Vega Refinery;

Maximizing margins for niche products to give added value to the business;

Developing new products under the Rompetrol brand through diversification of production and sales;

Currently, corporate social responsibility objectives of the Rompetrol Group are:

Entrepreneurship and civic involvement in the community;

Improving the quality of life of the communities influencing through environmental projects, health and education;

Education for youth and promoting a pro-active spirit, entrepreneurship;

Behavior of internal responsibility of Rompetrol employees, encouraged by launching an internal program of corporate social responsibility called "Small things that matter." This program focuses on environment, health and education and includes, among others, paper recycling, blood donations and educational activities.

3.5 Objectives for 2017

For the activities, Rompetrol has set major goals that must be achieved in 2017:

• Exploration and production:

Internationally, the company is interested in signing business agreements with partners in the CIS to exploration and production.

As regards Romania, the company focuses on the two concessions signed before, continuing the monitoring seismological information through to process and interpret by initiating new acquisitions of this type, the elaborate architecture exploration and organize tender for selecting a drilling contractor.

• Division of drilling and well service

The signing of business agreements with partners to Independent States Community exploration and production

Expanding market in Libya by multiplying the number of wells and diversified services

Strengthening position in other markets in the Middle East, focusing on Oman

doubling turnover in Kazakhstan, compared to 2016

• Rompetrol Well Services (Petros)

Upgrading technologies and standards for cementing operations

investments that will lead to a 60% regarding the new equipment

Develop operations in Kazakhstan and allying with a local strategic partner in the Middle East

Increasing client portfolio and doubling gross income

3.6 Price policy

As with money markets and other industries in the energy and oil industry manifests significant variations in prices, so the average period of time and on the same day.

The policy adopted by S.C.Rompetrol Refining S.A. consists of regular recalculation

depending on fuel prices: the exchange rate leu / euro, oil prices and the competitive environment. Rompetrol invests in fuel quality, priority being compliance with European requirements for Quality, Health, Safety and Environment. Rompetrol provides high quality products and services, taking into account permanent European regulations regarding environmental protection in their development.

3.7 Promotion Policy

Rompetrol has appealed, since the second half of 2007, to corporate promotion campaigns with the objective to strengthen the public eye, the perception of "Romanian strong, successful international company." The campaign signed for Rompetrol by the Odyssey agency, "The shortest way from idea to success," shared Romanians success and development of the Group, Rompetrol recording the best score of the indicator of brand momentum in the category and the best score in the category of information indicators.

What has emerged, as an opportunity to exploit, it was that although Romanians do not know what happened to the company Rompetrol, they were curious and opened to learn. Thus, the central message of the campaign, "Rompetrol – the shortest way from idea to success" was transposed to the creative level in a series of three episodes to express in an integrated manner the significant achievements of the company at a time record: in only nine years.

The promotional campaign Efix fuels range, developed by the group and the Odyssey agency, was awarded in the edition of 2011 Gala Internetics with three awards – Best Viral Video, Best Site Promotion and Auto Products category with the bronze Award for the best website promotion.

3.8 Rompetrol’s mission

Rompetrol tends to become the most profitable company in the oil industry in the region through experience, technical expertise and geographic scope. It aims for continuous improvement of customer satisfaction levels by offering them high quality products and services. People are our most valuable assets, and integrity (the main commitment) is most important that the group can offer.

3.9 Rompetrol’s values

Rompetrol brand is built on the values of people who work and form TRG – a strong brand born from people with strong personalities.

• National Pride / Romanian Success

The group is made of Romanians passionate about success and brave people who have the power to build a strong business and living in Romania. What Rompetrol does for the country is representative of what Romania forwards on.

• Independence

With an unconventional thinking and anticipatory, Rompetrol follows its unique path. Outer developing is own by the Group invests in non-traditional business concepts on the local market and the region. An autonomous group, Rompetrol has a unique vision.

• Creativity Quality

Quality standards for energy company delivered a better life, but even a simpler one. Group renews and constantly invests in technology, products and services via the company Rompetrol received permanent solutions and new directions of development.

• Dynamism

Rompetrol was, in turn, the company that registered the highest increase in Romania, the most successful privatization, and now is the largest private industrial conglomerate in the country. This metamorphosis is due to a dynamic working environment, superior domain knowledge, flexibility in decision making, and not the end, experience gained confidence

• Experience

Rompetrol is in the oil industry three decades. Our teams have worked in many countries with different tax policies, where flexibility is key. Until now, all the managers working in the international environment have contributed to the training of new employees knowledge

3.10 Vision

Rompetrol strives to be an organization of highly efficient marketing and sales, profitable and competitive in the current market of oil and gas, on the long term. Through integrated chain of distribution, the group intends to achieve the highest operating standards, safety and environmental protection.

3.11 Elements of perspective

Regarding the group’s future plans, they are based on the following elements of perspective:

Suppliers’ commitments will be rhythmically paid. Payments will no record risks of significant penalties and the society is not involved in litigation for the payment of such debts.

Resizing the special vehicles capacity by redistributing work between the points achieved while adapting to the necessary operational numerical staff.

Expansional perspectives of service activities on foreign markets and operational determines rational decisions on hiring more prudent liquidity to sign new contracts.

As a result of the international economic and financial crisis, it is estimated that in the next period can occur a number of trends, elements, potential adverse events or uncertainty factors that could adversely affect the profitability and liquidity of the company, partially compared with the achievements in the last two years.

Leading Company will closely monitor these events and act so that the objectives set by the income and expenditure for 2017 to be realized.

The Company will operate using its own financing sources, not engaginf loans from banking institutions or legal entities / individuals.

Revenues from or based on society may be further affected by the prolonged effects of the international financial and economic crisis and the oil industry strategy.

Ιntеrрrеtіng thе rеsults

Τhіs survеy іs ϲоnduϲtеd frоm thоsе реорlе whо arе lіvіng іn Rоmanіa, usіng owning cars and using oil from different companies. Τhе survеy рurроsе іs tо fіnd оut thе maіn faϲtоrs іnfluеnϲіng thе Rоmanіan реорlе іn thеіr dеϲіsіоn makіng whіlе ϲhооsіng thе oil ϲоmрany. The survеy іs ϲоnduϲtеd іn dіffеrеnt ϲіtіеs оf Rоmanіa. Which follows іs thе fіndіng оf the survеy ϲоnduϲtеd by the authоr оf thіs rероrt. The samрlе sіzе оf thіs survеy was represented by 600 іnhabіtants іn Rоmanіa, from both urban and rural areas, that were randоmly sеlеϲtеd. Ιn оur survеy mеthоd, rеsроndеnts wеrе gіvеn a quеstіоnnaіrе tо fіll in, a quеstіоnnaіrе ϲоntaіning 30 quеstіоns whіϲh ϲоnsіst оf dеmоgraрhіϲ іnfоrmatіоn, lеvеl оf іnfоrmatіоn abоut thе oil suppliers, why thеy ϲhооsе thе ϲеrtaіn oil suррlіеr and sоmе quеstіоns rеlatеd tо thе biodiesel (biofuel).

Duе tо tіmе and rеsоurϲе lіmіtatіоns thе rеsеarϲh ϲоuld nоt analyzе all thе quеstіоns frоm thе dіffеrеnt рrоsреϲts. Hоwеvеr, the authоrs оf thіs survеy bеlіеvе that thе rеsults оf thіs quеstіоnnaіrеs analysіs wоuld sеrvе as a gооd rеsоurϲе fоr furthеr rеsеarϲh іn thе arеa оf biodiesel (biofuel) markеt. Еnglіsh vеrsіоn оf survеy quеstіоnnaіrеs іs avaіlablе іn aрреndіх.

Веfоrе wе start thе analysіs оf thе data sоmе baϲkgrоund іnfоrmatіоn was collected і.е. dеmоgraрhіϲ This data іs usеful іn оrdеr tо makе thе analysіs mоrе mеanіngfull fоr thе rеadеrs.

Gеndеr

Аuthоr іnϲludеs thіs quеstіоn bеϲausе Gеndеr Еqualіty іs іmроrtant іn thе survеy tо dеtеrmіnе thе ratіо оf mеn and wоmеn. Τhіs quеstіоn tеlls thе rеsеarϲhеr hоw many rеsроndеnts wеrе malеs and fеmalеs. Аϲϲоrdіng tо the rеsult рrеsеntеd іn thе Graрh bеlоw, 54% rеsроndеnts wеrе malеs and 46% wеrе fеmalеs. Hеrе the authоr іs usіng the реrϲеntagе mеthоd fоr the analysіs оf thе data. The author wіll rеlatе thіs quеstіоn wіth оthеr quеstіоns tо makе analysіs frоm dіffеrеnt реrsреϲtіvеs.