First Author et. al. Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7, [622032]

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

1 Production parameters, carcass development and blood
parameters of the broiler chicks fed diets which include
rapeseed, flax, grape and buckthorn meals

Petru Alexandru Vlaicu1, Tatiana Dumitra Panaite1, Margareta Olteanu1,
Mariana Ropota1, Virgil Criste2, Gabriela Vasile2, Iulian Grosu1

1National Research -Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (IBNA), Balotesti, Romania
2National Research Institute for Industrial Ecology (ECOIND), Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author email: alexandru .[anonimizat]

Abstract
A feeding trial was performed on 75, day -old ROSS 308 chicks assigned to 3 groups (C, E1 and E2) to test new
feeding solutions for broilers using oil industry by -products. In the starter phase (0 -10 days), all chicks received a
conventional compound feed. In the other two stages (growing, finishing), compared to the conventional diet given
to the C group, the diet formulations of the experimental groups included different proportions, depending on the
phase of development, rap eseeds meal and grape pomace (E1) and flaxseeds meal and buckthorn meal (E2). The
compound feed for group E2 had significantly (P≤0.05) higher ω -3 PUFA concentrations than groups C and E1. Six
blood samples/group were collected in the end of the feeding tr ial, used for biochemical and haematological
determinations. Six chicks/group were slaughtered on day 42, to measure carcass and internal organs development.
The feed intake and gains were monitored throughout the experimental period (10 -42 days). At 42 da ys, E2 broiler
chicks had significantly (P≤0.05) lower body weight than C broiler chicks. Serum glycaemia, cholesterol and
trygliceride concentrations were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in E2 chicks than in C chicks, by 17.94 %, 25.70 % and
42.05%, respecti vely.
Keywords : broilers, by -products, performance, carcass development, blood parameters

1. Introduction

The impressive development of the poultry meat
industry is the outcome of technological processes
of growth, feeding and health, considerable
investments being available in the private sector.
The increasing purchases were stimulated by the
increased in comes and led to lower prices for
poultry in India (USDA, 2004). Plants have been
used for centuries as food and for medicinal
purposes. The World H ealth Organisation
estimated that 80% of Earth inhabitants rely on
traditional medicines for their basic healthcare,
and most of these therapies involve the use of
plant extracts or of their active components, which
are perceived by the consumers as “natur al” and
“safe”. The plants or products, including the plant
extracts, essential oils or components of the
essential oils, are alternative growth promoters
already used in practice (Ocak et al., 2008).

 * Petru Alexandru Vlaicu, 0040755650467,
[anonimizat] According to (Biswas et al., 2010), leaves, seeds
and fruit residues of sea buckthorn have potential
as a feed material for livestock and poultry. The
fruit and leaves are rich in nutrients and bioactive
components as vitamins (Luhua et al., 2004;
Ranjith et al., 2006), amino acids (Yushipitsina et
al., 1988; Repyakh et al., 1990), lipids (Ul’chenko
et al., 1995; Bekker and Giuschenkova, 1997),
sugars and acids (Yang, 2009), and flavonoids
(Hakkinen et al., 1999). Some studies have shown
it has antioxidants (Püssa et al., 2007; Geetha et
al., 2009). It is rich in carotenoids, xanthophylls,
phenolics and flavonoids and has a high content of
essential oils (Yang et al., 2000; Singh et al.,
2006) . Grape seed meal contain lipid, protein,
carbohydrates, and 5 -8% of polyphenols
depending on the variety (Shi et al. 20 03). It has
also been repo rted that the grape polyphenols
exhibit more antioxidant and thermos stability
properties (Gladine et al., 2007; Yildirim et al.,
2011) but also have the poten tial to replace
vitamin E as an antioxidant. It has been
demonstrated t hat dietary fiber components may

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

2 reduce protein and energy digestibilities in diets
containing high levels of rapeseed meal
(Slominski, 1997; Chibowska et al., 2000; Kocher
et al., 2000). Rapeseed meal derived from new and
improved varieties is lo w in gluc osinolate content,
and therefore could effectively substitute soybean
meal (SBM) in poultry diets. However, an
excessive level of rapeseed meal , and thus high
dietary glucosinolate content, could lead to
hypothyroidism, ab normalities in thyroid function
and liver enzyme acti vity, and leg, liver, and heart
disorders (Karunajewa et al., 1990).
The increasing demand for poultry meat prompted
the nutritionists to enhance the rate of poultry
exploitation, although several studies documented
that a fast growth ra te has adverse effects on meat
quality (Duclos et al., 2007), particularly in terms
of higher abdominal adipose tissue, lower
intramuscular fat (IMF) and lower polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA) (Leclercq et al., 1980;
Zerehdaran et al, 2004). Meat quality is closely
related to the distribution and composition of the
fat within the body of the bird. The purpose of the
experiment was to determine the effects of the
food industry vegetal by -products given to
broilers. Four by -products (rapeseeds meal, flax
meal, grape meal and buckthorn meal) with
different properties were tested during a feeding
trial on broilers, monitoring broiler performance,
carcass development and broiler welfare.

2. Materials and methods

A feeding trial was conducted on 75, ROSS 308
broiler chickens during the age period 0 -42 days. The experiment was performed in agreement with
the Romanian laws (Law 206/2004, ordinance
28/31.08.2011, Law 43/11.04.2014, Directive
2010/63/EU). The day -old chicks were weighed
individually and assigned to 3 groups (C, E1 and
E2), homogenous as body weight: 42.3 9 ± 0.18g
(C); 42.616 ± 0.24g ( E1); 42.748 ± 0.21g (E2).
The chicks were housed in an experimental hall
with controlled environmental conditions,
according to ROSS 308 management guide:
average tempe rature 27.07±2.75oC; humidity
64.80±9.57%; ventilation/broiler 0.50±0.24%;
CO2 concentration 686.39±104.38 ppm was
below the maximal level set by the "Sanitary –
veterinary norm setting the minimal protection
norms for broiler chicken, approved by Order
30/2010". The ammonia (CH4) concentration was
measured with a portable device (Automatic
analyser MultiRAE), the values being under the
detection limit of the instrument. The chicken had
free access to the feed and water.
The diet was formulated on the basis of the
chemical analysis of the feed ingredients, in
agreement with the feed requirements (NRC,
1994) using a mathematical model for poultry
diets formulation (Burlacu et al., 1999). For 10
days, in the first phase (starter), all chicks received
a conventi onal compound feeds formulation which
provides a good appetite necessary to reach the
standard bodyweight at 7 days. For the other two
phases (grower and finisher), unlike the
conventional formulation given to group C, the
formulations for groups E1 and E2 included
different proportions, depending on the growth
stage, of the studied by -products (Table 1).

Table 1 – Compound feeds formulation

Ingredient Phase II – grower (14 – 28 days) Phase III – finisher (28 – 42 days)
C E1 E2 C E1 E2
%
Corn 51.32 46.1 50.22 60.23 51.98 59,61
Soybean meal 38.32 32.6 35.54 30.04 24.29 23,26
Rapeseeds meal – 8.00 – – 8.00 –
Grape meal – 2.00 – – 4.00 –
Buckthorn meal – – 2.00 – – 2,00
Flax meal – – 2.50 – – 8,00
Vegetal oil 5.73 6.90 5.04 5.16 7.45 2,41
Lysin e 0.02 0.05 0.13 0.11 0.14 0,36
Methionine 0.25 0.21 0.29 0.23 0.20 0,32
Choline 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0,05
Calcium carbonate 1.67 1.46 1.58 1.63 1.35 1,45
Monocalcium phosphate 1.23 1.22 1.24 1.17 1.15 1,15

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

3 Salt 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.39 0,39
Prem ix 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1,00
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Calculated
ME, kcal/kg 3.150 .80 3.211 .99 3.150 .99 3.200 .94 3.200 .86 3.200,42
CP, % 22.00 22.00 22.00 19.00 19.00 19,00
EE, % 7.53 8.71 7.31 7.06 9.37 5.64
CF, % 3.68 4.80 4.50 3.49 5.00 5,00
Lysine 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.09 1.09 1.09
Methionine 0.59 0.56 0.61 0.53 0.51 0.58
Met.+c yst. 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85
Threonine 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.74 0.74 0.74
Tryptophan 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.17
Linoleic acid (c18:2) 0.83 0.74 3.89 1.23 0.79 9,48
*1kg IBNA premix (A1) contains: = 1100000 IU/kg vit. A; 200000 IU/kg vit. D3; 2700 IU/kg vit. E; 300
mg/kg Vit. K; 200 mg/kg Vit. B1; 400 mg/kg Vit. B2; 1485 mg/kg pantothenic acid; 2700 mg/kg
nicotinic acid; 300 mg/kg Vit. B6; 4 mg/kg Vit. B7; 100 mg/kg Vit. B9; 1.8 mg/kg Vit. B12; 2000 mg/kg
Vit. C; 8000 mg/kg mangan ese; 8000 mg/kg iron; 500 mg/kg copper ; 6000 mg/kg zinc; 37 mg/kg cobalt;
152 mg/kg iod ine; 18 mg/kg seleniu m; 6000 mg/kg antioxidant.

One batch/group/phase was manufactured in the
pilot station of IBNA, the bags being labelled for
each group/phase, and stored, under special
conditions of humidity and temperature, in the
storage facilities. Before labelling the bags,
compound feeds samples (500 g/group) were
collected and assayed che mically to determine the
concentration of minerals and fatty acids. Because
the compound feeds had a high level of fat (Table
1), fat quality had to be determined. Standardised
methods (according to ISO and to Regulation (CE)
152/2009) were used to determi ne the
concentration of the main nutrients (dry matter,
protein, fat, fibre, ash, cadmium, chromium,
copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium
and zinc), as follows: dry matter (DM), by the
gravimetric method, drying at 1030C, using
Sartorius scales and BMT drying oven,
ECOCELL Blueline Comfort; crude protein (CP),
by Kjeldahl, method using the semiautomatic
KJELTEC auto 2300 system – Tecator (Sweden);
ether extractives (EE) by extraction in organic
solvents, with SOXTEC -2055 FOSS system –
Tecator (Sw eden); crude fibre (CF) by the method
with intermediary filtration, using FIBERTEC
2010 system – Tecator; ash (Ash) by the
gravimetric method, using Caloris CL 1206
furnace; the minerals (arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead,
selenium and zinc) were determined by
inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometry, using Optima 5300 DV Perkin

Elmer ICP -EOS spectrometer. The fatty acids
were determined by gas chromatography by
transforming the fatty acids from the sample in
methyl esters, followed by component separation
in capillary column, identification by comparison
with standard chromatograms and quantitative
determination of the fatty acids according to SR
CEN ISO/TS 17764 -2: 2008, using Perkin Elmer –
Clarus 500 g as chromatograph, with capillary
column injection system, high polarity stationary
phase (BPX70: 60m x 0,25mm inner diameter and
0,25µm thick film). The following parameters
were monitored throughout the experimental
period: body weight (g), average daily weight gain
(g/chick/day), total gain (kg); average daily
compound feed intake (g CF/chick/day), feed
conversion ratio (g feed/g gain). In order to
determine the influence of the dietary vegetal by –
products given to broilers, in the end of the
feeding tria l, according to the working protocol
approved by the Ethics Commission of the
institute, blood sample were collected in green cap
tubes (6 samples /group) for biochemical
determinations. After blood sampling, the chicks
were slaughtered and samples were co llected to
determine the development of the carcass and of
the internal organs. The analytical data were
compared using variance analysis (ANOVA) with
STATVIEW for Windows (SAS, version 6.0). The
experimental results were expressed as mean
values ± standar d deviation, the differences being
considered statistically significant for P <0.05.

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

4 3. Results and d iscussion

The results of the chemical analysis of the
compound feeds (Table 2) showed that the
compound feeds for both the growing and finishing stages were balanced as energy and
protein content. The dietary concentrations of
heavy metals (Table 2) were below the maximal
admitted levels set by Order 358 / 2003* .

Table 2 – Chemical composition of the compound feeds

Ingredient Phase II – grower
(14 – 28 days) Phase III – finisher
(28 – 42 days)
C E1 E2 C E1 E2
%
Basic chemical composition
Dry matter (DM), % 89.17 89.03 88.81 89.10 89.40 88.92
Organic matter (OM), % 83.57 83.29 82.78 83.08 83.99 83.63
Crude protein (CP), % 22.62 20.79 22.20 18.80 19.53 18.81
Ether extractives (EE), % 7.51 8.41 6.95 7.22 9.56 6.06
Fibre (CF), % 4.06 5.88 4.03 3.87 5.66 4.62
Ash (Ash), % 5.60 5.74 6.03 6.02 5.41 5.29
Nitrogen -free extractives (NFE), % 49.38 48.21 49.6 53.19 49.24 54.14
Metallic contaminants *
Iron (Fe), mg/kg DM 39.6 216 507 305 198 780
Manganese (Mn), mg/kg DM 116 127 139 125 127 135
Arsenic (As), mg/kg DM 1.67 0.85 0.77 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13
Cadmium (Cd), mg/kg DM 0.1 <0.02 0.12 0.2 0.1 0.12
Chromium (Cr), mg/kg DM 4.36 3.57 4.39 6.26 4.1 3.26
Copper (Cu), mg/kg DM 13.6 77 12.7 10.7 13.8 9.27
Plumb(Pb), mg/kg DM 0.75 0.66 1.23 0.91 0.7 1.28
Nickel (Ni), mg/kg DM 10.1 9.52 12.8 4.85 3.96 4.54
Selenium (Se), mg/kg DM <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3
Zinc (Zn), mg/kg DM 103 104 105 127 125 130
* Norms regarding the quality and salubriousness parameters for the production, import, quality inspection,
selling and using simple concentrate feeds, compound feeds, feed additives, premixes, energy substances,
minerals and special feeds.

Table 3 shows that the concentration of omega 3
polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly
(P≤0.05) higher in the compound feeds
formulation which included buckthorn and flax
meals (E2), than in the formulations for groups C
and E1. The concentration of α linol enic acid
(omega 3 PUFA) was 468.67 % (phase II –
grower, Table 3) and 770.73% (phase III –
finisher, Table 3) in E2 compound feed, than in
the compound feed for group C. These increases
are correlated, in the case of group E2, with the
dietary level of f lax meal: 2.5% (grower) and 8%
(finisher).

Table 3 – Fatty acids concentration in the compound feeds

Fatty acids Phase II – grower
(14 – 28 days) Phase III – finisher
(28 – 42 days)
C E1 E2 C E1 E2
G FAME/100g total FAME
Caproic C 6:0 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.19 0.27 0.21
Caprylic C 8:0 0.18 0.15 0.27 0.07 0.10 0.09
Capric C 10:0 0.07 0.06 0.11 – – 0.04
Myristic C 14:0 0.26 0.24 0.32 0.25 0.31 0.29
Pentadecanoic C 15:0 0.04 0.04 – – – 0.06
Palmitic C 16:0 8.77 8.44 9.52 10.15 9.53 10.57

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

5 Palmit oleic C 16:1 0.20 0.21 0.55 0.17 0.17 0.61
Heptadecanoic C 17:0 0.06 0.05 – – – –
Stearic C 18:0 2.71 2.63 2.67 2.51 2.60 2.65
Oleic cis C 18:1 28.04 28.52 27.70 29.15 29.08 27.63
Linoleic cis C 18:2 57.48 57.88 53.91 55.36 56.00 47.34
Linolenic α C 18:3n3 0.83 0.74 3.89 1.23 0.79 9.48
Octadecatetraenoic C18:4n3 0.20 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.23
Eicosadienoic C20 (2n6) 0.15 0.17 0.14 0.23 0.17 0.17
Arachidonic C20 (4n6) 0.43 0.22 0.19 – 0.42 0.32
Other fatty acids 0.53 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.32 0.31
Fatty acids profile
Ʃ SFA 12.15 11.66 12.94 13.17 12.81 13.91
Ʃ MUFA 28.24 28.73 28.25 29.32 29.25 28.24
Ʃ PUFA, of which 59.09 59.20 58.37 57.07 57.62 57.54
Ʃ Ω:3 1.03 0.92 4.13 1.48 1.02 9.71
Ʃ Ω:6 58.06 58.27 54.24 55.59 56.60 47.83
Ω:6/ Ω:3 56.36 63.31 13.13 37.69 55.25 4.92
Ʃ= sum; PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids .

Table 3 also shows that omega 6 PUFA / omega 3
PUFA ratio was 23.29 % (grower) and 13.10 %
(finisher) lower in E2 diet than in C diet. The
corresponding values for group E2 wer e higher
than for group C in both phases. Although E2 diet
formulation had high concentrations of
polyunsaturated fatty acid, the fat degradation
indices determined 14 days after CF manufacture
in both experimental feeds, were comparable with
those for g roup C (Table 4).

Table 4 – Compound feeds fat degradation indices
(14 days after CF manufacture)

Specification Peroxide value
(ml thiosulfate 0.01 Ng/gr Fat acidity
(mg KOH) Kreiss reaction
Phase II
(grower ) CF C 0.34 4.99 negativ e
CF E1 0.25 5.12 negativ e
CF E2 0.34 4.64 negativ e
Phase III
(finisher ) CF C 0.53 11.65 negativ e
CF E1 0.51 11 negativ e
CF E2 0.55 12 negativ e

Broiler performance (Table 5) in phase II didn’t
show statistically significant (P≤0.05) differences
for any of the measured parameters. In absolute
values, the data for group C were slightly higher
than those for the experimental groups, but not
statistically significant. Significant differences
were noticed, however, during phase III (finisher)
regarding the live weig ht at 42 days, the average
daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio.
Thus, the final weight of E2 broilers was
significantly (P≤0.05) lower than the final weight
of C broilers (by 8.57%) and E1 broilers (by
5.91%). The average daily feed intake of g roup E2
was 5.32% lower than for group C and 4.38%
lower than for group E1, which decreased
significantly the feed conversion ratio in favour of
group C (1.738±0.051 kg CF/kg gain) vs. group
E2 (2.052±0.200 kg CF/kg gain). The data
regarding intakes are correlated with the
bodyweight evolution data. The final bodyweight
of E2 broilers was significantly (P≤0.05) lower
than that of group C broilers, by 9.37% (Table 5).
These results are in agreement with those reported
by Ziyad Ben -Mahmoud et al., (2014), who used
buckthorn fruit residues in broiler die ts. Table 5
data also show that E2 diet formulation (with flax
meal and buckthorn meal) decreased significantly
(P≤0.05) the average daily feed intake and
increased the feed conversion ratio compared to C
diet formulation. Similar results were reported by
Murakami et al., (2009; 2010). These studies
showed that the broilers treated with a diet which
included flax oil had lower average daily feed
intakes (Murakami et al., (2010) and a higher feed

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

6 conve rsion ratio (1 -42 days) (Murakami et al.,
(2009). At the present there is limited research on
feeding sea buckthorn fruits in animal nutrition
(Christaki, 2012). Nevertheless, it has been shown
that sea buckthorn fruits and residues are suitable
for animal feeding (Kaushal and Sharma, 2011).
The body weight o f livestock and poultry were
increased considerably after feeding with leaves,
seeds and fruit residues of sea buckthor n (Hu,
2000; Hu and Guo, 2006; Biswas et al., 2010 ).

Table 5 – Broiler performance (average values/group)

Specification C E1 E2
Phase II, grower (14 – 28 days)
Initial weight 422.72±53.64 404.00±60.00 406.80±54.97
Final weight 1306.36±146.72 1263.33±164.30 1248.80±187.04
Total gain (kg) 883.63±166.80 855.41±178.00 842.00±207.34
Average daily weight
gain (g) 63.11±11.91 61.10±12.71 60.14±14.80
Average daily fed intake
(g CF/broiler /day) 79.42±22.32 77.30±22.59 76.56±21.10
Feed conversion ratio
(kg CF/kg gain) 1.375±0.056 1.476±0.199 1.406±0.056
Phase III, finisher (28 – 42 days)
Initial weight 1306.36±146.72 1263.33±164.30 1248.80± 187.04
Final weight 2435 .71 ±246 .2c 2366 .96 ±267 .5 2226 .96 ± 271 .0a
Total gain (kg) 1134.29±297.16 1103.48±343.22 1011.30±320.64
Average daily weight
gain (g) 81.02±21.23 78.82±24.52 72.23±22.90
Average daily fed intake
(g CF/broiler /day) 142.954±15.53 7c 141.547±12.395 135.343±14.281a
Feed conversion ratio
(kg CF/kg gain) 1.738±0.051c 1.864±0.144 2.052±0.200a
Overall broiler performance – 14-42 days (grower – finisher )
Initial weight 422.72±53.64 404.00±60.00 406.80±54.97
Final weight 2435,71 ±246,2c 2366,96 ±267,5 2226,96 ± 271,0a
Total gain (kg) 2013,33±250,5 c 1978,63±295,3 1824,28±286,7 a
Average daily weight
gain (g) 71,90±8,94 c 70,67±10,54 65,15±10,24 a
Average daily fed intake
(g CF/broiler /day) 115,309±32,536 113,669±32,053 109,93±29,92
Feed conversion ratio
(kg CF/kg gain) 1,585±0,025 1,692±0,172 1,744±0,129
*Where a,b,c, = significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to C , E1, E2.

A number of 6 broilers/group were slaughtered in
the end of the experiment, to make measurements
on carcass and organ development (Table 6).
Blood samples were collected before slaughter to
determine the health state of the broilers by
biochemical and haematological determinations
(Table 7) .

Recent studies have showed the importance of
plant materials by -products that are particularly
rich in polyphenols and have a wide range of
biological activities. The inclusion of grape
flavonoids causes a diminution of tissue lipid
peroxidation in kidney, liver, and lung (Preuss et
al., 2001 and Rodrigo et al., 2005

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

7 Table 6 – Physical measurements performed after broiler slaughter (age of 42 days)

Specification C E1 E2
Live bodyweight , (g) 2360± 90 .55c 2280±164 .07 2191 .67±62 .74 a
Slaughtered broiler weight , (g) 2010± 89 .89c 1960±169 .12 1860±72 .94 a
Carcass weight , (g) 1761 .67± 79 .3c 1701 .67±151 .7 1598 .33±75 .48 a
Liver , (g) 40.20± 4 .38 41.08±4 .50 40.95±2 .25
Thigh , (g) 224.73± 16 .16c 225.08±19 .63c 201.28±11 .9a.b
Breast , (g) 249.02± 16 .06c 226.70±30 .34 219.55±13 .35 a
Breast , width , (cm) 15.17±0 .75 15.33±0 .52 15.17±0 .75
Breast , length , (cm) 17.17±2 .04 18.33±1 .37 17.00±1 .79

* Where a,b,c, = significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to C , E1, E2.

Table 6 shows the results of the measurements on
carcass and liver development. The slaughtered
broilers had an aver age live body weight of:
2360±90. 55 g (C); 2280±164.07 (E1); and
2191.67±62.74 g (E2); bodyweight was
significantly (P≤0.05) different between groups C,
and E2. The were no significant (P≤0.05)
differences between groups regarding the average
carcass weigh t (g), except group E2 whose carcass
weight was 9.3% lower than the average carcass
weight of group C (Table 6). From the same table
it can be noticed that in group E2, the live weight
(g/broiler) influenced the weight of the anatomical
parts. The biochemi cal parameters determined in
the serum (Table 7) revealed several benefits of
feeding the broilers with compound feeds that
included vegetal by -products. Thus all the
parameters of the energy plasma profile
(glycaemia, cholesterol and triglycerides) were significantly (P≤0.05) lower compared to group C.
the most significant (P≤0.05) decrease was noticed
in group E2 for triglycerides (42.05%), followed
by cholesterol (25.70%) and glycaemia (17.94%).
This is due to the dietary flax meal, which is rich
in poly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega
3 (43.42%), and which has a major influence on
the blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels.
The same trend was noticed in the enzymatic
profile, where LDH concentration (intracellular
enzyme widely spread wit hin the organism, with a
role in confirming the diagnosis of myocardium or
lung infarct) was significantly (P≤0.05) lower than
in group C, in group E2 ˂ E1 (Table 7). The
values determined for the haematological
parameters, which show the health state of the
broilers (Table 7) ranged within the normal values
reported in the literature (Weiss D.J. and Wardrop
K.J., 1993).

Table 7 Biochemical and haematological parameters (average values/group )

Specification C E1 E2
Serum biochemical parameters
Energy plasma profile
Glycaemia, (mg/dl) 234.07 ±8.66 c 233.27 ±9.10c 192.08 ±44.54a,b
Cholesterol, (mg/dl) 106.02 ±15.02 c 108.53 ±5.32 c 78.77 ±23.72 a,b
Triglycerides, (mg/dl) 40.00 ±9.30 b 27.87 ±4.69 a 23.18 ±6.63 a
Protein profile
Total protein , (g/dl) 2.64±0.11 c 2.57±0.13 2.25±0.40 a
Albumin, ( mg/dl) 1.54±0.07 c 1.40±0.10 1.27±0.17 a
Total bilirubin , (mg/dl) 0.58±0.17 0.61±0.06 0.59±0.24
Creatinine, (mg/dl) 0.41±0.15 0.31±0.06 0.37±0.16
Urea, (mg/dl) 2.18±0.42 1.97±0.42 1.91±0.50
Mineral profile
Calciu m, (mg/dl) 10.80 ±0.66 c 10.17 ±0.56 9.41±1.29 a
phosphorus , (mg/dl) 5.79±0.58 5.35±0.49 4.93±0.92
Magnes ium, (mg/dl) 1.45±0.12 1.34±0.08 1.32±0.26
Iron, (ug/dl) 103.13 ±5.54 108.55 ±9.32 c 88.65 ±19.34 b
Enzyme profile
Alt (TGP), U/L 37.71 ±11.44 c 31.43 ±3.73 26.99 ±2.17 a

First Author et. al./ Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 201 7,

8 Ast (TGO), U/L 313.45 ±49.05c 284.28 ±61.07 c 157.32 ±54.92a,b
Alkaline phosphatase , U/L 46.99±7.37 47.77 ±3.13 46.97 ±3.93
Gama GT, U/L 18.52 ±1.96 c 20.72 ±2.76 c 28.48 ±12.83 a,b
LDH, U/L 1456.63 ±311.74c 1150.87 ±180.78 832.48 ±210.64a
Haematological parameters **
Haemoglobin, (HGB), g/dL 8.075±0.35 8.012±0.81 8.043±0.60
Haematocrit (HCT), (%) 32,50±2,43 29,50±2,43 30,00±3,22
Leucocytes (WBC), (K/µL) 21,27±4,96 23,23±1,87 21,50±3,18
Heterophils, (K/µL) 9,38±2,44 11,48±1,46 10,18±0,91
Lymphocyte, (K/µL) 10,27±2,41 10,88±1,95 10,46±2,64
Monocytes, (K/µL) 0,56±0,38 0,47±0,16 0,27±0,12
Eosinop hils, (K/µL) 1,03±0,56b 0,42±0,21a 0,73±0,78
Thrombocytes (HPF), (K/µL) 5- 10 5- 10 5- 10
* Where a,b,c, = significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to C , E1, E2.
**reference values according to : Weiss D.J., Wardrop K.J. – Schalm's Veterinary Hematology , 6th Ed.,
2010, Ed. Blackwell, pg. 965 and Jain, 1993

4. Conclusions

The analysed compound feeds have no risk to broiler
health and have no potential adverse environmental
impact. From the new feeding solutions for broilers, the
formulation which inclu ded buckthorn and flax meals
(E2) produced the highest concentrations of omega 3
polyunsaturated fatty acids, significantly (P≤0.05)
higher than in C and in E1. Omega 6 PUFA / omega 3
PUFA ration in E2 diet was significantly lower
compared to group C: by 23.29 % (grower), and 13.10
% (finisher). Also, in the group E2 the serum
cholesterol concentration decreased by 25.7%
compa red to group C respectively with 27.4%
compared with group E1 (rapeseed meal and meal
grape).

Acknowledgements
This paper was done within project financed
through MADR PROGRAM –ADER/ 6.1.2.
/01.10.2015 .

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