EPIZIOTOMIA – PREVALENA SI COMPLICATII Student Filimon Andreea 1 “Nasterea nu inseamna doar a face copii. In nastere este vorba despre mame. Mame… [606103]
Universitatea „Dunărea de Jos” Galați
Facultatea de Medicină și Farmacie
Specializarea Moașe
EPIZIOTOMIA – PREVALENA SI COMPLICATII
Student: [anonimizat]
1 “Nasterea nu inseamna doar a face copii. In
nastere este vorba despre mame. Mame puternice, competente, capabile,
care au incredere in ele si isi cunosc puterea interioara " Barbara
Katz Rothman
I. INTRODUCERE
Cu oricine as discuta, cred că ar fi de accord cu mine, ca nasterea este un miracol:
pe lumea apare o nouă fiintă care împlineste visul unui cuplu transformandu -l în familie si nu în
ultimă instantă aduce cea mai de neuitat experientă din viata unei femei.
Nasterea este pun ctul zero al vietii printre pamanteni. In mileniul trei insa,
nasterea naturala este privita cu scepticism de catre femeile aflate la varsta fertila din Romania.
Pe langa gradul ridicat de durere datorat travalului, in cadrul nasterii vaginale apare un act
chirurgical numit epiziotomie. Aceasta este efectuata de rutina si perceputa de catre personalul
medical ca profilaxie si nu de reala necesitate in anumite cazuri.
Practicarea epiziotomiei accentueaza trauma atat din punct de vedere fizic d ar si
psihic determinand gravidele sa exploateze orice indicatie medicala pentru efectuarea operatiei
cezariene. In acelasi timp scade interesului fata de procreere, apare teama, reticenta mai ales la
femeile care au nascut deja.
Organizatia Mondiala a Sanatatii recomanda ca numai la 5% din nasterile
pe cale naturala sa fie practicata epizotomia. Aceeasi institutie sustine faptul ca rata operatiilor
prin cezariana ar trebui sa fie intre 10 -15% din nasteri.
In tara noastra conform acestor da te 81% din nasteri ar trebui sa se desfasoare pe
cale naturala fara epiziotomie. Realitatea insa din spitalele publice este cu totul alta , astfel ca din
numarul total de nasteri vaginale la 21% nu se practica epizitomia in timp ce la 61,8% are loc
aceasta interventie.
In anul 1960, in Statele Unite ale Americii, se efectua in mod constant epiziotomia
ulterior abandonandu -se acest concept. In anul 2007 conform Asociatiei Obstetricienilor si
Ginecologilor sa utiliza practica in 32,7% din cazuri , mai apoi actul incepe sa fie restictiv (10 –
31%), limitat doar la situatii de risc (perineu rigid, fragil, macrosomie fetala, extractia
2 instrumentala). In present, in Occident epiziotomia se face numai la 5% din nasterile pe cale
vaginala.
Problema ep iziotomiei efectuate cu scop profilactic este una spinoasa. Parerile
obstetricenilor fiind deasemenea impartite, unii considerand ca efectuarea acesteia duce la un mai
bun control al expulziei fetale, la prevenirea rupturilor perineale, minimalizeaza trau matismul fetal,
scade durata nasterii, suturarea plagii devine mai facila pentru personalul medical, evitarea
incontinentei urinare si a prolapsului organelor genital. Un alt segment din personalul medical (atat
medici cat si moase) cred ca perineul fizi ologic se poate dilata suficient pentru a permite trecerea
fatului in siguranta. Interventiile din exterior nu sunt necesare in opinia lor, riscul de infectie fiind
mult mai mic si pierderea de sânge mai redusă în cazul ruperii decât în cazul unei epiziotomii.
Recuperarea este mult mai rapidă, fără dureri post -partum si fara complicatii.
3 II. NOTIUNI DE ANATOMIE SI FIZIO LOGIA A APARATULUI
GENITAL FEMININ
Aparatul genital feminine este format din :
• o pereche de glande (gonade) cu functie dubla: endocrina foarte complexa si exocrine mai
putin complexa – ovulatia
• organele gestatiei : trompele si uterul
• organelle copula tiei: vaginul si vulva cu anexele lor ( glande si organe erectile).
Ovarele, trompele, si ligamentele largi formeaza anexele uterului.Toate acestea sunt situate
in micul bazin.
Organele genital se deschid in partea anterioara a perineului.
II.1 ORGANELE GENITALE EXTERNE
II.1.1 VULVA
Vulva are forma unei fante , alungita in sens sagital si marginita in lateral de catre doua
repliuri cutanate , labile mari si labile mici. Pe langa aceste formatiuni labiale, vulva mai este
alcatuita din toate formatiunile ge nitale externe:
– Organe erectile;
– Vestibulul vaginal;
– Glandele anexe.
A. Formatiunile labiale
a. labiile mari – doua pliuri cutanate, alungite antero posterior, ce formeaza planul superficial
al vulvei.Labia mare are: – o fata externa acoperiyta cu par si separ ate de coapsa prin santul genitor –
femural
– o fata interna roz, prevazuta cu glande ce secreta smegna; ea este separate de labia mica
prin santul interlabial
– o extremitate posterioara ce formeaza cu labia opusa comisura posterioara a vulvei
4 – o extremita te anterioara care cu labia opusa formeaza comisura vulvara anterioara
confundandu -se cu muntele lui Venus
b. Muntele lui Venus – o proeminenta rotunjita situate in partea anterioara a vulveice se
continua in jos cu labile mari, iar in sus cu abdomenul.Inc epand cu pubertatea este acoperit cu par.
c. labile mici – doua pliuri cutanate situate medial de labile mari.Fata lor externa e separate
de labia mare prin santul interlabial, iar fata interna impreuna cu cea opusa delimiteaza intrarea in
vestibulul vagin al.
Extremitatea anterioara a lor se divide in doua foite:
– anterioara – ce trece inaintea clitorisului si cu cea de partea opusaformeaza preputul
clitorisului
– posterioara – ce se insera pe fata inferioara a clitorisuluisi cu cea de partea opusa formeaz a
fraul clitorisului.
Extremitatea posterioara se uneste cu cea de partea opusa delimitand foseta naviculara de la
nivelul comisurii posterioare a vulvei.
Fig.1 Anatomia vulvei
B.Formatiunile erectile
Sunt formatiuni analoage cu cele a le barbatului si s unt formate dintr -un organ median –
clitorisul si doua organe laterale – bulbii vestibulari.
5 a. Clitorisul – analogul corpilor cavernosi ai penisului,este format dintr -un organ
erectile, cavernos si invelisurile sale. Corpii cavernosi ca si la barbat iau nastere prin doua radacini
simetrice de pe fata interna a ramurilor ischiopubiene, se unesc pe linia mediana formand corpul
clitorisului ce se termina prin gland.Contine numerosi corpusculi ai voluptatii.
b. Bulbii vestibulului – sunt doua formatiuni erectile , ovoid e situate pe peretii laterali ai
uretrei si ai orificiului vaginal, reprezinta omologul corpilor spongiuosi ai uretrei, la femeie separate
datorita persistentei fantei vulvare
C.Vestibulul vaginal
Este o depresiune interlabiala situate intre labile mici si inapoia clitorisului.Este separate de
labile mici prin santul vestibular, in care se deschid glandele Bertholin; aria vestibulului vaginal
este ocupata de :
– Orificiul vaginal inferior – delimitat de hymen sau vestigiile lui
– Meatul uretral – prin care se deschide uretra – situate anteriorde orificiul vaginal. In jurul
lui se deschid glandele Skene.
D.Glandele anexe
Glandele uretrale Skene in numar de doua se deschid pe laturile meatului uretral
Glandele periuretrale situate pe fetele laterale ale uretrei, sunt corespondentul glandelor
prostatice
Glandele vestibulare Bertholin in numar de doua, sunt situate de o parte si de alta a ½
posterioare a orificiului vag inal, avand o forma ovoidala cu aproximativ 15/8/5 mm.
Canalul lor exterior merge de pe fata inte rna a glandei si se deschide in santul
vestibular(nimfo – himenal), intre himen si labile mici.
II.1.2 MAMELA
Este formata din glanda mamara si diferite parti moi care o inconjoara.Este o glanda
pereche, anexa a aaparatului genital feminine, situate pe per etele thoracic anterior, in intervalul
dintre coastele III -VII, de origine cutanata (ectodermala).La femeia adulta glandele mamare au o
structura complexa , hormone -dependenta, avand o deosebita inportanta biologica si patologica.Ele
6 asigura secretia de lap te, alimental essential al nou nascutului, si sunt de asemenea sediul a
numeroase procese patologice, dintre care cancerele sunt cela mai importante
Fiecare glanda mamara este formata dintr -un numar de 10 – 25 de lobi glandulariseparati prin
tesut conjuncti v in care, in timpul pubertatii, s -a depozitat tesut adipos.Fiecare lob glandular este o
glanda tubule -acinoasa ramificata.
Canalele acestor glsnde sunt colectate de ducte mai mari, numite canale galactofore, care se
deschid la nivelul mamelonului..In stru ctura canalelor galactofore se gasesc cellule mioepiteliale ,
care se contracta sub actiunea oxitocinein favorizand ejectia lapteleui.
VV.2 BETNARYR TRAVGNYR VAGREAR
VV.2.1 BINERYR
Fhag tynaqr frkhnyr srzvavar, betnar crerpuv fvghngr va cryivf qr b cnegr f v qr nygn n hgrehyhv
va fcngryr yvtnzraghyhv ynet fv n gebzcrv.
Qrmibygngr va ertvharn ybzonen n rzoevbahyhv, ryr ibe zvten va nprnfgn cbmvgvr cr pner b
bphcn qrsvavgvir va whehy inefgrv qr 10 nav. Nh sbezn qr bibvq ghegvg fv znevzrn ncebkvzngvin n hahv
fnzoher qr pnvfn( 3/2/1 pz).Nfcrpghy inevnmn ph inefgn svvaq:
– Yn pbcvy argrq, nyo, fvqrsvh:
– Yn nqhygr ph fhcensngn arerthyngn ph ahzrebnfr pvpngevpv cbfg bihyngbevv
– Yn ongenar fpyrebf, ngebcuvp.
Bineryr nh b pbafvfgrag srezn chgnaq sv cnycngr yn rknzrahy tla rpbybtvp. Binehy rfgr
fvathehy betna erny vagencrevgbarny.Crevgbarhy ah – y npbcren pv fr bcerfgr yn aviryhy uvyhyhv fnh cr
pner fr vafren fho sbezn harv yvavv fvahbnfr (yvavn Sneer) – sbeznaq nevcvbnen cbfgrevbnen n
yvtnzraghyhv ynet (zrmbbinevhzhy).
7
Svt.2 Bineryr
Binehy rfgr ha betna eryngvir zbovy crageh pn pryr 4 yvtnzragr qr fhfgvarer nyr fnyr fhag
ynkr:
a) zrmbbinevhzhy fnh nevcvbnen cbf grevbnen n yvtnzraghyhv ynet cevaqr binehy pn vage -b phcn
ceva vafregvn fn cr bine.
b) Yvtnzraghy fhfcrafbe ny binehyhv ( ybzob binevna) rfgr pry znv chgreavp zvwybp qr
fhfcrafvr ny fnh sbezng qvage -ha nk pbawhapgvi ceva pner gerp infryr hgreb binevrar
c) Yvtnzr aghy ghob – binevna – qr yn cbyhy fhcrevbe ny binehyhv yn cnivyvbahy ghone
d) Yvtnzraghy hgreb binevna – vager pbeahy hgreva fv znetvarn nagreb – vasrevbnen n binehyhv.
Ceva ry gerpr enzhen binevna n negrerv hgrevar.
FGEHPGHEN BINEHYHV
Binehy rfgr npbcrevg q r ha fgeng rcvgryvny ( nyohtvarrn binehyhv), pner vzoenpn cnerapuvzhy
binevna sbezng qva mban pbegvpnyn fv mban zrqhynen.Va mban pbegvpnyn fr tnfrfp:
– Sbyvphyvv binevrav va qvsrevgr fgnqvn qr qrmibygner
– Fgebzn pbawhapgvin
– Pbecvv tnyorav
Va mban zrqhynen fr tnfrfgr grfhg pbawhapgvi, infr fnathvar, yvzsngvpr fv areiv.Yn aviryhy
uvyhyhv binevna fr cbg tnfv qvsrevgr vapyhmvhavpryhyner nfrznangbner pryhyrybe Yrlqvtu qva grfgvpby, ph
b frpergvr raqbpevan naqebtran.
8 Mban pbegvpnyn rfgr mban npgvir n binehyhv pner va crevbnqn qr npgvivgngr travgny fhsren
pbagvahr genafsbeznev qr znghevmner sbyvphynen, bihyngvv, sbezner qr pbec tnyora fv vaibyhgvv.
Cr frpgvharn ybatvghqvany n binehyhv ibz tnfv:
Sbyvphyvv cevzbeqvnyv: srgvgn fr anfgr ph ncebkvzngvi 300000 -400000 sbyvp hyv
cevzbeqvnyv va pryr qbhn biner.Rv fhag sbezngv qvage -ha bibpvg vapbawheng qr ha fvathe fgeng qr
pryyhyr sbyvphyner.Rv enzna va fgner qr yngrag cnan yn choregngr, pnaq qrohghy eribyhgvrv
ubezbanyr qrgrezvan ribyhgvv nyr nprfgben fcer qvsrevgr fgnqvn qr znghevmner: sbyvphyv cr pnyr
qr perfgrer
Sbyvphyhy cevzne: perfgr bibpvghy, fr zhygvcyvpn fgenghevyr qr pryyhyr sbyvphyner
Sbyvphyvv pnivgnev qr qvsrevgr znevzv va shapgvr qr pnagvgngrn qr yvpuvq pr fr frpergn
vager pryhyryry sbyvphyner sbeznas pnivgngv yv puvqvrar
Sbyvphyhy znghe (Qr Tenss) – qr bovprv qrfv rkvfgn zhygvcyv sbyvphyv va qvsrevgr fgnqvn
qr znghevmner, yhane hahy fvathe qrivar znghe ( sbyvphyhy cevivyrtvng).Ry rfgr sbezng qva
hezngbneryr ryrzragr: bibpvghy, zrzoenar cryyhpvq, pryhyryr sbyvphyne r, yvpuvqhy sbyyvphyne,
zrzoenar Fynivnafxv, grnpn vagrean, grnpn pbawhapgvin rkgrean.
Svt.3 Bine – frpgvah ybatvghqvany
9 VV.2.2 GEBZCRYR HGREVAR
Gebzcryr hgrevar fhag pbaqhpgr crerpuv pr fr qrfpuvq ceva rkgerzvgngrn cebkvznyn va
pbnearyr hgrevar, vne ceva prn qvfgny va pnivgngrn crevgbarnyn.Gebzcryr ernyvmrnmn nfgsry b pbzhavpner
n pnivgngvv crevgbarnyr ph zrqvhy rkgrea.Yn aviryhy gebzcrybe fr cebqhpr srphaqngvn fv cevzryr
qvivmvhav nyr bhyhv, ryr nfvthenaq fv genafcbeghy nprfghvn fcer pnivgngrn hgrev an. Gebzcryr hgrevar nh
b yhatvzr qr 10 – 12 pz fv b ynetvzr va shapgvr qr cbegvhar vager 2 -8 zz.
Qva chapg qr irqrer gbcbtencuvp qne ph vzcbegnagn pyvavpn gebzcn ner cngeh cbegvhav:
– Vagrefgvgvny – fvghngr va crergryr hgreva, pr fr qrfpuvqr va pbeahy hgreva
– Vfgzvpn – ph pnyvoeh erqhf
– Nzchynen – pner fr ynetrfgr cebterfvi
– Cnivyvbahy – qr sbezn harv cnyavv senawhengr ninaq va prageh bfgvhy noqbzvany ny
gebzcrv. Hahy qva senawhev, znv yhat ( ny yhv Evpuneq) fr pbagvahn ph yvtnzraghy ghob -binevna cnan yn
cbyhy fhcr evbe nz binehyhv.
Svt.4 Nangbzvn betnarybe travgnyr vagrear
10 VV.2.3 HGREHY
Hgrehy rfgr ha betna pnivgne, zhfphybf, pbagenpgvyr, pr freirfgr pn erprcgbe fv uenavgbe ny
bhyhv gbg phefhy fnepvavv, fv ncbv ceva pbagenpgvyr fnyr rkchymrnmn cebqhfhy qr pbap rcgvr yn grezra.
Hgrehy rfgr fvghngr va cnegrn zvwybpvr n zvphyhv onmva, fcngryr irmvpvv hevaner, va sngn erpghyhv
fv vager gebzcr fv biner.Ner sbezn hahv gehapuv qr pbea ghegvg va cyna sebagny, ph onmn va fhf fv ineshy
va wbf.Ner qbhn cbegvhah:
– Pbechy hgr eva – fvghngr penavny, ghegvg nagreb -cbfgrevbe
– Pbyhy hgreva – qr nfcrpg pvyvaqevp. Pbyhy hgreva rfgr cnegrn qr wbf n hgrehyhv (snpr cnegr
qva hgrehy vafhfv), pr vagen va intva. Qr sncg rfgr fvathen cnegr qva hgre cr pner b chgrz fvzgv ph
hfhevagn ceva cvcn ver. Nfn phz zhphfhy preivpny fr nsyn vage -b pbagvahn fpuvzoner, qngbevgn
vasyhragrv ubezbanyr, nfn fv pbyhy hgreva rfgr vasyhragng qr ubezbavv srzvavav (rfgebtra fv
cebtrfgreba) fv fr fpuvzon cr cnephefhy hahv pvpyh zrafgehny . Fpuvzonevyr pbyhyhv hgreva rfgr
ha frza sregvy cevapvcny pner arprfvgn znv zhygr yhav ( pvpyhev zrafgehnyr ).
Svt. 5 Encbeghy nangbzvp ny h grehyhv (frpgvhar fntvgnyn)
11 VV.2.3 INTVAHY
Intvahy rfgr ha pbaqhpg zhfphyb – pbawhapgvi, yhat qr 7 -9 pz, zrqvna fv vzcne, pner ceva
rkgerzvgngrn fhcrevbnen fr vafren cr pbyhy hgreva, vne ceva prn vasrevbnen(bevsvpvhy intvany) fr
qrfpuvqr va irfgvohyhy int vany, fcngvh qryvzvgng qr pryr qbhn ynovv zvpv.Zrzoenan uvzranyn vapuvqr
vapbzcyrgr bevsvpvhy intvany.
Intvahy cermvagn ha crergr cbfgrevbe va encbeg ph erpghy fv ph shaqhy qr fnp Qbhtynf, haqr
crevgbarhy rfgr va pbagnpg ph crergryr intvany fv ha crergr na grevbe, pner ivar va encbeg ph shaqhy
irmvpvv hevaner fv ph hergen. Va cnegvyr yngrenyr intvahy nqren qr znetvarn zrqvny n zhfpuvybe
evfvpngbev nanyv.
Sbezn yhv qvsren qhcn cbegvhar qrfpevfn: rkgerzvgngrn fhcrevbnen ceva vafregvn cr pby
ernyvmrnmn b phcbyn , qbzhy intvany, ph pryr cngeh shaqhev qr fnp: na grevbe, cbfgrevbe fv qbhn yngrenyr;
va cbegvharn zvwybpvr rfgr ghegvg nagreb – cbfgrevbe vne vasrevbe ghegvg genafirefny crageh n fr pbagvahn ph
ihyin.
Qvzhafvhavyr – va zrqvr qr 8 pz, yhatvzrn qvsren sbnegr zhyg va shapgvr qr inefgn fv
cnevgngr.Va phefhy anfgrevv fr qrfgvarq cnan yn crergvv cryivrav, vne yn ongenar rfgr vathfg fv evtvq.
VV.3 ONMVAHY ZBNYR
Onmvahy zbnyr phcevaqr gbgnyvgngrn fgehpghevybe zhfphyb – snfpvnyr pr gncrgrnmn crergryr vasrevbe
ny rkp ningvrv cryivar fv vapurq vasrevbe pnivgngrn cryivnan.Crergvv yngrenyv nv rkpningvrv cryivrar fhag
pncghfvgv yn vagrevbe qr zhfpuvv boghengbev vagreav fv zhfpuvv cvenzvqnyv, yn nprfgvn nqnhtnaqh –
frzhfpuvhy cfbnf fv zhfpuvhy vyvnp pr genirefrnmn onmvahy zne r, snen vafn fn vv ncnegvan.Nafnzoyhy
cnegvybe zb vpr vapurq pnhqny pnivgngrn cryivnan, sbezrnmn cynafrhy cryivna fnh crevarhy. Nprfgn rfgr
yvzvgng nagrevbe qr fvzsvmn chovnan,fv cbfgrevbe qr ineshy pbppvtrhyhv, nfgsry vapyhqr fv betnaryr
travgnyr rkgrear fv pnanyhy nany.
Crageh pyvavpvrav, rfgr qbne cbegvharn qva crevarhy nangbzvp phcevaf vager pbzvfhen ynovyn
cbfgrevbnen fv nahf, fv pner va cebshamvzr pbagvar pragehy graqvabf.Ner sbezn qr ebzo, b yvavr
genafirefnyn qhfn ceva ghorebmvgngvyr vfpuvngvpr vzcn egr ebzohy crevarny va qbhn gevhatuvhev, nagrevbe
fr sbezrnmn gevtbahy heb -travgny (genirefng qr hergen fv intva) fv cbfgrevbe gevtbahy nany (genirefng qr
pnanyhy nany).
12 Crevarhy nagrevbe rfgr, va prn znv zner cnegr bphcne qr sbezngvhavyr pner nypnghvrfp
ihyin.Vancbvn ihyirv vager pbzvfhen ynovny cbfgrevbnen fv nahf, ph sbezn harv chagv hfbe obygvgr fr
fncnen pryr qbhn bevsvpvv fv nfgsry ncnen crevarhy bofgrgevpny.
Crevarhy yn srzrvr ner qbhn sbezngvhav pnenpgrevfgvpr, prageh graqvabf fv yvtnzraghy nab
pbppvtvna.
Prageh graqvabf ny crevarhyhv (pragehz graqvarhz crevarv) fnh pbechy crevarhyhv bphcn
fcngvhy erpgb -intvany, nprfg fcngvhy rfgr qryvzvgng qhcn phz hezrnmn :”intvahy fv erpghy nyghengr va
cnegrn fhcrevbnen,fhag fbyvqnevmngr ceva frcghy irtvab –erpgn y, cr znfhen pr pbobnen, ryr fr
vaqrcnegrnmn intvahy zretnaq vanvagr vne erpghy vancbv “ (cncvyvna ) .Pragehy graqvabf rfgr pry znv
vzcbegnag zvwybp qr fhfgvarer ny hgrehyhv fv intvahyhv . Rfgr cnycng cr ivh fv fr cermvagn pn b
sbezngvhar qhen fv ermvfgrag n. Va pbzcbargn pragehyhv graqvabf vagen ahzrebnfr snfpvphyr qva
zhfpuvv evqvpngbev nanyv, genafirfhy cebhaq, genafirefny fhcresvpvny fsvapgrehy rkgrea ny nahfhyhv fv
ohyob fcbatvbf ( nprfgr vv qn b inybner qr ermvfgragn npgvin) .
Svt. 5 Cynafrhy cryivna yn srzrv
13 VV.3.1 ZHFPUVV CYNAFRHYHV CRYIVNA
Zhfpuvhy evqvpngbe nany ner qbhn cbegvhav, chovnan fv vyvnpn.Cbegvharn chovnan va gvzchy
pbagenpgvr vasyh agrnmn intvahy .Svoeryr pryr znv zrqvnyr nyr cbegvhavv chovrar pbobnen cr srgryr
yngrenyr fv cr sngn cbfgrevbnen n intvahyhv, cngehamnaq ncbv va pragehy graqvabf.Nprfgr svoer qhcn
genvpghy ybe ah fr vafren cr intva vafn fhag fbyvqnevmngr cevage -ha grfhg q raf pbawhapgvi yn crergryr
nprfghvn.Snfpvpbyhy sbezng pbafgvghvr zhfpuvhy chobintvany (Z. chobintvanyvf) .
Svoeryr zhfpuvhyhv gerp cr ynghevyr intvahyhv fv nyr pnanyhyhv nany fv sbezrnmn nafr vancbvn
erpghyhv (ner fv svoer pner fr qvfgevohvr cevager svoery r cebcevv nyr erpghyhv ).Pryrynygr cnegv nyr
evqvpngbehyhv nany ah cermvagn cnegvphynevgngv.
Evqvpngbehy nany ceva prv qbv zhfpuv sbezrnmn qvnsentzn cryivnan, ph eby rfragvny va
fhfgvarern betnarybe cryivrar, cnegvpvcn yn zvpgvhar fv yn qrsrpngvr. Zhfpuv hy chobintvany vapbwbnen
intvahy fv vv sbezrnmn ha pbagevpgbe fhcrevbe, ph pbagenpgvr ibyhagnen.Pbagenpgvn gbavpn n zhfpuvybe
chobintvanyv ncebcvr crergvv yngrenyv fv gentr vanvagr crergryr cbfgrevbe ny intvahyhv qrnfrzrarn
vzcvrqvpn pbobenern hgrehyhv .Pb agenpgvn fcnfgvpn cebqhpr intvavfzhy fhcrevbe, cbngr sv qr b
vagrafvgngr perfphgn ergvanaq nfgsry cravfhy .Intvavfzhy rfgr ha ersyrk srzvava qr ncnener vzcbgevin
hahv cnegrare cr pner ah fv -y qberfgr. Zhfpuvhy pbppvtvna rfgr ovar qrmibygng yn srzrv.
VV.3.2 ZHFPUVV CREVARHYHV NAGREVBE
Zhfpuvhy vfpuvbpnireabf (Z. vafpuvbpnireabhf ) rfgr fyno qrmibygng, svoeryr zhfphhyner fr
grezvan cevage -b ncbariebmn cr sngn yngrenyn fv cr prn vasrevbnen n enqnpvavv pyvgbevfhyhv. Pbzcevzn
enqnpvan pyvgbevfhyhv vzcvrqvpn vagbneprern fnatryhv ceva irar zragvaq nfgsry rerpgvn ( va nprynfv
gvzc pbobnen pyvgbevfhy fv va ncyvpn cr cravf).
Zhfpuvhy ohyobfcbatvbf (Z. ohyobfcbatvbhfhf ) rfgr ha zhfpuv crerpur pner vapbawbnen
bevsvpvhy intvany fv hergeny .Npbcren tynaqryr Onegubyv a .Cebqhpr rerpgvn pyvgbevfhyhv ceva
pbzcevznern ohyovybe irfgvohyhv fv n irarv qbefnyr n pyvgbevfhyhv.Pbzcevzn tynaqryr irfgvohyner
znev nfgsry pbagvahy ybe rfgr rinphng.Pbagenpgvn fn qr gvc fcnfgvp cebqhpr intvavfzhy vasrevbe .
Vafgvpghy qr ncnener ny sr zrvv yn aviryhy intvahyhv rfgr qngn cevage -b gevcyn onevren : pbagenpgvn
ohyobfcbatvabfhybe, n qvnsentzrv hebtravgnyr, fv n chobpbppvtvravybe. Yn rkgrevbe npgvbarnmn
zhfpuvv nqqhpgbev nv pbncfrybe, qr nprrn va gvzchy anfgrevv anghenyr rfgr rfragvny pn cnpv ragn fn
pbynobermr fgnaq va cbmvgvn pberfchamngbner.
14 Zhfpuvhy genafiref fhcresvpvny (Z. genafirefhf crevarv fhcresvpvnyvf)
Zhfpuvhy genafiref cebshaq (Z. genafirefhf crevarv cebshaqhf ) pbagevohvr yn svknern fv
pbafbyvqnern pragehyhv graqvabf fv n qvnsentz rv hebtravgnyr.
Zhfpuvhy fsvapgre ny hergerv (Z. fcuvapgre herguenr )fr vagvaqr cr gbngn yhatvzrn hergerv (qr
yn pbyhy irmvpvv cnan yn zrnag), qne rfgr fvghng vasnen fsvapgrehyhv irmvpvv. Va cnegrn fhcrevbnen, haqr
hergen ah nqren yn intva, fsvapgrehy vapb awbnen va gbgnyvgngr hergen, cerphz ha vary .Va cnegrn
vasrevbnen haqr pryr qbhn bertnab nqren, fvapgrehy ner sbezn frzvpvephynen. Shapgvn nprfghv zhfpuv
rfgr qr n vapuvqr ha zbq ibyhagne hergen .
Genafirefhy cebshaq vzcerhan ph fsvapgrehy hergerv sbezrnm n zhfpuvhy pbzcerfbe ny hergerv.
Gbgv pvapv zhfpuvv fhag vareingv qr areivv crevarnyv, enzhev nyr areihyhv ehfvabf (F2,F3,F4).
VV.3.3 ZHFPUVV CREVARHYHV CBFGREVBE
Fsvapgrehy rkgrea ny nahfhyhv (Z. fcuvapgre nav rkgreahf) ner eby va fhfgvarern betnaryb e
cryivar ceva pbagenpgvn fn, znerfgr grafvharn fv va pbafrpvagn fv ermvfgragn pragehyhv graqvabf .
Zhfpuvhy erpgbintvany rfgr rpuvinyrag ph zhfpuvhy erpgbhergeny .Fr vagvaqr qr yn hatuvhy
erpghyhv ( sbezng vager syrkhen fnpengn fv prn crevarnyn) fv intva .Nprfg zhfpuv fr nsyn qrnfchen
pragehyhv graqvabf .
VV.3.4 SNFPVVYR CREVARHYHV
1. Snfpvn crevaryn fhcresvpvnyn (Snfpvn crevarv fhcresvpvnyvf) fv snfpvn crevarnyn zvwybpvr,
nzoryr fhag cresbengr qr pnger ha bevsvpvh ynet crageh intvan.Snfpvn zvwybpvr nq ren fgnaf yn hergen fv
intvan.
2. Snfpvn cryivnan cnevrgnyn (Snfpvn cryivf cnevrgnyvf) nqren fgenaf yn intvan. ?
Ertvharn nanyn (Ertvb nanyvf): vager intva fv erpg fr qryvzvgrnmn fcngvhy fnh gevhatuvhy erpgb
intvany bphcng qr prageh graqvabf ny crevahyhv.P bechy nqvcbf ny snpvrv vfpuvb -nanyr rfgr qrmibygng
sbngr ovar.
Ertvharn hebtravgnyn rfgr betnavmngn va fgnghev, qnpn snprz b frpgvhar va cyna sebagny
bofreinz, ha betna prageny, nkvny nahzr intvahy, qr b cnegr fv qr nygn n nprfghvn zhfpuvv evqvpngbev
15 nanyv va cnyavr fcer qvnsentzn hebtravgnyn (nprnfgn rfgr fgenonghgn qr intvan).Cyrpnaq qr yn cynahevyr
fhcresvpvnyr fcer pryr cebshaqr vagnyavz:
n) Cvryrn sbezrnmn ynovvyr, irfgvohyhy intvahyhv, zhagryr chovna fv pryrynygr sbezngvhav pner
sbezrnmn ihyin, fho gr thzrag fr nsyn grfhghy pryhyne fhophgnang qnegbfhy fv fnpvv rynfgvpv .Ceva grfhghy
pryhyne znet infryn fv areivv fhcresvpvnyv.
o) Snfpvvyr crevarnyr fhcresvpvnyr
p) Ybwn ohyobpyvgbevqvnan fnh fcngvhy fhcresvpvny ny crevarhyhv phcevaf vager nfpvn crevarnyn
fhcresvpvnyn fv sbvgn vasrevbnen n snfpvrv crevarnyr zvwybpvv. Nprfg fcngvh rfgr sbezng qva pbecvv
rerpgvyv, pneben yr fhag narkngv zhfpuvv vfpuvbpnireabfv fv ohyobfcbatvbfvv, yn pner fr nqnhtn
gnafirefvv fhcresvpvnyv . Fr vagnyarfp fv tynaqryr Oneubyva. Ybwn rfgr fgenonghgn qr yvavn zrqvnan qva
hergen.
q) Qvnsentzn hebtravgnyn nypnghvgn qva snfpvn crevarnyn zvwybpvr (ph qbhn sbvgr,vager pner fr
nyn zhfpuvhy genafiref cebshaq ), rfgr fgenonghen qr intva fv hergen, qr negryrer pyvgbevfhyhv, qr iraryr
cebhaq r nyr pyvgbevfhyhv, qr ohyovv irfgvohyhv, fv qr areivv qbefnyv nv pyvgbevfhyhv.
r) Ceryhatvevyr nagrevbner nyr bfrybe vfpuvb -nanyr
s) Qvnsentzn cryivan pbafgvghvgn qva zhfpuvv evqvpngbev nanyv fv pbppvtvrav pner fhag gncrgngv
qr snfpvn cryivnan cnevrgn yn. Qrnfhcen qvnsentzrv cryivrar fr tnfrfgr fcngvhy cryivfhocrevarny.
16
VVV. ANFGRERN ANGHENYN
Anșgrern abeznyă rfgr ha srabzra pbzcyrk cerqrgrezvang; nprfg cebprf ner va pbzcbarață b
fhpprfvhar beqbangă qr srabzrar vagreqrcraqragr, nahzr srabzrar zrpnavpr, qvanzvpr, ovbsvmvpr
fv zrgnobyvpr, gbngr svvaq arprfner crageh rkchymvn hahv cebqhfhyhv qr pbap rcțvr yn grezra,fnh
ncebcr qr grezra ph ha genhzngvfz zvavz ngng zngrea png fv srgny. Zrpnavfzhy vagrea qr qrpynașner
n anșgrevv ah rfgr phabfphg îa gbgnyvgngr, qne rfgr șgvhg pn cnegvpvcă va rtnyă znfheă, ngng betnavfzhy
zngrea,png fv pry srgny qne șv cynpragn .Fnpvan fv anșgrern ah fhag srabzrar cngbybtvpr, pv svmvbybtvpr
qr nprrn ah ne gerohv fn fr svanyvmrmr ceva vagreirațvv vainmvir, îafn rkfvfgă b frevr qr vaqvpnțvv fv
pbagenvaqvpnțvv nyr svrpăehv gvc qr anșgrer. Îa Ebznavn îa crevbnqn 2005 -2013 ahzăehy bcrențvvybe qr
prmnevnaă n nwhaf qr yn 47.255 cr na yn 78.254 îaertvfgenaqh -fr b perșgrern ph 65%,pbasbez
Zvavfgrehyhv Făaăgățvv.
Anșgrern intvanyă ner b frevr qr ninagnwr pyner fv pry znv vzcbegnag, ah rfgr b zrgbqn
vainmviă șv cermvagă evfphev zv avzr nfhcen fgăevv qr făaăgngr n srzrvv fv abh -aăfphghyhv.
– tenivqn îșv cbngr pbagebyn pbechy îa gvzchy geninyvhyhv fv cbngr cnegvpvcn npgvi yn cebterfvn
săghyhv
-gerprern ceva pnanyhy qr anșgrer qhpr yn b znghevmner chyzbaneă srgnyă, sncg pner îv nwhgă fn
fr nqncgrmr znv hșbe yn ivnțn rkgenhgrevaă
-nyăcgnghy cbngr sv vavțvng îage -ha gvzc sbnegr fpheg,prrn pr perrnmă b yrtăgheă nsrpgviă znv
ercrqr șv znv hșbe
– rkgreanern cnpvragrv fr snpr zhyg znv ercrqr,qhengn erphcreăevv svvaq fphegă (3 -4 mvyr),snță
qr 14 fnh znv zhygr îa pnmhy bcrențvrv ceva prmnevnaă
– îa gvzchy anșgrevv anghenyr betnavfzhy zngrea fv srgny fr ibe îapnepn ph znv zhyțv ubezbav,
nprșgvn hygrevbe ibe sv rkgerz qr orarsvpv nwhgîaq yn perșgren vzhavgățvv, n npgvivgățv zrgnobyvpr nprfgr
fhofgnațr ah fhag cebqhșv va gvzchy anșgrevv negvsvpvnyr
– ivnțn frkhnyă ah rfgr nsrpgngă qhcă anșgrer
– ahzăehyhv fnepvavybe ivvgbner ah rfgr yvzvgng
17 – ah fr rsrpghrnmă narfgrmvr,qvfcne nfgsry evfphevyr trarengr qr nprnfgn
– qhcă anșgrern anghenyă cnpvragn ah rfgr vzbovyvmngă yn cng,sncg pner vv in crezvgr fă -șv
îatevwrnfpă ororyhșhy
– cfvuvp srzrvn qrivar znv chgreavpă,fv znv îzcyvavgă,creprcr qvsrevg ohphevn qr yn svanyhy
geninyvhyhv,vne evfphy qr qrcerfvr va cbfgcneghz rfgr sbnegr zvp
Îa nprynșv gvzc rkvfgă fv nahzvgr qrmninagnwr, cevapvcnyhy rfgr qherern qr vagrafvgngr evqvpngă,
harbev vafhcbegnovyă qva gvzchy geninyvhyhv șv ny rkchymvrv săghyhv,ph gbngr pă fr cbngr snpr narfgrmvr
yn aviry ybpny, fv nqzvavfgen zrqvpnțvr pnyznagă îa pryr znv zhygr pnmhev qh erevyr fhag vagrafr.
– rkvfgă evfphy qr urzbentvr, pner qnpă ah rfgr pbagebyngă cbngr qrirav sngnyă crageh znzvpă
– geninyvhy fr cbngr ceryhatv (qherer,rchvmner);
– rsbeghy qrchf yn îzcvatrern săghyhv îansnen hgrehyhv qhpr yn rkgrahnern srzrv,puvne qnpă
rfgr grzcbeneă sbnegr zhygr qvager nprfgrn fhfțva pn yn svany ah fr cbg ohphen qr ororyhș qngbevgă
bobfryvv fhognațvnyr
– îa nahzvgr pnmhev rcvmvbgbzvn cbngr perrn ha qvfpbasbeg bofreing vzrqvng fnh gneqvi
VVV.1 CREVBNQRYR ANȘGREVV
N. Qrpynafnern geninyvhy hv – rfgr ha riravzrag qrgrezvang zhygvsnpgbevny.Znghenern va
nafnzoyh n fvfgrzhyhv ner ha eby qrgrezvanag.Pbagenpgvvyr hgrevar fr qngbernmn cebfgntynaqvarybe
cebqhfr qr zrzoenaryr nzavbgvpr fv qrpvqhn n pnebe frpergvr perfgr qverpg cebcbegvbany ph qvfgraf vn
hgrevan.Ubezbavv fhceneranyv qr bevtvar srgnyn fv uvcbsvmnev( bpvgbpvan zngrean fv srgnyn) perfp
pbagenpgvyvgngrn hgrevan.
Zbqvsvpnevyr pbyhyhv hgreva fr qngberfp npgvivgngvv pbagenpgvyr n zvbzrgehyhv cerphz fv npgvhavv
qverpgrn qvsrevgvybe ubezbavnfhce n pbawhapgvihyhv preivpny
Pbagenpgvvyr hgrevar nh gerv pnenpgrevfgvpv fcrpvsvpr:
1. Vagrafvgngr: – 30-40 zz Ut yn vaprchghy geninyvhyhv cnan yn 50 -80 zzUt va snmn qr rkchymvr
2. Qhengn: 20 -30 frp yn vaprchghy geninyvhyhv, cnan yn 60 -70 frp va snmn rkchymvrv
3. Serpiragn: b pbagenpgvr yn 10 zva yn vaprchghy geninyvhyhv, fv cnan yn b pbagenpgvr yn 3 zva fnh
znv serpirag va snmn qr rkchymvr
18 O. Fgretrern fv qvyngnern pbyhyhv rfgr crevbnqn îa pner fho vasyhar țn pbagenpțvvybe hgrevar
qherebnfr , n păebe vagrafvgngr, serpirață șv qhengă perfp cebterfvi bevsvpvhy hgreva qr qvyngă nwhatîaq
yn ncebkvzngvi 10 pragvzrgev (qvyngnțvr pbzcyrgă). ( SBGB)
Nprnfgn rgncn ner znv zhygr snmr:
– snmn qr yngragn qhernmn nceb kvzngvi 10 ber fv va nprfg gvcz qvyngnern cebterfrnmn qr yn 0 yn 2pz
– Snmn npgvin, ivgrmn qr qvyngner rfgr zhyg znv zner qr 2 -3 pz/ben
– crevbnqn qr nppryrengvr, qhernmn ncebkvzngvi 2 ber
– snmn qr qrpryrengvr – cerprqr rkchymvn
P. Rkchymvn srgnyn îaprcr îa zbzraghy îa pner f -n nwhaf yn qvyngn țvr pbzcyrgă șv
cermragnțvn vn pbagnpg ph cynașrhy crevarny,rkrepvgînaq cerfvhar nfhcen crevarhyhv cbfgrevbe fv n
erpghyhv srzrvn ner framnțvn ersyrkă qr fpernzăg.
Îa nprnfgă crevbnqă, crefbanyhy zrqvpny ner hezăgbneryr ngvohțvv crageh b ohaă qrfsășhenern n
anșgrevv
-nfphygă oăgăvyr pbeqhyhv srgny qhcn svrpner pbagenpțvr
-grzcbevmnern pberpgă,ngng ceryhatvern rkchymvrv png șv cerpvcvgnern nprfgrvn nh rsrpgr
artngvir nfhcen cnpvragrv fv n abh -aăfphghyhv
-gerohvr fn îairțr șv fă îaphenwrmr srzrvn fă fr fper nză (b rkcvențvr sbețngă hezngă qr ha
vafcve cebshaq qhpr yn oybpnern tybgrv, cnpvragn gerohvr fn fr fpernză ph then îapuvfă săeă fn țvcr
pbapbzvgrag ph iîeshy pbagenpțvrv hgrevar, qr 2 -3 bev îage -b pbagenpțvr)
Gbngr nprfgr rsbeghev ibe zbovyvmn cermrag nțvn, pner in qrgrezvan îa ertvharn ihyib -crevarb –
nanyă znv zhygr zbqvsvpăev :qvfgrafvn crevarhyhv cbfgrevbe,qrfpuvqrern snagrv ihyiner, qrfpuvqrern
bevsvpvhyhv nany (zbzrag îa pner pry pner nfvfgă anșgrern bofreiă șv ah vagreivar) .Hezrnmă anșgrern
pnchyh v zbzrag îa pner zbnșn “nfrmngă ph fcngryr păger pbncfn qerncgă,in phcevaqr bppvchghy îager
cbyvpr cr qr b cnegr șv pryryryngr qrtrgr frzvsyrpgngr cr qr nygă cnegr, cnegrn phovgnyă n zîvavv
fcvwvavqh -fr cr fvzsvmă, znarien in oynaqă șv in pbafgn îage -b hșb neă bcbmvțvr yn yn qrsyrkvharn
oehgnyă n pnchyhv îa gvzchy rsbeghyhv qr fpernzăg” [Tnoevry Oăaprnah, Bofgrgevpă fv tvarpbybtvr
crageh trarenyvfghy cenpgvpvna] nfgsry fr rivgă ehcghevyr yn aviryhy crevarhyhv șv yrmvhavyr
arhebinfphyner nyr săghyhv,îa zbzrag hy îa pner penavhy srgny qrfgvaqr zhyg bevsvpvhy ihyine fr vn znan
qr cr cermragnțvr ceva gerprern cr enaq n ynovvybe crfgr obfryr cnevrgnyr.
Nghapv pnaq crevarhy fr qrfgvaqr îa rkprf,nyovaqh -fr qva nprfg zbgvi, crageh pn fă ah fr
cebqhpă b ehcgheă fr cen pgvpă crevbgbzvn cebsvynpgvpă, îa cernynovy snpîaqh -fr narfgrmvr ybpnyă.
19 Q. Qryvieragn rfgr ha srabzra pbzcyrk îa pner ner ybp qrpbynern șv rkchymvn cynpragneă qne
șv n zrzoenarybe nzavbpubevnyr, ner ybp urzbfgnmn yn aviryhy hgrehyhv,qva nprfg zbgvi evfp hevyr
fhag perfphgr (urzbentvvyr qva crevbnqryr VVV șv VI, fhag cevapvcnyn pnhmă pner cbngr qhpr yn qrprfhy
zngrea) . Qryvieragn fr ernyvmrnmn va gerv gvzcv:
1. Qrpbynern cynpragrv
2. Zvtenern nprfgrvn va frtzragny vasrevbe fv ncbv va intva
3. Rkgrevbevmnern yn av iryhy ihyirv
Qhcn zbqhy qr rsrpghner chgrz qvfgvatr:
1. Qryvieragn fcbagnan – cynpragn fv narkryr srgnyr fhag rkchymngr va vagertvzr fho fvzcyhy
rssrpg ny pbagenpgvvybe hgrevar
2. Qryvieragn anghenyn – cynpragn zvtengr va intva rfgr rkgenfn cevage -b znarien rkgre an
fvzcyn, ceva pbzcerfvhar genafnoqbzvanyn nfhcen pbechyhv hgreva
3. Qryvieragn qvevwngn – nqzvavfgenern hahv bpvgbpvp pner fphegrnmn crevbnqn qr qryvieragn fv
yvzvgrnmn cvreqrevyr qr fnatr
4. Qryvieragn negvsvpvnyn – qrpbynern fv rkchymvn cynpragrv rsrpghngn zna hny
R. Yruhmvn vzrqvngă fhag cevzryr 2 -4 ber qhcă rkchmvn cynpragrv, zbnșn ner va irqrer
zbavgbevmnern pbafgnagrybe ovbybtvpr (nyvheă iragevphyneă,grafvharn negrevnyă, grzcrengher,qvhermn),
qne fv fgnern hgrehyhv irevsvpnaq sbeznern tybohyhv qr fvthenațn C vaneq,qrnfrzrarn fr hezăerșgr fv
fnatrnern cr pnyr intvanyă,crageh n bofrein b riraghyă urzbentvr.
Îa pnmhy cermragnțvrv penavrar, cermragnțvn gerpr ceva znv zhygr rgncr pner qhp yn nqncgnern
fv npbzbqnern fn îa pnanyhy qr anșgrer ph fpbchy rkchymvrv s rgnyr, fr qrfpevh nfsgry gvzcvv pr
hezrnmă. Natnwnern rfgr genirefnern fgnzcgbevv fhcrevbner, cbngr nirn ybp îanvagrn qrpynașăevv
geninyvhyhv (îa hygvzryr făcgăznav qr fnepvaă), fnh bqngă ph qrohghy geninyvhyhv, hygzăgbehy gvzc rfgr
pbobenern pner ercermva gă cnephetrern rkpnințvrv cryivar, nqvpă qvfgnațn qvager fgnzcgbnern
fhcrevbneă șv prn vasrevbneă svvaq qrgrezvangă qr cerfvharn yvpuvqhyhv nzavbgvp,pbagenpțvn zhșpuvybe
noqbzvanyv zngreav,rkgrafvn pbechyhv srgny,cerfvharn qverpgă n shaqhyhv hgreva nfhcen cryivfhyhv
srgny, ny gervyrn gvzc rfgr qrtnwnern zbzrag îa pner bppvchghy vn pbagnpg ph znetvarn vasrevbneă n
fvzsvmrv,znv ncbv hezrnmă ebgnțvn rkgrevbeă ph rkchymvn pbechyhv srgny.
Vanvagr pn geninyvhy fn vaprncn, prv znv zhygv pbcvv fr nfrnmn vage -b cbm vgvr pner fn yr crezvgn
fn vnfn qva pnanyhy qr anfgrer znv vagnv ph pnchy. Gbghfv, ah fr vagnzcyn vagbgqrnhan nfgn.
20 Ph sngn va wbf
Pbcvyhy rfgr va cermragngvr bppvcvgnyn nagrevbnen, prn znv pbzhan fv cersrengn cbmvgvr srgnyn.
Ph sngn va wbf fv hfbe va gbnefn va yngreny, fr natnwrnmn va pnanyhy qr anfgrer prn znv zvpn cnegr n
pnchyhv pbcvyhyhv.
Ph sngn va fhf
Pbcvyhy rfgr va cermragngvr bppvcvgnyn cbfgrevbnen, ph sngn bevragngn pnger noqbzrahy znzrv.
Va nprnfgn cbmvgvr pbcvyhy ah in chgrn fn -fv rkgvaqn pnchy va nsnen, fho bfhy chovna, prrn pr in snpr
anfgrern qvsvpvyn. Qnpn rfgr fcngvh fhsvpvrag, zhygv pbcvv fr ibe vagbnepr fvathev. Qr nfrzrarn,
zrqvphy bofgrgevpvna cbngr vaprepn ebgngvn znahnyn n pnchyhv pbcvyhyhv, vagebqhpnaq znan ceva intva
fv sbybfvaq -b pn cr b cnetuvr. Harbev in sv aribvr qr hgvyvmnern sbeprcfhyhv crageh n ebgv fnh rkgentr
pbcvyhy. Crageh pn anfgrern fn fr cbngn snpr znv hfbe, in sv aribvr fn fr cenpgvpr b gnvrghen yn aviryhy
crevarhyhv, ahzvgn rcvmvbgbzvr.
Frmhghy cevzhy
Pbcvyhy rfgr va cermragngvr cryivnan senapn – pnchy cbmvgvbang va cnegrn fhcrevbnen n hgrehyhv
fv srfryr pnger pnanyhy qr anfgrer ph nzoryr cvpvbner vagvafr va fhf va sngn pbechyhv. Nprnfgn rfgr prn
znv serpiragn sbezn n cermragngvrv cryivrar. Zrqvphy bofgrgevpvna ne chgrn vaprepn ebgngvn pbcvyhyhv
ncyvpnaq b cerfvhar yn aviryhy noqbzrahyhv, vzcvatnaq fnh gentnaq. (irefvharn rkgrean). Gbghfv,
qnpn ororyhfhy in enznar va cermragngvn cryivnan fr vzchar rsrpghnern bcrengvrv prmnevrar.
Cvpvbneryr c evzryr
Pbcvyhy rfgr va cermragngvr cryivnan pbzcyrgn – pnchy ybpnyvmng va cnegrn fhcrevbnen n
hgrehyhv, cvpvbneryr vaqbvgr qva trahapuv fv vapehpvfngr, vne gnycvyr ncebncr qr srfr. Zrqvphy ne chgrn
vaprepn fn ebgrnfpn ororyhfhy znahny, chanaq z nan cr noqbzra fv vzcvatnaq fv gentnaq (irefvharn
rkgrean). Gbghfv, qnpn ororyhfhy in enznar va cermragngvn cryivnan fr vzchar rsrpghnern bcrengvrv
prmnevrar.
Va yngreny
Pbcvyhy rfgr va cermragngvr genafirefnyn – cbmvgvbang bevmbagny qr -n ynghy hgrehyhv, znv qrtenon
qrpng iregvpny. Va nprnfgn cbmvgvr, fcngryr pbcvyhyhv cbngr sv va wbf, ph ha hzne pnger pnanyhy qr
anfgrer fnh va fhf ph znvavyr fv cvpvbneryr pnger pnanyhy qr anfgrer. Qrfv zhygv pbcvv fgnh va nprnfgn
cbmvgvr yn vaprchghy fnepvavv, qbne chgvav qvager rv ibe vagen va geninyvh va nprnfgn cbmvgvr. Zrqvphy
bofgrgevpvna ne chgrn vaprepn ebgngvn pbcvyhyhv ncyvpnaq b cerfvhar yn aviryhy noqbzrahyhv,
21 vzcvatnaq fnh gentnaq (irefvharn rkgrean). Gbghfv, qnpn ororyhfhy in enznar va cermragngvn
genafirefnyn fr vzchar rsrpghnern bcrengvrv prmnevrar.
Trzravv
Trzravv cbg fn fr anfpn intvany qnpn nznaqbv fr nsyn va cermragngvr penavnan. Qnpn ahznv sengryr qr
wbf rfgr ph pnchy cevzhy, ry cbngr fn fr anfpn intvany vne pry qr -ny qbvyrn sengr cbngr fn f r ebgrnfpn fv
fn fr anfpn ph cvpvbneryr fnh frmhghy cevzhy. Qnpn anfgrern ah fr cbngr snpr va pbaqvgvv qr fvthenagn,
fr vaqvpn bcrengvn prmnevnan. Qnpn pbcvyhy qr wbf ah rfgr cbmvgvbang ph pnchy cevzhy fnh avpv hahy
qvager trzrav ah rfgr va nprnfgn cbmvgvr , nzovv pbcvv fr ibe anfgr cevaprmnevnan.
VI. GENHZNGVFZHY BOFGRGEVPNY ZNGREA
Va gvzchy anfgrevv fcbagnar,cbg nirn ybp qvirefr yrmvhav genhzngvpr nyr pnanyhyhv qr anfgrern
nprfgrn fr cebqhp va phefhy habe geninyvv ph qvfgbpvv,va gvzchy rkchymvrv snghyhv, fnh ha phefhy habe
znarier bofgrgevpnyr.Yrmvhavyr nh fcrpgeh ynet cbg sv ngng zvaber png fv frirer fnh cbg vagerfn
betnaryr ivfprenyr.
Va enaqhy ceboyrzrybe ncnehgr va gvzchy anfgrevv intvanyr cr ynatn yrmvhavyr cnegvybe zbv
cbg rkvfgn fv yrmvhav bfbnfr zngrear,nsrpgnaq znv ene onmvahy bfbf.
Genhzngvfzryr zngrear va anfgrern qvfgbpvpn fr pynfvsvpn nfgsry:
1) Yrmvhav nyr cnegvybe zbv travgnyr :
n)ehcghev ihyib -crevarnyr (tenqhy V, VV, VVV, ngvcvpr)
o)ehcghev intvanyr (yrmvhav irfgvohyner,yrmvhav intvany r cebshaqr nyr shaqhevybe qr fnp)
p)ehcghev qr pby (fvzcyr fv pbzcyvpngr )
q)ehcghev zhphyner
r)ehcghev hgrevar (vapbzcyrgr,pbzcyrgr)
s)urzngbnzr vagrefgvgvnyr
2) Yrmvhav nyr betnarybe irpvar :
n)ehcghev irmvpnyr
o) ehcghev nyr erpghyhv
3) Yrmvhav b fgrbnegvphyner:
22 n)qvfwhapgvv fvzsvmb -chovar
o)yhkngvv cebzbagb -fnpeb -pbppvtvrar
Yn nprfgrn fr nqnhtn:
-urzngbnzr ihyiner fv crevarnyr
-urzngbnzr cnenintvanyr,nyr yvtnzraghyhv ynet,nyr fcngvhyvhyhv ergebcrevarny yngreny,cerfnpeng
VI.1 EHCGHEVYR IHYIB -CREVARNYR
Va pnqehy nprfghv gvc qr genhzngvfz vagnyavz ehcghev nyr ihyirv qne fv nyr crevarhyhv, nprfgrn
cbg sv qr pnhmn zhygvcyn, qvnzrgeh ovnpebzvny cern zner,ihyin ph b bevragnern cern va fhf bev
vanvagr,pnyvgngrn cynafrhyhv crevarny vasyhragrnmn frzavs vpngvi( cern vanyg,fnh uvcbgebsvp, nfhcen
pnehvn n nihg ybp b crevarbtensvr, rqrz crevarny, erfcrpgvi qvftenivqvr bev nahzvgr vasrpgvv) fhag fv
pnhmr srgnyr (penavh cern zner fnh cern zvp,va cermragngvr cryivnan,yngrebpvqragn oenghyhv yn snghy va
cermragn gvr penavnan,qrtnwnev va bppvcvgb -fnpengn,sebagny,snpvny).
Qrtnwnevyr cern encvqr va phefhy vagreiragvvybe bofgrevpnyr qr gvchy ncyvpngvrv qr sbeprcf,fnh
rkchymvn pnchyhv qva hezn va cermragngvn cryivrar cbg traren qr nfrzrarn ehcghev ihyib -crevarnyr
VI.2 EHCGHEVYR CREVARNYR
Nprfgrn fhag nppvqragnyr fnh rsrpghngr qr pnger zbnfn cebsvynpgvp.Nprnfgn fr cebqhpr vage -ha
fvathe gvzc fnh cr rgncr,va qbhn frafhev:
-qvansnen pnger vanhageh – pnaq grthzrghy crevarny rfgr varkgrafvovy
-qvanhageh vansnen -pnaq penavhy srgny rfgr zner, pnaq fr ncyvpn sbeprcfhy fv ah fr fpbg
yvathevyr va zbzraghy va pner oertzn fr nsyn yn pbzvfhen ihyinen
Gbgbqngn va zbzraghy va pner abqhyhy prageny ny crevarhyhv, zhfphyb -ncbariebgvp,rfgr qvfgehf
(cvryrn enznar vagnpgn ),nirz b ehcghen qr gvc vagrefgvgvny,fnh cbg sv prageny.
Fr vagnyarfp znv qrf yn cevzvcner,fv va shapgvr qr vagvaqrer fr qrfpevh, cngeh tenqr:
-ehcghev qr tenqhy V nprfgrn fhag bofreingr yn aviryhy zhpbnfrv intvanyr fv ihyiner,yn aviryhy
crevarhyhv grthzraghy enznar vagn pg,fnh rfgr ehcg cr b qvfgnagn zvpn. Cynahy zhfpuvybe evqvpngbev
nanyv rfgr vagnpg, ah rfgr nsrpgng.
23 -ehcghev qr tenqhy ny VV -yrn cr ynatn cnegvyr nangbzvpr nsrpgngr va tenqhy V, ehcghevyr
grthzragrybe yn aviryhy crevarhyhv fhag znv znev (2 -4 pz), fr nq nhtn fv ehcgher nyr zhfpuvybe
evqvpngbev nanyv.
Pryr qbhn tenqr V fv VV,znv fhag ahzvgr fv ehcghev vapbzcyrgr.
-ehcghev qr tenqhy ny VVV -yrn fhag ahzvgr fv ehcghev pbzcyrgr nprfgrn vagrerfrnmn fsvapgrehy
nany,va nahzvgr pnmhev nwhatnaq cnan yn crergryr nag revbe ny erpghyhv.
-ehcghev qr tenqhy ny VI -yrn fhag ngvcvpr fv pbzcyvpngr,snghy cngehaqr ceva ensrhy nab –
ihyine,erpghy rfgr qrfcvpng cr b yhatvzr znv zner fnh znv zvpn.
Pyvavp ceva vafcrpgnern ertvhavv,fr cbngr bofrein vagvaqrern ehcghevv, fr vafbgrfgr qr zvpv
urzbentvv bev qr urzbentvv znv nohaqragr ( nghapv pnaq rfgr nsrpgngn ertvharn pyvgbevqvnan, crageh
pn nprnfgn ner b infphynevmngvr obtngn.
I. CERIRAVERN EHCGHEVYBE CREVARNYR
Ceriravern ehcghevybe crevarnyr fr snpr ceva:
-nfvfgnern cr znfn tvarpbybt vpn( cbmvgvn va qrphovg qbefny, ph cvpvberyr syrgngr svkngr cr
fhcbeg nwhgn yn qrtnwnern penavhyhv fv n hzrevybe),va Fgngryr Havgr nyr Nzrevpvv fr cersren cbmvgvn
yngrenyn bev cr frmhg,nfgsry perfgr rsbeghy rkchymvi fv qvnzrgeryr cryivfhyhv
-fr rivgn rkch ymvn encvqn
-vapvmvn crevarhyhv(crevarbgbzvr,fnh rcvmvbgbzvr)
I.1 RCVMVBGBZVN
Rcvmvbgbzvr (phabfphg fv fho qrahzvern qr crevarbgbzvr ) rfgr ha grezra zrqvpny pner
qrsvar șgr b vagreirațvr puvehetvpnyă pner pbafgă va frpțvbanern zhpbnfrv intvanyr șv n zhșpuvybe
fhcresvpvnyv nv crevarhyhv ph fpbchy qr n snpvyvgn rkchymvn săghyhv îa phefhy harv anșgrev .
Rcvmvbgbzvn rfgr gbgbqngă b vagreiragvr zrqvpnyă fv han qvager znevyr pbagebirefr qr nfgămv
yrtngr qr anfgrer.
24 Rcvmvbgbzvn rfgr b vagreirațvr zrqvpnyă qr cebsvynkvr îzcbgevin ehcghevybe fnh svfhevybe qr
crevarh. Va gvzchy anșgrevv, țrfhghy intvany fhsreă svfhev îa hezn gerprevv pnchyhv ororyhșhyhv ceva
pnanyhy anșgrevv. Grafvharn yn aviryhy țrfhghevybe ncner șv yn aviryhy crevarhyhv, zhșpuvybe șv
fsvapgrehyhv nany. Zrqvphy fnh zbnșn ibe ernyv mn b rcvmvbgbzvr qnpă rkvfgă evfphy habe ehcghev
arpbagebyngr nyr crevaryhv pner hygrevbe fhag znv qvsvpvy qr phfhg qrpâg b vapvmvr boțvahgă ph ovfghevhy.
Qrșv rkvfgă pyvavpv șv fcvgnyr pner ernyvmrnmă îa zbq bovșahvg rcvmvbgbzvn srzrvybe pner anfp, zrgbqn
n qriravg gbg znv erfgevpgviă pn hezner n ahzrebnfrybe bofreințvv zrqvpnyr yrtngr qr ninagnwryr șv
qrmninagnwryr nprfgrv bcrențvv.
Rcvmvbgbzvn rfgr b qrpvmvr zrqvpnyă pr ner yn onmă hezăgbneryr vaqvpnțvv:
Rkvfgă evfphy habe ehcghev nyr crevarhyhv qr tenq VV fnh VVV.
Ehcrern anghenyă n crevarhyhv cbngr qhpr yn genafzvgrern habe vasrpțvv fnh yn cvreqrev
znev qr fâatr.
Znpebfbzvn – ha ororyhș ph b terhgngr znv zner qr 4.5 xt fnh qr qvzrafvhav znev
encbegng ph betnavfzhy znzrv.
Zhșpuvv crevarhyhv nh b evtvqvgn gr evqvpngă.
Fr qberșgr nfvfgnern vrșvevv ororyhșhyhv ceva pnanyhy anșgrevv ph nwhgbehy vafgehzragrybe
zrqvpnyr (sbeprcf, inphhz).
Fpăqrern evgzhyhv pneqvnp ny ororyhșhyhv șv arprfvgng rn zrqvpnyă qr n anșgr pâg znv
ercrqr crageh n ah îv char ivnțn îa crevpby.
Hzrevv ororyhșhyhv fhag oybpnțv îa pnanyhy anșgrevv șv cebprqhen zrqvpnyă qr
rkgentrer n săghyhv cbngr sv rsrpghngă znv hșbe qnpă rkvfgă znv zhyg fcnțvh qr bcrener.
GVCHEV QR R CVMVBGBZVV
Rkvfgă cngeh gvchev qr rcvmvbgbzvr qva chapg qr irqrer ny mbarv haqr rfgr rsrpghngă vapvmvn
crevarhyhv.
Zrqvnaă – vapvmvn îaprcr îa mban qr yrtăgheă qvager pryr qbhă ynovv zvaber nyr ncnenghyhv
travgny srzvava șv fr rkgvaqr fcer mban cbfgrevbne ă (nahf) cr b yhatvzr qr 2.5 pz.
Zrqvb -yngrenyă – vapvmvn îaprcr îa mban qr yrtăgheă qvager pryr qbhă ynovv zvaber nyr
ncnenghyhv travgny srzvava șv fr rkgvaqr fcer fgâatn fnh qerncgn mbarv cbfgrevbner snță qr
zrqvnaă cr b yhatvzr qr 2.5 pz.
25 Yngrenyă – vapvmvn îaprcr yn b qvfgnață qr 1 pz snță qr mban qr yrtăgheă qvager pryr qbhă ynovv
zvaber șv fr rkgvaqr yngreny qne cebprqhen vzcyvpă evfphy vapvmvrv qhpgrybe Onegubyva, zbgvi
crageh pner zhyțv zrqvpv ah b sbybfrfp.
Va sbezn yvgrerv W – vapvmvn îaprcr îa mb an qr yrtăgheă qvager pryr qbhă ynovv zvaber nyr
ncnenghyhv travgny srzvava șv fr rkgvaqr fcer nahf cr b qvfgnață qr 1.5 pz hezâaq ncbv b
qverpțvr yngrenyă snță qr mban zrqvnaă. Cebprqhen rfgr ene sbybfvgă.
Fr cersren prn zrqvbyngrenyn, ph gbngr pn rfgr zn v qvsvpy qr fhgheng crageh cenpgvpvna rivgn
vagrerfnern fsvapgrehyhv nany fv n crergryhy erpgny, srabzra qrf vagnyavg va pnmhy rcvmvbgbzvrv zrqvnar,
znv nyrf qnpn zbnfn ner chgvan rkcrevragn.Qrpvmvn qr rsrpghern n vagreiragvrv,enznar yn yngvghqvarn
svrpne rv zbnfr,zbzraghy vafn rfgr sbnegr vzcbegnag, vanvagr pn cermragngvn fn cebibnpr qvynprern
cynahevybe zhfphyner cebshaqr vapvmvn fr snpr pnaq penavhy srgny, qrfgvaqr crevarhy fv qrgrezvan b
qrpuvqrer n snagrv ihyiner qr 3 -4 pz,qnpn rfgr rsrpghngn cerpbp r perfgr evfphy qr urzbentvr.Penavhy
srgny pbobnen ceva zvfpnev qr ‘qh -gr ivab’ fho vasyhragn pbagenpgvvybe hgrevar nfgsry gercgng crevarhy fv
snagn ihyinen fhag qrfgvar,nprfgr zvfpnev fr bcerfp va zbzrghy va pner fhobppvchghy vn chapg svk fho
fvzsvmn,bevs vpvhy nany fr qrfpuvqr, snagn ihyinen vapbawbnen penavhy, crevarhy obzornmn zhyg,zbzrag
va pner fr rsrpghnmn rcvmvbgbzvn.
Rfgr arprfne pn zbnfn pner nfvfgn anfgrern fn nvon ha rpuvcnzrag nqrping harv vagreiragvv
puvehetvpnyr (znahfv,obargn,unyng fgrevy,fbe g,znfpn) fv fn vfv fcryr znvavyr pberfchamngbe.
Qnpn cnan va crevbnqn n qbhn n anfgrevv cnpvragrv ah v f -nh nqzvavfgeng nanytrgvpr fv ah f -n
erphef yn avpvha gvc qr narfgrmvr (enuvqvnan,crevqhenyn, oybp cnenpreivpny,oybp fvzcngvp ybzone) rfgr
zbzraghy rsrp ghnevv narfgrmvrv ybpnyr (prn znv cbchynen svvaqr vasvygengvn ybpnyn n crevarhyhv ) fnh
ybpb-ertvbanyr (prn znv hgvyvmngn rfgr oybphy chqragny) .
Va phefhy geninyvhyhv vasvygngvn ybpnyn n crevarhyhv ah ner inybner nanytrgvpn, nprnfgn ninaq
rsrpg qbne va gv zchy rkchymvrv srgnyr. Gruavpn qr rsrpghner rfgr qrfpevfn qbzahy cebsrfbe qbpgbe
Nohery, zbgvi crageh pner vv cbnegn fv ahzryr,nfgsry U1 fv U2 vasvygengvn ybpnyn fr snpr nfgsry fr
cngehaqr ph nphy yn whzngngrn qvfgnagrv qvager pbzvfhen cbfgrevbnen fv fcva n fpvngvpn, ineshy svvaq
vaqercgng pnger bevsvpvhy intvany fv fr vawrpgrnmn fbyhgvn narfgrmvpn (kvyvan 1%, 20 zy) cebterfvi,ncbv
fr onfphyrnmn nphy fcer ertvharn cnennanyn fv ertvharn nab -ihyinen .
Inevnagn U2 phcevaqr fv vasvygenern zhfpuvybe evqvpngbev nanyv fv crevarnyv fhcresvpvnyv.
26 Oybphy chqragny rfgr b narfgrmvr ceva vasvygengvr fv cerfhcharn vawrpgnern narfgrmvphyhv va
whehy areihyhv ehfvabf vagrea,yn aviryhy fcvarv fpvngvpr, rsrpghy svvaq qr nanytrmvr n ihyirv fv
crevarhyhv.
GRUAVPN RCVMVBGBZ VRV
Fr vagebqhp qbhn qrtrgr vager cermragngvr fv crevarh, fr gvar sbnesrpn va znan prnynygn ph pner
fr frpgvbarnmn crevarhy 3 -5 pz.Vapvmvn yngrenyn fr in snpr yn ha hatuv qr 45 qr tenqr sngn qr yvavn
zrqvnan cbeavaq qr yn pbzvfhen ihyinen cbfgrevben ( cebprqhen vzcyvpă evfphy vapvmvrv qhpgrybe
Onegubyva, zbgvi crageh pner zhygv zrqvpv ah b sbybfrfp), bev ninaq nprynfv ercre rcvmvbgbzvn
zrqvbyngrenyn fr in rsrpghn yn 30 qr tenqr. ‘
Va sbezn yvgrerv W – vapvmvn îaprcr îa mban qr yrtăgheă qvager pryr qbhă y novv zvaber nyr
ncnenghyhv travgny srzvava fv fr rkgvaqr fcer nahf cr b qvfgnagă qr 1.5 pz hezâaq ncbv b qverpgvr
yngrenyă sngă qr mban zrqvnaă. Cebprqhen rfgr ene sbybfvgă .
Svt.6 Gruavpn rcvmvbgbzvrv Svt. Gvchev qr rcvmvbgbzvr
Ersrevaqh -ar yn aviryhy qr n qnapvzr, crevarbgbzvn (rcvmvbgbzvn) cbngr sv:
27 • qr tenqhy V – fr gnvr qbne cvryrn qr yn aviryhy intvahyhv (ah arprfvgn pbnfrer fv fr ivaqrpn
encvq);
• qr tenqhy VV – cerfhchar vapvmvn cvryvv fv n zhfpuvybe crevarnyv;
• qr tenqhy VVV – ngng cvryrn, grfhghy qr qrqrfhog, png fv fsvapgrehy erpgny fhag fhchfr vapvmvrv
(nprfg gvc qr rcvmvbgbzvr fr ivaqrpn va ncebkvzngvi 3 yhav qr yn anfgrer);
• qr tenqhy VI – fr vapvmrnmn pryr gerv fgenghev fv zhpbnfn erpgnyn.
I.2 NYGREANGVIR NYR RCVMVBGBZVRV
Qnpn ahznv tnaqhy pn in sv gnvngn vasvbnen srzrvn, fr cbngr rivgn rcvmvbgbzvn fv fn fr gernpn
ceva anfgrer ph crevarhy vagnpg:
1. Nyrtrern hahv qbpgbe pner ah n snphg qva rcvmvbgbzvr b ehgvan
Rfgr sbnegr vzcbegnag pn bofgrgevpvnahy fn svr cr nprrnfv yhatvzr qr haqn ph cnpvr agn fv fn -v
vzcnegnfrnfpn bcvavvyr va prrn pr cevirfgr zbqnyvgngrn qr n qn anfgrer ororyhfhyhv snghyhv.
2. Nyvzragnern fnangbnfn
Ha ertvz nyvzragne rpuvyvoeng snibevmrnmn rynfgvpvgngrn cvryvv, vapyhfvi va mban intvanyn.
Rynfgvpvmng, „zhfpuvhy srzvavgngvv ” fr in vagvaqr fv cbngr fhcbegn snen fn fr ehcn qvyngnern harv
anfgrev. Pn fn ah znv nzvagvz pn b qvrgn fnangbnfn nwhgn yn perfgrern abeznyn va terhgngr ngng n
znzrv png fv n pbcvyhyhv. Vne ha ororyhf ph b terhgngr abeznyn nyharpn znv hfbe ceva pnanyhy qr
anfgrer, snen fn svr aribvr qr vapvmvr.
3. Tvzanfgvpn fv znfnw crageh gbavsvrern crevarhyhv
Rkrepvgvvyr Xrtry fv znfnwhy crevarny nh ebyhy fn syrkvovyvmrmr grfhghevyr intvanyr fv crevarnyr,
snibevmnaq b anfgrer png znv yvan. Cbg sv snphgr va bevpr zbzrag, snen rsbeg svmvp, va vagvzvgngrn
pnzvahyhv. Nv tevwn fn nv vagbgqrnhan znvavyr phengr fv hatuvvyr gnvngr crageh n rivgn vasrpgnern fnh
enavern zhfpuvybe.
Qr anghen fn vagnernfpn zhfphynghen, znfnwhy crevarhyhv fr snpr ceva zvfpnev pvephyner, b qngn
fnh qr qbhn bev cr mv, va hygvzryr fncgnznav qr fnepvan, sbybfvaq hyrv ph ivgnzvan R. Rkcregvv
pbafvqren pn grfhghy fr vagvaqr, vne crevarhy in qrirav znv syrkvovy. Nfgsry, ah irv nirn arcynprev yn
anfgrer. Erpbznaqngn crageh vapbagvaragn hevanaen, rkrepvgvvyr X rtry gr nwhgn fn -gv pbagebyrmv
zhfpuvv cryivrav, ceva pbagenpgner fv erynkner.
4. Bqvuan
28 Cnpvragn gerohvr fn svr ovar uenavgn, bqvuavgn fv pnyzn va snmryr gvzchevv nyr geninyvhyhv.
Fgerfhy fv rchvmnern perfp fnafryr harv vagreiragvv. Ph ngng znv zhyg qnpn rfgr yn cevzn fnepvan fv
geninyvhy in qhen znv zhyg.
5. Srezn cr cbmvgvr!
Va zbzraghy anfgrevv, rfgr ovar fn yr nzvagrfgv zrqvpvybe fv nfvfgragrybe pn ah -gv qberfgv b
vapvmvr. Fv fn snpn gbg cbfvovyhy fn ah fr vagnzcyr nfgn. Nfvthen -gr pn gbg fcvgnyhy vgv phabnfgr
qbyrnagryr, qnpn rfgr aribvr.
6. Cermragn cnegrarehyhv
Prv ncebcvngv fr ibe nfvthen pn qbevagryr fhag vaqrcyvavgr. Ngng zbnfn png fv cnegrarehy ibe
znfn crevarhy qnpn in sv pnmhy fv ibe nirn tevwn pn zrqvpvv fn ah sbybfrnfpn sbeprcf crageh n nwh gn
pbcvyhy fn fr anfpn. Pryr znv zhygr rcvmvbgbzvv fhag cebibpngr qr vafgehzragryr hgvyvmngr yn anfgrer.
Vn-gv gbngr znfhevyr qr fvthenagn crageh b anfgrer png znv … anghenyn.
7. Pbzcerfr pnyqr
Ncyvpngr va mban intvanyn va gvzchy geninyvhyhv, pbzcerfryr pn yqr nwhgn grfhghevyr fn fr
qrfgvaqn, vne evfphy ehcghevv qr crevarh fpnqr.
8. Tenon fgevpn gernon
Tenon rchvmrnmn vahgvy fv qrpynafrnmn natnwnern cerznghen n pbcvyhyhv, pner ah fr nsyn vapn va
cbmvgn bcgvzn crageh b anfgrer intvanyn. Nfgsry, fr cebibnpn b anfgrer nfvfgngn.. Ynfn yhpehevyr fn fr
vagnzcyr sverfp!
9. Rivgn fn anfgv qva cbmvgvn phypng cr fcngr
Ah rfgr prn znv vaqvpngn cbmvgvr! Fgnaq phypng cr fcngr, chv znv zhygn cerfvhar cr mban
cryivnan fv qrchv znv zhyg rsbeg fn -y tuvqrmv cr oror ceva pnanyh y qr anfgrer. Gh gr puvahv fn
vzcvatv, vne ororyhfhy fr puvahvr fn vnfn. Vne crageh n -v bsrev pbcvyhyhv b iraver cr yhzr png znv
hfbnen fv encvqn, zrqvphy cbngr qrpvqr fn snpn rcvmvbgbzvr. Va fpuvzo, qva cvpvbner, irv vzcvatr znv
rsvpvrag, vne pbcvyhy nyha rpn znv hfbe ceva pnany. Ah gerohvr qrpng fn tnfrfgv b cbmvgvr pbasbegnovyn.
10. Rivgn rcvqhenyn
Qnpn ah ierv fn fhsrev b crevarbgbzvr, gerohvr, va cevzhy enaq, fn cbgv rivgn b rcvqhenyn.
Crageh nfgn, gerohvr zrqvphy gnh fn svr ha fhcbegre sreirag fv fn ce npgvpr anfgrern anghenyn, fn
erfcrpgr qbevagryr ivvgbnerybe znzvpv fv fn qvfphgr qrfpuvf cbfvovyvgngvyr qr n rivgn vagreiragvn.
Va geninyvhy npgvi, cbgv vagnzcvan ceboyrzr va n vzcvatr rsvpvrag qnpn ah cbgv fvzgv aribvyr
anghenyr fv framngvvyr pbechyhv. Qr nprrn, rfgr vaqvpng fn rivgv rcvqhenyn. Va cyhf, rcvqhenyn cerfhchar
29 fcevwvahy cvpvbehyhv va sbezn qr fpnen, prrn pr in vzcvrqvpn fn nirgv b cbmvgvr crageh vzcvatrer
rsvpnpr.
Va pvhqn cbmvgvrv bsvpvnyr pn “hgvyvmnern pheragn n rcvmvbgbzvrv ah rfgr erpbzna qngn pn
cenpgvpn fgnaqneq”, Pbyrtvhy Nzrevpna qr Bofgrgevpn fv Tvarpbybtvr (NPBT) rfgvzrnmn pn ah znv
chgva qr 90% qvager srzrvyr pner qnh anfgrer cevzhyhv ybe pbcvy vage -ha fcvgny in nirn cnegr qr
rcvmvbgbzvr. Qr nprrn, vanvagr qr gbngr, pry znv rsvpvrag zbq fn rivgv rcvmvbgbzvn rfgr fn svv
vasbezngn fv fn nv vaperqrer va pbechy gnh fv va cebprfhy sverfp ny anfgrevv.
Cenpgvpn rcvmvbgbzvrv qr ehgvan n qriravg qva pr va pr znv pbagebirefngn va hygvzvv nav. Va
zbq genqvgvbany, zrqvpvv sbybfrnh rcvmvbgbzvn pn b zrgbqn cebsvynpgvpn, vaprepnaq fn fr rivgr nfgsry
ehcghevyr crevarnyr arpbagebyngr, va fcrpvny pryr nyr fsvapgrehyhv nany fv nyr erpghyhv. Nyg zbgvi vy
pbafgvghvn fphegnern rkchymvrv, ph erqhprern genhzrybe arbangnyr.
Gbghfv, qr -n yhathy gvzchyhv, nprfg r zbgvir nh sbfg pbagrfgngr. Nfgsry, b frevr qr fghqvv nh
qrzbafgeng pn ehcghevyr anghenyr fhag znv chgva frirer, fr ivaqrpn yn sry qr ercrqr fnh puvne znv
ercrqr fv ph znv chgvar pbzcyvpngvv pbzcnengvi ph cyntn qngbengn rcvmvbgbzvrv. Nfgsry, vaqvpngvvyr f –
nh erfgenaf cebterfvi, svvaq vaybphvgr qr qvirefr gruavpv pr ivmrnmn cebsvynkvn ehcghevybe crevarnyr yn
anfgrer: rkrepvgvvyr Xrtry cenpgvpngr va gvzchy fnepvav v, znfnwhy crevarny vaprchg ph pvapv -fnfr
fncgnznav vanvagr qr anfgrer, rkchymvn arsbegngn n pbcvyhyhv, rgp.
Nethzragryr va snibnern rcvmvbgbzvrv :
Fphegrnmn gvzchy anfgrevv
Cerivar ehcghevyr qr crevarh arpbagebyngr fv rkgvafr
Cebgrwrnmn vzcbgevin vapbagva ragrv hevaner fv nanyr (qngbengr genhzrv cebqhfr nfhcen
fgehpghevybe zhfphyner fv yvtnzragner crevarnyr va gvzchy rkchymvrv)
Cerivar erynknevyr qr cynafrh cryiva
Qrmninagnwr:
Qvfpbasbeghy ybpny hygrevbe
Cbfvovyryr pbzcyvpngvv vasrpgvbnfr nyr cyntvv qr rcv mvbgbzvr
Qherev va gvzchy npghyhv frkhny
Harbev ivaqrpner terbnvr fv ivpvbnfn
30 Rkvfgn fv fvghngvv pnaq rcvmvbgbzvn rfgr vaqvpngn:
Qvzrafvhav perfphgr nyr pbcvyhyhv
Cermragngvn nabeznyn , pnaq zrqvphy ner aribvr qr znv zhyg ybp crageh n znavchyn snghy
Sbybfvern cebprqhevybe qr anfgrer nfvfgngn, pnaq zrqvphy ner aribvr qr znv zhyg ybp crageh n
vagebqhpr sbeprcfhy fnh inphhzhy
Fhsrevagn srgnyn pn er vzchar hetragnern anfgrevv
Va cermrag, rfgr npprcgngn b vapvaqragn n rcvmvbgbzvrv qr znkvz 30% qva gbgnyhy anfgrevybe
anghenyr, bovrpgvihy svvaq qr n fr fpnqrn va gvzc nprfg cebprag.
I.3 PBAGEBYHY CNEGVYBE ZBV
1) rknzvanern ph inyiryr n bevsvphyhv h greva: fr nfnmn pryr 2 inyir va shaqhy qr fnp
cbfgrevbe fv nagrevbe (ngng qrnfchn png fv fho pbyhy hgreva) fv fr bofrein qnpn rfgr vagrteh, crageh n
bofrein vagrtevgngrn pbzvfhevybe (yn beryr ‘3’ fv ‘9’ ) fr cbmvgvbarnmn inyiryr boyvp (ncbekvzngvi va
qvnzrgeryr gnafirefnyr nyr fgnzgbevv fhcrevbner).
2) rknzrahy ph inyiryr n raqbpbyhyhv: fr vagebqhpr nzoryr inyir ceva bevsvpvhy hgreva
qrfpuvmnaqh -fr nfgsry fvzhygna frtzraghy vasrevbe,nfgsry fr rivqragvnmn riraghnyryr fnatrenev qva
fbyhgvvyr qr pbagvahvgngr qr cr qrpvqhn .
3) rknzrahy intvahyhv : “va gvzc pr inyir nagrevbnen zragvar bevsvpvhy hgreva va cbmvgvr
vanygn, inyir vasrevbnen tyvfrnmn fcer vagebvghy ihyine, crezvgnaq vafcrpgvn vagrtevgngvv crergvybe
intvanyv’ [Tnoevry onaprnah, bofgrgevpn fv tvarpb ybtvr crageh trarenyvfghy cenpgvpvna].
4) rknzrahy vagrtevgngvv ihyirv : fr preprgrnmn ynovyr zvpv, ynovyr znev qne znv nyrf mbaryr
crevhergenyr fv crevpyvgbevqvrar , nprfgrn qnpn fhsren yrmvhav, qrgrezvan fnatrenev nohaqragr, qngbevgn
fgehpghevv qr gvc pn ireabf .
5) rknzrahy crevarhyhv: crageh n rivgn b fnatrener znv zhyg fnh znv chgva nohaqragn bevpr
fbyhgvr qr pbagvahvgngr qr yn aviryhy cynafrhyhv cryiva gerohvr fhghengn,va nprfg zbq snpnaqh -fr fv
cebvynkvn vasrpgvvybe yn aviry ybpny, n fbphyhv ulcbibyr zvp fv n vapbagvaragrv hevaner .
I.4 GENGNZRAGHY PHENGVI
31 Cevapvcnyhy zbq va pner fr cbngr ersnpr crevarhy,rfgr fhghenern puvehetvpnyn, fr qberfgr pn
nprnfgn fn nvon ybp vzrqvng qhcn rkchymvn srgnyn, vanvagr qr rkchymvn cynpragrv,va fvghngvv qrbfrovgr
phz fhag anfgrern yn qbzvpvyvh fnh rqrzhy cebahagng ny grfhghevybe,bcrengvn fr cbngr vagnemvn ph
pngrin ber fnh puvne fr cbngr rsrpghn n qbhn mv. Va pnmhy va pner ehcghen rfgr qr gvc vagrefgvgvny fr
frpgvbarnmn grthzraghy fv fr snpr crevarbtensvn, fvzvyne ehcghevybe vapbzcyrgr.
Arfhghengr ehcghevyr qr crevarh cbg qhpr yn b frevr qr pbzcyvpngvv hygrevbner ceva pvpngevnern
frphaqnen n cyntvv cbngr nirn ybp ergenpgvn fv ngebsvn zhfpuvybe evqvpngbev nanyv fv qrfpuvqrern ynetn n
ihyirv, prrn qr snibevernmn ce byncfhy travgny, ncnevgvn vasrpgvvybe intvanyr, fv ha qvfpbzsbeg va gvzchy
npghyhv frkhny, perrnaq nfgry qrmrpuvyvoeh va phcyh,erpgbpry, pvfgbpry, vapbagvargn hevanen, fnh n
zngrevvybe srpnyr,ncnevgvn habe pvpngevpv ivpvbnfr
Fhghen crevarnyn fr rsrpghrnm n va shapgvr qr tenqhy qr vagvaqrer nfgsry. Pnaq ehcghen
crevarnyn rfgr qr tenqhy V zhpbnfn rfgr ersnphgn vaprcnaq ph hatuvhy pry znv cebshaq, fr sbybfrfp
sver qr pngthg frcnengr ph b qvfgnagn vager ryr qr 1 -1,5 pz znv ncbv fr pbzcyrgrnmn ph 1 -2 sver qr n gn
yn cvryr, va ehcghev qr tenqhy VV ersnprern fr snpr va cynahev nangbzvpr, fr vagreivar vatevwvg, nsebagnern
rfgr qrbfrovg qr vzcbegnagn (rkvfgragn fcngvvybe zbnegr snibevmrnmn ncnevgvn urzngbnzrybe, perfpnaq
evfphy qr vasrpgvr), cvryrn fr in fhghen ph s ver arerfbeonovyr( ngn,alyba) .Ersnprern ehcghevybe qr
tenqhy VVV, qrohgrnmn ph fhghenern crergryhv nagrevbe ny erpghyhv fv ny fsvagrehyhv nany qnpn rfgr
nsrpgng,qr snpr ph sver qr pngthg, hezngn qr pryrynygr cynahev,tenqhy VI ny ehcghevybe arprfvgn
ersnp rern ensrhyhv nabinyihyne.
Nppvqragryr fv pbzcyvpngvvyr cbg sv vasrpgvbnfr fnh vfpurzvpr fv ncne qva pnhmn harv nfrcfvv
vafhsvpvragr fnh n habe qrsrpgr qr gruavpn, gerprern sverybe ceva erpg qhpr yn cebcntnern vasrpgvvybe.
Ivaqrpnern yvcfvgn qr pbzcyv pngvv rfgr qrcraqragn va prn znv znv znfhen qr vatevwvern
cyntvv, nprnfgn fr snpr ceva gbnyrgn fv gengnzraghy nfrfcgvp yn aviry ybpny qr zvavz qbhn bev cr mv fv qr
pngr bev cnpvragn hevarnmn fnh ner fpnha.Onaqnwryr va G fhag hgvyr, vne va ehcghevyr pbzcy rgr srzrvn
ah in cnenfv cnghy va cevzryr 48 qr ber, fr erpbznaqn nqzvafgenern cebvynpgvpn n nagvovbgvprybe, fr
erpbznaqn eryhnern png znv cerpbpr n genamvghyhv puvne fv nqzvavfgeern qr ynkngvir ( hyrv qr evpva,
Znavgby ), cnpvragn fr in nfrmn ph ngragvr , b qvrgă făaăgbnfă crageh n fcevwvan cebprfhy qr ivaqrpner.
(nfvzvynern pnagvgăgv fhsvpvragr qr cebgrvar, ivgnzvar fv zhygr yvpuvqr), sbybfvern harv crear crageh
cbmvgvn frmhg crageh n fpăqrn cerfvharn nfhcen crevarhyhv, fpuvzonern gnzcbahyhv zrqvpvany fv
irevsvpnern nprfghvn îanvagr qr nehapner crageh n vqragvsvpn riraghnyr hezr qr vasrpgvr, fâatr, chebv.
Rfgr arprfneă pbafhygngvn qr hetragă qnpă mban rfgr îaebfvgă, sbnegr qherebnfă, fphetrev qr chebv fnh
32 hzsyngă, bqvuan, ncbeghy evqvpng qr yvpuvqr (crageh n r ivgn pbafgvcngvn) fv rivgnern nyvzragrybe
pbafvfgragr qhp yn b ivaqrpner encvqă n mbarv bcrengr, sveryr fr fpbg va mvyryr 4 -5.
Zbnfryr erpbznaqn nghapv pnaq mban intvanyn rfgr evtvqn crageh pn nprnfgn fn qrivan znv
rynfgvpn, erpbznaqn znfnern mbarv qvager qrfpuvqrern intvanyn fv nahf va hygvzryr fncgnznav qr
fnepvan. Gruavpn cbnegn qrahzvern qr znfnw crevarny. Qrfv ah rkvfgn tnenagvv, fr cerfchar pn
rynfgvpvgngrn grfhghevybe erqhpr pbafrpvagryr rcvmvbgbzvrv (ph gbngr nprfgrn, znfnwhy crevarny ah fr in
ernyvmn qnpn rfgr creprchg pn svvaq vapbasbegnovy).yhatv. Pbasbez zbnfrv pregvsvpngr Pbenyvr
Znpdhrra qva Arj Lbex, “nirgv aribvr qr bqvuan fhsvpvragn crageh pn zhfpuvv fv yvtnzragryr pner
in fhfgva hgrehy fn vfv erpncrgr sbegn.
Ivvgbnern znzn gerohvr fn fr fc ryr ovar cr znvav ph ncn pnyqn fv fncha fv in nirn hatuvvyr
fpheg gnvngr. Ncbv in ncyvpn cr qrtrgr ha yhoersvnag hfbe. Fr in vagebqhpr qrtrghy zner va vagrevbehy
intvahyhv fv fr in znfn cbegvharn qvager intva fv erpg, vzcvatnaq hfbe fcer erpg, gvzc qr hahy qbhn
zvahgr. Znfnwhy fr in snpr b qngn cr mv, gvzc qr 10 zvahgr, cnan yn anfgrer. Rfgr abezny pn srzrvn
fn fvzgn b framngvr qr nefhen fnh qvfpbasbeg qhcn znfnw. Qnpn ncne qherev nfphgvgr, fr in vaprgn bevpr
cebprqhen.
Ha yhpeh orarsvp crageh ivaqrpnern cb fgrcvmvbgbzvr fhag rkrepvgvvyr Xrtry, qrahzvgr nfgsry
qhcn ahzryr qbpgbehyhv Neabyq Xrtry va nahy 1948, nh ebyhy qr n gbavsvn zhfphynghen cryivan.Fr
rsrpghrnmn che fv fvzcyh fr fgenat zhfpuvv cryivav pn nghapv pnaq fr bcerfgr ibyhagne wrghy qr hevan.
Qhcn b mv qr yn anfgrer, rkrepvgvvyr fr ibe snpr gvzc qr pvapv frphaqr, qr pngr cngeh fnh pvapv
bev yn enaq. Zhfpuvv fr ibe gvar pbagenpgngv gvzc qr 10 zvahgr, ncbv fr ibe erynkn, 10 frphaqr vager
pbagenpgvv,pry znv ovar ne sv fn fr snpn pry chgva gerv frghev qr rkrepvgv pner fn pbagvan zvavz 10
vapbeqnev. Ninagnwhy rfgr pn rkrepvgvvyr xrtry fr cbg snpr va bevpr cbmvgvr: va cvpvbner, nfrmng, phypng,
puvne fva gvzchy nyncgnghyhv.
I.5 PBZ CYVPNGVVYR CBFG -RCVMVBGBZVR
Îa gnevyr qrmibygngr qbne han qva 100.000 qr srzrv zbner qngbevgn vasrpgvrv chrecryner. Qva
cnpngr, va gnevyr qva yhzrn n gervn engn qrprfrybe rfgr qr 100 qr bev znv zner.
Va cbfgcneghzhy vzrqvng, yruhmn gerohvr fhcenirturngn qr pnger zbnfn. Pbaqhvgn fn pbafgn va
fhcenirturern fgnevv trarenyr ( chyf G.N.,phybnern grthzragrybe, nfcrpghy zhpbnfrybe fv n snpvrfhyhv.
33 Pbagebyhy gbavpvgngvv hgrehyhv fv n cermragrv tybohyhv qr fvthenagn rfgr qr b vzcbegnagn qrbfrovgn,
qnpn nprfgr ryrzragr fhag arfngvfsnpngbner, fr in znfn hgrehy crageh n zragvar gbahfhy , fr in char
ha fnp ph avfvc fnh b chatn ph turgn fv qrnfrzrarn fr in nqzvavfgen ha hgrebgbavp (Retbzrg 1 -2 s.
v. z.). Fr vafcrpgrnmn cnafnzraghy ihyine crageh n bofrein pnagvgngrn qr fnatr cvreqhgn, nprnfgn ah
gerohv fn qrcnfrnfpn 100 zy. Qnpn yn 2 ber qhcn anfger gbgv cnenzrgevp fhag fngvsnpngbev, nprnfgn fr
cbngr pbafvqren ermbyingn.
Cyntvyr crevarnyr cermvagn ha evfp znv zner qr vasrpgner qva pnhmn cebkvzvgngvv nahfhyhv fv n
cbfvovyvgngvv pbagnzvanevv grfhghevybe ph syben vagrfgvanyn. Qr nfrzrarn, ybu vvyr ercermvagn ha zrqvh
cebcvpr qr phyghen crageh onpgrevv, snibevmnaq nfgsry vasrpgvvyr. Gbghfv, vapvqragn vasrpgvvybe qr cyntn
crevarnyn rfgr qbne qr 1%.
Cyntn cbfg -rcvmvbgbzvr ner aribvr qr b vatevwver nqrpingn crageh n rivgn b vasrpgvr yn aviry
ybpny .Vasrpgvn yn cbngn qr vagener ercermvagn b pbzcyvpngvr frcgvpn n fbyhgvvybe qr pbagvahvgngr nyr
cnegvybe zbv zngrear (rcvmvbgbzvn,yrmvhav nyr crevarhyhv,nyr pbyhyhv) . Nprnfgn fr znavsrfgn pyvavp
ceva qherer yn aviryhy betnarybe travgny rkgrear, fphertrev zbqvsvpngr (ybuvv srgvqr, harbev chehyragr),
cyntn fr pbatrfgvbarnmn, ncbv qrivar oeha artevpvbfn npbcrevaqh -fr qr snyfr zrzoenar (argengngr fr
arpebmrnmn fv fsnpryrnmn ). Sroen cbngr fn svr fnh ah cermragn.
Noprqnern cyntvv qr rcvmvbgbzvr rfgr pnenpgrevm ngn ceva qherev ivbyragr crevarnyr fv crevnanyr,
ncne fv frzaryr pynfvpr qr pbyrpgvr fhchengn: ebfrngn, rqrz,ncnevgvn harv ghzbev cebrzvaragr (yn
aviryhy crevarhyhv fnh fho genafn intvanyn ) pner qrivar encvq syhpghragn .Va nahzvgr pnmhev chebvhy
fr rkgrev bevmrnmn fcbagna cevager sveryr qr fhghen ph bpnmvn rknzvanevv ybpnyr.
Crageh gengnern vasrpgvrv cyntn fr qrfpuvqr ynet, ceva fcnynghen ybpnyn ph ncn bkvtrangn fnh
fbyhgvr qr pybenzvan fr vaqrcnegrnmn chebvhy, ph qeranw riraghny. Nprfgrn fhag ryrzragr gren crhgvpr
boyvtngbevv fv arprfner. Nqzvavfgenern qr nanytrgvpr rfgr orarsvpn, ah rfgr arprfnen nagvovbgrencvn.
Va pnmhy habe sbezr pyvavpr va pner fhag vzcyvpngr nahzvgr zvpebbetnavzr fhag erpbznaqngr
fcnynghevyr ybpnyr ph fbyhgvvyr zragvbangr nagrevbe, ene vern sverybe qr fhghen fv vagebqhprern qr
Zrgebavbqnmby va intva (1 -2 tenzr /mv fho sbezn qr bihyr, Ohgre pnpnb bev znfn tryngvabnfn ).
Yrmvhavyr bevsvpvhyhv hgreva cermvagn evfphy cebcntnevv qverpgr va grfhghevyr qr yn onmn
yvtnzraghyhv ynet ph ncnevgvn cnenzrgevgrv .Va nprfgr fvghngvv cr ynatn cebprqrryr zragvbangr nagrevbe
fr erpbznaqn fv nagvovbgrencvn ph Cravpvyvan 10000000/mv fnh Bknpvyvan 2 -4 t /v.z./mv).
Cebgbpbyhy npghny ny Zvavfgrehyhv Fnangngvv rfgr hezngbehy va pnmhy vasrpțvvybe ihyib -intvanyr –
crevarnyr
34 Nghapv pnaq fr fhfcrpgrnmă b vasrpțvr ihyib -intvanyă -crevarnyă yn b yruhmă pner nphmă qherer
crevarnyă, sroeă, fvzcgbzngbybtvr hevaneă .ergrațvr chehyragă (arqeranern cyătvv) obyanin cermvagă
sevfba șv sroeă, qngbevgă qherevv crevarnyr obyanin c bngr cermragn qvfhevr .Fr fhfcrpgrnmă b vasrpțvr n
cyătvv qr crevarbgbzvr fnh rcvmvbgbzvr qnpă cyntn cermvagă: b znetvav rqrznțvngr, ebșvv, îaqhengr,
sbnegr qherebnfr fnh/șv b qruvfprațn cyătvv fnh/șv b cermvagă frperțvr frebnfă, fnathvabyragă fnh
chehyrag ă b ph fnh săeă sroeă .Fr fhfcrpgrnmă snfprvgn arpebmnagă pâaq yn aviryhy crevarbgbzvrv fr
bofreiă : revgrz, rqrz qhe ph cebterfvr encvqn, syvpgrar fnh arpebmr rivqragr nyr cvryvv; qva cyntn fr
rkgrevbevmrnmă yvpuvq ncbf zheqne fnh srgvq b Yrhpbpvgbmn > 20 000/zzp b frzar qr șbp îa cermrațn
harv pryhyvgr n cyătvv cbfgbcrengbevv .
Gengnzraghy phengvi ny vasrțvvybe ihyib -intvab -crevarnyr rfgr hezngbehy fr nfvtheă fpbngrern
sverybe, qroevqnern, gbnyrgn ybpnyă ph fbyhțvv nagvfrcgvpr îa vasrpțvvyr cyătvv qr rcvmv bgbzvr, hezngă qr
ersnprern crevarhyhv pâaq pbaqvțvvyr ybpnyr b crezvg . Fr vaqvpă grencvr ph nagvovbgvpr ph fcrpgeh ynet
(Grencvn ph nagvovbgvpr ph fcrpgeh ynet f -n qbirqvg hgvyă îa ersnprern cerpbpr n crevarhyhv, vne îa
haryr sbezr arfhchengvir f -n qbirq vg fhsvpvragă) .Fr ersnpr crevarhy qhcă qvfcnevțvn frzarybe qr
vasrpțvr. Ersnprern ner ermhygngr yn sry qr ohar cr grezra yhat. Îa snfprvgn arpebmnagă zrqvphy
gerohvr fă rsrpghrmr gengnzraghy puvehetvpny pâg znv cerpbpr fho cebgrpțvr nagvovbgvpă vne îa ehc ghevyr
crevarnyr qr tenqhy 4 șv certăgvern ghohyhv qvtrfgvi .
Îa pnm qr sroeă șv qnpă fr pbafgngă zbqvsvpnern nfcrpghyhv abezny ny ybuvvybe, zrqvphy gerohvr
fă vaqvpr : 1. ybuvbphyghen 2. urzbyrhpbtenzn pbzcyrgă 3. urzbphyghen (cbmvgviă îa 5 -24% qva
pnmhe v) 4. rpbtensvr (erfghev cynpragner) .
Fr rsrpghrnmă rinyhnern mvyavpă n cyătvv qr crevarbgbzvr/rcvmvbgbzvr fr vaqvpă rsrpghnern
gbnyrgrv ybpnyr mvyavpr yn yruhmryr ph crevarbgbzvr/rcvmvbgbzvr (zvavz qr 2 bev cr mv șv qr pâgr bev r
aribvr).
I.6 RCVMVBENS VN
Gruavpn rcvmvbensvrv rfgr hezngbnern fr fhghernmn mban pnehaphyvybe zvegvsbezv ph ha sve
frcneng qr alyba fnh pngthg, qrnfrzrarn fr snpr fhghenern ph sver frcnengr n gnafrv intvanyr vne
snfpvphyryr zhfphyner fr ersnp ph 3,znkvz 4 sver gerphgr crecr aqvphyne cr ryr (hfbe boyvp sngn qr
cynahy zrqvna ),grthzragryr fr fhghernmn ph sver frcnengr.
35 Va bofgrgevpn zbqrean pbasbez Pbas. Havi.Qe.C.Puvghyrn gruavpn pynfvpn n rcvmvbensvrv,ph
chapgryr fnghengr vmbyng fv hygvyvmner hahv zngrevny arermbyonovy, pne r rfgr qr nygsry fv prn znv
enfcnaqvgn ner znv zhygr arnwhafhev pner fheiva fv yn qrpravv qhc npr srzrvn n anfphg, svvaq
erccermragner qr nsebagnern qrsrpghnfn, vfpurzvn ybpnyn, ha gvzc qr rkrphgvr qrfghy qr
yhat,pvpngevpvyr pner qhp yn qvfcnerhavr, nh qh f yn vzntvanern habe gruavpv nygreangvir pner fn qhpn yn
qvfcnevgvn qrmninagnwrybe.
Va 1985,yn Ohmnh, yn Pbasrevagn Angvbanyn qr Bofgrevpn -Tvarpbybtvr Cebs.Qe.I.Fhepry n
qrfpevrf crageh cevzn qngn va gnen abnfgen rcvmvbensvn Ehpxre, pner sbfg nqbcgngn v zrqvng qr
crefbanyhy zrqvpny, ninaq pn ninagnwr encvqvgngrn rkrphgvrv, evfp qr pbzcyvpngvv zvavz,ryvzvanern
rkgentrevv sverybe, b pvpngevpr fhcyn pner n qhf fv yn qvfcnevgvn qvfcnerhavrv . Va hygvzryr qbhn
qrpravv,f -nh qrfpbcrevg fv nprfghv gvc qr rcvmvbe nsvr nahzvgr chapgr fynor (qhcn fhghen cynahyhv
fhozhpbf ny intvahyhv, npprfhy yn hatuvhy penavny ny cyntvv qr yn aviryhy intvahyhv qrivar qvsvpvy,fv
sveryr qr fhghen fr cvreq va cebhamvzrn srfrv, prrn pr trarernmn qvfpbasbe svmvp qne fv cfvuvp crageh
zbnfn ceva norfagn vaabqnevv pncrgrybe sverybe.Qng svvaq nprfg sncg va gvzc gruavpn bevtvanyn f -n
zbqvsvpng fcbagna fv vaghvgvi crageh n sv znv fvzcyn fv ph znv chgvar qrmninagnwr. Gruavpn
zbqvsvpngn ner hezngbneryr ninagnwr “fvzcyvgngr fv encvqvgngr fv z nv zner n rkrphgvrv, ryvzvanern
tnfvern hatuvhyhv intvany fhcrevbe ny cyntvv qr rcvmvbgbzvr qhcn fhghenern snfpvrv erpgb –
intvanyr,fvthenagn znv zner n pbagragvrv fhghevv qngbevgn prybe 2 abqhev qr yn pncrgryr fhewrghyhv,
nfgsry nprnfgn ah fr cbngr erynkn f v nfvthen b urzbfgnmn fv b nsebagner znv ohan” [pbagebirefr
npghnyr va bofgrgevpn fv tvarpbybtvr, pbbeq Crgeh Puvghyrn ] yn pner fr nqnhtn b pnagvgngr znv erqhfn
qr zngrevny fgenva ynfngn va cyntn, ernpgvn yn pbechy fgenva svvaq erqhfn , va hygvzryr qbhn qrpravv ha
ahzne zner qr zbnfr nh nsrpghng rcvmvbensvv sbybfvaq nprnfgn gruavpn ninaq ermhygngr sbnegr ohar.
Cr ynatn ninagnwryr fhgvahgr qr havv pyvavpvrav,rcvmvbgbzvn cermvagn fv b frevr qr qrmninagnwr,
va nahzvgr pnmhev rfgr ha genhzngvfz znv zner qrpng pry pner f -ne sv cebqhf fcbagna, cvreqrevyr qr
fnatr fhag perfphgr, nprnfgn vagreiragvr rfgr va cerfrag pbagrfgngn qr nhzvgv bfgrgevpvrav,zbnfr,
nfvgragv zrqvpnyv,nprfgvn pbafvqrenaq pn b yrmvhar ncnehgn fcbagna fr ivaqrpn zhyg znv hfbe sngn qr
han cebibp ngn, nfgsry pbagrfnaq cenpgvpnern pheragn fv sncghy pn rfgr pbafvqrengn ha npg cebsvynpgvp.
Pbzcyvpngvvyr harv anfgrev ynobevbnfr cbg ncner fv yn qrpravv qr yn anfgrer.Rsrpghnern
rcvmvbgbzvr ah tnenagrnmn yvcfn rsrpgrybe frphaqner. Va nahzvgr fvghngvv vaq vsreag qnpn f -n cernpgvpng
fnh ah crevrbgbzvn ncner c ebynonern betnarybe cryivar.Nprnfgn fr îagâyarșgr sbnegr serpirag. Znv
zhyg qr 50% qva srzrv pr nh aăfphg nh ha bnerpner tenq qr cebyncf travgny, ph gbngr nprfgrn qbne
36 10-20% cermvagă fvzcgbzr. Cebynoner n betnarybe cryivar ercermvagă b srabzra pbzcyrk, vzcyvpă ah
qbne ha fhcbeg fyno n qvsrevgbe mbar qva intva, qne gbgbqngă șv shapțvn hergerv, irmvpvv hevaner, mbarv
naberpgnyr pâg șv shapțvn frkhnyă. Qva nprfg zbgvi, rfgr arprfne qr n sheavmn b nobeqner ph cevamăgbner
îa rinyhnern șv znantrzraghy srzrvybe ph cebyncf ny betnarybe cryivar, pâg șv b nanyvmă pevgvpă n
znantrzraghyhv puvehetvpny. Va nprfg zbzrag,cebyncfhy travgny (fnh cebyncf intvany) rfgr
pnenpgrevmng cevage -b fgner, îa pner nfrzrarn fgehpghev p n hgrehy, erpghy, irmvpn hevaneă, hergen,
vagrfgvahy fhoțver fnh puvne intvahy cbg îaprcr fă cebynormr fnh fă pnqă qr cr cbmvțvvyr ybe nangbzvpr.
Nfrzrarn pbaqvțvv qr bovprv ncne îa pnmhy pâaq ner ybp pbyncfhy cynașrhyhv cryiva pn ermhygng
ny anșgrevybe teryr,nfbpvngr ph qvfgbpvv.Yn sry șv vafgnynern qrsvpvrațrybe ubezbanyr (pnerațn qr
rfgebtrav), fhag erfcbafnovyr qr nteninern cebyncfhyhv yn zhygvcner îa cbfgzrabcnhmă .
Cebyncfhy heb -travgny ph fnh săeă vapbagvarață hevaneă ercermvagă b ceboyrză qr b vz cbegnață
znwbeă îa făaăgngrn srzrvv . Nprnfgă cngbybtvr phcevaqr ha fcrpgeh ynet qr ghyoheăev, qr yn nangbzvn
novn zbqvsvpngă n intvahyhv șv pyvavp nfvzcgbzngvpă, câaă yn b rirefvhar pbzcyrgă nfbpvngă ph
ghyoheăev frirer hevaner, qr qrsrpnțvr șv qvfshapțvr frkhnyă. Îa FHN han qva abhă srzrv arprfvgă
vagreirațvr puvehetvpnyă crageh qrsrpgr qr fgngvpă cryivaă, vne qva nprfgrn, b srzrvr qva cngeh arprfvgă
ervagreirațvn.
Byfra șv pbyno.îa fghqvhy ybe nsveză pă cr cnephefhy ivrțvv pvepn 11% qva srzrvyr qr câaă y n 80
qr nav evfpă b vagreirațvr crageh cebyncf n betnarybe cryivar fnh vapbagvarață hevaneă. Znv zhyg,
Byfra șv pbyno.nh bofreing b vapvqrață perfphgă b erpvqvirybe qr câaă yn 29.2%, ph arprfvgngrn qr
ervagreirațvr, vne vagreinyhy qr gvzc qvager cebprqhev n fpămhg ph svrpner vzcyvpner puvehetvpnyă
hygrevbneă . Npghnyzragr fr cenpgvpn pbycbcrkvn noqbzvab -fnpenyă ceva ncyvpnern zrșrv fvagrgvpr cr
crergryr nagrevbe șv/fnh cbfgrevbe ny intvahyhv cner n sv prn znv fvtheă cebprqheă îa gengnzraghy
cebyncfhyhv tra vgny nfbpvng ph cebynonern crerțvybe intvanyv, ph gbngr nprfgrn, hygvzryr fghqvv nh
qrzbafgeng ermhygngr nfrzăaăgbner șv ph svknern hgrehyhv yn yvtnzragryr fnpebfcvabnfr, pner yn sry
nfvtheă ha fhcbeg intvany fngvfsăpăgbe. Ph gbngr nprfgrn serpirațn erpvqv irv pvfgbpryhyhv qhcă
nfrzrarn vagreirațvr rfgr sbnegr îanygă, vne havv nhgbev fhtrernmă ncyvpnern genafintvanyă n zrșrybe
qr fhcbeg crageh nzryvbenern ermhygngrybe nangbzvpr. Rkcrevrațryr nagrevbner nh qrzbafgeng pă
zrșryr fvagrgvpr ne chgrn erqhpr serpir ațn erpvqvirybe qr cebyncf ny betnarybe, qne ph abgnovyr rsrpgr
nqirefr .
Cebyncfhy travgny, ph gbngr sbezryr fnyr, rfgr yn zbzraghy npghny han qva ragvgățvyr cngbybtvpr
tvarpbybtvpr fghqvngr eryngvi ovar, pâg șv pbqvsvpngr rgvbcngbtrargvp șv grencrhgvp. S ncghy pă zrgbqryr
37 qr gengnzrag n ghyoheăevybe qr fgngvpă fhag ngâg qr ahzrebnfr (crfgr 200 qr cebprqrr gruavpr),
qrzbafgernmă îapă b qngă vzcresrpțvharn ybe șv vzcbfvovyvgngrn ersnprevv nqrpingr n ncnenghyhv qr
fhfțvarer n cynașrhyhv cryiva. Ncerpvrern pâg znv pberpgă n fgăevv nprfgben, pner țvar qr rkcrevrațn șv
crefbanyvgngrn tvarpbybthyhv, bsreă bcrengbehyhv cbfvovyvgngrn qr n nqncgn pnmhy îa fvar șv qr n nyrtr
zrgbqn grencrhgvpă prn znv nqrpingă. Fhghenern pberpgn n cyntvv rcvmvbgbzvrv,cebsvynkvn vasrpg vvybe
ybpnyr, qhp yn zvavznyvmnern rsrpgrybe frphaqner n znarierybe rsrpghngr qr pnger zbnfn va gvzchy
anfgrev.
I.7 IVAQRPNERN QHCN RCVMVBGBZVR
Qhcn rcvmvbgbzvr fnh ehcghen qr crevarh va gvzchy anfgrevv, enan ne chgrn fn qbnen pngrin
fncgnznav – znv nyr f pnaq cebnfcngn znzvpn fgn va frmhg. Qnpn vapvmvn fv ynprengvn nh sbfg znev,
frafvovyvgngrn cbngr qhen puvne znv zhyg gvzc. Phfnghevyr pner fr sbybfrfp fr ibe erfbeov qr yn fvar.
Ivaqrpnern fr cbngr bogvar znv encvq nfgsry:
pbzcerfr erpv cr mban nsrpgngn
qhcn hevaner, fr cvphen ncn pnyqhgn yn aviryhy ihyirv fv fr pyngrfgr yn svany ph ha wrg qr ncn
Va gvzchy fpnhahyhv, fr cerivar qherern fv sbegnern qnpn fr ncnfn srez qrnfhcen pvpngevprv ph
nwhgbehy hahv gnzcba pheng
Yn nfrmner, fr vapbeqrnmn zhfpuvv srfv rev. Fr fgn cr b crean fnh ha pbynp, znv qrtenon qrpng
cr ha fpnha gner
Zrqvpngvr nanytrmvpn
gengnzragryr nygreangvir, phz ne sv yninaqn. Qnpn zrqvphy vfv qn npbeqhy, fr cbngr sbybfv
pngrin cvpnghev qr hyrv rfragvny qr yninaqn va ncn qva pnqn fnh qverpg cr pvpngevpr
Cr znfhen pr enan fr ivaqrpn, qvfpbasbeghy fr qvzvahrnmn cebterfvi. Gbghfv, qnpn qherern fr
vagrafvsvpn, ncner sroen fnh pvpngevprn cebqhpr ha yvpuvq ph chebv fr vn yrtnghen vzrqvng ph zrqvphy
bofgrgevpvna, qrbnerpr nprfgrn cbg sv frzaryr harv vasrpgvv.
PVPNGEVPRN QHCN RCVMVBGBZVR
Haryr srzrv qrmibygn, va whehy ybphyhv haqr n nihg ybp vapvmvn, b pvpngevpr cebahagngn fv
vevgngn. B zvpn bcrengvr cbngr nirn ybp crageh n vaqrcnegn nprnfgn pvpngevpr. Nprnfgn rfgr snphgn yn pry
38 chgva 6 yhav qhcn p r anfgrern n nihg ybp, nghapv pnaq gbngr enavyr pnhmngr qr fnepvan fv anfgrern
pbcvyhyhv f -nh ivaqrpng.
Bcrengvn vzcyvpn gnvrern nprfgrv pvpngevpv fv pbnfrern znetvavybe phengr ynbynygn, sbybfvaq
pbcpv zvpv. Pn va pnmhy ghghebe enavybe, rkvfgn ha zvp evfp qr vasrpgvr, nfn pn zragvar mban phengn gbg
gvzchy.Fcrpvnyvfgvv fhag qr cnerer pn, qnpn va 4 -5 yhav qr yn anfgrer ah ncne qherev va mban, bcrengvn f –
n ivaqrpng ovar fv ah irv nirn avpvb ceboyrzn.
Urzbebvmv fv ceboyrzr qr genamvg vagrfgvany: qnpn fr bofrein qherer yn ryvzvanern fpnhahyhv
fv vasynzner va mban nahfhyhv, cnpvragn cbner fhsrev qr urzbebvmv (irar vagvafr fv vasynzngr yn
aviryhy nahfhyhv fnh n cbegvhavv vasrevbner n erpghyhv). Crageh haryr cebnfcrgr znzr cbngr ncnern fv b
ceboyrzn qr gvchy vapbagv aragrv srpnyr. Crageh n nzryvben qvfpbasbeghy, zbnfn cbngr erpbznaqn
cnpvragrv fn fr fphshaqr vage -b pnqn ph ncn pnyqhgn fv ncyvpngv pbzcerfr cr mban nsrpgngn, vne zrqvphy
in cbngr erpbznaqn hathragr gbcvpr. Qnpn rivgngnfn zrnetn yn gbnyrgn (qva pnhmn qher evv
crevarnyr/grnzn qr n ntenin urzbebvmvv fnh rcvmvbgbzvn), fr vaprnepn fn abeznyvmnern fpnharybe fv
fn fpnqrern pbafvgragrv nprfgben (ceva nyvzragr obtngr va svoer – sehpgr, yrthzr fv prernyr) fv ha
pbafhz fcbevg qr ncn. Va pnmhy vapbagvaragrv srpnyr hfb ner nwhgn npryrnfv rkrepvgvvyr Xrtry.
Qherern fr cbngr ntenin pnaq cnpvragn ghfrfgr fnh fgenahgn gvzc qr znv zhygr mvyr, vafn
framngvn ne gerohv fn fr qvzvahrmr cr mv pr gerpr .
IV. QHERERN RCVMVBGBZVRV FV NPGVIVGNGRN
FRKHNYN QHCN ANFGRER
Qhcn b rcvmv bgbzvr va gvzchy anfgrevv, qhernmn pngrin fncgnznav cnan pnaq mban ah znv rfgr
qherebnfn fv aviryhy qr pbzsbeg ybpny fr vafgnyrnmn. Aviryhy qr pbasbeg ny harv srzrv qrcvaqr sbnegr
zhyg qr novyvgngrn rv qr n fr ivaqrpn, qr gvchy grfhghevybe rv fv qr qvzrafv harn vapvmvrv. Rkvfgn vafn
srzrv pner fcha zrqvphyhv pn erfvzg vapn rsrpgryr harv rcvmvbgbzvv znev puvne fv yn ha na qhcn
anfgrer.
39 IV. RGVPN ZRQVPNYN
Ha yhpeh vzcbegnag pner cbngr fn zvpfbermr genhzngvfzhy zngrea png fv pry srgny va gvzchy
harv anfgrev, rfgr pbzhavpnern npgvin ph cnpvragn, nprfgn pner qhpr yn b ohan pbarkvhar vager
crefbanyhy rpuvcrv zrqvpnyr, vager nprfgn fv cnpvragn, sbybfvern png znv rsvpvragn n raretvrv, fv b
vzntvar sehzbnfn cr grezra yhat qrfcer zbzraghy ncnevgvrv hahv abh -anfphg.
Erynțvn qvager zbnfn fv cnpvragn cbngr sv pbafvqrengă pn b erynțvr: fbpvnyă, cfvubybtvpă,
phyghenyă. Bevpr bz qva qbzravhy fnavgne bofgrgevpny,tvarpbybtvp,arbangbybtvp ah gerohvr qbne fă
nvoă phabșgvațr cenpgvpr qrfcer fgnern zrqvpnyă n srzrvv, pv fă svr snzvy vnevmng nfhcen cfvubybtvrv
vaqvivqhnyr n cnpvragrv. Rfgr qr qngbevn zbnfrv fă fr snpă creprchgn pberpg qr păger tenivqr crageh n
sv phabfphgr pnenpgrevfgvpvyr ebyhyhv șv fgnghghyhv qr cenpgvpner n zrqvpvarv îa fbpvrgngrn
pbagrzcbenaă. Crageh nprnfgn crefb anyhy zrqvpny gerohvr fn cbfrqr b frevr ncgvghqvav cnegvphyner
arprfner phz fhag: fcvevghy qr bofreințvr, novyvgngrn qr n pbzhavpn, npbeqnern harv inybev
vzcbegnagr qrzavgățvv pbaqvțvrv hznar, eăoqnern șv pbzcnfvharn, îațryrtrern rzcngvpă.
40 CNEGRN CENPG VPN
Crageh cnegrn crefbanyn nz nihg qr fghqvng ha ybg qr 1265 qr cnpvragr, pner nh
anfphg va crevbnqn vhavr 2014 -vhavr 2015 va pnqehy zngreavgngvv qva fcvgnyhy pyvavp qr
hetragn “Fs Ncbfgby Naqerv” Tnyngv, qva pner 684 nh sbfg anfgrev anghenyr fv 581
anfgrev ceva bcrengvn qr prmnevnan.
Qva pryr 684 qr tenivqr ph inefgn crfgr 15 nav cr pner yr -nz nihg qr rinyhng
hezrnmn fn in cermvag pbafgngnevyr zryr.
Vaqvsrerag qr inefgn, ah rfgr fvzcyh crageh b srzrvr fn qrn anfgrer hahv pbcvy.
Gbghfv, pner rfgr inefgn cbgevivgn crageh n nirn ha pbcvy?
Va qbzravhy sregvyvgngvv nprfgn rfgr ha fhovrpg qr cbyrzvpn.
Fn vaprepnz fn bsrevz enfchafhev yn znv zhygr vageronev: pner rfgr prn znv ohan
inefgn yn pner b srzrvr ne gerohv fn qrn anfgrer hahv pbcvy, phz vasyhragrnmn fgnern
svmvpn, trarenyn, qvfcbavovyvgngrn rzbgvbanyn n harv crefbnar qr frk srzvava pner ne
qbev fn qrivan znzn, phz cbngr nsrpgn fnepvan, fnangngrn harv srzrv fv fnangngrn
pbcvyhyhv fnh? Inefgn vqrnyn, qva chapg qr irqrer svmvp, qr n pbaprcr ha pbcvy ne s v fho
30 qr nav. Zbzraghy qr ines ny sregvyvgngvv rfgr vager 20 -25 qr nav fv vaprcr fn fpnqn
fcer 30 qr nav (qhcn phz nsvezn fcrpvnyvfgvv). Va trareny, yn nprnfgn inefgn, srzrvyr
fhag fnangbnfr, ah fhsren qr obyv pebavpr fv nh ha aviry evqvpng qr raretvr.
Qva fghqvhy zrh ervrfr pn zrqvn qr inefgn n srzrvybe vafnepvangr rfgr phcevafn
vager 20 -35 nav, ercermragnaq ppn 81,5% .
41
Qva pryr 684 qr cnpvragr 55,9% fhag cevzvcner, 32,9% frphaqvcner, erfghy
ercermragnaq zhygvcneryr. Nz vag nyavg vafn fv srzrv ph 14 fnepvav fv gbg ngngrn anfgrev.
42 Havv cnevagv fcha puvne pn qrpvmvn qr n nirn ha ny qbvyrn pbcvy n sbfg zhyg znv
terh qr yhng qrpng va pnmhy cevzhyhv, crageh pn n qbhn bnen ah znv rfgr ibeon qbne qr
n nirn ha pbcvy, pv qr n fpuvzon b vagerntn snzvyvr. Ph fvthenagn fgvvagn ah cbngr fn ar
qvpgrmr nyrtrevyr cr pner yr snprz va ivngn, znv nyrf nghapv pnaq ryr vzcyvpn qentbfgr fv
qbevagn. Ah rkvfgn erthyv, rkvfgn vafn nfcrpgr nfhcen pneben zrevgn fn zrqvgnz, v anvagr
qr n yhn b qrpvmvr fnh nygn… Qva arsrevpver, inefgn znzrv puvne pbagrnmn vage -b nfgsry
qr qrpvmvr. Qnpn nv qrcnfvg 35 qr nav fv ierv fn znv snpv qbv pbcvv, r pnz terh fn vgv
crezvgv yhkhy qr n -v snpr yn b qvsreragn znv zner hahy qr prynynyg, vageh png sregvyvgngrn
srzrvv fpnqr bqngn ph inefgn. Qnpn vafn nv cnan va 30 qr nav fv ah nv ceboyrzr yrtngr
qr sregvyvgngr, cbgv fn vgv snpv cynahev zhyg znv syrkvovyr.Va pnmhy abfgeh nz pbafgngng pn
cebpraghy qbzvanag ny trfgngvvybe rfgr V T, hezngn qr VVT
43 Anfgrern hahv pbcvy rfgr b rkcrevragn zvahangn fv havpn. Vafn avpv b anfgrer
ah frnznan ph nygn, puvne qr yn b fnepvan yn nygn, nfgsry vapng ah chgrz fn -gv fcharz
phz in qrphetr anfgrern pbcvyhyhv gnh . Chgrz vafn fn -gv rkcyvpnz pner fhag fgnqvvyr
ceva pner b fn gerpv va gvzchy geninyvhyhv fv yn pr fn gr nfgrcgv va trareny, vne nfgn gr in
nwhgn fn gr erynkrmv fv fn cnegvpvcv nghapv pnaq rfgr arprfne.
Svrpner geninyvh rfgr qvsrevg fv rk vfgn b inevngvr pbafvqrenovyn cevivaq qhengn
yhv. Va zrqvr, geninyvhy qhernmn ncebkvzngvi 10 -20 ber yn cevzn anfgrer, vafn crageh
nahzvgr srzrv cbngr sv puvne znv yhat. Va trareny geninyvhy cebterfrnmn zhyg znv encvq
yn srzrvyr pner nh znv anfphg vanvagr c r pnyr intvanyn.
Qva chapghy qr irqrer ny berybe qr geninyvh nirz: 62,4% 1 -5 ber, fv 36,4%
5-12 ber.Nz vagnyavg vafn va pnqehy fghqvhyhv fv srzrv pner nh fgng va geninyvh 34 qr ber
Vzrqvng qhc ă anșgrern hahv pbcvy, snzvyvn șv cevrgravv ibe fă nsyr gerv yhpehev
rfrațvnyr qrfcer ororyhș: frkhy, ahzryr șv terhgngrn. Qne hahy qvager nprfgr nfcrpgr
cbngr evqvpn ceboyrzr znev. Îa hygvzvv nav, ahzăehy abh -aăfphțvybe pner pâagăerfp ph
zhyg crfgr zrqvr n perfphg îatevwbeăgbe. Niâaq îa irqrer pă ah rkvfgn fgnaqneqr pner
fă cerpvmrmr nahzvțv cnenzrgev îa pner ne gerohv fă fr îapnqermr terhgngrn hahv abh –
44 aăfphg, f -n fgnovyvg pă ha ororyhș qrcășrșgr yvzvgn abeznyă nghapv pâaq pâagăerșgr
crfgr 4 xvybtenzr yn anșgrer.
Va pnqehy fghqvhyhv zrh qva gbgv abh anfphgvv zrqvn qr terhgngr rfgr
phcevafn vager 2500 -4000t = 86%.Ha ahzne qr 62 qr pbcvv nh terhgngrn fho 2500t,
erfghy qr 34 qr pbcvv ninaq terhgngrn yn anfgrer crfgr 4000t.
Va pnmhy va pner abh -anfphghy qrcnfrfgr 4000t, pbcvyhy cbngr eăzâar oybpng îa intva,
qrbnerpr hzrevv ah cbg gerpr ceva fvzsvmn chovnaă, harbev svvaq arprfner zăfhev qenfgvpr, cerphz
qvfybpnern hahv hzăe, crageh n -y chgrn ryvoren șv n rivgn nygr pbzcyvpnțvv . Nfgsry nz pbafgngng pn va
cebprag qr 79% fr cenpgvpn rcvmvbgbzvn cg n rivgn ehcghevyr qr cnegv zbv, fnh nygr pbzcyvpngvv.
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Qva ahznehy gbgny qr rcvmvbgbzvv rsrpghngr, qbne va 391 qr pnmhev ah f -nh fhcenchf
yrmvhav nyr cnegvybe zbv.Nfgsry nz pbafgngng pn va 80 qr pnmhev puvne qnpn f -n rsrpghng rcvmvbgbzvn,
gbghfv nh fheiravg fv yrmvhav qr cnegv zbv qhcn phz hezrnmn.
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Cermragngvn
48
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Qva 391 qr anfgrev yn pner fr cenpgvpn rcvmvbgbzvn yn 0.8% pnmhev n sbfg aribvr qr
sbybfvern sbeprcfhyhv . Anfgrern ph nwhgbehy sbeprcfhyhv ah rfgr b anfgrer vqrnyn, vafn
nghapv pnaq vagreiragvn rfgr arprfnen, sbeprcfhy cbngr fnyin ivrgv. Fgehpghen sbeprcfhyhv vv
crezvgr fn fr svkrmr qr -b cnegr fv qr nygn n p nchyhv pbcvyhyhv, vafn, rkvfgn fv evfphev crageh
pbcvy va pnmhy va pner gruavpn sbybfvgn rfgr vzcebcevr. Va pnmhevyr qr sngn ,vafn ah nh sbfg
nfgsry qr ceboyrz.
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