ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: TYPES, CAUSES, IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT FOR THE HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF NIGERIA PROFESSOR AKINWALE O. COKER… [612355]

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: TYPES, CAUSES,
IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT FOR THE HEALTH AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF NIGERIA

PROFESSOR AKINWALE O. COKER
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Ibadan
Ibadan

ENVIRONMENT
According to Federal Environmental Protection Agen cy (FEPA) Act of 1990, under
section 38 a very lucid definition of environment w as given as thus: ‘Environment includes
water, air, land and all plants and human beings an d/or animals living there in and the inter-
relationships which exist among these or any of the m.’’ Thus, ‘’environment’’ comprises
land, air, water and all the physical structures su rrounding us.
Therefore Environment can be rightly referred in a general sense to as the totality of
space, time and socio-cultural settings of man and other living organisms therein.
Environmental Pollution is any discharge of materi al or energy into water, land, or air
that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chro nic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's
ecological balance or that lowers the quality of li fe. Pollutants may cause primary damage,
with direct identifiable impact on the environment, or secondary damage in the form of minor
perturbations in the delicate balance of the biolog ical food web that are detectable only over
long time periods.
The industrialization of our society, the introduc tion of motorized vehicles, and the
explosion of the human population, have caused an e xponential growth in the production of
goods and services. Coupled with this growth has be en a tremendous increase in waste by-
products. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastes into
waterways, the spewing of thousands of tons of part iculates and airborne gases into the
atmosphere, the "throwaway" attitude toward solid w astes, and the use of newly developed
chemicals without considering potential consequence s have resulted in a lot of environmental
disasters throughout the world.

Plate 1: Open Drains
Environmental pollution usually occurs as a result of energy conversions and the use
of resources which leaves their by-products behind in water, soil or air.
Technology has begun to solve some pollution probl ems, and public awareness of the
extent of pollution will eventually make government bodies to be more proactive rather than
reactive and also undertake more effective environm ental planning and adopt more effective
antipollution measures.
TYPES OF POLLUTION
The following are the types of pollution perceived in our environment:
• Water pollution
• Thermal pollution
• Land pollution
• Radiation Pollution
• Noise pollution
• Air pollution
CAUSES AND IMPACTS
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or
biological material that degrades the quality of th e water and affects the organisms living in

it. This process ranges from simple addition of dis solved or suspended solids to discharge of
the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, and non-
degradable, bio accumulative, chemical compounds).

Plate 2: Rain Water Picking Up Pollutants
The pollutants responsible for polluting waters ca n be grouped under conventional
and non-conventional.
Conventional
Conventional or classical pollutants are generally associated with the direct input of
(mainly human) waste products. Rapid urbanization a nd rapid population increase have
produced sewage problems because treatment faciliti es have not kept pace with need.
Untreated and partially treated sewage from municip al wastewater systems and septic tanks
in unsewered areas contribute significant quantitie s of nutrients, suspended solids, dissolved
solids, oil, metals (arsenic, mercury, chromium, le ad, iron, and manganese), and
biodegradable organic carbon to the water environme nt.
Conventional pollutants may cause a myriad of wate r pollution problems. Excess
suspended solids block out energy from the Sun and thus affect the carbon dioxide-oxygen
conversion process, which is vital to the maintenan ce of the biological food chain. Also, high
concentrations of suspended solids silt up rivers a nd navigational channels, necessitating

frequent dredging. Excess dissolved solids make the water undesirable for drinking and for
crop irrigation.

Plate 3: An unprotected spring polluted
Although essential to the aquatic habitat, nutrien ts such as nitrogen and phosphorus
may also cause over-fertilization and accelerate th e natural aging process (eutrophication) of
lakes. This acceleration in turn produces an overgr owth of aquatic vegetation, massive algal
blooms, and an overall shift in the biologic commun ity–from low productivity with many
diverse species to high productivity with large num bers of a few species of a less desirable
nature. Bacterial action oxidizes biodegradable org anic carbon and consumes dissolved
oxygen in the water. In extreme cases where the org anic-carbon loading is high, oxygen
consumption may lead to an oxygen depression: (less than 2 mg/l compared with 5 to 7 mg/l
for a healthy stream) is sufficient to cause a fish kill and seriously to disrupt the growth of
associated organisms that require oxygen to survive . Water hyacinth and other floating
aquatic vegetation is a consequence of this polluti on.

Nonconventional
The nonconventional pollutants include dissolved a nd particulate forms of metals,
some of them highly toxic and may accumulate in fis h. More than 13,000 oil spills of varying
magnitude occur in the United States each year. Tho usands of environmentally untested
chemicals are routinely discharged into waterways; an estimated 400 to 500 new compounds
are marketed each year. Nonconventional pollutants vary from biologically inert materials
such as clay and iron residues from building and de molishing wastes to the most toxic and
insidious materials such as halogenated hydrocarbon s (DDT, kepone, mirex, and
polychlorinated biphenyls–PCB). The latter group m ay produce damage ranging from acute
biological effects (complete sterilization of stret ches of waterways) to chronic sub-lethal
effects that may go undetected for years. The chron ic low-level pollutants are proving to be
the most difficult to correct and abate because of their ubiquitous nature and chemical
stability.

Plate 4: Sewage Treatment Systems

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
Wastewater discharges are most commonly controlled through effluent standards and
discharge permits. Under this system, discharge per mits are issued with limits on the quantity
and quality of effluents. Water-quality standards a re sets of qualitative and quantitative
criteria designed to maintain or enhance the qualit y of receiving waters. Criteria can be

developed and implemented to protect aquatic life a gainst acute and chronic effects and to
safeguard humans against deleterious health effects , including cancer.
Sewage or wastewater should be treated before it i s discharged into the river or ocean.
This is possible through modern technologies.

Plate 5: Screen
Sewage is first passed through series of steps: sc reens, comminutor, grit chamber, and
settling tanks. Up to this stage, the process is ca lled primary treatment. Once the primary
treatment is completed, sewage is purified by about 30 per cent. To achieve almost 99.9 per
cent purification, the sewage has to be treated by secondary or biological treatment. In
Nigeria there are about 26 sewage treatment plants but none of them functioning
satisfactorily. Abuja alone has about 11 mini-sewag e treatment plants. But only one at
WUPA is working at 30 per cent capacity. Trickling or percolating filters, activated sludge
process, waste stabilization plants, water hyacinth ponds, reed bed or root zone technologies
are the methods available.

For tertiary treatment, methods, such as chlorinat ion, evaporation, and exchange
absorption may be employed. These depend upon the r equired quality of the final treatment.
Nigeria has to go a long way in the treatment of se wage.

Plate 6: Trickling Filter or Percolating Filter
Apart from the above mentioned conventional and un conventional methods, the
following practices should also be adopted:

Plate 7: Sewage Treatment Methods
i. Waste food material, paper, decaying vegetables and plastics should not be thrown
into the open or underground drains.
ii. Effluents with high organic content and slurries fr om distilleries and industries should
be sent to biogas plants for generation of energy.
iii. Oil slicks should be skimmed off from the surface w ith oil separators or suction
devices. Sawdust may be spread over oil slicks to a bsorb the oil components and then
the material is incinerated.

Plate 8: Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond System

THERMAL POLLUTION
Thermal pollution is the discharge of waste heat v ia energy dissipation into cooling
water and subsequently into nearby waterways. The m ajor sources of thermal pollution are
fossil-fuel and nuclear electric-power generating f acilities and, to a lesser degree, cooling
operations associated with industrial manufacturing , such as steel foundries, other primary-
metal manufacturers, and chemical and petrochemical producers.
The discharge temperatures from electric-power pla nts generally range from 5 to 11 C
degrees (9 to 20 F degrees) above ambient water tem peratures. An estimated 90% of all water
consumption, excluding agricultural uses, is for co oling or energy dissipation.
The discharge of heated water into a waterway ofte n causes ecological imbalance,
sometimes resulting in major fish kills near the di scharge source. The increased temperature
accelerates chemical-biological processes and decre ases the ability of the water to hold
dissolved oxygen. Thermal changes affect the aquati c system by limiting or changing the type
of fish and aquatic biota able to grow or reproduce in the waters. Thus rapid and dramatic
changes in biologic communities often occur in the vicinity of heated discharges.
LAND POLLUTION

Land is often used as a recipient for treatment o f wastes. Land also receives waste
spills. Land pollution is the degradation of the ea rth's land surface through misuse of the soil
by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitatio n, industrial waste dumping, and
indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.

Plate 9: At Sam Aikhoji’s Livestock Farm, Shasha, Ibadan
Soil Misuse
Soil erosion–a result of poor agricultural practi ces–removes rich humus topsoil
developed over many years through vegetative decay and microbial degradation and thus
strips the land of valuable nutrients for crop grow th. Strip mining for minerals and coal lays
waste thousands of acres of land each year, denudin g the Earth and subjecting the mined area
to widespread erosion problems. The increase in urb anization due to population pressure
presents additional soil-erosion problems; sediment loads in nearby streams may increase as
much as 500 to 1,000 times over that recorded in ne arby undeveloped stretches of stream.
Soil erosion not only despoils the Earth for farmin g and other uses, but also increases the
suspended-solids load of the waterway. This increas e interferes with the ecological habitat
and poses silting problems in navigation channels, inhibiting the commercial use of these

waters. Soil erosion is a major problem affecting s ome states in Nigeria. To name a few,
Anambra, Imo, Akwa Ibom and others in southern side are badly affected leading to gully
erosion and loss of land area.. There is need for t he Government to address this through
organized tree planting and controlling erosion thr ough sound engineering techniques.

Plate 10: Phytoremediation of
Lead Contaminated Soils at Olodo Village
Solid Waste
In the United States in 1988 municipal wastes alon e–that is, the solid wastes sent by
households, business, and municipalities to local l andfills and other waste-disposal facilities–
equalled 163 million metric tons (1980 million U.S. tons), or 18 k (40lb) per person,
according to figures released by the Environmental Protection Agency. Additional solid
wastes accumulate from mining, industrial productio n, and agriculture. Although municipal
wastes are the most obvious, the accumulations of o ther types of waste are far greater, in
many instances are more difficult to dispose of, an d present greater environmental hazards. In
Nigeria, municipal, industrial and hazardous wastes are a major concern and every
government is handicapped in dealing with them.
The most common and convenient method of disposing of municipal solid wastes is
in the sanitary landfill. Sanitary landfills provid e better aesthetic control and should be odour-
free. Often, however, industrial wastes of unknown content are commingled with domestic

wastes. Groundwater infiltration and contamination of water supplies are common. There is
need for building engineered landfills besides wast e reuse and recycling to reduce the waste
going to landfills and to increase the life of the landfills.
Besides landfills, solid wastes may be managed thr ough other technologies, viz.
incineration for medical and hazardous wastes, wast e to energy, composting of organic
wastes, biogas from livestock and slaughterhouses, and more advanced technologies to
manage radioactive and highly toxic wastes.
Recycling of materials is practical to some extent for much municipal and some
industrial wastes, and a small but growing proporti on of solid wastes are being recycled.
When wastes are commingled, however, recovery becom es difficult and expensive. New
processes of sorting ferrous and nonferrous metals, paper, glass, and plastics have been
developed, and many communities with recycling prog rams now require refuse separation.
Crucial issues in recycling are devising better pro cessing methods, inventing new products
for the recycled materials, and finding new markets for them.

PESTICIDES AND BIOCIDES
These are organic and inorganic chemicals original ly invented and first used
effectively to better the human environment by cont rolling undesirable life forms such as
bacteria, pests, and foraging insects. Their effect iveness, however, has caused considerable
pollution. The persistent, or hard, pesticides, whi ch are relatively inert and non-degradable by
chemical or biologic activity, are also bio-accumul ative; that is, they are retained within the
body of the consuming organism and are concentrated with each ensuing level of the biologic
food chain. For example, DDT provides an excellent example of cumulative pesticide effects.
(Although DDT use has been banned in the United Sta tes since 1972, and in Nigeria more
recently, it is still a popular pesticide in much of the rest of the world.) Its continued use in
several countries results in ingestion by higher fo rms of life: algae, fish, shellfish, birds, or
humans. The resultant increased concentration in th e higher life forms (bio-enhancement)
may reach levels of thousands to millions of parts per billion.
Pesticides affect birds nesting habits and nervous system of animals and fish; they can
cause instability, disorientation, and, in some cas es, death. These examples are generally a
result of relatively high body residuals producing acute (short-term) readily recordable
results.

The long-term (chronic) effects of persistent pest icides are virtually unknown, but
many scientists believe that they are as much an en vironmental hazard as are the acute
effects. Non-persistent (readily degradable) pestic ides or substitutes, insect sterilization
techniques, hormone homologues that check or interf ere with maturation stages, and
introduction of animals that prey on the pests pres ent a potentially brighter picture for pest
control with significantly reduced environmental co nsequences.
RADIATION POLLUTION
Radiation pollution is any form of ionizing or non -ionizing radiation that results from
human activities. The most well-known radiation res ults from the detonation of nuclear
devices and the controlled release of energy by nuc lear-power generating plants. Other
sources of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessin g plants, by-products of mining operations,
and experimental research laboratories. Increased e xposure to medical X-rays and to radiation
emissions from microwave ovens and other household appliances, although of considerably
less magnitude, all constitute sources of environme ntal radiation.
Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased
following the disclosure of possible harmful effect s to the public from nuclear weapons
testing, the accident (1979) at the Three Mile Isla nd nuclear-power generating plant near
Harrisburg, Pa., and the catastrophic 1986 explosio n at Chernobyl, a Soviet nuclear power
plant. In the late 1980s, revelations of major poll ution problems at U.S. nuclear weapons
reactors raised apprehensions even higher.
The environmental effects of exposure to high-leve l ionizing radiation have been
extensively documented through post-war studies on individuals who were exposed to
nuclear radiation in Japan. Some forms of cancer sh ow up immediately, but latent maladies of
radiation poisoning have been recorded from 10 to 3 0 years after exposure. The effects of
exposure to low-level radiation are not yet known. A major concern about this type of
exposure is the potential for genetic damage.
Radioactive nuclear wastes cannot be treated by co nventional chemical methods and
must be stored in heavily shielded containers in ar eas remote from biological habitats. The
safest of storage sites currently used are impervio us deep caves or abandoned salt mines.
Most radioactive wastes, however, have half-lives o f hundreds to thousands of years, and to
date no storage method has been found that is absol utely infallible.

NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution has a relatively recent origin. It is a composite of sounds generated by
human activities ranging from blasting stereo syste ms to the roar of supersonic transport jets.
Although the frequency (pitch) of noise may be of m ajor importance, most noise sources are
measured in terms of intensity, or strength of the sound field. The standard unit, one decibel
(dB), is the amount of sound that is just audible t o the average human. The decibel scale is
somewhat misleading because it is logarithmic rathe r than linear; for example, a noise source
measuring 70 dB is 10 times as loud as a source mea suring 60 dB and 100 times as loud as a
source reading 50 dB. Noise may be generally associ ated with industrial society, where heavy
machinery, motor vehicles, and aircraft have become everyday items. Noise pollution is more
intense in the work environment than in the general environment, although ambient noise
increased an average of one dB per year during the 1980s. The average background noise in a
typical home today is between 40 and 50 decibels. S ome examples of high-level sources in
the environment are heavy trucks (90 dB at 15 m/50 ft), freight trains (75 dB at 15 m/50 ft),
and air conditioning (60 dB at 6 m/20 ft). In niger ia noise is becoming a serious problem
through road traffic, electricity generating sets, music during social events and industrial
sources.
The most readily measurable physiological effect o f noise pollution is damage to
hearing, which may be either temporary or permanent and may cause disruption of normal
activities or just general annoyance. The effect is variable, depending upon individual
susceptibility, duration of exposure, nature of noi se (loudness), and time distribution of
exposure (such as steady or intermittent). On the a verage an individual will experience a
threshold shift (a shift in an individual's upper l imit of sound detectability) when exposed to
noise levels of 75 to 80 dB for several hours. This shift will last only several hours once the
source of noise pollution is removed. A second phys iologically important level is the
threshold of pain, at which even short-term exposur e will cause physical pain (130 to 140
dB). Any noise sustained at this level will cause a permanent threshold shift or permanent
partial hearing loss. At the uppermost level of noi se (greater than 150 dB), even a single
short-term blast may cause traumatic hearing loss a nd physical damage inside the ear.
Although little hard information is available on t he psychological side effects of
increased noise levels, many researchers attribute increased irritability, lower productivity,
decreased tolerance levels, increased incidence of ulcers, migraine headaches, fatigue, and

allergic responses to continued exposures to high-l evel noises in the workplace and the
general environment.
Reducing noise pollution by muffling the sounds at the source is one of the best
methods in industry and for urban living. Protectiv e equipment is generally mandatory when
noise levels exceed 85 dB(A) in industry. Creation of green cover adjacent to municipal roads
and in mines is the way to mitigate noise pollution . It has been observed that noise level
reduces by 10 decibels per every 10m wide green bel t development. Apart, redesigning
industrial equipment, shock mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace are
also for reduction and exposure of unwanted industr ial noise.
High way noise pollution can be mitigated by const ructing noise barriers. Artificial
noise barriers are solid obstructions built between the highway and the residential areas along
a highway. They block major portion of noise produc ed by passing vehicles on a highway.
Effective noise barriers typically reduce noise lev els by as much as half or more. The
construction of noise barrier may be built in the f orm of earth mounds, vertical wall along the
highways for creation of blockage of sound generate d by heavy vehicles. Creation of
greenbelt in the space between the residences and h ighways also reduces the noise nuisance.
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmospher e of substances that, in sufficient
concentrations, endanger human health or produce ot her measured effects on living matter
and other materials. Among the major sources of pol lution are power and heat generation, the
burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially, transportation. The six major
types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbo ns, nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulphur
dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Local and Regional
Smog has seriously affected more persons than any other type of air pollution. It can
be loosely defined as a multisource, widespread air pollution that occurs in the air of cities.
Smog, a contraction of the words smoke and fog, has been caused throughout recorded
history by water condensing on smoke particles, usu ally from burning coal. The infamous
London fogs–about 4,000 deaths were attributed to the severe fog of 1952–were smog of this
type. Another type, ice fog, occurs only at high la titudes and extremely low temperatures and
is a combination of smoke particles and ice crystal s.

As a coal economy has gradually been replaced by a petroleum economy,
photochemical smog has become predominant in many c ities. Its unpleasant properties result
from the irradiation by sunlight of hydrocarbons (p rimarily unburned gasoline emitted by
automobiles and other combustion sources) and other pollutants in the air. Irradiation
produces a long series of photochemical reactions. The products of the reactions include
organic particles, ozone, aldehydes, ketones, perox yacetyl nitrate, and organic acids and other
oxidants. Sulphur dioxide, which is always present to some extent, oxidizes and hydrates to
form sulphuric acid and becomes part of the particu late matter. Furthermore, automobiles are
polluters even in the absence of photochemical reac tions. They are responsible for much of
the particulate material in the air; they also emit carbon monoxide, one of the most toxic
constituents of smog.
All types of smog decrease visibility and, with th e possible exception of ice fog, are
irritating to the respiratory system. Statistical s tudies indicate that smog is a contributor to
malignancies of many types. Photochemical smog prod uces eye irritation and lacrimation and
causes severe damage to many types of vegetation, i ncluding important crops. Acute effects
include an increased mortality rate, especially amo ng persons suffering from respiratory and
coronary ailments. Air pollution also has a deleter ious effect on works of art.
Air pollution on a regional scale is in part the r esult of local air pollution–including
that produced by individual sources, such as automo biles–that has spread out to encompass
areas of many thousands of square kilometres. Meteo rological conditions and landforms can
greatly influence air-pollution concentrations at a ny given place, especially locally and
regionally. For example, cities located in bowls or valleys over which atmospheric inversions
form and act as imperfect lids are especially likel y to suffer from incidences of severe smog.
Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, carried long distan ces by the atmosphere and then
precipitated in solution as acid rain, can cause se rious damage to vegetation, waterways, and
buildings. Air pollution in Nigeria is also as a re sult of cooking fuels. Many houses still use
fire wood or charcoal for cooking purposes and this method releases oxices of carbon,
nitrogen, and sulphur into the environment. Asthma and bronchitis are the major ailments in
Nigerian populations.
Global
Humans also pollute the atmosphere on a global sca le, although until the early 1970s
little attention was paid to the possible deleterio us effects of such pollution. Measurements in

Hawaii suggest that the concentration of carbon dio xide in the atmosphere is increasing at a
rate of about 0.2% every year. The effect of this i ncrease may be to alter the Earth's climate
by increasing the average global temperature. Certa in pollutants decrease the concentration of
ozone occurring naturally in the stratosphere, whic h in turn increases the amount of
ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Such radiation may damage vegetation and
increase the incidence of skin cancer. Examples of stratospheric contaminants include
nitrogen oxides emitted by supersonic aircraft and chlorofluorocarbons used as refrigerants
and aerosol-can propellants. The chlorofluorocarbon s reach the stratosphere by upward
mixing from the lower parts of the atmosphere. It i s believed that these chemicals are
responsible for the noticeable loss of ozone over t he Polar Regions that have occurred in the
1980s.

The gaseous composition of unpolluted air
The Gases Parts per million (vol)

Nitrogen 756,500
Oxygen 202,900
Water 31,200
Argon 9,000
Carbon Dioxide 305
Neon 17.4
Helium 5.0
Methane 0.97-1.16
Krypton 0.97
Nitrous oxide 0.49
Hydrogen 0.49
Xenon 0.08
Organic vapours ca.0.02

CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTON
The following should be done to manage and control air pollution
i. Use of better designed equipment and smokeless fuel s, hearths in industries and at
home.
ii. Automobiles should be properly maintained and adher e to recent emission-control
standards.
iii. More trees should be planted along road side and ho uses.
iv. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar energ y, ocean currents, should fulfil
energy needs.
v. Tall chimneys should be installed for vertical disp ersion of pollutants.
The commonly used equipments / process for control of dust in various industries are
(a) Mechanical dust collectors in the form of dust cyclones; (b) Electrostatic precipitators –
both dry and wet system; (c) particulate scrubbers; (d) Water sprayer at dust generation
points; (e) proper ventilation system and (f) vario us monitoring devices to know the
concentration of dust in general body of air.

The common equipment / process used for control of toxic / flue gases are the (a)
process of desulphurisation; (b) process of denitri fication; (c) Gas conditioning etc. and (d)
various monitoring devices to know the efficacy of the systems used.
In addition to the above mentioned, the following steps, should be taken for reduction
of air pollution – To change our behaviour in order to reduce AIR POLLUTION at home as
well as on the road.
At Home:
1. Avoid using chemical pesticides or fertilizers in y our yard and garden. Many
fertilizers are sources of nitrous oxide, a greenh ouse gas that contributes to global
warming. Try organic products instead.
2. Compost your yard waste instead of burning it. Outd oor burning is not advisable, as it
pollutes air. Breathing this smoke is bad for you, your family and your neighbours.
Plus, you can use the compost in your garden.
3. If you use a wood stove or fireplace to heat your h ome, it would be better to consider
switching to another form of heat which does not ge nerate smoke. It is always better
to use sweater or warm clothing than using fireplac e.
4. Be energy efficient. Most traditional sources of en ergy burn fossil fuels, causing air
pollution. Keep your home well-maintained with weat her-stripping, storm windows,
and insulation. Lowering your thermostat can also h elp – and for every two degrees
Fahrenheit you lower it, you save about two percent on your heating bill.
5. Plant trees and encourage other to plant trees as w ell. Trees absorb and store carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, and filter out air pol lution. During warmer days, trees
provide cool air, unnecessary use of energy on air conditioning is avoided, hence the
air pollution.
6. Try to stop smoking; at home, at office or outside. Tobacco smoking not only
deteriorates self’s health, it affects others healt h too.
On the Road :
1. Keep your vehicle well maintained. A poorly maintai ned engine both creates more air
pollution and uses more fuel. Replace oil and air f ilters regularly, and keep your tires
properly inflated.
2. Drive less. Walking, bicycling, riding the bus, or working from home can save you
money as well as reducing air pollution.

3. Don’t idle your vehicle. If you stop for more than 30 seconds, except in traffic, turn
off your engine.
4. Don’t buy more car than you need. Four-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, engine size,
vehicle weight, and tire size all affect the amount of fuel your vehicle uses. The more
fuel it uses the more air pollution it causes.
Conclusion
Environmental pollution is a challenge in most dev eloped societies of the world;
contemporary societies of Africa and Nigeria in par ticular also grapple with the problems of
environmental pollution and are seeking ways to tac kle it. This contemporary issue has a
negative ripple effect on the health and socio-econ omic well-being of Nigerian people and as
a result has necessitated an interdisciplinary disc ourse in order to jointly solve this nagging
problem.
Nigeria has no data base on pollution in general. In order to manage waste and curb
Environmental pollution in Nigeria, a thorough stud y should be carried out in order to
ascertain the level of pollution in our environment , its causes and effects. Since the problem
of Environmental pollution is diverse in nature, th is study will involve professionals from all
walks of life (Engineering, Sciences, Humanities, A rts and Business management).
Environmental pollution is mostly caused by man an d his quest to survive and exploit
his environment. Nevertheless, in dependent capital ist societies such as Nigeria, creating
environmental awareness to the teeming rural based population with low literacy levels is the
best option to curbing problems of environmental po llution. This will be achieved by
mounting and organizing workshops, conferences, sem inars, use of media etc., to educate the
public on how to manage, and improve on the relatio nship between human society and the
environment in an integrated and sustainable manner . Emphasis should be laid on why we
need to sustain the environment. Pointing out too t hat human existence is predicated and as
well, supported by the environment. It is a two way approach, as we fail to sustain the
environment, the environment too will not sustain u s.
/head2right Through radio, television and other electronic medi a, the public should be informed
on why it is important to redeem the environment by replacing a felled tree with at
least other 10 stakes of trees.
/head2right Urban development planners and related agencies of government should continue to
sponsor jingles on radio and television houses on w hy it is not proper to build houses

on flood areas. Every print media should set aside one day in a week for
environmental education and awareness programmes.
/head2right Sanitary and bush burning laws should be reinforced to apprehend and prosecute
offenders. Only Enugu State has a law prohibiting bush burning.
/head2right A prompt legislative framework should be put in pla ce to make laws that would tackle
headlong issues of noise pollution in Nigeria.
/head2right Rural farmer education on how to apply fertilizer a nd other related inputs should be
reemphasized to reduce health hazards involved.
A lot of awareness can be created about pollution, a great awareness is already there
in urban society (in large cities) on pollution, bu t we cannot effectively control pollution in
the absence of authentic data about air pollution, water pollution, water treatment, industrial
effluents, sewage management, land and pesticides p ollution or abatement of noise pollution.
Such measures can be effective only if we have reli able data on exact levels of pollution.
Such reliable data can be obtained by monitoring of environmental pollution at site. The
knowledge of levels of pollution will enable us to use and adopt effective, reliable and
economic measures for their control. To control pol lution, which is growing in alarming
proportion, the most effective way is to analyse en vironmental pollution and then adopt a
strategy for its control. NESREA is in place and wh at is needed is to implement the
regulations. It should also be noted that law is fo r everybody. What is applicable to private
sector is also applicable to government owned and m anaged.

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