EnglishGrammarToday [621785]

EnglishGrammarToday
With CD-ROMAn A–Z of Spoken
and Written Grammar
Ronald Carter, Michael McCarthy,Geraldine Mark and Anne O'Keeffe
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico CityCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UKwww.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/[anonimizat]© Cambridge University Press 2011This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-0-521-73175-1 Paperback and CD-ROMISBN 978-0-521-14987-7 Paperback with CD-ROM and WorkbookCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to inthis publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain, accurate or appropriate.First published 2011
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information

Contents
Thanks and acknowledgements vIntroduction 1A–Z7
Table of irregular verbs 611Glossary 613Index 625
iii
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information

Thanks and acknowledgements
This book has been compiled by four authors in different locations over the course offour years. During this time each one of us has benefited greatly from contact withmany friends and colleagues who have directly and indirectly influenced our thinkingabout grammar, its organisation and its teaching. We have benefited from many sourcesof advice and guidance, always given freely and in the spirit of collaboration, on a rangeof matters that have affected the design, wording and presentation of this book and itscompanion workbook volume. Some names deserve a special expression of ourgratitude.
First and foremost we thank the editorial teams at Cambridge University Press. In
particular we thank Alison Sharpe for commissioning the English Grammar Today
project and for being a source of always perceptive, reliable advice through the earlieststages of the project. In the latter stages we have enjoyed similar advice and guidancefrom Robert Vernon and Matthew Duffy. In the day to day hurly burly of textconstruction and deconstruction we owe much to three colleagues at the Press whopatiently and wisely guided us through innumerable stages of writing and re-writing:Tom Allen, Lynn Dunlop and Therese Tobin. All three got up close and personal to themanuscripts of this book and the English Grammar Today Workbook and provided
invaluable critique, advice and insight. We owe an especial debt to Therese Tobin whohas remained a close working colleague and friend over many years and who has beenan unfailing source of ideas and support, at times during very difficult personalcircumstances. It has been a privilege for us to work with her.
Cambridge has given us outstanding and unfailing support from the outset. First
and foremost, thanks must go to Hanri Pieterse, Managing Director of CambridgeLearning at the Press from 2006, whose support for this project and its architecture hasbeen instrumental in many ways. We are also much indebted to Ron Ragsdale, PaulHeacock and Melissa Good for the many day-to-day instances of their support andfriendship. Cambridge also supplied us with corpora and expert computational supportfrom Andrew Harley, Ann Fiddes and Dominic Glennon, to all of whom we say thankyou. Jo Botrill and his team at Out of House Publishing have provided prompt, efficientand meticulous support at the many stages of proofing and manuscript production.Both Out of House and Newgen, as well as illustrators Nigel Dobbyn, Laura Martinezand Paul Moran and Alek Sotirovski, have helped with the design of English Grammar
Today andWorkbook and we also thank Lila Purswani and Daniel Perrett for their work
on the CD-ROM. We also thank Jeanette Alfoldi and her team at the Press who haveoverseen the book through its final stages of production.
Development of this publication has made use of the Cambridge International
Corpus (CIC). The CIC is a computer database of contemporary spoken and writtenEnglish, which currently stands at over one billion words. It includes British English,American English and other varieties of English. It also includes the Cambridge Learner
v
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information

Corpus, developed in collaboration with the University of Cambridge ESOLExaminations. Cambridge University Press has built up the CIC to provide evidenceabout language use that helps to produce better language teaching materials.Among the university and professional colleagues all the authors have shared over theyears, many figures stand out as having profoundly influenced us. One deserves aspecial mention: John Sinclair, whose untimely death coincided with the earliest phasesof this project, was, and remains a significant inspiration to us all, and to whosememory this book is dedicated.
Other British-based colleagues and friends who have supported us and given us
ideas and inspiration over the years, who have provided through innumerableconversations a forum for refinement of theory and practice, and who have createdplatforms in corpus-informed grammar and discourse analysis that have enabled thisproject in so many ways include: Svenja Adolphs, Dave Allan, Fiona Barker, MichaelBaynham, Bethan Benwell, Paula Buttery, Martin Bygate, Andrew Caines, LynneCameron, Kathy Conklin, Joanna Channell, Sarah Cole, Guy Cook, Justine Coupland,David Crystal, Joan Cutting, Zoltan Dörnyei, David Evans, Jane Evison, Bryan Fletcher,Amorey Gethin, Sarah Grandage, Peter Grundy, Julia Harrison, John Hawkins, MartinHewings, Ann Hewings, Michael Hoey, Susan Hunston, Rebecca Hughes, HowardJackson, Martha Jones, Almut Koester, Dawn Knight, Geoffrey Leech, Michael Lewis,Jeanne McCarten, Tony McEnery, Rosamund Moon, Louise Mullany, Felicity O ’Dell,
David Oakey, Kieran O ’Halloran, Antoinette Renouf, John Richmond, Mario Rinvolucri,
Paul Roberts, Paul Seedhouse, Norbert Schmitt, Mike Scott, Alison Sealey, PaulSimpson, Roger Smith, Peter Stockwell, Michael Swan, Joan Swann, Paul Thompson,Ivor Timmis, Brian Tomlinson, Steve Walsh, David Willis, Jane Willis, Alison Wray andMartin Wynne.
From universities and other institutions overseas, inspiration, ideas and friendly
support came to us from: Jens Allwood, Carolina Amador Moreno, Gabriela Appel, GuyAston, Michael Barlow, Douglas Biber, James Binchy, Geraldine Brosnan, Anne Burns,Dermot Campbell, Christopher Candlin, Angela Chambers, Marianne Celce-Murcia,Winnie Cheng, Brian Clancy, Sylvia de Cock, Susan Conrad, Tania Fahey Palma, FionaFarr, Tony Fitzpatrick, Loretta Fung, Sylviane Granger, Carmen Gregori Signes, MichaelHandford, Michael Halliday, Kieran Harrington, Ruquiya Hasan, Margaret Healy, KentHill, Jean Hudson, San San Hnin Tun, Paul Hopper, Ken Hyland, Yoshihiko Ikegami,Karen Johnson, Celeste Kinginger, James Lantolf, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Xiaofei Lu,Barbara Maleira Orfano, Anna Mauranen, John McDonagh, Nigel McQuitty, JustinMcNamara, Marty Meinardi, Freda Mishan, Tom Morton, Bróna Murphy, DavidNunan, Aisling O ’Boyle, Eugene O ’Brien, María Palma Fahey, Luke Prodromou,
Nikoleta Rapti, Randi Reppen, Elaine Riordan, Ute Römer, Chris Rühlemann, AntoniaSánchez Macarro, Helen Sandiford, Elana Shohamy, Howard Siegelman, Rita Simpson,Anoma Siriwardena, Diana Slade, Carol Spöttl, Jeff Stranks, Susan Strauss, MerrillSwain, John Swales, Gerry Sweeney, Hongyin Tao, Scott Thornbury, Steven Thorne,Elena Tognini-Bonelli, Amy Tsui, Koen Van Landeghem, Elaine Vaughan, MaryVaughn, Shih-Ping Wang, Martin Warren, Linda Waugh, Fiona Wheeler, GeoffWilliams and Xuelian Xu.Thanks and acknowledgements
vi English Grammar Today
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information

Others too many to mention have inspired us with conference papers and
published work, and to all of them we owe a debt of gratitude. Our domestic partnershave, as always, shown great support and patience during the many hours this projecthas chained us to our desks. Whatever shortcomings remain in English Grammar Today
are entirely our responsibility.
Ronald Carter, Michael McCarthy,
Geraldine Mark, Anne O ’Keeffe.
Nottingham, Cambridge,
Cheltenham and Limerick, 2010.Thanks and acknowledgements
"613 Glossary vii
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.orgCambridge University Press978-0-521-73175-1 – English Grammar Today With CD-ROM An A-Z of Spoken and Written GrammarRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’KeeffeFrontmatterMore information