Dynamic equipment de- [619155]

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of M echanical Engineering 55(2009)2
Contents, Special issue
Contents
Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering
volume 55, (2009), number 2
Ljubljana, February 2009
ISSN 0039-2480
Published monthly
Editorial 81
Papers
Park, N. K., Dragovi ü, B., Kim, J.Y.: Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container
Terminal: Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning 83
Petropoulos, G. P., Vaxevanidis, N. M., Radovanovi ü, M., Zoler, C.: Morphological –
Functional Aspects of Electro-Discharge Machined Surface Textures 95
Bošnjak, S., Zrni ü, N., Dragovi ü, B.: Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform
under Wind Excitation 104
Marušiț, V., Šarțeviü, Ž., Rozing, G..: The Influence of Ha rdening Related Deformations on
Selection of Abrasion Inhibition Process 114
Radosavljevi ü, S., Liliü, N., ûurțiü, S., Radosavljevi ü, M.: Risk Assessment and Managing
Technical Systems in case of Mining Industry 119
Šerifi, V., Daši ü, P., Jețmenica, R., Labovi ü, D.: Functional and Information Modeling of
Production Using IDEF Methods 131
Senatore, A., Ruggiero, A., Jevremovic, V., Nedeff, V.: Effects of Couple Stresses on the
Unsteady Performance of Finite Lubricated Bearings 141
Instructions for Authors 148

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 81
81Editorial
Editorial for the special iss ue of Journal of Mechanical Engi-
neering to the 8th International Conference of Research and
Development in Mechanical Industry (RaDMI 2008)
We are pleased to introduce this Special
Issue of Strojniški vestnik – Journal of
Mechanical Engineering on Research and
development of different fields in mechanical
industry to our readership. The included papers
deal with various field in metalworking and tribology, transport systems and modeling
technical systems.
The papers have been selected from the
most relevant papers present ed at the Eighth In-
ternational Conference on Research and Devel-
opment in Mechanical Industry (RaDMI 2008).
This Conference was held in Užice, Serbia, from
14 to 17 September 2008. On the Conference 164 papers were presented from which 108 were from
abroad, from 25 countries of the World, with the
participation of more than 150 speakers and dele-
gates. The 8
th International Conference RaDMI
2008 continued its tradition by focusing on the re-
search and development of manufacturing sys-tems, tools and technologies, new materials and
product design; mainte nance and effectiveness of
technical systems, quality management, TQM and management in mechanical engineering; applica-
tion of information t echnologies in mechanical
engineering and application of mechanical engi-neering in other industrial fields. Until now it was
realized 8 conferences. It was accepted and pub-
lished over 1.300 papers, from which 1.000 were
from abroad from 40 various countries of the
world. Total number of authors and coauthors
were over 2.000. Papers of the 8 conferences, were published in 13 proce edings in hard copy
and 7 proceedings in electronic form (CD-ROM).
Number of printed ma terial was approximately
10.000 pages.
The first paper written by Nam Kyu Park,
Branislav Dragovi ü and Ju Young Kim, is pre-
sented under the title: Dynamic equipment de-
ployment at a container te rminal: Transfer system
based on real-time positioning . Authors focus on
the operational management of the dynamic trans-
fer equipment deployed between the quay and the container yard, during the container unload-
ing/loading process at a given number of ships
according to a previously planned berth schedule. This study discusses how vi rtue of information
technology enhan cement activities is provided to
raise port competitiveness.
The second paper: Morphological –
functional aspects of el ectro-discharge machined
surface textures , is contributed by Georgios P.
Petropoulos, Nikolaos M. Vaxevanidis, Miroslav
Radovanovi ü and Carol Zoler. Authors
investigate a set of “non–common” surface
topography parameters of Electro-Discharge
Machined surfaces that give differing aspects of texture related to morphological characterization
and possible tribological applications. The
correlation of parameters with pulse energy is examined to allow appropriate selection of
machining conditions for producing functionally
desirable Electro-Discharge Machined textures.
The third paper co-authored by Sr ÿan
Bošnjak, Nenad Zrni ü and Branislav Dragovi ü, is
presented under the title: Dynamic response of
mobile elevating work platform under wind exci-
tation. Authors examine th e possibility of aero-
dynamic instability occu rrence in the mobile ele-
vating work platform (MEWP) structure. This
paper points out the possibility of suppressing
undesirable dynamic effect s by applying concepts
of active (intelligent) structures.
The fourth paper co-authored by Vlatko
Marušiü,Željko Šar țeviü and Goran Rozing, is
presented under the title: The influence of
hardening related deformations on selection of
abrasion inhibition process . Authors compared
wear mass loss on samples at depth of hardened
layers of induction quenched C 60, carburized 16MnCr5, hard faced with C-Cr-Mn and C-Cr-
W-Co electrode deposited layers as well as
thermal flame sprayed deposits of C-Cr-Mo layer. It was established that wear mass loss changed
the least with the hard faced C-Cr-W-Co layer,

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 82
82after that with thermal fla me sprayed deposits and
hard faced C-Cr-Mn layers.
The fifth paper: Risk Assessment and
Managing Technical Systems in case of Mining
Industry is contributed by Slobodan
Radosavljevi ü, Nikola Lili ü, Sreüko ûurțiü and
Milan Radosavljevi ü. Authors put forward a
proposal for the possible approaches and
improvement relating to the following and
implementing modern, standardized world trends, (models and methods) concerning the analysis of
the technical aspect risk in some of the basic
processes in the mining indu stry. This work was
created as a result of research which was
conducted during 2004 to 2008. in process of
surface exploitation and coil refinement in Serbian mining industry.
The sixth paper, co-authored by Veis
Šerifi, Predrag Daši ü, Ratomir Je țmenica and
Dragana Labovi ü, is presented under the title:
Functional and information modeling of
production using IDEF methods . Authors present
functional and informati onal model of Investment
building of production facility using graphical language IDEF0 that is, CASE BPWin tool. They also suggest context diagram, information model
and decomposition diag ram of production –
investment building.
The eventh paper: Effects of couple
stresses on the unsteady performance of finite
lubricated bearings , is contributed by Adolfo
Senatore, Alessandro Ruggiero, Vladeta Jevremovi ü and Valentin Nedeff. Authors
investigate a general approach aimed to the
performances of the coupl e stress lubricants used
to minimize the friction losses in steady operating
conditions. The purpose is to illustrate a method
to formulate with clos ed-form solutions the
steady/unsteady fluid film forces for the
sinfinitely long s and sfinites lubricated couple
stress journal bearings, assuming the micro-
continuum Stokes model.
Guest editors:
Prof. Dr. Predrag V. Daši ü
Prof. Dr. Janez Kopa ț
Prof. Dr. Georgios P. Petropoulos

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 83-94 Paper received: 08.01.2009
UDC 656.073.235 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: Tongmyong University, Department of Distribution Management, 535,
Yongdang-dong, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-711, Republic of Korea, nkpark@tit.ac.kr 83Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container Terminal:
Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning
Nam Kyu Park1,*– Branislav Dragovi ü2–Ju Young Kim3
1Tongmyong University, Departme nt of Distribution Managem ent, Republic of Korea
2University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty, Montenegro
3Tongmyong University, Port Logistics Institute, Republic of Korea
In container terminals, containers are transported from the quay to the storage yard and vice
versa by yard trucks (YTs) which are used for tran sfer operations. We focus on the operational
management of the dynamic transf er equipment deployed between the qu ay and the container yard during
the container unloading/loading process with a given number of ships ac cording to a previously planned
berth schedule. This study discusses how in formation techno logy enhancement activities raise port
competitiveness. Advanced op eration systems are designed, and selected according to their investment
effects. These systems are preferred to infra structure expansion and add itional equipmen t acquisition.
Using simulation methodology, we attempt to prove that real-time data collection by using radio
frequency identification (RFID) and dynamic operation of YT impr oves productivity and enhances
resource utilization. As a result,, it was found that about 25% of productivity improvement may be
realized by simulation study .Computational ca lculations for validation of simulation models based on
real-time data are provided.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: container terminals, co ntainer transport, operation al management, simulation,
information technology
0 INTRODUCTION
Simulation methodology is widely used for
dynamic planning and op eration at a container
terminal . We present a general framework to
support the operational decisions for dynamic
transfer system deployment based on real-time positioning.
A container terminal is a complex system
with various interrelated components. There are many complicated decisions that operators or
planners have to make. The handling operations
in container terminals include three types of operations: ship operation s associated with ship-
berth link, receiving/delivery operations for
external trucks, and container handling and storage operations in a yard. Container ships are
loaded and unloaded where containers are
temporarily stored while awaiting a new journey. Inbound containers arrive by ship and quay
cranes (QCs) transfers containers from ship to a
yard truck (YT). The YT then delivers the
inbound container to a yard crane (YC) which
may be a rubber tired gantry crane (RTGC) or
rail mounted gantry crane (RMGC). The YC picks it off the YT, which returns to the QC to receive the next unloaded container. In the
loading operation the process is carried out in the opposite direction. These are indirect transfer
systems where a YT delivers a container between
the apron and the container yard. RTGCs or
RMGCs transfer containers between yard trucks
and yard stacks in the container yard.
Firstly, several alternative handling
operations in container terminals are currently
being used and to maximize the efficiency of the operations they are usually planned in advance. In
this paper, dynamic YT deployment based on
real-time positioning is assumed. The capycity of the resources used in the planning operation are
usually limited. Thus priorities among handling
activities that require th ese resources must be
determined during the planning operation. The
resources include berths, QCs, YTs, YCs,
container yard space and other handling equipment.
Secondly, the next subsection will give an
overview of the literature reffering to container
port simulation models.
Section 1 discusses YT
deployment planning at a co ntainer terminal. In
Section 2 , we present the problem statement.
Section 3 describes simulation models and

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Park, N. K. – Dragovi ü, B. – Kim, J.Y. 84presents a brief description of simulation
modeling procedure consisting of model
structure, data collection and applied simulation
algorithm. In Section 4 , computational results are
reported to evaluate the efficiency of the models.
Finally, a summary of the results and
contributions of is given.
0.1 Literature Review
Simulation models have been used
extensively in the planning and analysis of
operating processes at a co ntainer terminal. Many
different simulation m odels regarding terminal
operation, especially anchorage-ship-berth link,
terminal design, container yard optimization planning, YC deployment , container handling and
storage operations in a yard and others, have
been developed in papers [1] to [33]. These models are coded in different simulation
languages, as seen in Table 1.
It should also be pointe d out ,that there are
a few overview concepts of container port
operation literature given by Vis and Koster [34], Steenken et al. [35], Stahlbock, and Voß [36] ,
Günther and Kim [37], and Kim [38] as shown in
Table 1. In these papers good surveys of container port operation were done. One can conclude that all of these main
port links have been ade quately analyzed and
modeled by using different simulation
approaches. Various operations research models and methods in the field of optimizing main port
link planning are increasingly applied in the
world terminals.
All the previous studies assumed that the
objective simulation models were developed in a
different environment and that optimal solutions can be found. However, in container terminals
there are many complicated constraints to be dealt
with so finding an op timal solution itself is a
difficult problem. This is why simulation models
of dynamic transfer operations based on real-time
positioning are applied to the YTs deployment problem in container terminals.
1 YARD TRUCK DEPLOYMENT PLANNING
We focus on the operational management
of the dynamic YT deployed between the apron
and the container yard, during the container unloading/loading process with a given number of
ships according to a previously planned berth
schedule. This methodolog y indicates how this
approach can be successfully integrated in an
Table 1. Literature overview
Considered problems Approaches References
Simulation of ports and
container terminals
(CT)PORTSIM
Modsim III
Object oriented programming, C++
ARENA, SLX
Visual SLAM
AweSim Witness software
Taylor II
GPSS/H
Extend-version 3.2.2
Scenario generator
JavaGeneric simulation model
Discrete event simulation Nevins et al. [5];
Gambradella et al. [6] and [11];
Yun and Choi [8];
Tahar and Hussain [10]; Merkuryev et al. [4] and [9];
Lee et al. [17]; Park et al. [27]; Kozan [30];
Legato and Mazza [12];
Nam et al. [13]; Ng and Wong [28];
Shabayek and Yeung [14]; Martinez et al. [21];
Kia et al. [15];
Pachakis and Kiremidjian [16]; Dragovi ü et al. [24]
and [25];
Sgouridis et al. [18];
Hartmann >22@;
Bielli et al. [26];
Otjes et al. [29];
Dahal et al. [20];Canonaco et al. [31];
Petering & Murty [32]; Petering et al. [33].
Overview concept and
surveys of recent
research on CT Quantitative models for various decision
problems in CT;
Logistics processes and operations in CT
– optimization methods; Operations research at container terminals: a literature update;
CT and terminal operations;
Models and methods for operations in CT. Vis and Koster >34@;
Steenken et al. >35@;
Stahlbock and Voß [36];
Günther and Kim [37];
Kim [38].

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container Terminal: Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning 85already available simulation model to support
dynamic assignment of YT to allocated QCs. In
such a model the resour ce assignment, in terms of
representation, allocation and management of the resources, plays a vital role regarding the
efficiency of the whole dynamic YT deployment
architecture.
The YT assignment process is the
allocation of handling tasks to container-handling
equipment. Loading/unloading tasks are assigned to one of the QCs, based on the berth schedule
and the number of loading/unloading tasks for
each ship. Transfer tasks are assigned to YCs dynamically, based on real -time information on
waiting tasks and the status of each crane.
There are two types of strategies for
assigning delivery tasks to YTs. One is a
dedicated strategy and th e other is a pooled
strategy. With the former, a group of YTs is assigned to a QC and deliv er containers only for
that QC. In the latter, all the YTs are shared
among different QCs thus any YT can deliver
containers for any QC, which is a more flexible
strategy for utilizing YTs. However, when YTs are shared by more than one QC (pooled
dispatching) or QC mixes with alternating
unloading and loading operations (dual cycle QC operation), both of which can be found rarely in
practice, empty travels may be significantly
reduced
[38] and [39].
If the productivity of each area e.g. a quay,
yard, and gate is harmoniously achieved, then the
total productivity of a whole terminal can be improved. In particular, the productivity of YT in
the container yard has a significant effect upon
the overall productivity of a container terminal.
Productivity maximization of YT,
minimization of QCs and YCs waiting time by
effective fulfillment of work order and remarkable utility rate improvement by dynamic
vehicle assignment – all these are essential
technologies for a state-of-the-art port
stevedoring system. For this reason and to
increase the efficiency of YT, the development of a dynamic assignment technique (or dynamic
operation) based on a real-time location system is
much needed.
Firstly, this paper discusses the YT
deployment system. To attain the highest
terminal productivity, it is essential that the
activities of the YTs are prop erly coordinated, so
the YTs serve QCs effectively. The above mentioned highlights the challenging nature of
real-time YT operations control problems at a
container terminal. Accordingly, we have
considered two types of st rategies for assigning
delivery tasks to YTs: the dedicated strategy and
the pooled strategy. The n simulation models for
both of them were performed to measure their quantitative effect. The two YT assignment
strategies presented here are directly tied into a
detailed simulation model s: a current model for
dedicated strategy and an improved model related
to pooled strategy. Bo th models are tested and
shown to be viable in a real-time environment. Computational results indicate that one of these
models is superior to the other.
In order to improve the reliability of each
simulation model, we collected the operation data
of Hanjin Gamman Cont ainer Terminal (HGCT)
located in Busan for one year [27]. We used Arena as a simulation language [40] and a visual
basic for a linkage to event handling.
2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The crucial terminal management problem
is to optimize the balance between the shipowners
who request quick service of their ships and the
economic use of the allocated resources. Since
both, the container ships and the container port
facilities are very expensive, it is desirable to utilize them as intensively as possible. In
representing random and complex environment of
container terminal simula tion modeling is better
than the analytical one. The different types of
simulation languages that were used for modeling
the main container terminal link processes include PORTSIM, Modsim III, AweSim, Arena, Extend,
Witness, GPSS/H and other. Another problem is
also choosing the simula tion tool to develop the
model. There are two options in which the model
of container terminal can be developed by a
general purpose programming language and
simulation package or language.
2.1 Operational Situation
In an effort to make a survey of utilization
for real-time data, we visited HGCT a few times
from October to December 2006. In order to find out current operational problems, we established
the requirements for improving the transfer
process. Managers of HGCT informed us about

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Park, N. K. – Dragovi ü, B. – Kim, J.Y. 86the necessity of real-time data and also provided
the needed data for simulations. Consequently,
operational problems and the requirements for
advancement of HGCT are defined.
In most cases, the bottlenecks in the
operational process are usually caused by YT
more than QCs or YCs. Furthermore, certain ports [27] included a pooling system or a dual
cycle system for improved YT efficiency. But
because of inaccurate location recognition and scanty wireless communication infrastructure,
these systems ended in failure.
In many Korean ports, the final job
location of a crane can be checked by crane
operator’s input, consequently lowering the
accuracy of input data. As for YT, it is almost impossible to conduct location tracking.
2.2 Requirements for Improvement
According to th e realized interview, the
problem at HGCT where YTs are assigned to
specific QC until the work is completed is
addressed. A more efficient YT assignment method called pooled strategy will be proposed.
In this process, YTs return to any QC after
delivering the containers and YTs can be dynamically assigned to the QC. A dynamic
approach may be more advantageous, such as:
when a YT arrives at a container stack point in the yard after receiving a container from a QC
under unloading operation, instead of going back
to the QC which is situ ated far from the present
location, it proceeds to the next stack point which
is close to the present location to receive a
container for export, and then proceeds to another QC under loading operation.
3 SIMULATION MODELS
Simulation of the logistics activities
related to the arrival, lo ading/unloading, transfer
and departure processes of YTs in container
terminal can be used for different activities such
as designing storage yard, increaseing
productivity and efficiency of terminal equipment
(YTs, QCs and YCs), analys ing and planning of
terminal transfer operations from the quay to the
storage yard, etc. Th ese logistics activities are
particularly complex and very expensive since they require the combined use of expensive
infrastructure capacities like be rths and storage yard. Terminal transfer operati ons need to serve
containers as quickly as possible. Thus, in order
to successfully design and develop terminal
transfer operations and utilize it as efficiently as possible, it is necessary to develop a simulation
model that will support decision making
processes of terminal managers. The results, analysis and conclusions given here are intended
to provide guidance on achieving time efficiency,
raise productivity of YT and accuracy in the modeling and calibration of simulation models
for HGCT.
Simulation model development is required
to test the efficacy of dynamic operation based on
RTLS. We need to analyze the current business
process and then design an improved business process. A current mode l YTs operation method
is based on a group of YTs, that is, a certain
number of YTs per QCs thus performing the job of loading and unloading for QC. At this time
each YT group can be distinguished by their flag.
Fig. 1 shows the current YT operation concept of
the dedicated strategy where a group of YTs is
assigned to a QC and deliver containers only for that QC.
Fig. 1. An illustration of current YT operation
concept (dedicated strategy )
Considering the dedicated strategy, YTs
can be assigned per QCs orderly, which offers positive results. On the other hand, it makes it impossible to exchange mutual cooperation with YTs belonging to the other groups. Consequently, job flexibility lowering and the availability of equipment are also expressed here. In addition, YT's loaded travel and an empty travel are alternately repeated (called single cycle operation) between a QC and YCs. This occurs because YTs are usually assigned to a single QC (dedicated assignment) and QCs start the loading operations only after all the unloading operations are completed.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container Terminal: Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning 87However, the pooled dispatching strategy is
different. In the pooled strategy, all the YTs are
shared among different QC s and thus any YT can
deliver containers for any QC as illustrated in Fig. 2. This strategy can be composed for a ship or for
a whole container terminal.
Fig. 2. An illustration of improved YT operation
concept (pooled strategy )
As this method is FIFO-based assignment
of YT, it can coordinate the YT imbalances
utility rate. Referring to the job situation
including the moving distance from the current
job place, YTs can be dynamically assigned to the QC and YC, thu s considerably reducing
empty movement.
3.1 Initial Environment Setup for Simulation
This study has assumed that one berth has
three QCs, one QC has one group organization
composed of five YTs and each group works for 10 hours. Transfer distance was counted
according to the required time of each movement
lines for YTs as illustrated in Fig. 3 (environment
setup for a current model). On the other hand, the
improved model based on 15 YTs was
dynamically assigned to 3 QCs. The environment
setup provides another powerful advantage for
improving the YT assignment processes at the
HGCT.
Fig. 3. Terminal layout and movement lines of YTs
An important part of the implementation
of the models is the correct choice of the values of the simulation parameters. The input data of the mother ships are collected for one year (2005) [27]. Related to statistical analysis, the obtained
data comes from the HGCT and includes the following values: the arrival and departure time of mother ship, work time, the number of assigned QCs, the number of YTs, the number of YCs, and storage position at the container yard.
The average of each value and probability distributions were calculated by input analysis
with Arena. YT’s waiting time for YC, working hours, YT’s travel speed and transfer distance were calculated based on real data. Table 2 and Fig. 4 show the values of major input variables.
In addition, we developed simulation
models where service times were calculated by using a particular distributio n. To obtain accurate
data, we first fitted the empirical distribution of service times to the appropriate theoretical distribution for serviced ship. Service time
distribution is given in Fig. 4.
Table 2. The major simulation input variables
Variable Type Value
Service time distribution of ships Distribution 1+GAMM (2.58, 5.48) hrs
Number of QC Average value 3
Loading time for QC Distribution TRIA (20, 30, 40) sec
Number of YT Average value 5 YTs per QC
Travel speed of YT Average value 115 meters/minute
Waiting time distribution of YC Distribution TRIA (0.4, 1, 1.5) minute
YC working hours Distribution NORM (3, 0.2) minute
YT’s transfer distance Considering the port layout and movement lines which
are converted into meters.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Park, N. K. – Dragovi ü, B. – Kim, J.Y. 88Fig. 4. Service time distribution of ships
(1+GAMM (2.58, 5.48) hrs)
We carried out extensive numerical work
for the high/low values of the HGCT models
characteristics. For purposes of validation of the
simulation model and verification of the simulation computer program, the results of
simulation model were compared with the actual
measurement. Our output computational calculation is based on different parameters of
various HGCT characteristics such as: total
handling volume at the same hours, handling volume per YT and delayed working hours owing
to YT’s waiting. And th en the research on
correlationship between handling volume and YT’s working hour delay was made.
3.2 Simulation Modeling
Storage yards at container terminals serve
as temporary buffers for inbound and outbound containers. YTs is the most frequently used
equipment at terminal for transfer operations. The
efficiency of transfer operations heavily depends on the productivity of these YTs. As the workload
distribution in the terminal changes over time,
dynamic deployment of YTs between quay and container storage areas is an important issue of
terminal operations management. These models
address the YT deployment problem. Given the
forecasted workload of each YT in each period of
the day, the objective is to find the asignment
strategy and routes of YT movements between quay and storage yard so that the productivity at
terminal is improved and average delay time of
QC is minimized. The proble m is solved by the
simulation model. To improve the performance of
this approach, we augment the new model and
modify the solution procedure accordingly. Computational calculation shows that the
modified model generates better results.
In particular, simulation modeling is
suitable for the complex environment of a
container terminal, which requires various criteria
and scenarios. Most container terminal systems are sufficiently complex to warrant simulation
analysis which determines systems performance.
We now present simulation models of
dynamic transfer operations based on RTLS.
These models, based on the authors experience
and on extended discussions with managers and staff members at HGCT, are designed to show
dependence of assigning strategies for YTs in
real time.
Let’s assume that we conduct modeling
based on one ship. The modeling can be divided
into three parts. Firstly, if containers come, it
needs to be checked whether there are YTs
available or not. If available, YTs will be
assigned to QC, and if not, QC is to wait YTs. At the same time, the QC’s waiting time for YT is
counted. This procedure is explained in Fig. 5.
Group of 5 YTs was assigned by using the transporter module for QC referring to Table 3.
Fig. 5. Sub-model for YT available after job
completion of QC
Secondly, if YTs are assigned, the
corresponding containers will be loaded on the YTs, and move to the YCs. At the same time, the
YT moving distance becomes the movement lines
to the destination. If YC is under work, YT has to
wait related to Fig. 6. At this point, the moving
distance of YT is measured by a distance module
displayed in Table 4.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container Terminal: Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning 89Table 3. Transporter module
NameNo. of
YTsType Distance set Travel speed
(m/h)Initial position
1 QC1 YT 5 Free Path QC1 YT Distance 10 QC1 Station
2 QC2 YT 5 Free Path QC2 YT Distance 10 QC2 Station
3 QC3 YT 5 Free Path QC3 YT Distance 10 QC3 Station
Table 4. Distance module
Distance module name Beginning station Ending station Distance (meters)
1 QC1 Station YC1 Station 378
2QC1
Yard Truck
Distance YC1 Station QC1 Exit 621
3 QC2 Station YC2 Station 351
4QC2
Yard Truck
Distance YC2 Station QC2 Exit 486
5 QC3 Station YC3 Station 621
6QC3
Yard Truck
Distance YC3 Station QC3 Exit 297
Fig. 6. Sub-model for YT moves to QC
Finally, if YC’s storage work is over, YTs
will be released, and cont ainers handling will also
finish. This procedure is shown in Fig. 7.
One of the productivity terms is the time
of YTs for one container, which is incurred by the travel of trucks in the yard. The travel time is
proportional to the travel distance of YTs and
availability of YC at ti me. YTs travel from the
quay to the storage yard and then return to the
quay. The model developed here can be used to¸
obtain results that can be important to the
terminal management. Fig. 7 . Sub-model for YC’s storage work is over,
YT is released
If the above-mentioned modules are
connected, the modeling for one berth is completed. And this modeling is used for the three berth container term inal programming. A
new improved model is similar to the current model, but the difference is that YT is not assigned to a specific QC. Furthermore, if YTs are free, they are to be assigned to the nearest QC. Fig. 8 illustrates the difference between the two models.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Park, N. K. – Dragovi ü, B. – Kim, J.Y. 90Fig. 8 . Difference between the current model (a)
and the improved model (b)4 COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS
This section presents some simulation
results. The Arena software was used for solution
procedure.
The results of both simulation models
include total handling volume, handling volume
per YT, average delay time of QC in YT waiting
time and the relationship between delay time and throughput. The strategy assignment, based on
real-time positioning, is in troduced next in order
to improve the performance parameters of the terminal transfer operations. The priority is
therefore assigned to pooled strategy of YTs to
each YT and the output is considered in order to help port management establish the best service
strategy. To achieve accuracy, we first evaluate
the queue properties, and then we deal with productivity of YTs. In order to enhance the
readability of simulation, animation was made.
Also, for easier understan ding of YT’s flow, the
animation was expressed as shown in the Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 . Simulation animation

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container Terminal: Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning 91Table 5. The major output values
Output values Unit Current model Improved model
Total handling volume TEU 870 1,100
Handling volume per YT TEU 58 73
Average delay time of QC in YT waiting Minute 1.6 0.8
The simulation models were run for 100
statistically independent replications. The average
results were recorded and used in comparisons.
Two different models were simulated referring to
Fig. 8. The two models had 5 and 15 YTs, and
their delivery orders, respectively. Group of 5
YTs was assigned to QC for current model. The improved model based on 15 YTs was
dynamically assigned to 3 QCs according to
resource conditions and shortest distances.
Table 5 shows the experimental results for
major output values for the current and improved
model. These results supported the argument that
the total handling volume and handling volume
per YT could be increased by pooled strategy of
YTs. At the same time, the objective was to
minimize the average delay time of QC in YT
waiting time, and hence the average time that YTs spend in quay area. Our results show that
YTs arrivals over time are needed as input data
for the optimization of the considered problem. In addition to the arrival date and YTs time in quay
area, it also generates the number of lifts per ship
(i.e. the number of containers to be served per ship). On the basis on YT and QC productivity,
this number of lifts per ship can easily be
converted into the average service time of YT needed at the quay area.
Fig. 10 shows the status of throughput
according to time progress, while Fig. 11 gives the relationship between delay time and
throughput. Figure 10 compares the status of
throughput according to time progress of different models at a terminal. They graphically show the
sensitivity of throughput. Figure 11 presents how
delay time of YTs reduces the throughput for
each model. The results shown here support the
argument that the throughput could be decreased by increasing the delay time of YTs
In this paper we have presented a new
approach that combines the advantages of the simulation models and the dynamic transfer
operations based on real-time positioning . We
have shown that our improved model is able to generate competitive solu tions quickly, even in comparison to traditional planning approaches
that are much more time consuming.
020406080100120
123456789 1 0Tim e (in hours)Throughput (in TEU)Current model
Improved model
Fig. 10 . The status of throughput according
to time progress
Fig. 11 . The relationship between delay
time and throughput
5 CONCLUSIONS
This paper gives the results of the
simulation models for dynamic resources
assignment of YT based on real-time positioning.
The YT performance for two alternative
strategies was evaluate d, and system behavior
observed. The results reveal that simulation
modeling is a very effective method for
examining the impact of introducing improved strategy. Improved simu lation model and pooled

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Park, N. K. – Dragovi ü, B. – Kim, J.Y. 92strategy of YT assignment would lead to an
improvement of the main operational parameters.
Therefore, our research has found that the
dynamic resources assignment of YT based on real-time locating data can raise productivity by
more than 25% over the dedicated assignment
method. If an error range is reduced by using RFID technology, and if RTLS is applied not
only to the YT, but also to the YCs and
containers, than higher productivity improvement is expected.
Recently, port operation systems of many
advanced countries have become more intelligent and object-oriented, and also tremendous efforts
have been made to quickly respond to the rapidly
changing environments. In the end, RTLS technology is becoming mo re prominent. In this
respect, this study is expected to make a
contribution to the in troduction of RTLS.
Our contribution is two fold: simulation
models development and analysis of dynamic
transfer operations based on real-time positioning
for HGCT (Korea), and an iterative combination
of simulation and animation models validation
based on real-time data are provided.
Finally, these models address the issues
such as the performance criteria and the model parameters to propose an operational method of
YTs assigned to a QC based on real-time
positioning and increases the terminal efficiency.
Also, we are developin g alternative simulation
based approaches to current and improved
models. An improved model based on real-time positioning transfer system looks as the most
promising practical technique to support
decisions for the YTs depl oyment problem. This
model can be used by the port management to
improve the various operations involved in the
process of YTs assignment to QC. In addition, the
satisfaction or dissatisfaction of HGCT managers
with respect to priority assignment is another
important consideration that n eeds to be taken
into account in future research.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the grant No.
B0009720 from the Regional Technology
Innovation Program of The Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE). 7 REFERENCES
[1] Ballis, A., Abacoumkin, C. (1996) A
container terminal simulation model with animation capabilities, Journal of Advanced
Transportation 30(1), p. 37-57.
[2] Ramani, K. V. (1996) An interactive
simulation model for the logistics planning
of container operations in seaports,
Simulation 66(5), p. 291-300.
[3] Bruzzone, A., Signorile, R. (1998)
Simulation and genetic algorithms for ship
planning and shipyard layout, Simulation
71(2), p. 74-83.
[4] Merkuryev, Y., Tolujew, J., Blumel, E.,
Novitsky, L., Ginters E., Viktorova, E.,
Merkuryeva, G., Pronins, P. (1998) A
modelling and simulation methodology for
managing the Riga Harbour container terminal, Simulation 71(2), p. 84-95.
[5] Nevins, M.R., Macal, C.M., Love, R.J.,
Bragen, M.J. (1998) Simu lation, animation,
and visualization of seaport operations,
Simulation 71(2), p. 96-106.
[6] Gambradella, L.M., Rizzoli, A.E., Zaffalon,
M. (1998) Simulation and planning of
intermodal container terminal, Simulation
71(2), p. 107-116.
[7] Thiers, G.F., Janssens, G.K. (1998) A port
simulation model as a permanent decision instrument, Simulation 71(2), p. 117-125.
[8] Yun, W.Y., Choi, Y.S. (1999) A simulation
model for container-terminal operation analysis using an object-oriented approach.
International Jour nal of Production
Economics 59(1-3), p. 221-230.
[9] Merkuryeva, G., Merkuryev, Y., Tolujev, J.
(2000) Computer simulation and
metamodelling of logistics processes at a
container terminal, Studies in Informatics
and Control 9(1), p. 53-59.
[10] Tahar, M.R., Hussain, K. (2000) Simulation
and analysis for the Kelang Container
Terminal operations, Logistics Information
Management 13(1), p. 14-20.
[11] Gambradella, L.M., Mastrolilli, M., Rizzoli,
A.E., Zaffalon, M. (2001) An optimization
methodology for intermodal terminal
management, Journal of Intelligent
Manufacturing 12(5-6), p. 521-534.
[12] Legato, P., Mazza, R. M. (2001) Berth
planning and resources optimization at a

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Dynamic Equipment Deployment at a Container Terminal: Transfer System Based on Real-Time Positioning 93container terminal via discrete event
simulation, European Journal of
Operational Research 133(3), p 537-547.
[13] Nam, K.C., Kwak, K.S., Yu, M.S. (2002)
Simulation study of container terminal
performance, Journal of Waterway, Port,
Coastal, and Ocea n Engineering 128(3), p.
126-132.
[14] Shabayek, A.A., Yeung, W.W. (2002) A
simulation model for the Kwai Chung container terminal in Hong Kong, European
Journal of Operational Research 140(1), p.
1-11.
[15] Kia, M., Shayan, E. and Ghotb, F. (2002)
Investigation of port capacity under a new
approach by computer simulation, Computers & Indust rial Engineering 42(2-
4), p. 533-540.
[16] Pachakis, D. and Kiremidjian, A.S. (2003)
Ship traffic modeling me thodology for ports.
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and
Ocean Engineering 129(5), p. 193-202.
[17] Lee, T.W., Park, N.K., Lee, D.W. (2003) A
simulation study for the logistics planning of a container terminal in view of SCM,
Maritime Policy & Management 30(3), p.
243-54.
[18] Sgouridis, S.P., Makri s, D., Angelides, D. C.
(2003) Simulation analysis for midterm yard
planning in container terminal, Journal of
Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean
Engineering 129(4), p. 178-187.
[19] Demirci, E. (2003) Simulation modeling and
analysis of a port investment, Simulation
79(2), p. 94-105.
[20] Dahal, K., Galloway, S., Burty, G.,
Mcdonaldz, J., Hopkins, J. (2003) A port
system simulation facility with an
optimization capability, International
Journal of Computa tional Intelligence and
Applications 3(4), p. 395-410.
[21] Martinez, F.M., Gutierrez, I.G., Oliveira,
A.O., Arreche Bedia, L.M. (2004) Gantry
crane operations to transfer containers between trains: a simulation study of a
Spanish terminal, Transportation Planning
and Technology 27(4), pp. 261-284.
[22] Hartmann, S. (2004) Generating scenarios
for simulation and optimization of container
terminal logistics, OR Spectrum 26(2), p.
171-192. [23] Yang, C., Choi, Y., Ha, T. (2004)
Simulation-based performance evaluation of
transport vehicles at automated container
terminals, OR Spectrum 26(2), p. 149-170.
[24] Dragovi ü, B., Park, N.K., Radmilovi ü, Z.,
Maraš, V. (2005) Simulation modeling of
ship-berth link with priority service, Maritime Economics & Logistics 7(4), p.
316-335.
[25] Dragovi ü, B., Park, N.K., Radmilovi ü, Z.
(2006) Ship-berth link performance
evaluation – simulation and analytical
approaches, Maritime Policy & Management
33(3), p. 281-299.
[26] Bielli, M., Boulmakoul, A., Rida, M. (2006)
Object oriented model for container terminal
distributed simulation, European Journal of
Operational Research 175(3), p. 1731-1751.
[27] Park, N.K., Seo, C.G., Choi, H.R., Dragovi ü,
B., Chen, T., Lee, Y.C., Lim, S.Y., Cho,
K.S., Lee, J.Y. (2006) A study on
improvement of calculation system of
optimal throughput per berth in Korea
container terminal, Final Report for
MOMAF ,Republic of Korea.
[28] Ng, W.C. and Wong C.S. (2006) Evaluating
the impact of vessel-traffic interference on container terminal capacity, Journal of
Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean
Engineering 132(2), p. 76-82.
[29] Ottjes, J.A., Veeke, H.P.M., Duinkerken,
M.B., Rijsenbrij, J.C., Lodewijks, G. (2006)
Simulation of a multiterminal system for container handling, OR Spectrum 28(4), p.
447-468.
[30] Kozan, E. (2006) Optimum capacity for
intermodal container terminals,
Transportation Planning and Technology
29(6), pp. 471-482.
[31] Canonaco, P., Legato, P., Mazza, R.,
Musmanno, R. (2008) A queuing network
model for the management of berth crane
operations, Computers & Operations
Research 35(8), p. 2432-2446.
[32] Petering, M.E.H., Wu, Y.L.W., Goh, M., de
Souza, R. (2008) Development and
simulation analysis of real-time yard crane control systems for seaport container
transshipment terminals, OR Spectrum ,
DOI 10.1007/s00291-008-0142-7.
[33] Petering, M.E.H., Murty, K.G. (2008) Effect
of block length and yard crane deployment

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 83-94
Park, N. K. – Dragovi ü, B. – Kim, J.Y. 94systems on overall performance at a seaport
container transshipment terminal, Computers
and Operations Research ,
doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2008.04.007.
[34] Vis I.F.A., de Koster, R. (2003)
Transshipment of containers at a container
terminal: an overview, European Journal of
Operational Research 147(1), p. 1-16.
[35] Steenken, D., Voss, S., Stahlbock, R. (2004)
Container terminal operation and operations research – a classification and literature
review, OR Spectrum 26(1), p. 3-49.
[36] Stahlbock, R., Voss, S. (2008) Operations
research at container terminals: a literature
update, OR Spectrum 30(1), p. 1-52. [37] Günther, H-O., Kim K.H. (2006) Container
terminals and terminal operations, OR
Spectrum , 28(4), p.437-45.
[38] Kim, K.H. (2005) Models and methods for
operations in port container terminals, Book
Chapter, Logistics Systems: Design and
Optimisation , Edited by A ndre Langevin and
Diane Riopel, Springer, p. 213-243 .
[39] Kim, K.H., Park, Y-M. Jin, M-J. (2008) An
optimal layout of container yards, OR
Spectrum 30(4), p. 675–695.
[40] Kelton, W.D., Sadowski, R.P., Sturrock,
T.D. (2003) Simulation with Arena ,
McGraw-Hill Professional.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 95-103 Paper received: 15.01.2009
UDC 621.9.048 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece, gpetrop@mie.uth.gr 95Morphological – Functional Aspects of Electro-Discharge
Machined Surface Textures
Georgios P. Petropoulos1,* – Nikolaos M. Vaxevanidis2 – Miroslav Radovanovi ü3 – Carol Zoler4
1 University of Thessaly, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Greece
2School of Pedagogical & Technological Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering Educators, Greece
3University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Serbia
4University of Petrosani, Faculty for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Romania
This study investigates a set of “non–common ” surface topography parameters of Electro-
Discharge Machined surfaces that gi ve differing aspects of texture related to morphological
characterization and possible tribological applic ations. The parameters considered are the Abbott
(bearing) curve parameter at 10 % of the raw unfiltered and the roughness profile height P tp10% and
Rtp10%, respectively, the also bearing curve oriented R kfamily of parameters (ISO 13565-2:1996), the
skewness R skand the kurtosis R ku of the profile height dist ribution, the mean spacing R sm, and the fractal
dimension D. The correlation of th e aforementioned parameters with pulse energy is examined to allow
appropriate selection of machining conditions for producing functionally desirable Electro-Discharge
Machined textures.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: electrical discharge machining, steel, surface topography, surface roughness
0 INTRODUCTION
Technological advances and high strength
requirements have led to an increasing use of ma-
terials with improved mechanical properties in
industrial production. In th e machining of these
materials, cutting processes exhibit several and
serious shortcomings and ar e rivaled by the so-
called "non-conventional" processes.
The most important advantage of Electri-
cal Discharge Machining (EDM), one of the most
widely applied non-conventional processes for high precision products is that its effectiveness is
independent of the mechanical properties of the
machined materials because that they are electri-cally conductive [1].
In EDM, removing material from a ma-
chined part, a series of repetitive spark discharges
between the electrode and the workpiece causes
local melting and/or evaporation of material in
the presence of a dielectric fluid. The result is a
surface characterized by overlapping craters and
other topographic formations that are indicative of the intense thermal impact involv ed [2].
Besides the study of surface integrity
changes (including surface topography) induced by EDM [2], the correlation of the surface topog-
raphy parameters with machining conditions to-
wards the advanced control and optimization of the EDM is of major interest. 2-D and 3-D pro-filometry together with th e application of design
of experiments methodology [4] and neural net-
work models [5] are a promising tool for this pur-pose [3].
In previous works [2] and [6] to [7] the
emphasis was on the relationship between multi-parameter analysis of the Electro- Discharge Ma-
chined surface texture and the process parameters
and statistical regression models that were devel-oped to correlate the machining conditions with
the imparted surface finish characteristics.
The characterization and evaluation of en-
gineering surface topography is essential for de-
scribing the functional behaviour, monitoring the
quality of the products and to control the manu-facturing process performed. The measurement of
surface topography has constituted a challenging
metrological problem over the years. Textures are complicated in form so to obtain a satisfying de-
scription at various le vels many parameters have
been proposed.
The establishment of the "M" (central line)
system has facilitated the communication between laboratory and industrial practice but
with more than one hu ndred parameters in view
of literature too many have been proposed [1]. The ISO 4287: 1997 standard comprises thirteen
parameters for surface roughness and the relevant
surface waviness parameters. This is attributed to the usually complicated form of surface textures

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Petropoulos, G. P. – Vaxevanidis, N. M. – Radovanovi ü, M. – Zoler, C. 96and the need for a suitable global description. As
expected, numerous research papers focus on
better manipulation of these parameters in various
manufacturing processes and the impact of process factors on surface characteristics
(indicative refs [3] and [4]).
Similarly to dies, moulds and other
components are nowadays often manufactured by
EDM with high precision requirements.
Furthermore, classical surface roughness parameters like R
a,Rt or Rz are not sufficient for a
morphological characterization of surfaces. The
consideration of more roughness parameters would be more useful to measure surface
characteristics because of the aforementioned
overlapping craters over the surfaces and the nature of the irregularities which are completely
different compared to conventional machining
processes. Moreover, features of Electro- Discharge Machined surface profiles should be
associated with functional characterization of the
surface in case of experiencing contact used as
machined or secondarily processed by a
smoothening operation; to the authors’ knowledge this topic has been to an extent
overlooked in view of literature.
The present study is concerned with the
investigation of a set of "non-common" surface
topography parameters of Electro- Discharge Ma-
chined surfaces that describe differing morpho-logical characteristics and are sensitive to profile
shapes.
Surface analysis followed deals with three
aspects: (a) correlation of bearing curve parameters with machini ng conditions and other
surface texture parameters, (b) representation of
the obtained bearing curves through polynomial fitting models and (c) description of bearing curves by the set of R
kparameters (ISO 13565-
2:1996). The influence of the process variables on a number of amplitude (arithmetic and statistical) surface roughness parameters ( R
a,Rsk,Rku), and
the spacing parameter Rsm, which also provides
differing aspects of surface properties, is also examined.
1 THE EXPERIMENTS
1.1 Machining Conditions-Materials
Electro-Discharge Machining was
performed on a HOSTEK SH-38GP (ZNC-P type) electro-discharge machine-tool with
working voltage ( V
e) of 30 V and open circuit
voltage of 100 V. Experiments were conducted in
a typical oil dielectric (BP250) with electrolytic copper used as the tool electrode (anode).
The pulse current i
eand the pulse-on time
tp were considered to be the main operational pa-
rameters that varied over a range from roughing
to finishing i.e: ie: 5, 10, 20, 30 A and tp: 100,
300, 500 Psec, thus resulting in 12 discrete pulse
energies. The pulse energy was calculated using
the formula: We = VeIetp (Ve= 30 V).
Specimens of plain carbo n steel Ck60 and
an AISI D2 tool steel (Sverker 21) in the form of square plates of dimensions 70x70x10 mm were
used as workpieces (cathode).
Ck60 is a popular structural steel with
sufficient hardness and AISI D2 is a tool steel
characterized by high wear resistance and high
compressive strength. Their chemical compositions are accordingly:
Ck 60: 0.60 % C, 0.35 % Si, 0.80 Mn.
AISI D2: 1.50 % C, 11.50 Cr, 0.80 V, 0.75 Mo.
1.2 Surface Texture Measurements
The "non-common" texture parameters
used in this study are incorporated in the DIN EN
ISO 13565-2:1998 and ISO 4287:1997 standards, except the profile fractal dimension. R
ais
considered for reference as it is widely used.
The definition of the arithmetic and
statistical parameters used according to ISO
4287:1997 is briefly given, as follows:
xRa(Pm): average height of the profile,
xRsm (Pm): mean spacing of the profile peaks
measured at the central line,
xRsk: skewness (3ndorder central moment) of
the profile amplitude distribution,
xRku: kurtosis (4th order central moment) of the
profile amplitude distribution.
The surface texture parameters related to
Abbott (bearing) curve parameters expressed by the ISO 4287:1997 standard represent the
material to void relation at 10 % of the raw
(unfiltered) and the roughness profile height, and are P
tp10% and Rtp10%, respectively. The raw
parameter is used to provide an indicative
description of integrated surface texture taking into consideration both roughness and waviness at
the same time; the latter is neglected in several
cases albeit it is functi onally significant [22].

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Morphological – Functional Aspects of Electro-Discharge Machined Surface Textures 97Naturally, a distinction must be made between
corresponding Abbo tt curves for the raw and the
roughness profile.
Alternatively, the evaluatation of the
characteristics of Abbott curves of roughness is
done through the " Rk" family of parameters
defined in [8]. According to these standards, a group of five parameters characterizes the
following three components of surface roughness
(Fig. 1): a) core by R
k, which stands for the depth
of the roughness core profile b) peaks by Rpk
representing the top portion of the surface to be
quickly worn away and MR 1 that is the upper
limit of the core roughness and c) valleys by Rvk
describing the lowest part of the surface which
has the function of retaining the lubricant, and MR2, the lowest limit of the core roughness.
Fig. 1. Definition of the family of "R k" parameters
In regards to the determination of profile
fractal dimension D, an internationally standard-
ized procedure has not yet been established.
The multi-parameter surface texture
analysis was performed using a Rank Taylor-
Hobson Surtronic 3+ profilometer equipped with the Talyprof software. The cut-off length was
selected at 0.8 mm whilst 40 measurements were
conducted on every specimen in random directions as it is known that Electro- Discharge
Machining generates geom etrically isotropic
textures [9].
2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1 Variation of Amplitude Parameters
Arithmetic average roughness ( R
a) is by
far the most commonly used parameter in surface
finish measurement, for general quality and process control. Despite its inherent limitations it
is easy to measure and offers a good overall
description of height characteristics of a surface
profile. The variation of average roughness, Ra
with pulse energy is presented in Fig. 2. For
Electro-Discharged Machined surfaces, the
variation of Ra with process operational
parameters follows well-known patterns [10]; it
increases when the pulse energy increases at a
gradually lower rate. Fo r medium and high pulse
energies ( Wet 150 mJ).
05101520
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Ra [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 2. Variation of average roughness R a, with
pulse energy, W e
Electro-Discharged Machined surfaces of
AISI D2 tool steel (Sverker 21®) are
systematically rougher than the corresponding
ones of Ck60. This obse rvation can be correlated
with differences in crater dimensions for certain pulse energies, which in turn are physically linked
to corresponding alterations of the heat source,
i.e. the plasma channel and the resulting melting
isothermal and also with the thermal properties
(conductivity, diffusivity) of the material being machined [11].
The skewness parameter ( R
sk) is typically
used to measure the symmetry of the profile about the mean line providin g an implication of the
"fullness" or "emptiness" of the profile and is
sensitive to the existence of deep valleys or high
peaks [12]. Surfaces with a positive skewness,
such as turned surfaces have fairly high spikes
that protrude above a flatter average. Skewness correlates with the load carrying capability of a
surface and negative values for the former
indicate pronounced bearing properties and favourable anti-wear behaviour, mostly for the
running-in stage of func tion. The variation of
skewness of EDMed surfaces with pulse energy is illustrated in figure 3; in general, it appears
uncorrelated to the pulse energy. Judging from
the measured skewness values, the EDMed

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Petropoulos, G. P. – Vaxevanidis, N. M. – Radovanovi ü, M. – Zoler, C. 98profiles are "empty" of material as indicated from
the relatively high positive values, excluding
some lower pulse energies; at higher energies
skewness is almost stab ilized at positive values;
see also [7].
-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,8
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rsk [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 3. Skewness of the heights distribution R sk,
versus pulse energy, W e
Kurtosis ( Rsk) typically describes the
sharpness of the probab ility density of the profile
[7] and [12]. Practically, low kurtosis values
indicate strong bumpy peak s that increase bearing
capability and wear resistance, bu t this must be
viewed in association with skewness.
The measured values of this parameter are
in the range of 2.5 to 3.5, see Fig. 4. They indicate randomly distributed high peaks and low
valleys but show poor correlation to pulse energy.
Note also that for both R
sk and Rku parameters,
higher values were measured for AISI D2 than
the Ck60 specimens for the same medium and
high pulse energies.
01234
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rku [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 4. Kurtosis of the heights distribution R ku,
versus pulse energy, W e
2.2 Spacing Parameter
The spacing parameters measure the
horizontal characteristics of the surface profiles.
These parameters are of the utmost importance in
sheet metal pressing since they influence the lubrication conditions and the avoidance of
surface defects such as scoring.
During this study the mean spacing of the
asperities ( Rsm) was measured and the variation of
this parameter with pulse en ergy is plotted in Fig.
5; it exhibits an increasing tendency. In
combination with the number of the high spots of the profile, which decreases with pulse energy, it
is concluded that EDMed surfaces processed at
high pulse energies will permit a small number of contacts with a possible counterpart despite the
increased roughness height.
100150200250300
0 100 200 300 400 500Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rsm [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 5. Variation of the mean asperities spacing,
Rsm with pulse energy W e
2.3 Correlation of Bearing Curve Parameters with Machining Conditions
The Abbott (material ratio or bearing)
curve is nowadays established as a means for providing a working representation of the
portions of the surface at different depths,
combining texture aspects related to contact area and contact mechanics, wear, lubricant retention
and others [13]. Other views of the surface
bearing capability can be provided by the skewness of the profile height distribution and the
fractal dimension. These topographic parameters
can, apart from connecting the EDM process to functional behaviour of the machined surfaces,
also describe useful surface features and to
generally give useful insights into the nature of
roughness regarding the EDM process control.
R
tp% as a parameter refers to the bearing
ratio at a specified heigh t of the profile. The
bearing curve parameters corresponding to the
raw and the roughness profile were selected at 10% depth in order to be functionally significant,
also considering waviness as an important
component. The variation of P
tp10% and Rtp10%
parameters with pulse energy is presented in Figs.
6 and 7, respectively. Both parameteres increase

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Morphological – Functional Aspects of Electro-Discharge Machined Surface Textures 99when the pulse energy increases, over a relatively
wide range. This behaviour implies that when
intensifying the machini ng conditions, the bearing
capability of the surface becomes pronounced at the same level. Furthermor e, similar trends shown
by the unfiltered and the roughness profile Abbott
curves indicate that besides roughness, to an extent waviness also contributes to the rise of
surface bearing capability which is exhibited by
an increasing pattern. This fact was also confirmed in ref. [7] and is attributed to an
intensified vibration between the electrode and
the workpiece
051015202530
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Bearing curve parameter Ptp
10%Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 6. Variation of P tp10% parameter of unfiltered
profile with pulse energy, W e
0510152025
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Bearing curve parameter Rtp
10%Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 7. Variation of R tp10% parameter of roughness
profile with pulse energy, W e
It is noteworthy that for medium and high
pulse energies, both Ptp10% and Rtp10% values
measured for AISI D2 specimens are
systematically higher than the ones measured for Ck 60; a trend similar to the one observed in R
a
measurements.
A similar trend is followed if the Abbot
parameters are considered with respect to Ra and
Rsk. Note that Rsk (skewness) can be considered as
a rough measure of the surface bearing capacity and as shown, it generally correlates with the Rtp
(Abbot curve) parameter.
2.4 Representation of Bearing Curves through
Polynomial Fitting Models
Preliminary analysis and previous research
indicate that 3rd order polynomial fitting model
gives a suceessful representation of bearing
curves [13] and [15]. Given the mutual accordance, only the raw profile bearing curves
fitting, for Ck 60 steel specimens, according to
equation, y = k
o + k1x + k2x2 + k3x3is presented.
Calculated fitting coefficients are shown in Fig. 8.
An intense dropping trend of the cubic coefficient
appears at high pulse energies. All these changes in the shape of the bearing curves are closely
related to contact mechanics and wear behaviour
[16].
2.5 Description of Bearing Curves by the Set of
R
kParameters
TheRk configuration is designed to divide
the bearing ratio curve into three sections: the
small peaks above the main plateaus, the plateaus themselves, and the deep valleys between plateaus; see Fig.1.
These parameters describe the shape of the
relevant bearing (material ratio or Abbott) curves and permit the distinction between plateau and valley portions of the surface along with the core characteristic of the curve, wh ich corres ponds to
the stable portion of ma terial in the surface after
initial wear. A linear approximation of the bearing curve is provided: the depth of profile below 40 % bearing area is tak en to indicate the
steady state wear status of the engine. They have been used in research [3] to [5]. The parameters were defined in paragraph 1.2. The functional behaviour may be predicted in this way and the control of the manufacturing process can be enhanced.
The variation of these parameters with
pulse energy for all Electro-Discharge Machined
specimens is plotted in Figs. 9 to 13. From these
plots it is obvious that the ISO 13565-2:1998 standard suits EDM as the bearing curves are of a
general "s"-shape, the correspondingly divided
portions of the surface profile are distinctive and

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Petropoulos, G. P. – Vaxevanidis, N. M. – Radovanovi ü, M. – Zoler, C. 100
Fig. 8. Polynomial fitting coefficient against pulse energy, W e(ko: constant, k 1: linear, k 2:
square, k 3: cubic, material: Ck 60)
the parameters vary in a monotonous way. The
standard is successfully applied to "s"-shaped
bearing curves in view of morphology because
the profile statistical distribution does not markedly deviate from nor mality although this
does not necessarily imply a stratified texture [20]
to [23]. Note howeve r, that this standard was
originally formulated for stratified textures,
therefore the present results need further
clarification, e.g. through friction and wear test on
a pin-on-disc tribometer.
From the plots presented in Figs. 9 to 13 it
is evident that for low pulse energies ( W
ed 90
mJ) measured values for the two steels are quite
similar; for medium and high pulse energies
measured values for AISI D2 tool steel (Sverker 21
®) are systematically higher than the
corresponding ones for Ck 60. This trend was
identified for all five parameters of the Rk family.
Moreover, for high pulse energies ( Wet 270 mJ)
Rvk,MR1 and MR2 are almost constant and
characteristic for each material, see Figs, 11 to 13, respectively. 010203040
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rk [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 9. Variation of R k with pulse energy, W e
0246810
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rpk [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 10. Variation of R pkwith pulse energy, W e

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Morphological – Functional Aspects of Electro-Discharge Machined Surface Textures 101051015202530
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rvk [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 11. Variation of R vk with pulse energy, W e
051015202530
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]MR1 [%]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 12. Variation of M R1 parameter with pulse
energy, W e
020406080100120
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]MR2 [%]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 13. Variation of M R2 parameter with pulse
energy, W e
2.6 Fractal Presentation
In addition to Abbot parameters, fractal-
based methods for describing surface texture have attracted great interest as they can provide information that conventional surface roughness parameters cannot. Surface complexity can be represented under som e hypotheses by fractal
geometry. Fractal has been introduced to describe the micro roughness of surfaces generated by fracture, such as machined surfaces, in order to provide evaluation by one or two parameters only.
The main fractal parameters are fractal
dimension D and topothesy L. As fractal
dimension is established to correlate with machining conditions [14] and [24], it was the
only fractal paprameter considered in this study.
The fractal dimension D is an intrinsic
property of the surface, which is scale
independent and reflects, as mentioned above,
the "complexity" of the profile structure. High
values for fractal dimension D are relevant to a
higher complexity of the profile and as a consequence reinforce su rface bearing capability.
A two dimensional self-affine fractal was
assumed to represent the profiles of the EDMed
parts and D was calculated via the power
spectrum method. It appears almost insensitive to
the pulse energy variation, except a rise at a low energy in the case of Ck60, see Fig. 14; such a
phenomenon is consistent with the results
reported in [14]. This shows that the degree of
complexity of the EDMed surfaces is almost
independent of the machining conditions
employed and over a wide range of their variation.
The fractal dimension values are
significantly higher for Ck60 . Certainly, to clarify
the applicability of fractal geo metry analysis in
Electro-Discharge Machining, more steel grades over a wider range of machining parameters have
to be studied.
00,511,52
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pulse Energy We [mJ]Fractal Dimension DSverker 21 Ck 60
Fig. 14. Variation of fractal dimension D with
pulse energy, W e
3 CONCLUSIONS
A close correlation exists between the tp
bearing curve parameters of the raw, the
roughness profile and the pulse energy regarded as the main machining va riable. It was found that
the P
tp and Rtpparameters increase monotonously
with increase in pulse energy. Likewise, most of the R
k parameters exhibit a similar trend. Rskand
Rku parameters appear uncorrelated to pulse
energy. Moreover, the fractal dimension D

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Petropoulos, G. P. – Vaxevanidis, N. M. – Radovanovi ü, M. – Zoler, C. 102appears insensitive to the pulse energy variation.
Note that Rsk can be considered as a rough
estimate of the surface bearing capability and as
shown, it is generally correlated with the tp
(Abbot curve) parameters.
The bearing curves are represented by a 3rd
degree polynomial model, which fits them
satisfactorily. An intense falling trend of the cubic
coefficient appears at high pulse energies. All
these changes in the shape of the bearing curves are closely related to contact mechanics and wear
behaviour of machined surfaces.
As far as the description of bearing curves
by the set of R
kparameters defined in ISO 13565-
2:1996 is concerned, it is indicated that these
parameters can provide an adequate description of crucial portions of the resulted surface profile in
relation to the machining conditions.
Regarding the correlation of the examined
parameters with the mach ining conditions, the
R
sk,Rku and D appear uncorrelated over the whole
range of machining cond itions variation. This
could indicate that these parameters are more or
less insensitive to the pr ocess factors and they
correspond to essen tial qualitative characteristics
of Electro-Discharge Machined surface texture
and could make up a representative set of morphology or function oriented parameters.
However, in order to verify this statement, more
evidence is required in term s of wider variation of
machining parameters and workpiece materials.
The aforementioned parameters give
insight to different features of the Electro- Discharge Machined surfaces, both
topographically and functionally and are of
particular interest in controlling and optimising EDM operations. It woul d be possible to manu-
facture parts with certain surface roughness re-
quirements using the results instead of trial and
error.
Even in case the re quirements for a second
processing by burnishing, grinding or other
method exist, such findings will serve as inputs
for a proper selection of process parameters.
4 REFERENCES
[1] Abbas, N.M., Solomon, D.G., Bahari, M.F.
(2007) A review on current research trends
in electrical discharge machining (EDM). Int. J Mach. Tools & Manufacture 47, p.
1214–1228. [2] Vaxevanidis, N.M., Psyl aki, P., Petropoulos,
G.P., Hassiotis, N. Surface integrity and
microstructural phenomena of Ck 60 steel
due to Electro-Discharge Machining, Proc.
EUROMAT 99 – Steels and materials for
power plants , 1999, p. 240-247.
[3] Ramasawmy, H., Blunt, L. (2004) Effect of
EDM process parameters on 3D surface
topography. J Mater Process Technol 148,
p. 155-164.
[4] Petropoulos, G., Vaxevanidis, N., Iakovou,
A., David, K. (2006) Multi-parameter model
of surface texture for EDMachining of tool steel using design of experiments. Mater Sci
Forum 526, 157-162.
[5] Markopoulos A., Manolakos D.E.,
Vaxevanidis N.M. (2008) Artificial neural
network models for the prediction of surface
roughness in electrical discharge machining, J Intelligent Manufact , 19, p. 283-292.
[6] Mamalis, A.G., Vosniakos, G.C.,
Vaxevanidis, N.M., Xiong, J.Z. (1988)
Residual stress distri bution and structural
phenomena of high-strength steel surfaces due to EDM and ball-drop forming. Ann
CIRP , 37(1), p. 531-535.
[7] Petropoulos, G., Vaxevanidis, N.,
Pandazaras, C. (2004) Statistical multi-
parameter analysis of EDMachined surface
textures. J Mater Process Technol 155-156,
p. 1247-1251.
[8] [8] ISO 13565-2 (1996) Geometrical
Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Surfaces having
stratified functional properties – Part 2:
Height characterization using the linear material ratio curve. Genev e: International
Organization for Stan dardizations (ISO).
[9] Thomas, T.R., Rosen, B.G., Amini N.
(1999) Fractal characterization of the
anisotropy of rough surfaces . Wear 232, p.
41-50.
[10] Rebelo, J.C., Dias, A., Kremer, D., Lebrun,
J.L. (1998) Influence of EDM pulse energy on the surface integrity of martensitic steel. J
Mater Process Technol 84, p. 90-96.
[11] Mamalis, A.G., Vaxevanidis, N.M.,
Karafillis, A.P. (1990) Surface Integrity and
Formability of Steel Sheets . VDI Verlag,
Düsseldorf.
[12] Gadelmawla, E.S., Koura, M.M., Maksoud,
T.M.A., Elewa, I.M., Soliman, H.H. (2002)

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(200 9)2, 95-103
Morphological – Functional Aspects of Electro-Discharge Machined Surface Textures 103Roughness parameters. J Mater Process
Technol 123, p. 133-145.
[13] Petropoulos, G.P., ȉȠrrance, ǹ., Pandazaras,
C. (2003) Abbott curves characteristics of turned surfaces. Int J Machine Tools Manuf
43, p. 237-243.
[14] Hasegawa, M., Liu, J., Okuda, K., Nunobiki,
M. (1996) Calculation of the fractal
dimensions of machined surface profiles.
Wear 192, p. 40-45.
[15] Prostrednik, D., Osanna, P.H. (1998) The
Abbot curve-well known in metrology but
not on technical drawings. Int J Mach Tools
& Manufacture 38, p. 741-745.
[16] Torrance, A.A. (1997) A simple datum for
measurement of the Abbott curve of a profile and its first derivative. Tribol Intern 30, p.
230-244.
[17] Petropoulos, G., Vaxeva nidis, N.M., Koutso-
michalis, A., Iakovou, A. (2005) A
topographic description of the bearing
properties of electro-discharged machined
surfaces. Proceedings of the 2nd ICMEN
Conference , October 5-7, Kassandra-
Chalkidiki, Greece, p.159-166, 2005.
[18] Puertas, I., Luis, C.J., Villa G. (2005)
Spacing roughness parameters study on the EDM of silicon carbide. J Mater Process
Technol 164–165, p.1590–1596.
[19] Sherrington, I., Mercer, S. (2000) The use of
topography-based paprameters for the
assessment and prediction of surface wear.
Tribotest journal 7(1), p. 3-11. [20] King, T.G., Houghton, N.E. (1995)
Describing distribution shape: R
k and central
moment approaches compared. Int J Mach
Tools & Manufacture 35(2), p. 247-252.
[21] Vaxevanidis, N. M., Petropoulos, G., Daši ü
P., Mourlas A. Multi-parameter analysis of
surface finish in electro-discharge machining of tool steels. Plenary an d invited paper. In:
Proceedings on CD-ROM of 6
th
International Conference sResearch and
Development in Mechanical Industy –
RaDMI 2006 s, Budva, 13-17. September
2006.
[22] Petropoulos, G., Daši ü, P., Vodolazskaya,
N., Dramalis, D. (2003) Is the ''R k'' group of
roughness parameters suitable to describe turned surfaces? Proceedings of the
International Conference UNITECH' 03 , 20-
21 November 2003, Ga brovo, Bulgaria, vol.
1, p. 486-491.
[23] Petropoulos, P., Pandazaras, C., Dramalis, D.
(2003) An integrated description of bearing curves of machined surfaces'. Proceedings of
the International Conference ''Power
Transmissions '03'' , 11-12 September 2003,
Varna.
[24] Petropoulos, G., Bouzid, W., Pandazaras, C.,
Dramalis, D. (2007) Fractal Geometry of
Metal Surfaces obtained by Turning.
Materials Technology 22 (1), p. 163-169.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 104-113 Paper received: 18.01.2009
UDC 621.869.3 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty, Dobrota 36,
85330 Kotor, Montenegro, branod@cg.ac.yu 104Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform
under Wind Excitation
Srÿan Bošnjak1 – Nenad Zrni ü1 – Branislav Dragovi ü2,*
1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engin eering, Serbia
2University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty, Montenegro
This paper deals with the possibility of aerod ynamic instability occurrence in the mobile elevating
work platform (MEWP) structure. The vibrations of the structure excited by the von Kármán street and
the movement induced vibrations (galloping pheno menon) are analyzed. Based on the results obtained
using a model of the real MEWP structure, it is concluded that aerodynamic instability may occur even
within the range of permitted operating velo cities. Furthermore, this pape r shows the possibility of
suppressing undesirable dynamic effects by applying concepts of active (int elligent) structures.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: mobile elevat ed platform, stability, vibrations, structure
0 INTRODUCTION
Various functional dema nds also require
different concepts of support structures for mechanical handling and construction machinery.
There are two groups of support structures which
differ from change geom etry in their ability:
structures with unchangeable geometry (e.g.,
gantry and tower cranes) and structures with
changeable geometry. Typical representatives of the latter are mobile elevating work platforms
(MEWPs) and a series of construction machines.
During operation, these machines are
exposed to deterministic a nd/or stochastic time-
varying loads. Extreme influences of the
operation environment must be taken into consideration during the structural design of the
support structures. The support structures
designed under extreme influences are exceptional and not rational, because their
potential loading capacity is used during a very
short period considering their lifetime [1]. This fact applies to the support structures in both civil
and mechanical engineering, and motivates the
need to offer a different design concept. The
nature of this concept is “to satisfy all load cases
producing the maximum stress in the structure by controlled prompt response providing internal
counteraction of the structure at the first signal of
such loads occurring, where by the distribution of
structural stiffness is changed in order to
optimally adapt to receive the inbound load” [2]. The change of structural geometry
produces variations of dynamic parameters –
distribution of mass and stiffness and is for
modern machines generally performed by hydrocylinders. At the sam e time, they represent
the structural elements transferring loads.
Accordingly, because of functionality reasons, changeable structures contain dedicated actuators
to perform a desired response to the dynamic
influence of the environment.
This paper discusses th e possibility of the
occurrence of dynamic in stability of the MEWP
support structure under wind excitation. This class of machines is adopted because the support
structures of the latest generation of MEWPs are
characterized by a consi derable flexibility. In
current practice, when calculating MEWP support
structures, all dynamic effects are deduced from
equivalent static scenarios via the use of dynamic factors. This approach is satisfactory if the
construction is not exposed to periodic
excitations. However, in specific cases, owing to the relatively high flexibility of the MEWP
structure, some wind-induced self-excited
vibrations may occur. For instance, the cage
mounted at the end of the boom is, as a rule, in
the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, hence it behaves in the stream of air as an aerodynamic
unstable profile.
According to the abov e mentioned facts, it
is reasonable to require proper control of pre-
existing actuators (hydrocylinders) in order to
make active support structures of MEWPs. In this

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform under Wind Excitation 105way that would also make them functional and
motionally stable [3] and [4] in variable operating
environment conditions.
Prediction and mathematica l description of
the phenomenon of aerodynamic instability, as
well as the control of the dynamic behavior of the
MEWP structure requires understanding of the bluff – body vortex excitation mechanism and
fluid-structure interactions. Acco rding to [5], the
following three types of flow – induced excitation
are recognized:
ƒEIEĺ extraneously induced excitation (e.g.,
turbulent buffeting, periodic pulsation of
oncoming flow);
ƒIIEĺ instability – induced excitation (flow
instability inherent to the flow created by the
structure under consideration), e.g., excitation
induced by the von Kármán street;
ƒMIE ĺ movement induced excitation (fluid
forces that arise from the movement of the
body or eventually of a fluid oscillator), e.g., galloping.
1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF MEWP
STRUCTURE
The rigidity of the vehicle frame including
the system for supporti ng the platform during
operation, as well as that of the superstructure
column is considerably high er than the rigidity of
the telescoping linkages, Fig. 1. Hence, in the
discussed problem, the deformability of the
vehicle frame, stabilizers and the superstructure
column can be neglected, i.e., the above
mentioned structural elements are treated as rigid bodies.
The telescoping linkage carries the cage at
its end, enabling the motion of the cage in the working space and presents the system of elastic
bodies with infinite degrees of freedom (DOF).
According to the facts given in [6]: ƒthe aerodynamic force caused by vortex
shedding practically always excites the
vibrations corresponding just to one natural
frequency of the system, especially the
fundamental one,
ƒthe galloping vibrations always occur only in
one particular mode shape.
The problem of possible dynamic instability of
the MEWP under wind excitation is analyzed for single-DOF oscillator shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 1. Mobile elevating work platform
Fig. 2. Dynamic model of MEWP exposed to
Karman vortices – horizontal plane
Fig. 3. Dynamic model of MEWP in the case of
galloping – vertical plane
The dynamic parameters of the model
shown in Figs. 2 and 3 can be relatively easily
defined by applying FEM. Th e substructure of the
telescoping linkage is modeled by line-type finite elements – the linkage segments are modeled by
beam-type finite ele ments, while the
hydrocylinders are modeled as truss-type finite

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Bošnjak, S. – Zrni ü, N. – Dragovi ü, B. 106elements. The joints between telescoping
segments are locally released of DOF in order to
truly model the transfer of loads between
segments.
The equivalent stiffnesses at the cage
attaching point in the lateral direction ( cH) and
vertical direction ( cV), are calculated as inverse
values of the FEM model response on the applied
corresponding unit force. After defining the
corresponding natural circular frequencies of the linkage (Ȧ) by applying FEM, its reduced mass is
calculated based on the expression:
2H(V )
R, H(V )
H(V )cmZ .
If the live load and the mass of the cage
are denoted as mQ, then the total concentrated
mass of the model is defined as (2):
H(V ) R, H(V ) Qmm m  .
The models shown in Figs. 2 and 3 are
also including the effect of structural damping. In available literature the data on the numerical
values of the logarithmic decrement is
comparatively scarce. For the su pporting structure
under consideration, based upon the data given in
[7] and [8], it can be adopted that the range of the
value of logarithmic decrement for the fundamental
mode of vibrations is
įK = 0.03 to 0.08.
Consequently, in addition to the spring
restitution force
EH ( V )F cx ( y ) ,
and the force of structural damping
K
KH ( V )F icx ( y )G
S ,
the cage is affected also by the aerodynamic
force. That single force can be resolved into two
components: drag force FD in the direction of
flow velocity and lift force FL perpendicular to
the flow direction, Figs. 2 and 3. The intensities
of the components of aerodynamic forces are
calculated based on the expressions [9]:
2 1
2DDF Cv SU ,
2 1
2LLF Cv S U ,whereby CD and CL are the aerodynamic
coefficients of drag and lift, respectively, ȡ and v
are the density and velocity of the oncoming fluid stream, while
S = WH is the reference area ( W
andH respectively are the width and the height of
the cage).
The equation of motion for the model
shown in Figs. 2 and 3 can be written as:
1Kmq c i q FG§· ¨¸S©¹ .
(1)
Excitation caused by aerodynamic force is
denoted by F. For the model shown in Fig. 2
qx ,qx   , while for the mode l shown in Fig.
3,qy and qy   .
2 VIBRATIONS OF MEWP STRUCTURE
EXCITED BY THE VON KÁRMÁN STREET
Transverse flow around bluff bodies, such
as a prismatic body (rectangular cylinders), could
give rise to the phenomenon called flow-induced
vibration due to the periodic shedding of vortices from either sides of the body. According to [10],
the following cases of excitation induced by the
von Kármán street are possible, Fig. 4: ƒLEVS ĺ leading –edge vortex shedding;
ƒILEV ĺ impinging leading –edge vortices;
ƒTEVS ĺ trailing – edge vortex shedding;
ƒAEVS ĺ alternate – edge vortex shedding.
Taking into account the real relations
between characteristic dimensions of the MEWP
shape – elongation ratio
L/W < 3, Fig. 2, it is
conclusive that for analyzing vibrations perpendicular to the direction of velocity of the
oncoming flow, the relevant case is LEVS.
The frequency at which vortex shedding
takes place largely depends on the Reynolds
number and the body shape. It can be expressed by Strouhal number
*
tfWSv ,(2)
where *f is the vortex shedding frequency, W is
the effective diameter of the body (characteristic
dimension – cage width, Fig. 2) and v is the
velocity of coming airflow. The numeric value of
the Strouhal number is for nonaerodynamic
shapes constant for Re>103, and for semi-
aerodynamic shapes St it is the function of Re >8@.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform under Wind Excitation 107
Fig. 4. [11] Classes of vortex formation obs erved with increasing elonga tion of different prismatic
bodies: Class I leading – edge vort ex shedding; Class II impinging leading – edge vortices; Class III
trailing – edge vortex shedding
In the first approximation the intensity of
the time-depending lift force acting on the
MEWP cage, Fig. 2, can be derived based on the
following expression [6]
2
01
2it it
LA LF vH W ce F e:: U ,(3)
where ȍ is the circular frequency corresponding
to the frequency of the vortex shedding, while H
and W are reference dimensions of the MEWP
cage and '"
AA Accc  is non-stationary
coefficient of the transverse force. This
coefficient according to >6@, depends on the
values of Reynolds an d Strouhal number and
amplitude of vibrations of the body in the fluid flow. The sign of imaginary part
c''A of non
stationary coefficient cA is defining the effect of
the aerodynamic force action. If this sign is positive, then the no n-stationary transversal force
induces the vibrations of the observed system >6@.
Numerical values of the coefficient
c''A are
defined experimentally, Figure 5.
By introducing the excitation derived in
Equation (3) into the equation of motion of the
model (1) shown in Fig. 2, this equation becomes: 0 1it
L mx c i x F e: G§· ¨¸S©¹ .
Due to damping, the response of the model
for the initial conditi ons is transient. The
amplitude of the steady-state response and the
phase angle can be derived based on the
expressions (4) and (5),
0
2221
1L
KFac::
ăș G §· § ·«»¨¸ ¨ ¸ZS Z©¹ © ¹«»¬¼,
(4)
2
1K
arctg:
:ășG«»
SZ«» \ «»§·«»¨¸Z©¹¬¼.
(5)
The amplitudes of the steady-state
response are relatively small as long as the frequency of vortex shedding matches the natural
frequency of the oscillator. In the vicinity of that
frequency significantly larger values of amplitudes and interaction between the body in a

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Bošnjak, S. – Zrni ü, N. – Dragovi ü, B. 108fluid flow and the air stream occur. Thereupon,
the frequency of the oscillator "controls the
vortex – shedding phenomenon even when
variations in flow velocity displace the nominal Strouhal frequency away from the natural
mechanical frequency by a few percent" [12], Fig.
6. This phenomenon is known as the lock – in effect.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5. [6] Coefficients "
Ac for different shapes o f
cross sections of the MEWP cage
Fig. 6. [12] Evolution of vortex shedding
frequency with wind velocity over elastic
structure
The intensity of the flow velocity that
leads to resonance (critical wind velocity) in the
oscillator shown in Fig. 2, can be defined by
expression (2), where f f
(f is the natural
frequency of the oscillator shown in Fig. 2),
cr
tfWvS ,
(6)
while the amplitude of the resonant vibrations
based on expression (4), by substituting : Z,
can be derived as
0L
r
KFacS G.
(7)
The expression for the approximate critical
wind velocity is given in the reference [13] as:
5
crDvT ,(8)
where D is the reference dimension of the
body and T the period of the first mode of
vibrations. It is concluded in [13] that the
occurrence of resonance corresponds to
increasing the load caused by the wind action by 0.8ʌ/
įK times. This means an increase of
approximately 50 times for įK = 0.05.
3 MOVEMENT INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF
MEWP STRUCTURE
Under certain conditio ns for the class of
profiles characterized by neg ative lift – curve
slope, the phenomenon of large – amplitude at
low – frequency oscillations in the direction normal to the flow (known as galloping) may
occur. For predicting the galloping phenomenon
for prismatic bodies it is common to use Parkinson’s quasi – stea dy theory, i.e., [14].

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform under Wind Excitation 109Vortex shedding is caused when a fluid
flows past around a bluff body. Fig. 7a presents a
typical bluff body – square prism – moving
downwards with the velocity y perpendicular to
the free stream velocity v. In this case the
intensity of the relative flow velocity is defined as
22
rvv y .(9)
The angle of attack is
yarctgvD .(10)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. [6] Occurrence of galloping for the
square cross section; (a) relative velocity of
fluid flow; (b) – pressure distribution
Alongside the front edges 1 and 2 the flow
separates from the cross section of the structure,
followed by the asymmetric stream wake. The
underpreassure in the zone 1 to 4 is lower than the
one in the zone 2, 3 and 4, Fig. 7b. The difference
in underpreassures in the mentioned zones generates the aerodynamic force whose direction
coincides with the direction of
y.
The MEWP cage is vibrating in the
vertical plane perpendicular to the fluid flow with velocity
v, Fig. 3. The intensity and the direction
of the flow velocity are defined by expressions
(9) and (10). The projection of aerodynamic force in the
y direction is defined by the expression: >@2() c o s s i n
1() c o s () s i n .2yL D
rL DFFF
HWv C CDD D
U DD DD  
 (11)
Therefore, to define Fy(Į) it is necessary to
know the expressions of coefficients CL(Į) and
CD(Į) for the considered profile. According to the
quasi–steady theory, the curves presenting the dependencies of the lift and drag coefficients on the angle of attack, Fig. 8, give a good base for analytical description of the galloping phenomenon [14].
Fig. 8. [11] Time – mean lift coefficient L(C )
and drag coefficient D(C ) of the non –
oscillating rectangular profile with elongation
ratio 2
IfFy(Į) is explicitly related to the free-
stream velocity, then the expression (11) can be written as
>@2
21()2c o s
() c o s () s i n
1() ,2y
LD
yvFH W
CC
HWv CDUD
DD DD
UD§·  u ¨¸©¹
u 
(12)
whereby
()() ()cos cosL
yDCt gCCDDDDDDă ș  « »¬ ¼ (13)
is the transverse fluid force coefficient, which is
also experimentally deduced as in Figs. 9 and 10.
The experimental variation of Cy = C y(Į) can be
usually represented by an odd polynomial,
357
13 5 7 yCA A A ADD D D    .
According to [14], numerical values of the
coefficients for the profile shown in Fig. 9 are:

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Bošnjak, S. – Zrni ü, N. – Dragovi ü, B. 110A1 = – 5.75, A 3 = – 42.4, A 5 = 11000 and
A7 = 187000.
Fig. 9. [14] Transverse fluid force curve of the
non oscillating rectangular profile with
elongation ratio 2
Fig. 10. [6] Transverse fluid force curve of the
rectangular profile with elongation ratio
In the vicinity of point 0y  , wherein
0y
vD||, expression (12) can be written as
0
2
0
0()()
1
2
1.2y
L
D
L
DFyF
dCHWv Cd
dCHWv C ydDDDDD
U DD
UD w| w
§·   ¨¸©¹
§·   ¨¸©¹
Then the differential eq uation of motion of the
model shown in Fig. 3 becomes:
01
1.2K
L
Dmy c i y
dCHWv C ydG
S
UD§· ¨¸©¹
§·   ¨¸©¹

(14)
In the case of harmonic vibrations yiy , Z
so that the Equation (14) can be written in a form 01
0,
2K
L
Dmy c i y
dC icH W v C yd mcG
S
UD§· ¨¸©¹
§· ¨¸©¹
(15)
which can be re-written as
10KAmy c i yG G§· ¨¸S©¹ ,
(16)
whereby, the aerodynamic logarithmic decrement
is
0 4L
AD *dC HWLCd mSU§·G  ¨¸DZ©¹,
(17)
while, the reduced frequency of the oscillator is
2* L
vZZ .
As it is known from the theory of the
linear single–degree–of–freedom oscillator, the
condition
0KAGGd (18)
is enough for instability. With regard to the fact
that ƒthe structural damping is positive,
ƒall terms from the right side of the Eq. (17) are
always positive, except
0L
DdCC,d§·¨¸D©¹ it is
conclusive that the necessary condition of the
oscillator instability whose motion is described by Eq. (16), is
00L
DdCCd§·¨¸D©¹,
(19)
which presents the well–known Den–Hartog
criterion.
Based on the expressions (17) and (18) it
is possible to define th e intensity of wind velocity
(critical wind velocity) that may lead to the
galloping phenomenon.
02K
cr
L
DmvdCHW CdZG
SUD 
§·¨¸©¹.
02K
cr
L
DmvdCHW CdZG
SUD 
§·¨¸©¹.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform under Wind Excitation 1114 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES AND
COMMENTS
The possibility of aerod ynamic instability
occurrence is analyzed for two characteristic
positions of the MEWP structure, Fig 11. For calculations, the adopted mass of the cage with
live load is
mQ = 150 kg.
Fig. 11. Positions of MEWP structure
4.1. Vibrations of MEWP Structure Excited by
the von Kármán Street
Based on the dynamic parameters of the
MEWP linkage (MEWPL) given in Table 1, the
dynamic parameters of the reduced dynamic model given in Fig. 2 are defined, Table 2.
Table 1.
Dynamic parameters of the MEWPL
Position ij
°cH
N/m mR,H
kg
1 0 9000 72.7
2 75 8034 158.4
Table 2. Dynamic parameters of the model
Position cH
N/m mH
kgfH
Hz
1 9000 222.7 1.01
2 8034 308.4 0.81
For the reference dimensions of the cage
shown in Fig. 2, the following values are used: W
= 1.2 m, L = 1.2 m. For the square section in a
flow the value of Strouh al number is 0.125, Fig.
5b. Based on expression (6), the obtained
intensities of the wind velocities causing the
resonance are: vcr,1 = 9.7 m/s in position 1, and
vcr,2 = 7.8 m/s in position 2.
The effects of the cage height and
structural damping on the values of resonant
amplitudes calculated according to the expression (7) are shown in Fig. 12.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 12. Dependence of the re sonant amplitudes
on the cage height (H) and logarithmic decrement
of structural damping ( įK): (a) position 1; (b)
position 2
The following observations can be inferred
from the results: ƒThe wind velocities that may cause the resonant
state are in the scope of velocities permissible
during MEWP operation;
ƒThe resonant amplitudes of the free end
(attaching point of the cage) of the MEWP
structure are producing the level of stress that may drive the structure into failure.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Bošnjak, S. – Zrni ü, N. – Dragovi ü, B. 1124.2. Movement Induced Vibrations of the
MEWP Structure
The dynamic parameters of the model
shown in Fig. 3 are defined based on the
corresponding dynamic parameters of the
MEWPL, Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Dynamic parameters of the MEWPL
Position ij
°cV
N/m mR,V
kg
1 0 23700 44.3
2 75 66400 104.6
The intensities of the critical wind
velocities in characteristic positions of MEWPL
(Fig. 13) are obtained for the reference
dimensions of the cage H = 1.2 m and L = 1.2 m,
Fig. 3. The obtained results indicate that the
galloping vibrations may occur even for the wind
velocities permitted during MEWP operation.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 13. Dependence of the critical velocity on the
cage width (W) and logarithmic decrement of
structural damping ( įK): (a) position 1; (b) position 2Table 4. Dynamic parameters of the model
Position cV
N/m mH
kgȦV
s-1
1 23700 194.3 11.0
2 66400 254.6 16.2
5 CONCLUSION
The modern methods in design,
manufacturing and optimization have
significantly contributed to the decrease of the
self-weight of mobile handling and construction
machines with the attendant increase in their
flexibility and reduced natural frequencies. Thus,
favorable conditions for the occurrence of
resonance in the system have been created.
The aim of this paper is to indicate a
certain aspect of the dynamic behavior of the
mobile machines support structures that has been
ignored in literature. Specifically, the problem
examined here is the possible occurrence of wind-
induced resonant state that might significantly
reduce the machine’s operating performances. However, the examination of a model that is not a
prototype of a real system is of little interest
unless it yields some general conclusions that can be applied to other related configurations [15].
Hence, the approach presen ted in this paper can
be applied for analyzing dynamic behavior of similar machines under wind excitation, such as
various mechanical handlin g and construction
machines, as an element of complex service
systems, particularly keeping in mind the more
and more prominent trend of their automation and robotization. It should resu lt in a more extensive
approach to designing.
Finally, the authors’ inten tion is to point
out the real possibility of aerodynamic instability
in the service co nditions of MEWP, as well as the
necessity of a more comprehensive and appropriate analysis of their dynamic structural
behavior. The objective of this analysis is to
define conditions that may cause undesirable dynamic effects. Degradation of the MEWP
performances can be avoided by making its
support structure activ e, i.e., able to react to
instant environment cond itions and to set its
dynamic characteristics in accordance with the
environment influences [4]. Already existing hydrocylinders can be used as a structure active
element, that is, one whose action represents the
structure response to instant environment actions.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 104-113
Dynamic Response of Mobile Elevating Work Platform under Wind Excitation 113Actuator identification, wh ich will be used to
obtain optimal structure ad aptation to instant
condition, is a complex process which shall
include the work of different profile experts.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is a contribution to the Ministry
of Science and Technological Development of Serbia funded project TR 14052.
7 REFERENCES
[1] Vukobratovi ü M., Potkonjak, V. (2000)
Modelling and control of active systems with variable geometry. Part I: General approach
and its application,
Mechanism and Machine
Theory 35(2), p. 179-195.
[2] [2] Hajdin N., Zlokovi üĈ., Vukobratovi ü
M., Djordjevi ü, V. (1995) Active structures,
Belgrade: Proceedings of the Conference on
Mechanics, Material and Constructions, vol.
83, Book 2, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, p. 419-434. (in Serbian)
[3] Ekalo, Y., Vukobratovi ü, M. (1994)
Stabilization of Robot Motion and Contact Force Interaction for Third-Order Actuator
Model,
Journal of Intelligent and Robot
Systems 10(3), p. 257-282.
[4] Vukobratovi ü M., Ekalo, Y. (1996) New
approach to control of robotic manipulators
interacting with dynamics environment,
Robotica , 14(1), p. 31-39.
[5] Naudacher, E., Rockwell, W. Flow-Induced
Vibrations – An Engineering Guide ,
Rotterdam: Balkema, 1994. [6] Försching, H. Grundlagen der Aeroelastik ,
Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1974.
[7] Hurty, W.C., Rubinstein, M.F. Dynamics of
structures , New York: Prentice-Hall, 1964.
[8] Sachs, P. Wind forces in engineering , 2nd ed.,
Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1978.
[9] Stefanovi ü, Z., Aero profiles , 1st ed.,
Belgrade: Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, 2005. (in Serbian)
[10] Naudacher, E., Wa ng, Y. (1993) Flow-
Induced Vibrations of Prismatic Bodies and
Grids of Prisms, Journal of Fluids and
Structures 7(5), p. 341-373.
[11] Denitz, S., Staubli, T. (1997) Oscillating
Rectangular and Octagonal profiles:
Interaction of Leading/ and Trailing-Edge Vortex Formation,
Journal of Fluids and
Structures 11(1), p. 3-31.
[12] Simiu, E, Scanlan, R.H. Wind effect on
structures , 3rd ed., New York: John Wiley
and Sons, 1996.
[13] Kogan, J. Crane Design – Theory and
Calculations of Reliability , New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1976.
[14] Denitz, S., Staubli, T. (1998) Oscillating
Rectangular and Octagonal profiles:
Modelling and Fluid Forces, Journal of
Fluids and Structures 12(7), p. 859-882.
[15] Zrniü, N., Bošnjak, S. (2008) Comments on
Modeling of system dynamics of a slewing flexible beam with moving payload
pendulum,
Mechanics Research
Communications 35(8), p. 622-624.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 114-118 Paper received: 14.01.2009
UDC 621.793/.795 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Mechanical Engineering Faculty,
Trg I. B. Mažurani ü, HR-35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia, vmarusic@sfsb.hr114The Influence of Hardening Related Deformations on
Selection of Abrasion Inhibition Process
Vlatko Maruši ü1,*-Željko Šar țeviü2 – Goran Rozing3
1Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonsk i Brod, Croatia
2 Water management d.d., Vinkovci, Croatia
3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering of Osijek, Croatia
Wear mass loss on samples was compared at depth of hardened layers of induction quenched C
60, carburized 16MnCr5, hard fa ced with C-Cr-Mn and C-Cr-W-Co electrode deposited layers as well as
thermal flame sprayed deposits of C-Cr-Mo layer. Measurements of surf ace hardness, changes of sample
surface hardness towards the core and metallogra phic examination of the structure were carried out
using SMT 1-2070 wear and tear testing device, consisting of a disc and a bracket, in a chamber filled
with oil containing SiO 2. Wear mass loss on samples in the shape of disc in depth of the hardened layer
was measured. A coun ter body in the form of a pe dal was made out of materia l GG 20. It was established
that wear mass loss changed the least with the hard faced C-Cr-W-Co layer, followed by thermal flame
sprayed deposits and hard faced C-Cr-Mn layers. A fter that some surface hardened and finally cemented
layers, which displayed the greatest wear mass loss. Correspondingly, it was concluded that when
selecting an adequate wear protection process for th ose machine parts that require surface abrasion as
final machining operation due to macro deformation, additional caution was needed.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: wear, makro defor mation, surface hardening, protective layer, surface strength
0 INTRODUCTION
Tribology is considered as a
interdisciplinary science because of
interdisciplinary knowledge applied from the areas of physics, chemistry, mechanics,
projecting, material science, lubrication
technology, as well as ergonomics, business economy, management, industrial methods and
the like >1] to [4@. An overview of standards and
organizations in the field of the tribology is given
in this paper >1@.
In addition to hard surface layers, wear-
prone machine parts are also required to be of high geometrical precision. Due to a varying
structure and hardness values across the layer,
there is a danger that final surface machining may result in lower wear resistance than expected.
There is a possibility of macro deformations
particularly after hardening (heat treatment and
welding) of slender, elongated parts (axes and
some tools) whose length is significantly bigger
than their width or height >5] to [7@.
Surface hardening of quenched and
tempered steel, carburizing of cemented steel,
hard facing and gas spraying (sputtering) can all respectively result in a similar thickness of
protective layers and desirable surface hardness. Depending on respective production processes
and their duration, manufactured parts do
however differ in their cost and also in macro-deformation by buckling. This experiment aims at
a better understanding of the influence of
structural changes and of hardness distribution on
wear resistance between surface border layers and
respective part cores.
1 THE EXPERIMENT
1.1 Test Materials and Layers
The following materials were selected for
the making of samples:
– for surface hardening steel C 60 >8@, quenched
tempered steel that allows surface quenching to
equal depth of hardened-layer as with cementing,
– for carburizing 16MnCr5 >8@, a very commonly
used cemented steel,
– for hard facing C-Cr-Mn electrodes >9@ of
declared facing surface hardness 350 – 450 HB,
base material 42CrMo4 + QT (steel into
quenched condition >7@),

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 114-118
The Influence of Hardening Related Surface Deformations on Choice of Wear Inhibition Technology Process 115- for hard facing C-Cr-W-Co electrodes >10@ of
declared facing surface hardness | 42 HRC, base
material 42CrMo4 + QT, and
– for thermal flame spraying: wire Al-Ni as
substrate, wire C-Cr-Mo for final coating, with a
declared surface hardness of 40 – 50 HRC, base
material 42CrMo4 + QT.
A chemical analysis was performed and it
was established that steels match the required
chemical composition. The norm declared >8@ and
the results of the chemical analysis of the base material are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the declared composition and surface hardness of additional materials for hard facing and spraying.
Surface quenching of C60 steel samples
was performed using induction heating to a temperature of |850
oC, oil-cooled. Their average
recording value of measured surface hardness was 42 HRC, effective layer thickness |2 mm,
bainites – martensite structure, Fig. 1.b.
Carburizing of 16MnCr5 steel samples
was performed for 12 hours in a gaseous atmosphere at a temperature of 930
oC. Oil at
830oC/30 min was used for direct hardening,
followed by air-t empering at 200 oC/30'. Surface
hardness was |58 HRC at effective layer depth
|1.8 mm, mainly martensite structure, Fig. 1.c.
For electrode facing with selected added
materials (electrode diameter Ø 3.25 mm), 16MnCr5 base material was used for samples that
were pre-tooled to an under size of d= 4 mm. The
C-Cr-Mn facing to have dendritic structure, Fig. 1.d; surface hardness |40 HRC. The C-Cr-W-Co
facing layer structure consisted of Cr- and less of W – carbides embedded in a Co-matrix, Fig. 1.e.; surface hardness |39 HRC.
Hard facing of samples was carried out by
thermal flame treatment with the wire Ø 3.2 mm,
melting point |1100
oC. Finely the grain structure
of the sprayed layer is shown in Fig. 1.f; surface hardness |40 HRC.
1.2 Machining of Test Pieces
The experiment required twelve test pieces
of each protective layer type – three samples for four respective test series. Each of the four series differed by an external diameter alteration of 0.4
mm: Series I: d = 50 mm; Series II: d = 50.4 mm; Series III: d = 50.8 mm, Series IV: d = 51.2 mm. The external diameters of facing test pieces were smaller by 3 mm for each series due to their consequent facing thickness |2.5 mm. After
application of protective layer by hard facing and
spraying, all the test pieces were machined to a diameter d = 50 mm
.
Table 1. Norm declared and measured chemical compositi on of base material of tested samples
Chemical composition (%) Designation C Si Mn S P Cr Ni Mo
C60 0.61 0.35 0.74 0.031 0.023 0.32 0.12 –
Prescript for C60
EN 10027-1 0.57
0.65 max.
0.40 0.60
0.90 max.
0.035 max.
0.035 max.
0.40 max.
0.40 max.
0.10
16MnCr5 0.18 0.33 1.12 0.026 0.024 1.05 0.13 –
Prescript for 16MnCr5 EN 10027-1 0.14
0.19 max.
0.40 1.00
1.30 max.
0.035 max.
0.035 0.80
1.10 – –
42CrMo4 0.41 0.35 0.79 0.021 0.028 1.12 0.21
Prescript for 42CrMo4
EN 10027-1 0.38
0.45 max.
0.40 0.60
0.90 max.
0.030 max.
0.030 0.90
1.20 0.15 0.30
Table 2. Declared properties of spraying materials
Declared Category
Chemical element portion Surface hardness
Wire Nikl- alumirid, | 20 % Al
80 % Ni 38 – 40 HRC
Wire
C- Cr -Mo, |0.38 % C; 0.03 % S; 0.03 % P; 0. 75 % Si; 0.38 % Mn; 13.5 % Cr;
13.5 % Mo 40 – 50 HRC
Electrode
C-Cr-Mn, |0.25 % C; 1.3 % Cr; 1.7% Mn 350 – 450 HB
Electrode
C-Cr-W-Co, |1.2 % C; 28 % Cr; 4.5 % W; rest Co 42 HRC

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 114-118
Marušiț, V. – Šar țeviü, Ž. – Rozing, G. 1162 TEST RESULTS
2.1 Microstructure of Test Pieces
To control the structure, metallographic
samples were produced out of test pieces. In Fig.
1, there are characteristic structures of test pieces.
2.2 Wear Resistance Testing
Fig. 2.a shows the wear testing device
2070 SMT-1. Fig. 2.b illustrates respective
positions of the specimen and the counter-body as well as their dimensions. The bracket-shaped
counter-body matches GG 20 (hardness |200
HB) in its material composition. Wear examination was performed in a
chamber, in slip condition s for the disc/bracket –
pair. Oil of a viscosity 47 to 55 m
2/s and 0.5 %
SiO 2 added was used as intermediate fluid, grain
size 0.35 to 0.2 mm. Regarding the size of the
contact surface a bracket load of 2000 N was
selected, resulting in contact pressure |10 N/mm2
between bracket and ring. Disc RPM was set at
500 min-1. The control interval for the loss of disc
mass was at every 50 000-disc revolutions,
followed by a change of oil and abrasive for fresh
ones. The total of disc revolutions was 200000. The mass loss control of the test piece was carried
out on scales with the accuracy of 0.01 g. The
resulting mass loss ( 'm) for every series of
samples (average values for three discs) is
presented in the diagram, Fig. 3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Fig. 1. Characteristic structures on the cross section of the test pieces. Magnification 100X
a) macro view of the cross sec tion ; b) induction quenched C60
c) carburized 16MnCr5; d) hard facing C-Cr-Mn electrode
e) hard facing C-Cr-W-Co electrode; f) spray deposited C-Cr-Mo

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 114-118
The Influence of Hardening Related Surface Deformations on Choice of Wear Inhibition Technology Process 117
a)
b)
Fig. 2. Wear testing device, type 2070 SMT-1
a) – device view; b) – testing scheme and specimen dimens ions disc/bracket
Fig. 3 . Average mass loss across test piece layer
3 RESULT ANALYSIS
The results of the experiment for induction
quenched C60 and carburized 16MnCr5
demonstrated that a cemented surface layer has a significantly lower mass loss. This ratio shifts in
favor of C 60 in the depth span of 0.2 to 0.4 mm
from the surface. However, between 0.4 and 0.6 mm, wear of the carburized layer almost doubled,
while that of the induction-quenched specimen
remained almost insignificant. The material mass loss of the carburized 16MnCr5 steel increased by
nearly three times, in comp arison to the mass loss
up to a depth of 0.2 mm from the border. Under the same experiment conditions induction
quenched C 60 exhibited only up to 25 % wear increase in relation to surface layer.
Hard faced layers have a similar mass loss
as the carburized layers at the depth of 0.2 mm from surface. However, it should be noted that
they do not display in-depth increase mass loss,
i.e. with increase of distance from the surface border. The smallest mass loss was observed with
C-Cr-W-Co deposited layer. However, at 0.2 mm
depth from the surface, mass loss of the hard faced layer reduced and did not change
significantly at 0.4 and 0.6 mm distance from the
surface.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 114-118
Marušiț, V. – Šar țeviü, Ž. – Rozing, G. 1184 CONCLUSION
The drop in wear resistance of a layer after
tempering can partly be contributed to the chemical composition of the surface layer of
machined material >11@, i.e. its superficial and in-
depth harden ability. Hardness drops towards the
material core with decr eased content of carbon
underneath the carburized layer.
With hard faced layers, as with the sprayed
layers, mass loss does not increase significantly
with the depth of the layer. The smallest wear was measured on C-Cr-W-Co hard faced layer. This
could be the consequ ence of a positive impact of
Co matrix with distribut ed Cr and W carbides.
Hard of the welded C-Cr-Mn faced and sprayed
layers of C-Cr-Mo do not change considerably with the depth of the layer.
The results of the expe riment question the
benefit of adding 0.2 mm or more for final machining in the case of those carburized parts,
which may suffer macro-deformation due to
complicated shape of the work piece. The option of layer facing appears acceptable from a
perspective of wear resistance. In its further
analysis however, that choice must include economic considerations related to the cost of
added material, facing technology and the cost of
final surface machining.
Consecutive experiments should
concentrate on testing of shear and cutting
behavior. They should include a detailed comparison of sprayings with respect to the
preceding base material surface preparation and
related bond quality. A variation of welded and
spraying parameters (i.e. wire supply speed, feed
rate during spraying etc.) will illustrate their
relation to layer properties and behavior.
5 REFERENCES
>1@ Bartz, J.W. (2001) Hist ory of tribology – the
bridge between the classical antiquity and the
21
st century. In: Proceeding of the 2nd World
Tribology Congress , September 2001,
Vienna, p. 3-12.
>2@ Jost, H.P. (1995) Tribology: the first 25 years
and beyond: achievement s, shortcomings and future tasks. Journal of the Balkan
Tribological Association , vol. 1, no. 3-4.
>3@ Dašiü, P., Franek, F., Assenova, E. &
Radovanovi ü, M. (2003) International
standardization and organization in the field
of tribology. Industrial Lubrication and
Tribology (ILT) , vol. 55, no. 6, p. 287-291.
>4@ Kandeva, M. (2008) The Interdisciplinary
Paradigm of Tribology. Journal of the
Balkan Tribolog ical Association , vol. 14, no.
4, p. 421-430.
>5@ Marušiü V. & Džepina I. (2008) Research of
connection between wearing mechanisms
and choice of constructional solution of parts
of screw presses for oil percolation. Proceedings of the 8
th International
Conference RaDMI 2008, Užice, September,
2008.
>6@ Podgornik, B., Hogm ark, S., Sandberg, S.
(2004) Wear and friction properties of hard coatings for forming tools. Strojniški vestnik
– Journal of Mechanical Engineering, March
2004, vol. 50, no. 3, p. 148-156.
>7@ Podgornik, B., Kalin, M., Vižintin, J.,
Vodopivec, F. (2001) Microstructural changes and contact temperatures during fretting in steel-steel contact. Journal of
Tribology, April 2001, vol. 123, no. 4, p.
670-675.
>8@ EN 10027-1 (1992) Designation systems for
steel – Part 1: Steel nam es, principal symbols.
Brussels: European Committee for
Standardization (CEN).
>9@ DIN 8555 (1983): E 1-UM-400, CITODUR
400 B. Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN).
>10@ AWS A5.13 (2000) Specification for
Surfacing Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc
Welding (E Co-Cr-A). Miami (Florida –
USA): American Welding Society (AWS).
>11@ Jurasov, S. A. (1981) Criteria for evaluation
of properties and the basics of rational choice
slush and nitro-slush steel, Metal Science
and Heat Treatment. , March 1981, no. 3, p.
2-9. (in Rusian).

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 119-130 Paper received: 09.01.2009
UDC 622 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: RB "Kolubara", Svetog Save 1, 11550 Lazarevac, Serbia,
slobodanr@hotmail.com119Risk Assessment and Managing Technical Systems in case of
Mining Industry
Slobodan Radosavljevi ü1,*- Nikola Lili ü2- Sreüko ûurțiü3 – Milan Radosavljevi ü4
1Mining Basin R.B. "Kolubara", Lazarevac, Serbia
2 Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, Serbia
3 Technical Faculty, ýațak, Serbia
4 Township "Lazarevac", Lazarevac, Serbia
Global dynamics of technologi cal changes are creating the need for modern approaches in
evaluating and analyzing risks in the mining indust ry. Analyzing and managing technical systems in the
mining industry is a key factor in relation to their quality. Dependability, safety, and maintenance
management based on the risk analysis can contribute substantia lly to the overall effectiveness and
efficiency of the mining technolog ical systems. Besides applying adeq uate technology, organizing and
harmonizing the system links among various structures, standardization is also of great importance in
achieving business goals. The choice and use of the best solutions in the analysis ought to recognize,
anticipate, forestall, reduce, an d minimize the risks and possible destructive applications. Practical
knowledge indicates a major di screpancy and variations in the identification of analytical and
methodological approaches to this issue.. The outcom e is real statements of typical and non-typical
critical states through destructive poten tialities. Either directly or indirectly, they cause a considerable
disturbance to both, parts of th e system and the technological process functioning on the whole. The
opportunities of proper control, technical systems and processes risk management exist in reality and can
easily be realized. The mining production industry recognizes the need for an organizational and
process redesigning strategy as well as rais ing this issue to similar impo rtance of other functions of
management in a company. A realistic view of the present state in the risk analysis shows the need for a
rapid transformation of the mining industry . Thi s study puts forward a proposal for the possible
approaches and improvements in the mining indust ry, for the implementation of modern, standardized
world trends, (models and methods) regarding the a nalysis of the technical aspect risk in some of the
basic processes in the mining industry. It is the result of the research conducted during 2004 to 2008 in
the process of surface exp loitation and coil refinement in Serbian mining industry.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: mining, mining industry, safety, risk, analysis, management
0 INTRODUCTION
The completion of the planned production
activities in the mining industry means satisfying
complex requirements of reliability and safety of
both parts of the system and a whole technological process. This is of particular
importance for big companies and, in turn, it also
puts responsibility on them. The control and
management of the work position risk becomes a
central category of the logi stic operability of the
top management. The general context of the
problem is the need for making wise strategic
decisions while planning long-term. While pursuing business excellence companies’ ultimate
goal is completing safe, dependable, and
profitable work, [1]. Within the technological systems of the mining industry there is a real need for the correct positioning of the issue concerning
risk management. The analytical and
methodological approach to the problem includes: correct and complete risk identification, reduction
of the critical potentials to the level of acceptable
limits and constant monitoring.
A practical problem is reflected in finding
a way to minimize typical and atypical states of
failure as well as possible, and to accurately
detect the destruction levels with full critical
potentials for a technician and technological systems in the mining industry.
In the mining industry, analytical and
methodological approaches to this problem are both partial and different. In this context, there is
a lot of incompatibility and irrationality in the
production practice. The outcome of such a state is considerable disturbance to the functioning of

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Radosavljevi ü, S. – Liliü, N. – ûurțiü, S. – Radosavljevi ü, M. 120parts of the system or to the whole system.
Process management, risk management, and risk
managers are factors that can acknowledge and
establish the need, regularity, and quality of the
risk positioning for th e focused technological
processes. The realization implies the
implementation of the st andardized organizational
forms, methods, and model s. At the same time,
overall intergradibility and compatibility of the
process at the level of all management functions of a company must be taken into consideration,
[2].
1 RISK TECHNICAL SYSTEM
During its life cycle technological systems
and processes are under various destructive
influences which can considerably reduce the
quality of their performance. The chances of unwanted events and anticipated consequences of
the events in the even cycle are considered to be a
risk in the system an alysis during the established
length of time or a certain process (the
combination of frequency and chances of appearing, as well as the result of a specific
prejudicial event), [3] and [4]. The identification
of the critical points of the technical systems in
the mining industry which can generate risks and
risky events is a prof essional problem. This
proves the need for a management approach in both analytical and met hodological sense. The
risk aspects in the mini ng industry can be many
and are mainly related to all the influences within/and associated with the system/process
itself: design, [5] red esigning, technical,
technological, maintaintenance, ecological, technical protection, soci ological, economic, and
other risks. The risk research carried out in
fundamental processes shows that safety, dependability, and security of the systems and
processes in the mining i ndustry can be hardly
achieved without identifying all the aspects or at
least, a large number of them, without expert
processing and proposals concerning complete solutions, following particular suppositions at an
expert level and the highest professional
plausibility, [6]. The project focuses on the
technical aspect of the risk analysis. The risk can
and must be managed. The chances of a risky
event occurrence can be reduced to an acceptable level by establishing adequate control. A high-quality analysis, risk assessment, reduction and
monitoring are prerequisites for the prevention of
the critical potentials in destruction planning. The
next step is developing the strategy of a reaction to a failure concerning the recovery from the
consequences. The aim and need for research in
the risk analysis, reduction, and monitoring, the production practice of the mining industry
recognizes through:
x Development of methodology for the system
analysis of the process and the system;
x Development of criteria and processes for implementation of standards which is helpful to the assessment of technical
systems risk;
x Development of methodology for the
assessment of the influ ences of all identified
aspects of the technologically complex
destructive potentials;
x Assessment of the system/process current
conditions, as well as the assessment of the
real needs for partial or complete redesign
and improvement;
x Defining conditions and choosing modes of
management of the risk t echnical system in
the mining industry.
We can conclude that formulating an
adequate strategy for analysis, monitoring and
risk management are very complex issues. Firstly,
it is interesting for professional. It requires the consideration of a large number of aspects and
parameters of a techn ological and non-
technological kind. The influence of the external and internal environment , organization, studying
previous data and the mand atory forecast of the
near and distant future are always present.
The research conducted around the world
proves the need for rapid development, standardization of both existing and new modes and methods for risk analysis, assessment, reduction, and monito ring. Determinative
strategies for risk assessment and reduction in
the technical system of the mining industry can be recognized through the generic powers that form the development of the process by the strategic actions and integration powers created in an organizational and industrial context.
Fig. 1. shows important variables with
generated relations and bonds in the coal processing process.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Risk Assessment and Managing Technical Systems in case of Mining Industry 121Fig. 1. Presentation of relations and bonds in coal processing process, customers’ demands and aspects
of technical systems of mining industry [2]
The fundamentals of the process are:
accomplishment of planned projections,
satisfying the demands of customers, as well as
ensuring technical systems in the micro – and
macro – context. The starting points in generating
a lot of relations and bonds are the quality of coal
processing, time as the existing technology life cycle parameter, flexibility of processing and cost
analysis. The above issues become complex when
reliability modes are includ ed and also when
viewing the real area of immediate and distant
surroundings. When any of the categories
mentioned above are excluded, the system compatibility is disturbed in a direct or indirect
way, and safe and dependable work is
questionable. The choice between the best possible options in the mining industry includes
the balance between the expenditures which have
been incurred and the use of the selected technology, according to the best results of the
selected technology. The explicit role of the
expenditure in reducing the risk is noticeable.
Negative outcomes and effects concerning the
management of the risk are something that should
be avoided at all costs.
Risk management will be more transparent
by using the standardization procedure, prescribing standards of management of the risk
ISO 31000, which is expected to be prescribed in
2008, [7] and [8].
2PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE CONCERNING
RISK ANALYSIS IN THE MINING
INDUSTRY
The research conducted worldwide
indicates the need for the rapid development, standardization of both existing and new models
and methods for the risk analysis, assessment,
reduction and m onitoring.
The results of th e domestic practice
experience can be characterized as follows: There
are good regulations, which create favorable conditions for a change in the present situation
regarding positioning, handling, and monitoring
the risk of the focused aspects in the mining industry. The use of standardized methods and
models, together with good practical experience
worldwide, is at the centre of professional possibilities and interests. There are considerable
efforts of the scientific public to create positive
trends and broaden the experience of the subject matter. Domestic practical experience is typical
of the lack of experts concerning significant and
QUALITY
1 – II
1-II
TIME
4 – I
FLEXIBILITY
2 – III
COSTS
3 – IV 1. Hight quality
2. Hight flexibility
3. Reduction costs 4. Curtailment time
production
I. Rational prediction
II. Quality at logistisics
III. Quick adaptation production
IV. Reduced prime costs RISK
TECHNICAL
SYSTEM IN
MINING
INDUSRY Reliability
technical systems
Failure technical
systems

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Radosavljevi ü, S. – Liliü, N. – ûurțiü, S. – Radosavljevi ü, M. 122qualitative changes. Th ere are not any licensed
risk managers who would join the project teams. There are not any institutions in charge of training
and licensing this type of personnel. Furthermore,
there is no or very little implementation of modern standardized models and methods for
analysis, reduction, monitoring and managing the
risk in the production practice of the mining industry. There is a real problem with
competence in risk analysis. Improvisation and
inadequate treatment are frequent in recognizing the risk in the pro duction practice. In the
organizational models of com panies, units of risk
management are not provided. The risk analysis and assessment are not given enough attention in
the company top management strategies. The lack
of financial and other logistics for rapid transformations and changes of the existing
practice and state of affairs is obvious.
3 FORMALIZATION OF THE PROBLEM OF
RISK ANALYSIS CONCERNING COAL
PROCESSING
Modern multi-aspect approaches to the
occupational safety problems impose the
requirements for great degrees of reliability and
safety of the process on project and engineering teams. Such requirements are justified by the fact
that there is a need for reducing risk. The mining
industry is an area of particular interest concerning the use of scientific knowledge within
the sphere of risk. Previous requirements strain
the relations in the process of system projecting
and the need for redesigning the existing ones
which have been functioning for some time. The
question is whether engineering teams are able to recognize new requirements and approaches.
Some surveys show that one part of project teams
accepts and recognizes new requirements concerning the process/system design and
redesign with difficulty or does not accept and
recognize them at all. The reasons for this could be: consciousness, culture, educational problem,
training of new method s and techniques which
are in the function of new approaches. Selecting basic events of technological processes in coal processing is an important and responsible task
for any risk analyst or a multi-disciplinary team.
Proposed events basically seal the continued
technological process flow. Therefore, they need
to be both represen tative and respectable enough.
The omission of any of the events while selecting
even those that seem to be less important, is a
major fault of analysts. A fault can influence the final outcome to a greater or lesser extent, in a
direct or indirect way, whi le positioning system
within the context of risk limits/possibility of risky events occurrence. As a final outcome, it
can cause the use of unplanned financial
resources.
A safe, secure, and dependable functioning
of the system is threatened. Such faults need to be completely avoided. The chosen technological
process, coal processing within th e third phase of
Dry Separation of the Mining Basin "Kolubara" Lazarevac, is fully defined and closed by the following events (Fig. 2).
Distribution station: (1.1. Belt conveyor C-
11; 1.2. Distribution bunker; 1.3. Belt conveyor T-240).
Run of mine coal bunker: (2.1. Run of
mine coal bunker; 2.2. Coal shoveling machine
A-131 and B- 131; Belt conveyor T-132),
Crusher plant: (3.1. Sieve grate 242 A and
242 B; 3.2. Hammer mill 243 A and 243; 3.3. Belt conveyor T-312; 3.4. Belt conveyor T-244) and
Loading station: (4.1. Belt conveyor T-
350; 4.2. Re-distribution loading coal bunker).
Further course of work on the problem
analysis implies an in-depth analysis of each defined event, together with positioning the risk limit in two directions: the risk system aspect as the variable that influences of the base process. What follows is a presentation of a detailed decomposition for the chosen event. The stem decomposing is accomplished to the third level. Further decomposition is unnecessary because all structure modes are detected. Accordingly, the characterization of all critical potential of influences is possible.
During the decomposition process the
method Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is employed. The examined interaction of events and faults in
the project gives a rank order/combination of

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Risk Assessment and Managing Technical Systems in case of Mining Industry 123critical elements. A systematic approach is
provided and sometimes also a considerable
flexibility, in consideration of the advantages of a
multi-variation analysis. Then there is a stem of
events production, which is accomplished by
using standardized logical symbols. Repeating the
steps upto the required amount, according to real
limitations, primary and secondary faults are
identified, and the stem is co mpleted to the lower
level of identification of the fundamental
fault/another starting event. The completed stem
has enabled the evaluation of the system/process including the cross-sectional cluster (minimum of
sequence which has resulted in upper event
occurrence or critical way). In the analysis FTA has determined the probability of events by using
logical relations and bonds for calculating a
relative risk while redesigning the existing system [9] and [10].
4 EXPERIMENTAL PART AND THE
ADOPTED METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
AND THE STARTING POINTS
Design safe is a tool fo r the users who are
familiar with modern demands of the designing and redesigning processes. They must be
provided with a complete and quality knowledge
of technological processes, which are the subject of the analysis. They need to be able to take the
results of the analysis and expertly develop the
engineering solutions to the risk reduction. The
safety analyst is responsible for solving all the
problems emerging within that context.
Design safe is a guide and an engineering
tool where the user’s skills, experience and
expertise contribute greatly to results. The quality
and selection of the data that the analyst enters in the programme is an essential component.
Inferior/incomplete data reduce the validity of the
output results. With such options, errors are treated as subjective. The tools used in the
analysis pay a particular attention to the
remaining part of the reduce d risk while assessing
it, before they focus on the risk levels. The same
have been implemented in the subject analysis
and assessment (MIL STD 882, ANSI B11, EN
1050, TR3 etc.). One of the most impressive and progressive models was developed by Manuele
[4]. At the same time, th is is a quantitative model
for assessing the most progressive models using the matrix of the di mension 4x4x5 and three
factors in developing the general assessment and
evaluation of the selected top event as a critical potential for the origin of a failure/incident,
(accuracy, exposure and probability), (Table 1).
In the analysis it for is Design safe tools that is
necessary to define the sources of information as
well as limitations.
The sources of information for the subject
analysis are the following: xthe experience of following the process of the
coal processing functioning,
xinterviews with subjects who are either direct or
indirect participants within the working process,
xtesting the collected data,
xthe history of failure connected with the process
of coal processing at the Dry Separation,
xthe available database of RB (Coal Mining
Basin) Kolubara, Kolubara Prerada (Kolubara Processing),
xmanagement expert meetings, (the available
data),
xnotes from scientific gatherings and
symposiums whose subject was the risks and safety in mining/the process of coal processing and.
xexperts’ assessments and suggestions connected
with the problems of the risk analysis.
The facts that the analysis of the single
decomposed technical units, which form part of
the coal processing process, are considered to be
a limitation. Within that context the analysis may
be considered to be partial. Operative
management and employees are generally not
accepting of this approach because they fail to recognize the needs for analysis. There are no
organizational units for the multidisciplinary
approach to the risk problems amongst a
company’s managing functions. According to the
collected data, the gene ral constitution of the
participants in the pro cess (directly or indirectly
connected with the hammer mill 243A) has been
presented. The structure of their work/failure
addressed/delegated.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Radosavljevi ü, S. – Liliü, N. – ûurțiü, S. – Radosavljevi ü, M. 124Fig. 2. Presentation of decomposition bases of the first stage of process – coal processing at Mining Basin
"Kolubara" [2]
Table 1. The display of the original values of the Quantitative model for the assessment of the risk and the
matrix of the dimension 4x4x5 [4]
Manuele Three Factor risk model: assessm ent severity-exposure frequency-probability
Assessment
severity Index Exposure Index Probability Index Risk level Index
Catastrophic 50 Frequently 13 Frequent 15 High > 800
Critical 40 Occasionally 10 Possible 9 Serious 500-800
Moderate 25 Seldom 7 Occasional 4 Moderate 200-500
Low 10 Minimal 4 Minor 1 Low 0-200
Impossible 0.5
Chart 2 displays risk analysis with
suggested methods for reduction of every mod
failure in partial Rotor crusher 1.1.
The following methods of risk reduction
are offered:
xPrevention negativism failure model,1.1,
xReplacement of critical parts for each failure
model, 1.2.,
xIsolation of every failure model as specific
risk, 1.3. A detailed display of reasons for failure
models is presented and resolving technical
modes for risk reduction. At the same time risk
addressing is executed in the context of
delegating authority and responsibility for
implementation of sugge sted technical modes
with constant monitoring. The chart also shows
final exploitation of risk by using corrective
modes and categorizing risk levels [11] and [12]. III PHASE OF
COAL DRY
SEPARATION
RUN OF MINE
COAL BUNKER
TT – SLIDING
TRAIN
CLUSTER
DEPOTS-
BUNKERS
COAL
SHOVELLING
MACHINE 131ACRUSHER
PLANT RE-
DISTRIBUTION
STATION
TT C-11
RE//DISTRIBUTION
FUNNEL
TT T-129A DISTRIBU
TION
FLAP
SIEVE GRATE
242
HAMMER MILL
243ALOADING
STATION
TT T-350
LOADING
FUNNELS
TT T-129B
TT T-240 COAL
SHOVELLING
MACHINE 131B
TT T-132A HAMMER MILL
243B
TT T-312
TT T-244

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Risk Assessment and Managing Technical Systems in case of Mining Industry 125
Fig. 3. Displays input data of startin g risk evaluation, suggested measures for reductio n, final evaluation
and addressing risk for partial HammerCcrusher 243A
Fig. 4. Displays documenting and report selection of executed risk evaluation with graphic state
positioning for part-piece Hammer Crusher 243A

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Radosavljevi ü, S. – Liliü, N. – ûurțiü, S. – Radosavljevi ü, M. 126Table 2. Displays risk analysis with method for reduction for Rotor Crusher (1.1), (OG/On-going)
Hammer crusher 243A:
1.1. Rotor crusher Fred A. Manuele ”Three Factor risk model”: severity estimate /frequency exposure –
probability
Nature/
mod Hazard/way
failureDefault
appraisal Risk
level Risk reduction method Final
assessment Risk
levelStatus
1120 400
Function BreakageC O F hight Prevent energy buildup
1.1., Substitute less
hazardous material
1.2. M I L moderate OG
760 350
Function Deformation C O L serious Prevent energy buildup
1.1. M O O moderate OG
1400 475
FunctionFatigue
materijal C O F hight Substitute less
hazardous material 1.2. M O L moderate OG
1000 275
Function DamageC O F higt Prevent energy buildup
1.1. M I O moderate OG
1400 475
Function WearC O F hight Prevent energy buildup
1.1. M I O moderate OG
1400 475 Function HeatingC O F hight Prevent energy buildup
1.1. M O L moderate OG
760 350
Function SkewC O L serious Prevent energy buildup
1.1. M O O moderate OG
1400 440
Function OverchargeC O F hight Separate hazard
1.5. K I O moderate OG
1120 350
FunctionVibration/
blow C O F hight Separate hazard
1.5. M O O moderate OG
1120 350
Function BlockadeC O F hight Prevent energy buildup
1.1., Separate hazard
1.5. M I O moderate OG
760 275
Function PluckC O L serious Prevent energy buildup
1.1. M I O moderate OG
C O L 880 M I O 275
Function Rest hightPrevent energy buildup
1.1. moderate OG
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is by the decomposition of the essential
process of coal processing that six sub-processes
and twenty sub-process functions have been
identified. Each of the su b-process functions has a
realistically high level of critical potential as well
as potential of an extremely high destruction level
if the total and complicated operation is concerned. Of all the sub-processes an extremely
high risk level has been addressed at the place of
coal grinding/crushing, (t he index value 1400).
The risk level within the range of high threshold (800 to 1400) has been delegated by other sub-
processes.
The above is completely in accordance
with the performed partial risk analysis for the
complete process of coal processing. The
technical and technological aspect of the problem in analytical terms, confirms the real positioning
of high risk thresholds in almost all parts of the
process. The analysis of individual events of the system for coal processing in over 95 % of the
cases delegates the zone of high risk threshold,
(index 800 to 1400). A lthough the range of this
threshold is realistically wide, all the selected
events are over (index 1120). As this zone is one

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Risk Assessment and Managing Technical Systems in case of Mining Industry 127with an unacceptable risk, it is necessary to
delegate the best possibl e reduction option by the
choice of adequate methods for independent
operation or their combination, which has been done in the analysis. The analysis of the process
indicates some influences according to the
analytical account of each selected event. They have been detected in tech nical and technological
terms and on this basis presented via the modes of
possible destructive potentials with the exposition of hazards. The problems that occur most
frequently have standard characteristics.
Untypical problems are characteristic merely of the selected event or gr oup of events in the
sequence of the projected series of the
technological line of the process.
The field of risk reduction for the
identified aspect is rather large and covers the
index from 180 to 1400, (Table 3). Such basis sets a realistically high target threshold for
reducing the risk. In such circumstances it is not
possible to perform the adequate risk reduction in
one attempt and with the application of one
method. The reduction has been performed in two or three attempts and two or more methods have
been applied.
The following are the most frequent forms
of critical potential for failure conditions of the
selected events for coal processing system:
overloading of the components, substructures and system, vibrations as well as various kinds of
impacts, fatigue, material breaking, various kinds
of structural damage, fatigue failure, deformation, system wear, curvatures resulting from work
instability and unreliability reg arding protection,
the quality of built-in components, incompetent control – man factor, the operators’ incompetence
within the system a nd negligence during the
performance of the working activities, the influence of undetected destructive potentials, the
influence of the envir onment and other forms.
The most frequent causes of the previously
detected forms of the critical conditions are the
following: mechanical br eaks of substructures
and structures, various kinds of typical and non-
typical deformities, bending, twisting,
elongations, shearing, breaking, curvatures, material cleavages, cracks, pipes occurring while
casting, hidden material deficiencies, corrosion
due to the toxicologically aggressive environment or weather conditions, wearing out during which
warming and heating of the components occur as a consequence of badly projected conditions,
burning at work – rubber, other typical and
untypical destructions.
As the causes and the manifested failures
are directly interdependent, the field thresholds
for the system of coal processing can be extended
for the following forms: inadequate dimension, inadequate tolerance, thick/thin roughness, oval,
eccentricity, wrong choice of material,
insufficient strength/hardness, bad quality thermal treatment, corrosion, inadequate/bad quality
protection, high temperature, high/low voltage,
insufficient/extremely hi gh loading moment,
insufficient/excessive force and the like.
According to the above mentioned, the
field of consequences expressed by destructive events can be extended for the following forms:
the system does not function, the function is
partially reduced, handling and commanding are impeded, the system does not realize the working
performance, work breaks, reduced comfort
during the system operation, the shortening of life
expectancy and vibrations during the system
operation.
The analysis of the technological system
for coal processing indicates that some destruction can be completely identified on the basis of the standardized and coded kinds of failures for general technical systems in industry and mining engineering. The methods applied in
the project for the risk reduction of the technical aspect are the following : the negativity
prevention, the preventive replacement of material, preventing the development of negativity, slowing down ne gativity, the isolation
of destruction as a particular risk and projecting new solutions. The proposed methods for the reduction provide in one, two or three steps, the
necessary reduction to the li mits of the tolerance
risk, i.e. the acceptable risk threshold. For some events of the system the acceptable risk is as far as (index 570), which in the upper part of the sequences enters the range of the serious risk threshold. The risk level of the whole system for
coal processing, after performing the reduction, reaches the maximum (index 275). The obtained index level does not exceed the moderate risk threshold, hence it can be considered satisfactory and acceptable. It has been stated that the main aim in the project of identifying the risk aspect

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Radosavljevi ü, S. – Liliü, N. – ûurțiü, S. – Radosavljevi ü, M. 128Tab. 3. Presentation of initial and reduced risk level for the complete process of production system of
coal processing-Technical aspect, [2]
Technological process of the third phase of coal Dru Separation-
Risk analysis-technical aspect State and status assessment
Initial level of risk-
index1120
High risk Value in the zone of
high level risk Unacceptable risk
Reduced level of risk –
index275 Moderate
riskValue in the zone of
moderate level risk Acceptable risk –further work on
reduction and maintenance of risk in
the low level risk zone is necessary
Analysis process
completed Index established Comment on risk
level Final comment on risk analysis
has been achieved. By applying the stated
instructions, the analyzed process is found within
the zone of the acceptable risk, which guarantees
total reliability and safety of the system operating
as a whole. The technical modes that should be applied by the chosen methods during the risk
reduction are the following: th e redesign of the
components or of the whole event, the standard and quality while building in, the increased level
of control, the adequate su pervision, the standard
and quality of the purchased material, the replacement of some components with better
quality materials, anti-corrosive protection for
aggressive environment, preventive and current maintenance, the responsibility/training of
operators, the standardi zation of the system,
standard/special procedures for treatments, and other typical and untypical modes [13] and [14].
In addressing the risks, the analysis has
proven to be multid isciplinary, which can be
concluded on the basis of the structure/number of
subjects which have autho rized for risk reduction.
Minimizing the risk turns out to be necessary and
possible in the procedure of designing
components, substructures, structures, individually selected events as well as the whole
technological system. As an already functioning
technical system is in question, it is possible to realize the partial redesign strategy in real time
and space. Addressing the risk after the reduction
has been performed according to: the designer of the components, substructures, structures,
individually selected eve nts or systems, the
designer of the process, the constructor, the statics engineer, the chemical engineer, the
chemical engineer for welding, the investor, the
contractor – installer, the operator, the tire repairman, the locksmith, the electrician, the
electronic engineer, the maintenance engineer, the material manager, the material storekeeper, the
quality controller, the control supervisor, the
expert in coal processing systems, fire prevention
engineer, the system manager and the risk
analyst. The analysis with the risk reduction has
been documented in the database of Kolubara Prerada (Kolubara Processing ) and in the written
form via listing delivered to all the interested
subjects. It is available for necessary analyses, updating and archiving, [7] and [15].
6 CONCLUSION
The paper focuses on important issues in
relation to the treatment, reduction and managing risks, [15]. These are important segments for the
successful designing and redesign of the existing
technological processes in mining engineering.
The aim is to reach the necessary quality for
standard relation.
The problems in assessing the risk through
the implementation of modern models and
methods in the production practice of mining engineering have so far rarely been solved.
The questions raised indicate the
following:
xA different approach to solving the problems
of managing risks in mining engineering.
Respecting the requiremen ts which are set
before the top management within the
context of reliability and safety of the
working process. The compatibility of the process in case transfers are rationally
possible as well as the implementation of the
experience from other sectors;

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Risk Assessment and Managing Technical Systems in case of Mining Industry 129xRaising questions of standardization of the
models and methods which are implanted for
the analysis and risk reduction;
xThe possibilities of applying the analytical
and methodological approach to the
implementation of modern methods and
models in practice, [16];
xRedesigning risk management for the
processes of mining engineering;
xRedesigning technical subsystems following
the concept of activating the complete
logistics of management resources and
reaching the standard quality thresholds
characteristic of mining engineering;
xDefining the databa se which is necessary for
IS (Information System) of the protection
with active involvement of the module (of
the Process analysis and risk reduction). The constant risk monitoring for basic processes
in mining engineering;
xThe necessity for redesign and active usage
of the existing IS. Including the risk
management in the process courses within
the internal and external environment;
xThe necessity for staff training, preparation
and risk management in mining engineering;
xThe necessity for standardization and
introducing IMS /Integrated Management
System of Quality/ in mining engineering [15], and;
xThe necessity for generating the quality of
integrated and communicational courses of all structures in mining engineering [17] and
[18].
Risk management, total risk management
and risk managers: new resource categories and
profiles. New chance in company strategies
towards the analysis, reduction, control, monitoring and risk management. Satisfying the
global needs of increasingly turbulent and
demanding markets/constituents of the
system/users and a fruitful way towards business
perfection in mining engineering [19].
7 REFERENCES
[1] Daši ü, P. (2001) Determination of reliability
of ceramic cutting tools on the basis of
comparative analysis of different functions distribution, International Journal of Quality
& Reliability Management (IJQRM), vol. 18
(2001), no. 4- 5, p. 433-446. [2] Radosavljevi ü, S. (2008) Risk evaluation
model of work safety process in the section
dry separation, Kolubara Prerada, Vreoci,
Doctoral dissertation , Faculty of Mining and
Geology, Belgrade, p 81-95.
[3] Daši ü, P., Natsis, A., Petropoulos, G. (2008)
Models of reliability for cutting tools: Examples in manufacturing and agricultural
engineering. Strojniški vestnik – Journal of
Mechanical Engineering , vol. 54 no. 2
(2008), p. 122-130.
[4] Dependability management – Part 3.
Application guide-section 9: Risk analysis og
technological systems , 1995, 12, (3.5), p. 11.
[5] Dašiü, P. Algorithm approach to
determination of reliability of components technical systems, Plenary and invitation
paper. Proceedings of 5
th International
Conference Research and Development in Mechanical Industy – RaDMI 2005, Vrnjațka
Banja, 04-07. Septemb er 2005, p. 34-45.
[6] Sultan, K.S., Ismail, M.A., Al-Moisheer,
A.S. (2007) Mixture of two inverse Weibull
distributions: Properties and estimation, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis ,
vol. 51, p. 5377-5387.
[7] Main, W.B. (2005) Risk Assessment: Basics
and Benchmarks, Design safety engineering,
inc, ann Arbor, Michigan, p. 21-23.
[8] IS CEI 300-3-9. Part 3. (1995) Dependability
management – App lication guide-Section 9:
Risk analysis of technological systems,
1995-12, p. 36-38.
[9] Michael, S., Joane, D., Joseph, F., Joseph,
M., Jan, R. (2002) Fau lt Tree Handbook with
Aerospace Applicationc, NASA Office of
Safety and Mission Assurance-NASA
Headquarters , Washington, DC 20546, p 2-
8, p 12-20, p 22-26.
[10] Martin, S. (200 8) Safety Analyse of Steam
Turbine with Accessories, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering-Institute of
Automation and Computer Science , BRNO
2008, p 17-25.
[11] Michael, J.B., Launa, G. M. (2003) Focus on
Prevention: Conducting a Hazard Risk
Assessment, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh
Researc Laboratory , Pittsburgh, p 3-5.
[12] Biehl, M., Prater, E., Mcintyre, J.R. (2004)
Remote Repair, diagnostics, and

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 119-130
Radosavljevi ü, S. – Liliü, N. – ûurțiü, S. – Radosavljevi ü, M. 130Maintenance, Communications of the ACM,
vol. 47, November 2004, p 101-106.
[13] Jiang, R., Murthy, D.N.P., Ji, P. (2001)
Models involving two inverse Weibull distributions, Reliability Engineering &
System Safety , vol. 73, p. 73-81.
[14] Etherton, J., Main, B., Clouthier, D.,
Christensen, W. (2007) Reducing risk on
machinery: A field evaluation pilot study of
risk assessment. Available from the author of
the present article. Ma nuscript in review
with Risk Analysis editor .
[15] ISO/CD TR 14121-2:2007 Safety of
Machinery-Risk , Assessment-Part 2:
Practical Guidance and Examples of
Methods . Geneva, p. 17-19.
[16] Main, W.B., Cloutier, R.D., Manuele, A.F.,
Bloswick S.D. (2005) Risk Assessment for
Maintenance Work , Design safety
engineering, inc, ann Arbor, Michigan, p.
59-61. [17] Karapetrovich, S., Jonker, J. (2003)
Integration of Standardized Management
Systems: Searching for a Recipe and
Ingredients , Total Quality Management and
Business Excellence , vol. 14, no. 4, p. 451-
459.
[18] Karapetrovich, S. (2004) IMS in the M(E)SS
with CSCS, Total Quality Management and
Excellence (Special Issue: Papers from the 3
International Work ing Conference – Total
Quality Management: Advanced and
Intelligent Approaches ), vol. 33, no. 3, p.
19-25.
[19] Beckmerhagen, I.A., Berg, H.P.,
Karapetrovic, S.V., Willborn, W.O. (2003)
Integration of Management Systems: Focus on Safety in the Nuclear Industry,
International Journal of Quality and
Reliability Management , vol. 20, no. 2, p.
210-228.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 131-140 Paper received: 09.01.2009
UDC 658.511 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: SaTCIP Ltd., Vrnja țka Banja, Serbia, dasicp@yahoo.com 131Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using
IDEF Methods
Veis Šerifi1- Predrag Daši ü2,* – Ratomir Je țmenica1- Dragana Labovi ü3
1University of Kragujevac, Technical Faculty, ýațak, Serbia
2SaTCIP Ltd., Vrnja țka Banja, Serbia
3 High Business School, Belgrade, Serbia
Suitable CASE tools are developed for modeling processes. When building this process a
standard is used for the functional modeling of IDEF0, through the use of the BPWin tool. The family of
integrated IDEF methods presents the basic tools of some modern strategi es and methodologies of
business process improvement. This paper details the functional and in formational model of sInvestment
building of production facility s using graphical language IDEF0; i.e., CASE BPWin tool. We also suggest
a context diagram, an information model and a decomposition diagram of production – investment
building.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: business process, process modeling, IDEF
0 INTRODUCTION
IDEF ( Integration Definition) is
represented as set of standardized methods and
family of graphical language used for informational modeling in the field of Software
Engineering (SE), business processes and
objects, and improvement of business process. In the frame of project ICAM ( Integrated
Computer Aided Manufacturing ), it was
developed at the end of 1970 as the IDEF (ICAM Definition ) standard, by the USAF
(United States Air Force ), whose goal was to
improve manufacturing production productivity using Information Technology (IT) and
modeling [1] to [7].
The goal of these newly developed IDEF
techniques is to enable experts to comprehend
problems from different viewpoints and levels
of abstraction. In th is regard, integrated IDEF
methods present basic tools of some modern
strategies and methodologies of business
process improvement, for example: BPR
(Business Process Reengineering ), CPI
(Continuous Process Improvement ), IPD
(Integrated Product Development ), JIT ( Just-in-
Time ), PPC ( Production Planning and Control ),
QFD ( Quality Function Deployment ), TQM
(Total Quality Management ), TPM ( Total
Productive Maintenance ), etc. [6] to [14]. The
application of integrated IDEF methods can solve narrow class problems, as well as eliminate deficiencies of these problems by
proposing general methods.
Ang. C.L. Luo et al. [7] conducted a
research on the development of a Knowledge-
based Manufacturing Modeling System based on IDEF0 for the metal-cutting industry. A
model for integrating process planning and
production planning and control in machining processes was reviewed by Ciurana, J. et al. [8].
Hernandez-Matias, J.C. et al. [9] reported on an
integrated modeling framework to support manufacturing system diagn osis for continuous
improvement. Kang, H.W. et al. [10]
commented on a unified representation of the physical process and info rmation system. The
development of a novel simulation modeling
system for distributed manufacturing was presented by Qin, S.F. et al. [11]. Eldabi, T. et
al [12] made an evaluation of tools for modeling
manufacturing systems design with multiple levels of detail .
Strong software support exists, which
integrates IDEF methods, and enables
connection of IDEF methods with other tools,
such as software for simulation of business processes, software for activity based
management of costs etc. Some integrated IDEF
methods are: IDEF0 for function modeling, IDEF1 for information modeling, IDEF1X for
data modeling, IDEF2 for modeling
simulations, IDEF3 for modeling processes, IDEF4 for object-oriented projecting, IDEF14

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Šerifi, V. – Daši ü, P. – Jețmenica, R. – Labovi ü, D. 132for modeling networks etc (Table 1) [15]. Some
types of IDEF methods are described in the
works: IDEF0 [16] to [25], IDEF1 [26], IDEF1X
[27] to [31], IDEF2 [32], IDEF 3 [33] to [36], IDEF4 [37], IDEF5 [38], IDEF6 [39] etc.
All of the aforementioned IDEF versions
are used for different purposes, as techniques for informational (semantic) modeling of data
and as formal graphical language; also for needs
of relation modeling of data and forming relation database (RDB). Initially the IDEF0
language for functional modeling was created in
the frame of the SADT ( Structured Analysis and
Design Technique ) technique, and one subset of
these methods (the IDEF1X method, which was
the first published in 1 993) combined with the
NIAM ( Natural Language Information Analysis
Method or previously Nijssen
csor An
Information Analysis Method ) method presents
the precursor of EXPRESS software tools for development of STEP ( Standard for the
Exchange of Product Model Data ) applications.
Complementary use of IDEF and UML is given in [4] to [40].
Table 1. List of IDEF methods
Type Description of IDEF methods
IDEF0 Function Modeling
IDEF1 Information Modeling
IDEF1X Data Modeling
IDEF2 Simulation Model Design
IDEF3 Process Description Capture
IDEF4 Object-Oriented Design
IDEF5 Ontology Description Capture
IDEF6 Design Rational Capture
IDEF7 Information System Auditing
IDEF8 User Interface Modeling
IDEF9 Scenario-Driven IS Design
IDEF10 Implementation Architecture
Modeling
IDEF11 Information Artifact Modeling
IDEF12 Organization Modeling
IDEF13 Three Schema Mapping Design
IDEF14 Network Design Suitable CASE ( Computer Aided
Software Engineering ) tools are developed for
modeling procedures. During manufacturing of
this process is used standa rd for functional
modeling IDEF0 realized through BPWin
(Business Process Windows) CASE tool [41].
In Fig. 1 a general model of system development is shown [5] and [13].
In the early 1990’s, the IDEF Users
Group, in cooperation with NIST ( National
Institutes for Standards and Technology ),
formed standards for IDEF0, (U.S. Government
standards documents), known as FIPS ( Federal
Information Processing Standards ) [42].
Published in 1992, these standards are under
coverage of IEEE and accepted by ISO [43]. IDEF0 and IDEF1X are techniques of modeling
based on the combination of text graphics which
are presented in an organized and systematic manner to increase reasonab ility and to supply
logics for potential exchange, specified
requests, or in another manner, to support
system analysis at various levels.
Fig. 1. System development (IDEF0 Model)
The integrated concept of modeling has
been accepted by the USA government, the
Pentagon and NATO and neither document can
be defined until it is described using this methodology. A task which achieves this
methodology must involve problems
characterized by client/server architecture, that
is, to connect multiple computers. This

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 133approach enables connection of future IS and
demands systems of quality defined by the ISO
9000.
1 IDEF0 – FUNCTIONAL MODELING
The demands which have motivated the
creation of activity modeling are [13] and [16]
to [25]:
¾To serve as documentation and a manual for
the description of complex activities,
procedures and manuals demanded by the
ISO 9000standard. One of the basic rules is: the larger the documentation – the less
reading. A one or two pages long document
containing a diagram is going to be cursory previewed and only when there is enough
time. Documentation consisting of many
pages will not have to be read for months.
¾To enable fast organizational changes and to
give insight into critical activities which
need to be performed using suitable
resources.
The most important be nefit in the applica-
tion of activity modeling is the prototype access
where alternative ideas are simply and quickly
checked. It is much cheaper to draw process and data models than to develop a new information
system.
IDEF0 and IE (Information Engineering)
standards enable [13] and [16] to [25]:
¾Execution of system analysis and design at
all levels, for manned systems, machines, materials, computers and information;
¾Making documentation as a base for
integration of the ISO 9000 standard;
¾Better communication between analysts,
designers, users and managers;
¾Discussion within a teamwork to accomplish
mutual understanding;
¾Management of large and complex projects.
IDEF0 formalism is based on the SADT
methodology. Developed in 1985, by Douglas
T. Ross from company SoftTech Inc. seated at Boston (Massachusetts – USA) [19].
The semantics of the graphical language
IDEF0 implicates the meaning of syntax language components and lightens the
interpretations of corrections. The stage of
interpretation describes parts like notations for activity and arrows and interlines of functional
relationships. Through functional analysis of IS, the
folowing are presented:
¾Diagram of context, indicating system
boundaries,
¾Activity stem to establish vertical
connection between activities;
¾Decomposition diagram to establish
horizontal links between activities.
Rectangle (activity) and arrows
(information carrier) determine the relationship between activities and information. This
relationship is shown in Fig. 2.
Arrows from the left side of the rectangle
are defined as Input. Arrows which enter
rectangle from above are defined as Output.
Exits are data or objects produced by activity.
Elements shown in Fig. 2 can be
described by the sentence: sUnder Control,
ACTIVITY, Input ma kes Outputs, using
Mechanisms s. Arrows on the bottom side of
rectangle present mechanisms. Arrows pointed
up identify meanings that support executed
activity.
Fig. 2 Basic concepts of IDEF0 methodology
Arrows of mechanisms pointed down are
defined as Call arrows. Arrows on diagrams are
called ICOM (abbreviation of):
¾I – Input, something used in activity,
¾C – Control, controls or conditions on
activities,
¾O – Output, activity result and
¾M – Mechanism, for example, employees
who perform a given activity.
A question is frequen tly asked: which
resources carry certain arrow types?
An Input arrow represents material or in-
formation which is used or transformed aiming
at defining Output. A possibility of certain ac-
tivities not needing Input arrows is allowed; cer-tain activities do not ne ed to have input arrows.
Control arrows regulate when and
whether the activity will be performed. Every activity must have at least one control arrow.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Šerifi, V. – Daši ü, P. – Jețmenica, R. – Labovi ü, D. 134Controls are commonly in the form of
rule, regulation, politics or standards. They
affect activity without possibility to be
transformed or performed. There will be cases when a goal of activity is to change a rule,
regulation, politics, procedure or standard. In
that case, it is expected that arrows containing this information are actually inputs.
Output arrows are materials or
information created by activity. Every activity must have at least one output arrow. An activity
which does not create output is not to be
modeled.
Mechanism arrows are these sources
which perform activity and do not wear
themselves. Mechanisms can be humans, machines and/or equipment i.e. objects which
supply energy needed for performing activity.
By free will of the project performer, mechanism arrows can be let out of activity.
Call arrow is a specific case of
mechanism arrow and it denotes that the calling
rectangle does not have its own detail diagram
but a more detailed preview is performed on another rectangle of the same or other model.
In IDEF0 standard knowledge capturing
and reuse approach is based on an ontology and relevant database. The ontology provides formal
specification in modular product development
and the design relations and graphical modeling tool, a clustering met hod is used to capture
potential relations in the abundant data, and the ontology is used to record and reuse these
relations.
M-IDEF0 method is developed as an
improved graphical modelin g tool to achieve the
visualization of modular product
conceptualization. Basic syntax for an IDEF0
representation, in M-IDEF0, is intended for modular representation of a product M-IDEF0
(Fig. 3) [14].
2 FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATION
MODEL
Based on the above defined assumptions,
the first discuss is func tional modeling where
with functional decomposition would be
identified Information model of production-
investment building in the frame of functional
model process Production- investment building .
For performing these activity, it is used graphical language IDEF0 that is Case tool
Bpwin. IDEF0 technique is typical graphical
language which enables process description
according ISO 9000:2000 standards request.
Functional decomposition needs to be
performed through next subordinate activity:
¾To define model limit,
¾To define activity tree,
¾To define user’s requesting,
¾To define decomposition activity diagram.
Resulted activity by decomposition, on
the last level, needs to be described.
Fig. 3 Modified IDEF0 (M-IDEF0) syntax [14]

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 1352.1 To Define Model Limit
To define model limit is connect for
supposition given for developing process
sInformation model of production-investment
buildings.
In the frame of determining model limit
it needs clearly define the targets which must to
next elements content:
¾reason of model modeling,
¾results of activity presentation,
¾what model user would made with it,
¾model purpose.
Answers on these questions must give to
help in focusing on problem supposition.
Next questions which requests answers,
are:
¾which are assignments on given task or
activity,
¾which is sequen ce of events,
¾how is control performs and
¾which resources are used.
Context diagram defi nes with rectangle
which represents study of model limit. The
arrows show how, in that model and out of
them, information flow.
Context diagram is the highest level of
abstraction which, by deco mposition diagrams
would be lead in lower level of abstraction.
To define model limits is necessary
because, where its must be stopped with
modeling, before all.
This problem must be considers from
aspect:
¾width (to define watching elements), and
¾depth (to define detailed level).
Model width is connected for context
diagram defined (which is in IDEF0 notation
marked with A0) and the first level of decomposition is signed as A1. In the frame
context diagram it must to take care of defined
input sets, controls and mechanisms, which
produce output sets that is in this level to
generalize observed problematic with less
details.
Model depth is defined with decomposed
levels, where are defin ed detailed levels.
Decomposition went according defined
possibility of primitiv e process. It recommends
that is needed to start with defined output arrows, and move on to input, resources and
controls. It starts from the act that every activity has appropriate outputs which can be identified.
During defining the outputs, it must take care of
negative outputs, which causes feedback
arrows.
Next elements which must be defined are
input arrows, which are transformed because
appropriate output with help of appropriate mechanisms and control.
With aspect IDEF0 standard like and
ISO 9000:2000 standards requests, it would be defined like the first step appropriate context
diagram, it sets and observing model limit.
2.2 Context Diagram of Functional
Production-Investment Building
Fig. 4 shows functio nal model context
diagram of Informati on model production-
investment building developing in regard model limit define.
Fig. 4. Context diagram which defined model
limits
Context diagram consi st next elements:
1) Input information are:
¾Investor’s information,
¾Information from State institutions,
¾Ground’s information.
2) Output information are Information to State
institutions,
¾Information for investors.
3) Mechanisms are:
¾Responsible planner/agency,
¾Commissions and controls,
¾Responsible performer/agency.
4) Controls are:
¾Laws, regulations and sub obligation acts,
¾Standards and normative.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Šerifi, V. – Daši ü, P. – Jețmenica, R. – Labovi ü, D. 136TE CHNICAL
DOCUMENTATIONS
AND PROCESSES
PR OJEC T ASSIG N MEN T
AND START I NG
CONDITIO NSFINA NCIAL
SUPPORTLAB OR PERF ORME R
AND ORGANISATION
OF BUILDING S ITEADMINISTRATIVE
SUPERVISIO/INSPECTIONS
AND C OMMISSIONS
STANDARDS AND
NORM ATIVES/ QUALI TY
CONTROL
LAW S AND S U BO BLI GATI ON
ACTS, OCCUP ATI ONALHE ALTH, SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS ETC.DOCUMENTATI ON
ON BUILDING SITE
LABOR ORGANISATION
AND MECHANIZATION
MATERIA L
PROCUREMENT AND
TRANSP OR TSOPERATIVE
OF FINANCE CONSTRUCTION DE CIS ION
AND MAKI NG TECHNICALDOCUME NTATION
URBANI ST AND BU I LDING
PERMIT
BUILDING RE NOUNCE
TECHNI CAL RECEPTION
AND USER'S PERMITIN V E S TIT I O N
PROGRAMMBUILDING AND
ORGANISATION
OF B U I LDING SI T ECON TROL AND
SUPERVI SION0
4 3 2 1INF ORMATI ON MODEL OF
PRODUCTION-INVESTMENT
BUIL DING
Fig. 5. Information model pro duction-investment build ing- activity tree process
Fig. 5 shows information model
production-investment building model. The first step is established decomposition diagram that
is horizontal link definition between
jobs/activity defined in the first level.
2.3 Decomposition Diagram of Information
Model Production-Investment Building
The model of decomposition process
diagram production-investment building would
decompose on four global activities (Fig. 6):
¾Technical documentation and process,
¾Investment program,
¾Building and building state of organization,
¾Control and supervision.
With respect on IDEF0 standard,
appropriate arrows presents sets of documents,
which we define like information. Each
information would be divided until to activity
level where like arrows define concrete
documents.
Internal communications present a
number of activities. One of them is a basic
assignment of passing correct information for
all partners in all segments of production-
investment building. This has a task of
following a trend of modern building aspects and new methods in planning and realization in
order to increase productivity and efficiency.
Production-investment building process
is a very complex project. It needs to be
systematically planned with convinced justification, successful realization and to reach
useful value and efficiency. With analysis of
individual problematical segments, which are very large and long-term, and time of real action
is very short, we will show all justification of IDEF0 standard modeling.
Investment choice problematic in one
common admission has its own two sides and two different supervisin g levels. The first one is
choice of global investment structure which
means investment allocation between production sector, branches of production and
different production activity, as their whole
suitable arrangement. The second one is
investment choice in the frame of one
homogeny kind of production, that's to say, the choice between a different investment variant,
with reference on homogeneous production, on
production of same useful value. With the first kind of choice determi nes production structure
of economy, and the second one searches the
most satisfactory decision for realization of certain production assignment.
Realization of optimal investment
arrangement between production sectors and branches of production presents, without doubt,
the most complex area of economy developing
politic. With full reason, it captures central place, because with that choice it decides
strategy questions of each economy.
In any investment project, the greatest
care is, or would be, how to profit from that
investment ? Answer depends on two
components: the profit of investment project
output sales (output quantity which is multiply
realized with sales price) and costs of output production . If a planned profit is bigger than
planned costs, then it is good to investment and
reverse.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 137Next segment of process is planning. The
planning is very complex activity as it tries
converting the ones uncertain (future), to certain
(based on known past and present) in acceptable risk. That means the risk and uncertain future is
not to be moved, but with planning it may be
reduced on probability which may be
successfully controlled and with that also
realized.
That extraordinary human activity may
not be left on strong co nsolidate methods like:
approximation, commanding, with right date,
politics and similar, than with modern methods
operation research techniques, according to
science-technological progress, with modern
computer systems suppo rt and corresponding
software support.
The planning may not be leaving only
intuition, what in real life is a very usual case.
With respect on the fact that intuition is based
on experience and knowledge obtained by
education, it must be considered and defined
that intuition is subconscious memory and that
it expressive subjectivity event, which would not be majority in creating plans because it
brings with itself, more or less expressive
subjectivity mistak e of unexpected disposition.
Planning should be, like scientific discipline,
degrading in individual skill, and dynamic plans
shown graphically.
In real life, the fact that planning of
building project realization is connecting
traditionally for talent, skill and long range
individuality experience. In the focus of
contemporary project-management, is not
important how much is built, than building "Just
in time" which characterizes unrealized
construction at the expi ration of agreed time
limit, than right in time, and means building, with minimum expenses and building without
quality defect.
Next important chain link is, certainly,
Investment program.
Investment program is review and
working out of enterprises idea and targets
which is accomplishment of plan with
determine investigation.
The reason of investment project making
is to enable and enterprise management and
other partners, who needs to engage in investment realizati on (business partners,
bankers and local governm ents) to get fully and systematized clear picture about enterprise
status, project clarity and condition for project
realization.
Investment project may not to be
established on unrealistic suppositions, wishes
and dreams of any member in their realization.
Realization has a sense if it is established on realistic enterprise status (investor), market and
management, and like that, it can give
foundation for bringing realistic decision about
investment in realization of ideas and projects.
It is necessary technical-technological analysis
to support investmen t project with special
regards on both segments.
Technological analysis starts from
detailed description of producing and working process flow which is executed or will be
executed in the enterprises after investment. It is
necessary to describe equipment like expended normative of inputs in production of a single
product, immediate use of capacity and
production of desired volume, like projection
and plan for these categories after investment,
with expenses analysis.
Technical analysis mean accessible and
developed infrastructure necessary for
technological process of free development
(building object, intern al transport, energetic
approaching and other elements). It is necessary
to work out the management of labor, plans for training and qualifying.
In this segment of investment project it's
obligated to pay attention to ecological aspect of firm business by influence and protection of life surroundings and influence and protection of engaged labor.
Namely, described documentation has
more than hundred or thousand pages which are very difficult to be presented to investor or to
donators, in the necessary time period for
informing and conviction, volume and complex
of project, expected results and guarante.
IDEF0 standard, this very complex
process is described, with diagrams on several pages, on which you can see the whole process with all needed elements. It's easy for presentation and not necessary high education of investor or donator, so that they follow marked flows. Everything is very clear, every connection, controls, call, all kind of information, results can be expected and

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Šerifi, V. – Daši ü, P. – Jețmenica, R. – Labovi ü, D. 138Informations
from state
instit utionsLaw s, r egu lations andsub obli gation acts
Operat ing
proces s
Informatio n
from investo r
Financial
informations
In for mat io n
fo r perfomerReports
for investorPla nne r's
info rm ations
Inf orm ati ons
f rom building
sit e or use rInfo rm ati o ns for
Inv est o r/ B us in ess
pa r t ne rRepo rts an d
recommen d ations
Information
from market
groundSt and ards and
n orm at iv es
Information for
state institutions
In formations
from
accounting
and financesSupervision
de cisions,
commissions
and investorsTECHNICAL
DOCUMENTATIONS
AND PROCE SS
INVEST ITION
PROGRAM
BU ILDING AND
ORGANI ZATI ON
OF B UI LD I NG SI TE
CONTRO L AN D
SUP ERVISIONC1 C2
11
1312
1
2
3
4O2O1
( )
Fig. 6. Decomposition diagram of information mod el production-investme nt building
reaching optimism which is necessary for
successful project start and realization.
To be in competition today is not question
of success, but a question of survival.
We must apply what we know, notice that
we don't know and be occupied by observation on
expanding our area of understanding.
3 CONCLUSION
IDEF standard was developed at the end of
1970 by USAF with assumption to improve
manufacturing productivity using IT and modeling, and represents a set of standardized
methods and family language for information
modeling in field software engineering, and improvement of business process.
We have defined co ntext diagram,
information model and decomposition diagram
for developing process sInformation model of
production-investment building s. Information
model contains basic tree activities of IDEF
standard: Input information, Output information,
Mechanisms, and Controls.
Usercs requests for model decomposition
process diagram of production-investment
building are defined throu gh four main activities:
Technical documentation and process, Investment
program, Building and building state of organization, and Control and supervision (Fig.
6).
Process of production-investment building
presents a very complex project, which requires
systematic planning with successful realization in
order to accomplish usefu l value and efficiency.
4 REFERENCES
[1] Ang, C.L., Luo, M., Gay, R.K.L. (1994)
Automatic generation of IDEF model.
Journal of Intellig ent Manufacturing , vol. 5,
no. 2, p. 79-92.
[2] Cheng-Leong, A., Pheng, K.L., Leng,
G.R.K. (1999): IDEF: a comprehensive
modeling methodology for development of manufacturing enterprise system,
International Jour nal of Production
Research , vol. 37, no. 17, p. 3839– 3858.
[3] Cho, H., Lee, I. (199 9) Integrated framework
of IDEF modeling methods for structured
design of shop floor control systems .
International Journal of Computer
Integrated Manufacturing , vol. 12, no. 2, p.
113-128.
[4] Dorador, J.M., & Y oung, R.I.M. (2000)
Application of IDEF0, IDEF3 and UML methodologies in the creation of information
models .International Journal of Computer

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 139Integrated Manufacturing , vol. 13, no. 5, p.
430-445.
[5] Mayer, R.L., Painter, M. IDEF Family of
Methods . Technical Report, KBS Inc.,
College Station, Tex as (USA), 1991.
[6] Marca, D.A., McGowan, C.L. IDEFO –
SADT Business Process and Enterprise Modeling . Eclectic Solutions Corporation,
1993. p. 392.
[7] Ang, C.L., Luo, M., Gay, R.K.L. (1994).
Development of a Knowledge-based
manufacturing modeling system based on
IDEF0 for the metal-cutting industry. International Jour nal of Production
Economics , vol. 34, i. 3, p. 267 – 281.
[8] Ciurana, J., Garcia-Romeua, M.L., Ferrer, I.,
Casadesus, S.M. (2008) A model for
integrating process plan ning and production
planning and control in machining processes. Robotics and Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing , vol. 24, i. 4, p. 532–544.
[9] Hernandez-Matias, J.C., Vizan, A., Perez-
Garcia, J., Rios, J. (2008) An integrated
modeling framework to support manufacturing system diagnosis for
continuous improvement. Robotics and
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing , vol.
24, i. 2, p. 187–199.
[10] Kang, H.W., Kim, J.W., Park, S.J. (1998)
Integrated Modeling Framework for Manufacturing Systems: A Unified
Representation of the Physical Process and
Information System. International Journal of
Flexible Manufacturing Systems , vol. 10, no.
3, p. 231–265.
[11] Qin, S.F., Harrison, R., West, A.A., Wright,
D.K. (2004) Development of a novel
simulation modeling sy stem for distributed
manufacturing , Computers in Industry , vol.
54, i. 1, p. 69–81.
[12] Eldabi, T., Paul, R .J. (2001) Evaluation of
tools for modeling manufacturing systems
design with multiple levels of detail .
International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems , vol. 13, no. 2, p.
163–176.
[13] Šerifi, V., Daši ü, P.,Daši ü, J. (2008)
Functional and informa tion model of expert
specialization using IDEF standard. Journal
of Modeling and Optimization in the Machines Building Fields (MOCM) , vol. 14,
i. 2, p. 268-279. [14] Chang, X., Sahin, A., Terpenny, J. (2008)
An ontology-based support for product
conceptual design. Robotics and Computer-
Integrated Manufacturing , vol. 24, i. 6, p.
755– 762.
[15] Dašiü, P. 100,000 technical and ICT
abbreviations . SaTCIP, Vrnja țka Banja,
2009.
[16] Ang, C.L., Luo, M., Gay, R.K.L. (1997) A
knowledge-based approach to the generation of IDEF0 models. International Journal of
Production Researches., vol. 35, no. 5, p.
1384-1412.
[17] Chin, K.S., Zu, X., Mok, C.K., Tam, H.Y.
(2006) Integrated Integ ration Definition
Language (IDEF0) and colored Petri nets (CPN) modeling and simu lation tool: a study
on mould-making process. International
Journal of Production Research , vol. 44, i.
16, p. 3179–3205.
[18] Colquhoun, G.J., Baines, R.W., Crossley, R.
(1993) A state of the art review of IDEF0,
International Journal of Computer
Integrated Manufacturing , vol. 6, no. 4, p.
252– 264.
[19] Khoo, L.P., Ang, C.L., Zhang, J. (1998)
Adapting IDEF0 modeling to perform manufacturing diagnosis . The International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology , vol. 14, no. 12, p. 928–934.
[20] Kim, S.-H., Jang, K.-J. (2002) Designing
performance analysis and IDEF0 for
enterprise modeling in BPR. International
Journal of Production Economics , vol. 76, i.
2, p. 121-133.
[21] Lu, L, Ang, C.L., Robert, K.L.G. (1996)
Integration of information model (IDEF1)
with function model (IDEF0) for CIM
information system design. Expert Systems
with Applications , vol. 10, i. 3-4, p. 373–380.
[22] Mayer, R.J.: IDEF0 Function Modeling: A
Reconstruction of the Original Air Force Report . KBS Inc. College Station, TX,1990.
[23] Osullivan, D. (1991) Project management in
manufacturing using IDEF0. International
Journal of Pr oject Management , vol. 9, no.
3, p. 162-169.
[24] Ross, D.T. (1985) Applications and
Extensions of SADT. IEEE Computer , vol.
18, i. 4, p. 25-34.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 131-140
Šerifi, V. – Daši ü, P. – Jețmenica, R. – Labovi ü, D. 140[25] U.S. Air Force. Integrated computer-aided
manufacturing (ICAM) architecture Part II,
Vol. IV-Function modeling manual (IDEFO)
Air Force Materials Laboratory , Wright-
Patterson AFB, OH 45433, U.S.A. (1981)
AFWAL-TR-81-4023.
[26] U.S. Air Force. Integrated computer-aided
manufacturing (ICAM) architecture Part II,
Vol. V-Information modeling manual
(IDEFI) , Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson AFB, U.S.A. (1981)
AFWAL-TR-81-4023.
[27] Kusiak, A., Letsche, T., Zakarian, A. (1997)
Data modeling with IDEF1x .International
Journal of Computer Integrated
Manufacturing , vol. 10, no. 6, p. 470-486.
[28] Lu L., Ang C.L., Robert K. L. Gay (1996)
Integration of information model (IDEF1)
with function model (IDEFO) for CIM information systems design. Expert Systems
with Applications , vol. 10, i. 3-4, p. 373-380.
[29] Mayer, R.J. IDEF1 Function Modeling: A
Reconstruction of the Original Air Force
Report . KBS Inc. College Station, Texas
(USA), 1990.
[30] Mayer, R.J. IDEF1X Function Modeling: A
Reconstruction of the Original Air Force Report . KBS Inc. College Station, TX, 1990.
[31] Ma, Z.M., Zhang, W.J., Ma, W.Y. (2002)
Extending IDEF1X to model fuzzy data. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing , vol.
13, no. 4, p. 295-307.
[32] U.S. Air Force. Integrated computer-aided
manufacturing (ICM) architecture Part II,
Vol. VI-Dynamics modeling manual
(IDEF2) , Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson, U.S.A. (1981) AFWAL-
TR-81-4023.
[33] Kim, C.H., Yim, D.S., Weston, R.H. (2001)
An integrated use of IDEF0, IDEF3 and Petri
net methods in support of business process
modeling. Proceedings of the I MECH E
Part E Journal of Process Mechanical
Engineering , vol. 215, no. 4, p. 317-329.
[34] Mayer, R.J., Menzel, C.P., Mayer, P.S.D.
IDEF3: A Methodology for Process
Description . Final Technical Report, Integrated Informati on Systems Evolution
Environment Project, USAF – AL/HRGA.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 1991.
[35] Menzel, C.P. Knowledge Based Systems
Laboratory. IDEF3 Formalization Report. Integrated Information Systems Evolution Environment . USAF – AL/HRGA. Wright-
Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 1990.
[36] Jeong, K.Y., Cho, H., Phillips, D.T. (2008)
Integration of queuing network and IDEF3
for business process analysis .Business
Process Management Journal , vol. 14, no. 4,
p. 471-482.
[37] Mayer, R.J., Edwards, D.A., Decker, L.P.,
and Ackley, K.A. IDEF4 Technical Report .
Integrated Informati on Systems Evolution
Environment. USAF – AL/HRGA. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 1991.
[38] Menzel, C.P., Mayer, R.J. IDEF5 Concept
Report . Final Technical Report, Integrated
Information Systems Evolution Environment. USAF – AL/HRGA. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 1991.
[39] Mayer, R.J., deWitte, P., Griffith, P.,
Menzel, C.P. IDEF6 Concept Report .
Integrated Informati on Systems Evolution
Environment. USAF – AL/HRGA. Wright-
Patterson Air Force Base, OH, July, 1991.
[40] Kim, C.H., Weston, R.H., Hodgson, A., Lee,
K.H. (2003) The complementary use of IDEF and UML modeling approaches .
Computers in Industry , vol. 50, i. 1, p. 35–
56.
[41] BPWin Methods Guide. Logic Works Inc.,
Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. p.128.
[42] FIPS Publication 183:1993 Integration
definition for function modeling (IDEF0).
Available on the Web site:
http://www.itl.nist.gov/fip spubs/idef02.doc.
[43] ISO TR 9007: 1987 Information Processing
Systems – Concept and Terminology for the Conceptual Schema and the Information Base, Geneve, International Organization for
Standardizations (ISO).

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 141-147 Paper received: 09.01.2009
UDC 621.8 Special issue Paper accepted: 12.03.2009
*Corr. Author's Address: University of Salerno, Department of Mechanical Engineering, via Ponte don Melillo,
84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy, a.senatore@unisa.it 141 Effects of Couple Stresses on the Unsteady Performance
of Finite Lubricated Bearings
Adolfo Senatore1,* – Alessandro Ruggiero1 – Vladeta Jevremovi ü2 – Valentin Nedeff3
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
2 High Technical Mechanical School, Trstenik, Serbia
3 Faculty of Engineering, Un iversity of Bacau, Romania
Based upon the Stokes micro-continuum theory, the influence of the behaviour of journal bearings
with couple stress fluids on the dynamics of rotor-systems havs been studied by several Authors during the last decade.
This paper is a part of a general approach aimed at examining the pe rformance of the couple
stress lubricants used to minimize the friction losses in steady operating conditions. Its purpose is to illustrate a method of fo rmulating the steady/unsteady fluid film forces for the “infinitely long” and
“finite” lubricated couple stress journa l bearings with clo sed-form solutions, assuming the micro-
continuum Stokes model. Th e model allows the advantage of mini mising the computational time required
for the analysis dynamic states of couple stress jour nal bearings without any significant loss of accuracy,
while the analytical form of the solution involves a better read ability of the parameter effects on the
system unsteady behaviour.
© 2009 Journal of Mechanical En gineering. All rights reserved.
Keywords: journal bearings, frictio n, lubricants, stability of lubricants
0 INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamic journal bearings are
commonly used for supporting rotating shafts
subjected to high radial loads. Applications can
be seen in a wide variety of machines where
satisfactory performances are necessary for
proper functioning, such as pumps, turbines, compressors, etc. The design of the journal
bearings focuses the first analysis on the static
characteristics such as hydrodynamic film force, load-carrying capacity and friction coefficient.
Under certain external unexpected disturbances
the bearing system involves self excited oscillating behaviors. The problem of oil film
instability is of primary importance in high
speed rotating machines. It is well known that
the dynamic performance of a rotor on
lubricated bearings, in fact, is strongly affected
by the fluid film characteristics. The instability
occurs when the speed exceed a certain value
and appears as self excited orbital motions induced by action of fluid dynamic forces. The
fluid film forces rise up directly by the gap oil
film pressure field wh ich is essentially related to
the lubricant viscos ity of the used lubricant.
It is well known that the additives are
typically added to petroleum oils to modify the physical properties such as pour point, foaming
or viscosity–temperature behaviour, chemical actions such as detergency, oxidation, or
corrosion and to improve wear and extreme
pressure resistance.
With reference to long-chain organic
compounds additives, e.g., the length of the
polymer chain may be a million times the diameter of a water molecule, the experimental
studies showed good load enhancement and
friction reduction effects due to their presence [1] to [3].
The increasing use of complex fluids as
lubricants has received widespread interests owing to the development of modern machine
elements. Common complex fluids are polymer-
thickened oils, lubrican ts with various additives,
synthetic fluids, liquid crystals and bio-fluids.
Experimental investigatio ns have also shown
that the use of complex fluids can decrease the
sensitivity to shear rate change, improving the
stabilization of lubricating properties. According to the observation in strip squeeze
film flow, polymer thickened oil gives
significant load enhancement as compared to a Newtonian one under similar conditions [3].
In the first work about the short journal
bearing by Oliver [4], the presence of dissolved

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 141-147
Senatore, A. – Ruggiero, A. – Jevremovic, V. – Nedeff, V. 142polymer in the lubricant produces load
enhancement and friction reduction.
Since the classical continuum theory
neglects the fluid particles size, this approach is not suitable for describing the rheological
behaviour of these kinds of non-Newtonian
complex fluids. However, the micro-continuum theory takes into account the intrinsic motion of
material constituents; it is developed by polar
theory of complex fluids characterized by classical Cauchy stresses as well as by couple
stresses resulting from the spin of
microelements in fluids (Ariman and Sylvester
[5], and Stokes [6]).
In particular, the Stokes micro-
continuum theory [6] is a generalization of
conventional theory which allows the study of
the polar effects such as the presence of couple stresses, body couples and non-symmetric
tensors, involving the ro tational velocity field
with the dimensional effect of the particles.
Such an approach can be found for other
applications, as in th e following list: peristalsis
mechanisms by Srivastava [7] and Shehawey and Mekheimer [8]; line contacts by Das [9];
rolling elements by Sinha and Singh [10] as
well as by Bujurke and Naduvinami [11]; externally pressurized bearings by Lin [12];
squeezing films by Bujurke and Jayaraman [13]
and Lin [14]; slider bearings by Ramaniah [15]; finite bearings by Lin [16] and Chiang et al.
[17]; short journal bearings by Naduvinamani et
al. [18], Chiang et al. [19], Ruggiero and
Senatore [20].
Focusing on the literature about finite
bearings with couple stress fluid, both the
papers [16] and [17] study the performance of
these tribological components considered in steady state conditions thro ugh implementation
of finite difference schemes; the latter also takes
into account the surface roughness effect.
However, an approximate closed form
analysis for the finite journal bearings
considering the gap cavitation zone due to the unsteady operating c onditions was not known.
Therefore, it has inspired further interests toward
the journal bearings with couple stress fluids.
In this paper, the inference of couple
stress fluid property on the film forces in
unsteady operating conditions of infinitely long and finite journal be arings is investigated. The unsteady Reynolds equation
governing the film pressure is achieved through
the Stokes equations of motion for accounting
the couple stress effects resulting from the flow behaviour of non-Newtonian complex fluids.
Based on the product function approach, the
pressure solution for the infinitely long bearing
in an approximate closed-form description has
been extended to Fi nite Journal Bearing (FJB)
configuration. The outco mes allow the
availability of analytical expr essions for very
fast assessment on large motion unsteady
behaviour of shafts rotating on oil bearings with
couple stress fluids.
1 OIL FILM PRESSURE MODEL
The system here analysed consists of a
rigid, symmetric and balanced rotor supported
by equal cylindrical bearings. Symmetry about
the rotor middle plane allows limiting the
analysis to one of the two halves into which the
system is subdivided by the above mentioned
plane.
Based upon the classical conception of
hydrodynamics, the Stok es model allows for the
inspection of polar effects such as the presence of couple stresses, body couples and non-
symmetric tensor. This couple stress fluid is a
peculiar case of a non-Newtonian lubricant and takes account of particle-size effects of the
blending additives with a large molecule [6].
Isothermal conditions will be assumed to prevail
throughout the present investigation. Couple
stresses might be expected to appear in noticeable magnitudes in liquids containing
additives with a large molecule.
These couple stresses may be significant
particularly under lubr ication conditions where
thin films usually exist. Couple stresses
introduce non-linear terms in the relationship
between shear stresses and velocity gradients.
As a result the lubricant should be considered as
non-Newtonian and it’s characterized by two
constants, the shear viscosity and the couple
stress property.
The continuity and momentum equations
governing the motion of an incompressible
coupled stress fluid under the Stokes’
assumptions are [6]:

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 141-147
Effects of Couple Stresses on the Unsteady Performance of Finite Lubricated Bearings 143V V C FV4 2Șȝ ȡ21ȡptDDȡ ’’u’’ (1)
0 ˜’V . (2)
Where the vectors V, F and C represent
the velocity, the body fo rce per unit mass, and
body couple per unit mass, respectively; U is
the density, p is the pressure, μ is the shear
viscosity and ҏK is a material constant
responsible for the couple stress fluid property; the following assumptions have been made: thin
fluid film, body forces and body moments are absent and fluid inertia is small as compared to
the viscous shear.
Then the field equations governing the
motion of the lubricant given in cartesian
coordinates reduce to:
44
22
yuȘ
yuȝxp
ww
ww ww
(3)
0yp ww
(4)
44
22
ywȘ
ywȝzp
ww
ww ww
(5)
uvw0.xy zwww www (6)
The boundary conditions at the bearing
surface:
0)z,0,xw()z,0,xv()z,0,xu( (7.1)
uw022
22
y0 y0.
yy ww
ww(7.2)
While the boundary conditions at journal
surface are described by:
U)z,h,xu( (8.1)
V)z,h,xv( (8.2)
0)z,h,xw( (8.3)
uw022
22
yh yh.
yy ww
ww(8.4)Integrating the (3) and (5) by applying the
above boundary condition s, the velocity
components can be derived as:
»»»»
¼ș
««««
¬ă
¸¸¸¸
¹·
¨¨¨¨
©§¸
¹·¨
©§
ww
"""2hcosh2hy2cosh
12h)y(yxp
ȝ21
hyUu2
»»»»
¼ș
««««
¬ă
¸¸¸¸
¹·
¨¨¨¨
©§¸
¹·¨
©§
ww
"""
2hcosh2hy2cosh
12h)y(yzp
2ȝ1w2
where " is the characteristic length of
additives:
PK "
(11)
The measurement methods and procedures
for " have been proposed in [6]. However, the
available published data ju st give its theoretical
value. In (11), K has the dimensions of
momentum. Integrating the continuity equation
(6) with respect to y using the velocity
components u and w with boundary conditions
(7.1), (8.2) and (8.3), with reference to the bearing in Fig. 1, the modified form of the
Reynolds equation can be derived [16]:

¸¸
¹·
¨¨
©§Tww ¸
¹·¨
©§
ww
ww¸
¹·¨
©§
Tww
Tww
V2h
RUȝ6zph;gzp;hg
R1
2" "
(12)
with:
hgh ; h h t a n h .3212 2 2§·   ¨¸¨¸©¹"" ""(13)
The journal speeds are given as:
ȦR U
thV
ww .
(14)
The governing model for the hydrodynamic
lubrication in the shaft-b earing wedge is the
dimensionless form of (12): (9)
(10)

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 141-147
Senatore, A. – Ruggiero, A. – Jevremovic, V. – Nedeff, V. 144PeOW
xy
rtM
T
L
zD
Fig. 1. Finite journal bearing scheme
 th2h
zpIJh;gzpIJh;gwwTww ¸
¹·¨
©§
ww
ww¸
¹·¨
©§
Tww
Tww
(15)
where:
 ¸
¹·¨
©§ IJ2htanhIJ2hIJ12hIJh;g2 3 .
(16)
In (15) and (16) these dimensionless
variables have been introduced:
ref02
refppppCR6ȝ p ¸
¹·¨
©§ Z
școsİ1C)(h)h(  T T
CIJ"
Lzz (17)
For the journal b earings with couple stress
fluids, analytical solu tions of the Reynolds
equation are not general ly achievable and numerical methods must be involved; this is the
case of the ‘infinitely long’ bearing, with the
partial differential equation (15) reduced as
follows, for which an exact solution can’t be obtained:
 școsİ2 21h p);h(g MTww »¼ș
«¬ă
TwwWTww
(18)
In this equation, the function for accounting
the couple stress effect:
 ¸
¹·¨
©§ IJ2htanhIJ2hIJ12hIJh;g2 3
(19)
replaced by:
3 3)IJİİcosș 1()IJİ)(h( h;IJg~ T (20)
allows a closed-form in tegration of an
approximation of (18), while numerical
calculations show that (20) gives good results within the normal operating conditions of this
tribological pair [20].
In this way, the differential equation for the
infinitely long bearing can be integrated to give
the following expressions:
 IcI2-I)21( ;,,,p31 2 1 L HI WIHHT  (21)
where:
TWT ³d);h(g~)(hI1
(21)
TWT ³d);h(g~sinI2
(22)
.(;)31I dghTW ³
The constant c1 is calculated by analysing
the pressure discontinuity at T = S and the
right/left limits.
Then, the unstead y infinitely long bearing
approximate solution can now be written as:

222
Lcos 124 2sin cos 22 21
;,,,p
THHWHHHWWHHTTHHWHM
WIHHT
 .
(23)

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 141-147
Effects of Couple Stresses on the Unsteady Performance of Finite Lubricated Bearings 1452 PRODUCT FINITE JOURNAL BEARING
SOLUTION
The flow correction factor for modifying
the fluid film pressure fo r the infinitely long
bearing with couple stress fluid (23) is analysed
through the characteristic scalar value O and the
end leakage ‘shape’ function s, given for the
bearing in unsteady conditions, respectively, by
[21]:

 TWT»¼ș
«¬ă
TW
WMHHO
³³
SD
DSD
D
dp;hg~dddp;hg~
;,,
2
L2
L

(24)

Cosh , , ;
,,,;, /
Cosh , , ;L2 z DszL D 1 .L
DOHHMW
HHMW
OHHMWăș
«»¬¼ 
ăș
«»¬¼


(25)
The following product solution produces
the complete unsteady oil film pressure for
finite length configuration in approximate
closed form (not presented for the sake of
briefness); the following integrations on the thrust domain provide the forces acting on the
journal, which are also analytical expressions:

,,,,; ,,,;
,,,;, /FLp zp
sz LDTH H I W T H H I W
HHMW 

(26)

 ^`/
/,,;, /
cos,,,,;, /sinr
t
12
F
12fLDf
p zL D d d z DS
DHHIW
TTH H I W TT
­½ ®¾¯¿
 ³³

(27)
The angle D which defines the fluid film
boundaries in (24) and (27) is evaluated by
using the following relationships, according to [22]:

 cos sin
sin cos2
221 2 0
21 2 0 .HH DH M D
HH DH M D­  °®  t°¯
(28)3 RESULTS
The following graphs show the
dimensionless oil film forces in the rotating system frame for three aspect ratios (L/D = 0.5, 1, 2) where the ‘short’ and ‘infinitely long’
bearing solutions lack in accuracy and a finite
bearing solution is required.
Two typical coupl e stress parameter
values (
W) as well as the newtonian case ( W = 0)
are plotted.
Figs. 2 and 3 depict the effects of the
couple stress parameter on the oil film forces fr
andft for different static equilibrium eccentricity
ratio H. Figs. 4 and 5 show the maps achieved
through the analytical knowledge of oil film
forces in unsteady o il film response (journal
‘squeeze’).
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.00010.0010.010.11fr
H2
L/D 1
0. 5
0
W 0.1
0..2
Fig. 2. Oil film force f r in the rotating system frame:
steady operating conditions
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.0010.010.11ft
H2
L/D1
0.5
0
W0.1
0.2
Fig. 3. Oil film force f t in the rotating system
frame: steady operating conditions

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 141-147
Senatore, A. – Ruggiero, A. – Jevremovic, V. – Nedeff, V. 146-0.2
-0.1
00.10.2 0.3
-2-10
fr
HWL/D=1
Fig. 4. Oil film force f r in the rotating system
frame: unsteady operating conditions
-0.2
-0.1
00.1 0.20.3
11.5
HL/D=1
Wft
Fig. 5. Oil film force f t in the rotating system
frame: unsteady operating conditions
4 CONCLUSIONS
The present solution scheme for the
evaluation of the oil film forces provides satisfactory results in th e unsteady oil film
forces computation for infinitely long and finite
journal bearings with couple stress fluids,
mainly for typical values of couple stress
parameter for which the approximation introduced in (20) allows an enough accurated
evaluation of the integrals (22).
The proposed approach allows
generating approximated closed-form oil film
expressions as function of the eccentricity ratio,
eccentricity and attitude angle variation rates. The knowledge of the analytical form of the
fluid film response is very useful to reduce
drastically the calculation time in the computer simulations of flexible rotors supported by
several bearings with non-newtonian fluids. The effects of couple stresses result in a
significant increase of th e unsteady action of
fluid film forces for a give n journal centre radial
speed.
The linearized stability analysis can be
seen as an effortless application of the present
work outcomes: in fact, th e derivatives of the
unsteady expressions of th e oil film forces lead
to the stable/unstable onset values and stability
map for each aspect ratio.
5 NOMENCLATURE
C
Radial clearance
C Body couple per unit mass
D=2R Bearing diameter
F Body force per unit mass
fr,ftDimensionless oil film force (rot.
system frame)
fref =pref RL Reference oil film force
g,g~Dimensionless functions
Chh / Dimensionless oil film thickness
"Characteristic additives length
L Bearing length
ref 0pppp / Dimensionless pressure
2
ref C/R 6 pPZ Reference pressure
pL Infinitely long bearing film
pressure
pF Finite bearing film pressure
s End leakage axial ‘shape’ function
t Time
u, v, w Velocity components (circum., radial, axial directions)
U Journal rotational speed
V Journal radial speed
V Fluid Velocity
W Journal load
z Axial coordinate
D Pressure field boundary angle
C/e H Eccentricity ratio
MAttitude angle
K Couple stress oil property
O Characteristic scalar value
P Oil shear viscosity
T Circumferential coordinate

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 141-147
Effects of Couple Stresses on the Unsteady Performance of Finite Lubricated Bearings 147W Couple stress parameter
Z Journal angular speed
6 REFERENCES
[1] Spikes, H.A. The behaviour of lubricants
in contacts: current understanding and
future possibilities . Proceedings of
IMechE, 1994; vol. 28; p. 3-15.
[2] Scott,W., Suntiwattana, P. Effect of oil
additives on the performance of a wet
friction clutch material . Wear 1995, vol.
181-183, part 2, p. 850-855.
[3] Oliver, D.R., Shahidullah, M. Load
enhancement effects by polymer-thickened
oils in short squeeze film flow, Journal of
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 1983, vol. 3, p. 93-102.
[4] Oliver, D.R.
Load enhancement effects due
to polymer thickening in a short model journal bearings
. Journal of Non-
Newtonian Fluid Mech 1988, vol. 30, p.
185–196.
[5] Ariman, T., Sylvester, N.D.
Microcontinuum fluid mechanics, a review ,
Int. J. Eng. Sci. 1973, vo l. 11, p. 905-930.
[6] Stokes, V.K. Couple stresses in fluids .
Phys. Fluids 1966; Vo l. 9, p. 1709–1715.
[7] Srivastava, L.M. Peristaltic transport of
couple stress fluid , Rheol. Acta 1986, vol.
25, p. 638-641.
[8] Shehawey, E.F.E., Mekheimer, K.S.
Couple stresses in perista ltic transport of
fluids , J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys 1994, vol.
27, p. 1163-1170.
[9] Das, N. D. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication
theory of line cont act: couple stresses fluid
model , STLE Tribology Transactions 1997,
vol. 40, p. 353-359.
[10] Sinha, P., Singh, C. Couple stresses in the
lubrication of rolli ng contact bearings
considering cavitation , 1981, vol. 67, p.
85-91.
[11] Bujurke, N. M., Naduvinami, N.G. The
lubrication of lightly cylinders in combined
rolling, sliding and normal motion with couple stress fluid
, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1990,
vol. 32, p. 969-979. [12] Lin, J.R. Static and dynamic
characteristics of externally pressurized
circular step thrust bearings lubricated
with couple stress fluids , Tribology
International 1999, vol. 32, p. 207-216.
[13] Bujurke, N.M., Jayaraman, G. The
influence of couple stresses in squeeze films
, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1982, vol. 24, p.
369-376.
[14] Lin, J.R. Couple-stress effects on the
squeeze film characteristics of
hemispherical bearings with reference to
synovial joints , Appl. Mech. and Eng.
1996, vol. 1, p. 317-322.
[15] Ramaniah, G. Slider bearings lubricated by
fluids with couple stress , Wear 1979, vol.
52, p. 27-36.
[16] Lin, J.R., Effects of couple stresses on the
lubrication of finite journal bearings , Wear
1997, vol. 206, p.171-178.
[17] Chiang, H.L., Lin, J.R., Hsu, C.H.
Lubrication performance of finite journal
bearings considering e ffects of couple
stresses and surface roughness , Tribology
International 2004, vo l. 37, p. 297–307.
[18] Naduvinamani, N.B., Hiremath, P.S.,
Gurubasavaraj, G. Squeeze film lubrication
of a short porous jo urnal bearing with
couple stress fluids , Tribology
International 2001, vo l. 34, p. 739–747.
[19] Chiang, H.L., Lin, J.R., Hsu, C.H., Chang,
Y.P. Linear stability analysis of a rough
short journal bearing lubricated with non-Newtonian fluids
, Tribology Letters 2004,
vol. 17, no. 4, p. 867-877.
[20] Ruggiero, A., Senatore, A. Approximate
closed-form solution for the dynamical
analysis of short bea rings with couple
stress fluid , Lubrication Science 2007, vol.
19, no. 4, p. 247-267.
[21] D’Agostino, V., Ruggiero, A., Senatore, A.
Approximate model for unsteady finite
porous journal bearings fluid film force
calculation , Proceedings of IMechE vol.
220, Part J: Journal of Engineering
Tribology 2006, p. 227-234.
[22] Constantinescu, V.N. Sliding Bearings
1985, Allerton Press.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, 148-149
Instructions for Authors
148Instructions for Authors
From 2008 Journal of Mechanical is
published only in English language with
Slovenian abstracts. Authors are entirely
responsible for langua ge correctness. If reviewer
estimates that langu age is poor, Editorial can
require native English proof-reading with
certificate from the author once again.
Papers can be submitted electronically on
Editorial's e-mail or by post.
Papers submitted for publication should
comprise:
– Title, Abstract, Keywords,
– Main body of text – Tables and Figures (gra phs, drawings or
photographs) with captions,
– List of References and – Information about the authors,
corresponding author and his full address.
For papers from abroad (in case that none
of authors is Slovenian) Editorial will provide
Slovenian translation of the Abstract.
Papers should be short and should
comprehend 8 to 12 pages.
THE FORMAT OF THE PAPER
The paper should be written in the
following format:
– A Title, which adequately describes the
content of the paper.
– An Abstract, which should be viewed as
a mini version of the paper and should not exceed 250 words. The Abstract should state the
principal objectives and the scope of the
investigation, the methodology employed, summarize the results and state the principal
conclusions.
– An Introduction, which should provide a
review of recent literature and sufficient
background information to allow the results of the paper to be understood and evaluated.
– A Theory or experime ntal methods used.
– An Experimental section, which should
provide details of the ex perimental set-up and the
methods used for obtaining the results.
– A Results section, which should clearly
and concisely present the data using figures and
tables where appropriate. – A Discussion section, which should
describe the relationships and generalizations
shown by the results and discuss the significance
of the results making comparisons with previously published work. (Because of the
nature of some studies it may be appropriate to
combine the Results and Discussion sections into
a single section to improve the clarity and make it
easier for the reader.)
– Conclusions, which should present one
or more conclusions that have been drawn from
the results and subsequent discussion and do not
duplicate the Abstract.
– References, which must be numbered
consecutively in the text using square brackets [1]
and collected together in a reference list at the end of the paper.
THE LAYOUT OF THE TEXT
Texts should be written in Microsoft
Word format. Paper must be submitted in
electronic version by e-ma il or by post on CD.
Do not use the LaTeX text editor, since
this is not compatible with the publishing
procedure of the Journal of Mechanical
Engineering.
Equations should be on a separate line in
the main body of the text and marked on the
right-hand side of the page with numbers in round brackets.
Units and abbreviations
Only standard SI symbols and
abbreviations should be us ed in the text, tables
and figures. Symbols for physical quantities in the
text should be written in italics (e.g. v, T, n, etc.).
Symbols for units that con sist of letters should be
in plain text (e.g. ms-1, K, min, mm, etc.).
All abbreviations should be spelt out in
full on first appearance, e.g., variable time
geometry (VTG).
Meaning of symbols and units belonging
to symbols should be explained in each case or
quoted in special table at the end of the paper before References.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009) 2, 148-149
149Figures
Figures must be cited in consecutive
numerical order in the text and referred to in both the text and the caption as Fig. 1, Fig. 2,
etc. Pictures may be saved in resolution good
enough for printing in any common format, e.g. BMP, GIF or JPG. However, graphs and line
drawings should be prepared as vector images,
e.g. CDR, AI.
All Figures should be prepared in black-
and-white technique, without borders and on
white grounding. All Figures should be sent separately in their original formats.
When labeling axes, physical quantities,
e.g. t, v, m, etc. should be used whenever possible to minimize the need to label the axes
in two languages. Multi-curve graphs should
have individual curves marked with a symbol. The meaning of the symbol should be explained
in the figure caption.
Tables
Tables must be cited in consecutive
numerical order in the text and referred to in
both the text and the caption as Table 1, Table 2, etc. In addition to the physical quantity, e.g. t (in
italics), units (normal text), should be added in
square brackets. Each column should have the title line. Tables should not duplicate
information that is already noted anywhere in
the paper.
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement for co-operation or
help can be included before References. Author
should state the research (co)financer.
The list of references
All references should be collected at the
end of the paper in the following styles for journals, proceedings and books, respectively:
[1] Wagner, A., Bajsi ü, I., Fajdiga, M.
Measurement of the surface-temperature field in a fog lamp using resistance-based
temperature detectors. Strojniški vestnik –
Journal of Mechanical Engineering, February 2004, vol. 50, no. 2, p. 72-79. [2] Boguslawski L. Influence of pressure
fluctuations distribution on local heat
transfer on flat surface impinged by
turbulent free jet. Proceedings of International Thermal Science Seminar II,
Bled, June 13.-16., 2004.
[3] Muhs, D. et al. Roloff/Matek mechanical
parts, 16th ed. Wiesbaden: Vieweg Verlag,
2003. 791 p. (In German). ISBN 3-528-
07028-5
ACCEPTANCE OF PAPERS AND
COPYRIGHT
The Editorial Committee reserves the
right to decide whether a paper is acceptable for
publication, obtain professional reviews for submitted papers, and if necessary, require
changes to the content, length or language.
The corresponding author must, in the
name of all authors, also enclose a written
statement that the paper is original unpublished
work, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
On publication, copyright for the paper
shall pass to the Journal of Mechanical Engineering. The JME must be stated as a
source in all later publications.
Editorial does not return submitted
materials. Unpublished material is not preserved
and is not send anywhere else without author's
consent.
Paper prepared for publishing will be
send to authors in PDF format. Authors should
make minor corrections if needed. With this author confirms paper for publishing.
PUBLICATION FEE
For all papers authors will be asked to
pay a publication fee prior to the paper appearing in the journal. However, this fee only
needs to be paid after the paper is accepted for
publishing by the Editorial Board. The fee is €180.00 (for all papers with maximum of 6
pages), €220.00 (for all paper with maximum of
10 pages) and €20.00 for each addition page. Publication fee includes 25 separates of each
paper send to corresponding author.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of M echanical Engineering 55(2009)2
Vsebina, Tematska številka
Vsebina
Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering
letnik 55, (2009), številka 2
Ljubljana, februar 2009
ISSN 0039-2480
Izhaja mese țno
Uvodnik SI 21
Povzetki razprav
Park, N.K., Dragovi ü, B., Kim, J.Y.: Dinami țno razmeš țanje opreme na kontejnerskem
terminalu: transportni sistem na podlagi po zicioniranja v realnem țasuSI 23
Petropoulos, G.P., Vaxevanidis, N.M., Radovanovi ü, M., Zoler, C.: Morfološko –
funkcionalni vidiki teksture elektroerozijsko obdelane površineSI 24
Bošnjak, S., Zrni ü, N., Dragovi ü, B.: Dinami țni odziv mobilne dvižne delovne platforme na
vetrno vzbujanjeSI 25
Marušiț, V., Šarțeviü, Ž., Rozing, G..: Vpliv deformacij, povezanih s kaljenjem, na izbiro
postopka za zaviranje abrazije SI 26
Radosavljevi ü, S., Lili ü, N., ûurțiü, S., Radosavljevi ü, M.: Vrednotenje tveganja in
upravljanje tehni țnih sistemov v rudarski industriji SI 27
Šerifi, V., Daši ü, P., Jețmenica, R., Labovi ü, D.: Funkcionalno in informacijsko modeliranje
investicijske gradnje proizvodnega obrata po standardu IDEFSI 28
Senatore, A., Ruggiero, A., Jevremovi ü, V., Nedeff, V.: Vpliv sestavljenih napetosti v
mikropolarnem mazivu na ne stacionarno delovanje kon țnih mazanih ležajev SI 29
Osebne vesti
Zasl. prof. dr. Adolf Šo star – 75-letnik SI 30
Prešernove nagrade študentom Fakultete za strojništvo v Ljubljani SI 32Doktorati in diplome SI 33
Navodila avtorjem SI 35

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 21
SI 21Uvodnik
Uvodnik k posebni številki Strojniškega vestnika ob osmi
Mednarodni konferenci raziskav in razvoja v strojništvu
(RaDMI 2008)
Našim bralcem z najve țjim veseljem
predstavljamo tematsko številko Strojniškega
vestnika – Journal of M echanical Engineering o
raziskavah in razvoju na razli țnih podro țjih
strojništva. Predstavljeni țlanki obravnavajo
razlițna podroțja, od obdelave kovin, tribologije
in transportnih sistemov do modeliranja tehni țnih
sistemov.
Izbrali smo najbolj relevantne med țlanki,
ki so bili predstavljen i na osmi Mednarodni
konferenci o raziskavah in razvoju v strojništvu
(RaDMI 2008). Konferenca je potekala v Užicah
v Srbiji med 14. in 17. septembrom 2008. Na
konferenci je bilo predstavljenih 164 prispevkov, od tega 108 prispevkov avtorjev iz 25 držav,
skupaj pa je na njej sodelovalo ve ț kot 150
govorcev in delegatov. 8. mednarodna konferenca RaDMI 2008 nadaljuje tradicijo in je osredinjena
na raziskave in razvoj proizvodnih sistemov,
orodja in tehnologije, nove materiale in snovanje izdelkov, vzdrževanje in u ținkovitost tehni țnih
sistemov, upravljanje kakovosti, TQM in
menedžment v strojništvu, uporabo informacijskih tehnologij v strojništvu in uporabo
strojništva v drugih industrijskih panogah. Do
sedaj je bilo organiziranih že osem konferenc, sprejetih in objavljen ih pa je bilo ve ț kot 1.300
țlankov, od tega 1.000 țlankov tujih avtorjev iz
40 držav. Skupno število avto rjev in so avtorjev
presega 2.000. ýlanki, predstavljeni na osmih
konferencah, so bili objavljeni v trinajstih
tiskanih zbornikih in sedmih elektronskih zbornikih (na zgoš țenki). Natisnjeni material
obsega približno 10.000 strani.
Prvițlanek, ki so ga napisali Nam Kyu
Park, Branislav Dragovi ü in Ju Young Kim, nosi
naslov: Dinamițno razmeš țanje opreme na
kontejnerskem terminalu: tr ansportni sistem na
podlagi pozicioniranja v realnem țasu. Avtorji
obravnavajo operativno upravljanje oz. razmešțanje dinami țne transportne opreme med
operativno obalo in terminalom med procesom
razkladanja/nakladanja dolo țenega števila ladij, skladno z vnaprej na țrtovanim urnikom postanka
ladij. Študija obravnava možnosti za pove țanje
konkuren
țne sposobnosti pristaniš ț z
izboljšavami na podro țju informacijskih
tehnologij.
Drugi țlanek Morfološko – funkcionalni
vidiki teksture elektroerozijsko obdelane površine
je delo avtorjev Georgiosa P. Petropolousa,
Nikolaosa M. Vaxevanidisa, Miroslava Radovanovi üa in Carol Zoler. Avtorji preiskujejo
družino »nestandardnih« parametrov topografije
elektroerozijsko obdelanih površin, ki
karakterizirajo razli țne vidike teksture glede na
morfologijo in možne tribološke aplikacije. Raziskana je korelacija prej imenovanih
parametrov z energijo impulza, ki omogo ța izbiro
pravih pogojev obdelave za funkcionalno ustrezne elektroerozijsko obdelane površine.
Pri izdelavi tretjega țlanka so sodelovali
Srÿan Bošnjak, Nenad Zrni ü in Branislav
Dragoviü.ýlanek z naslovom Dinamițni odziv
mobilne dvižne delovne platforme na vetrno
vzbujanje raziskuje možnost pojava
aerodinami țne nestabilnosti konstrukcije mobilne
dvižne delovne platforme. V țlanku je
izpostavljena tudi možnost omejevanja nezaželenih dinami țnih uținkov z uporabo
koncepta aktivnih (inteligentnih) konstrukcij.
Avtorji țetrtegațlanka z naslovom Vpliv
deformacij, povezanih s kaljenjem, na izbiro
postopka za zaviranje abrazije so Vlatko
Marušiü, Željko Šar țeviü in Goran Rozing.
Avtorji primerjajo zmanjšanje mase vzorcev na
globini kaljenih plasti pri indukcijsko kaljenem C
60, ogljițenem 16MnCr5 z elektrodno navarjeno
trdo plastjo C-Cr-Mn oz. C-Cr-W-Co, kakor tudi
s plamensko nabrizgano plastjo C-Cr-Mo. Najmanjša sprememba mase zaradi obrabe je bila
ugotovljena pri navar jeni trdi plasti C-Cr-W-Co,
temu pa sta sledila preizkušanca s plamensko nabrizgano plastjo in z navarjeno trdo plastjo C-
Cr-Mn.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 22
22Petițlanek Vrednotenje tveganja in
upravljanje tehni țnih sistemov v rudarski
industriji je delo avtorjev Slobodana
Radosavljevi üa, Nikole Lili üa, Sreükaûurțiüa in
Milana Radosavljevi üa. Avtorji podajajo predloge
možnih pristopov in izboljšav v zvezi z
uveljavljanjem sodob nih standardiziranih
svetovnih trendov (modelov in metod) za analizo
tehnițnih tveganj pri nekaterih osnovnih procesih
rudarske industrije. To delo je rezultat raziskave
procesov v srbski rudarski industriji na podro țju
površinskih kopov in rafiniranja premoga, ki je
potekala v letih 2004 do 2008.
Šestițlanek, ki je delo soavtorjev Veisa
Šerifija, Predraga Daši üa, Ratomirja Je țmenice in
Dragane Labovi ü, ima naslov Funkcionalno in
informacijsko modeliranje investicijske gradnje
proizvodnega obrata po standardu IDEF . Avtorji
predstavljajo funkcionalni in informacijski model za investicijsko gradnjo proizvodnega obrata na
podlagi grafi țnega jezika IDEF0, t.j. orodja
CASE BPWin. Podani so tudi kontekstualni
diagram, informacijski model in diagram strukture investicijske gradnje proizvodnega
obrata.
Sedmi țlanek z naslovom Vpliv
sestavljenih napetosti v mikropolarnem mazivu na
nestacionarno delovanje kon țnih mazanih ležajev
so pripravili Adolfo Senatore, Alessandro
Ruggiero, Vladeta Jevremovi ü in Valentin
Nadeff. Avtorji preiskujejo splošen pristop k
povețanju zmogljivosti mikropolarnih maziv, ki
se uporabljajo za zmanjšanje izgub zaradi trenja pri stacionarnih obratovalnih pogojih. V țlanku je
ilustrirana metoda za formulacijo zaklju țenih
rešitev stacionarnih/nestacionarnih sil v fluidnem filmu za neskon țno dolg in za kon țen radialni
drsni ležaj, mazan z mikropolarnim fluidom, ob
upoštevanju Stokesovega modela mikrokontinuuma.
Vabljeni uredniki:
Prof. Dr. Predrag V. Daši ü
Prof. Dr. Janez Kopa ț
Prof. Dr. Georgios P. Petropoulos

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 23 Prejeto: 08.01.2009
UDK 656.073.235 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.03.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: Univerza v Tongmyongu, Oddelek za upravljanje distribucije,
535 Yongdang-dong, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-711, Republika Koreja, nkpark@tit.ac.kr SI 23Dinamițno razmeš țanje opreme na kontejnerskem terminalu:
transportni sistem na podlagi pozicioniranja v realnem țasu
Nam Kyu Park1,* – Branislav Dragovi ü2 – Ju Young Kim3
1Univerza v Tongmyongu, Oddelek za upravl janje distribucije, Republika Koreja
2Univerza v ýrni gori, Pomorska fakulteta, ýrna gora
3Univerza v Tongmyongu, Inštitut za pristaniško logistiko, Republika Koreja
Na kontejnerskih terminalih oprav ljajo transport zabojnikov z ope rativne obale na terminal in
obratno terminalski vla țilci. V țlanku je obravnavano operativno upravljanje oz. razmeš țanje dinami țne
transportne opreme med operativno obalo in terminalom med procesom razkladanja/nakladanja
doloțenega števila ladij, skladno z vnaprej na țrtovanim urnikom postanka ladij. Študija obravnava
možnosti za pove țanje konkuren țne sposobnosti pristaniš ț z izboljšavami na podro țju informacijskih
tehnologij. Izhodiš țe pri razvoju naprednih sistemov upravljanja je u ținek naložbe. Uvedba takih
sistemov ima prednost pred širitvijo infrastruktu re in nakupom dodatne opreme. S simulacijami smo
skušali dokazati, da lahko zbiranje podatkov v realnem țasu z radiofrekven țno identifikacijo (RFID) in
dinamițno vodenje terminalskih vla țilcev pozitivno vplivata na produktivnost in izkoriš țenost sredstev.
Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je s simulacijami mogo țe doseți približno 25-odstotno izboljšanje produktivnosti.
Podani so tudi izra țuni za validacijo simulacijskih modelov na podlagi podatkov, zbranih v realnem țasu.
© 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: kontejnerski terminali, kontejnerski transport, operativni management, simu-
lacija, informacijska tehnologija
Sl. 3. Națrt terminala in smeri gibanja terminalskih vla țilcev

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 24 Prejeto: 15.01.2009
UDK 621.9.048 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.03.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: Univerza v Thessaly, Volos, Gr țija, gpetrop@mie.uth.gr SI 24 Morfološko – funkcionalni vidiki teksture elektroerozijsko
obdelane površine
Georgios P. Petropoulos1,* – Nikolaos M. Vaxevanidis2 – Miroslav Radovanovi ü3 – Carol Zoler4
1 Univerza v Thessalyju, Oddelek za strojništvo in industrijski inženiring, Volos, Gr țija
2Inštitut za pedagoško in tehnološ ko izobraževanje, Oddelek za u țitelje strojništva in tehnologije, Herak-
lion Attikis, Gr țija
3Univerza v Nišu, Fakulteta za strojništvo, Niš, Srbija
3Univerza v Petrosaniju , Fakulteta za strojništvo in elektrote hniko, Petrosani, Romunija
V predstavljeni študiji je obravnavana družina »nestandardnih« parametrov topografije
elektroerozijsko obdelanih površin, ki karakterizirajo razli țne vidike teksture glede na morfologijo in
možne tribološke aplikacije. Ti pa rametri so parameter Abbottove (nos ilne) krivulje nefiltriranega profila
pri deležu materiala profila 10%, višini hrapavostnega profila Ptp10% in Rtp10%, kakor tudi družina
parametrov Rk, ki izhaja iz krivulje nosilnosti (ISO 1 3565-2:1996), asimetri țnost Rsk in sploš țenost Rku
porazdelitve višine profila, srednji razmik profilnih neravnot Rsm in fraktalna dimenzija D. Raziskana je korelacija prej imenovanih parametrov z energijo impulza, ki omogo ța izbiro pravih pogojev obdelave za
funkcionalno ustrezne elektroerozijsko obdelane površine.
© 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: elektroerozijske obdelave, jeklo, topo grafija površin, hrapavost površin
100150200250300
0 100 200 300 400 500Pulse Energy We [mJ]Rsm [ȝm]Sverker 21 Ck 60
Sl. 5. Odvisnost srednjega razmaka pr ofilnih neravnot Rsm od energije impulza We

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 25 Prejeto: 18.01.2009
UDK 621.869.3 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.03.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: Univerza v ýrni gori, Pomorska fakulteta, ýrna gora,
branod@cg.ac.yuSI 25Dinamițni odziv mobilne dvižne delovne platforme na vetrno
vzbujanje
Srÿan Bošnjak1 – Nenad Zrni ü1 – Branislav Dragovi ü2,*
1Univerza v Beogradu, Fakulteta za strojništvo, Srbija
2Univerza v ýrni gori, Pomorska fakulteta, ýrna gora
ýlanek obravnava možnost pojava aerodinami țne nestabilnosti konstrukcije mobilne dvižne
delovne platforme (MDDP). Analizirane so vibracije konstrukcije, ki jih vzbuja von Kármánova vrtin țna
steza, in vibracije zaradi gibanja (f enomen galopiranja). Rezultati, prid obljeni na osnovi modela realne
konstrukcije MDDP, kažejo, da lahko do aerodinami țne nestabilnosti pride tudi v obmo țju dovoljenih
delovnih hitrosti. V țlanku je izpostavljena tudi možn ost omejevanja nezaželenih dinami țnih uținkov z
uporabo koncepta aktivnih (i nteligentnih) konstrukcij.
© 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: premi țne dvižne ploš țadi, stabilnost, vibracije, struktura
Sl. 1. Mobilna dvižna delovna platforma

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 26 Prejeto: 14.01.2009
UDK 621.9.048 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.03.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: Univerza Josipa Juraja Strossmayerja, Fakulteta za strojništvo v
Slavonskem Brodu, Trg I. B. Mažurani ü, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Hrvaška, vmarusic@sfsb.hr SI 26 Vpliv deformacij, povezanih s kaljenjem, na izbiro postopka
za zaviranje abrazije
Vlatko Maruši ü1,* – Željko Šar țeviü2 – Goran Rozing3
1Univerza Josipa Juraja Strossmayerja, Fakulteta za strojništvo v Slavonsk em Brodu, Hrvaška
2 Water management d.d., Vinkovci, Hrvaška
3Univerza Josipa Juraja Strossmayerj a, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko v Osijeku, Hrvaška
Vțlanku je podana primerjava zmanjšanja mase vzo rcev na globini kaljenih plasti pri indukcijsko
kaljenem C 60, oglji țenem 16MnCr5 z elektrodno navarjeno trdo plastjo C-Cr-Mn oz. C-Cr-W-Co, kakor
tudi s plamensko nabrizgano plastjo C-Cr-Mo. Oprav ljene so bile meritve trdote površine, sprememb
trdote površine vzorca proti jedru in metalografske preiskave strukture s pomo țjo naprave za
preizkušanje obrabe SMT 1-2070, ki je sestavljena iz diska in okvirja; in sicer v komori, napolnjeni z
oljem, ki je vsebovalo SiO 2. Izmerjeno je bilo zmanjšanje mase diskastih vzorcev zaradi obrabe na globini
kaljene plasti. Protitelo v obliki pe dala je izdelano iz materiala GG 20. Najmanjša sprememba mase
zaradi obrabe je bila ugotovljena pri navarjeni trdi plasti C-Cr-W-Co, temu pa sta sledila preizkušanca s
plamensko nabrizgano plastjo in z navarjeno trdo plastjo C-Cr-Mn, ter površi nsko kaljeni preizkušanci.
Na zadnje mesto so se uvrstile cementirane plasti, kjer je bilo zmanjšanje mase za radi obrabe najve țje. Iz
tega sledi zaklju țek, da je potrebna posebna pozornost pri izbiri ustreznega postopka zaš țite pred obrabo
strojnih delov, ki zaradi makrodeformacij zahtevajo abrazivno kon țno obdelavo površine.
© 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: obraba, makro deformacije, utrjevanje površin, zaš țitna prevleka, površinska
trdnost
Sl. 2. Naprava za preizkušenje obrabe, tip 2070 SMT-1

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 27 Prejeto: 09.01.2009
UDK 622 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.03.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: Rudniški bazen Kolubara, Lazarevac, Svetog Save 1,
11550 Lazarevac, Srbija, slobodanr@hotmail.com SI 27KAKOVOST
1 – II
1-II
ýAS
4 – I
FLEKSIBILNOST
2 – III STROŠKI
3 – IV 1. Visoka kakovost
2. Visoka fleksibilnost
3. Zniž anje str oškov
4. Skrajšanje
proizvodnega țasa
I. Racionalna napoved
II. Kakovost logistike III. Hitre prilagoditve proizvodnje
IV. Zmanjšanje neposrednih stroškov TVEGANJE
TEHNIýNIH
SISTEMO V V
RUDA RSKI
INDUSTRIJI Zanesljivost
tehnițnih sistemov
Izpad tehni țnih
sistemov Vrednotenje tveganja in upravljanje tehni țnih sistemov v
rudarski industriji
Slobodan Radosavljevi ü1,* – Nikola Lili ü2 – Sreüko ûurțiü3 – Milan Radosavljevi ü4
1Rudniški bazen Kolubara, Lazarevac, Srbija
2 Fakulteta za rudarstvo in geologijo – Beograd, Srbija
3 Tehnițna fakulteta, ýațak, Srbija
4 Mestna ob țina Lazarevac, Srbija
Globalna dinamika tehnoloških sprememb ustvarja potr ebo po sodobnih prist opih k vrednotenju in
analizi tveganja v rudarski industriji. Analiziranje in upr avljanje tehni țnih sistemov v rudarski industriji
je kljuțen dejavnik kakovosti njihovega delovanja. Zanesljivost, varnost in upravljanje vzdrževanja na
podlagi analize tveganj lahk o znatno pripomore k skupni u ținkovitosti in produktivnosti rudarskih
tehnițnih sistemov. Razen uporabe ustreznih tehnolog ij so za doseganje poslovnih ciljev zelo pomembni
organiziranje in usklajevan je sistemskih povezav med razli țnimi strukturami ter standardizacija.
Potrebno je izbrati in uporabiti optimalne analiti țne rešitve, ki morajo prepozna ti, predvideti, zaustaviti,
zmanjšati in mini mizirati tveganja in možnost nesre țe. Praktițne izkušnje kažejo veliko nesorazmerje pri
identifikaciji analiti țnih in metodoloških pris topov k temu prob lemu. Rezultat takšne sit uacije so realne
ugotovitve glede tipi țnih in atipi țnih kritițnih stanj zaradi potencial nih nevarnosti. Ta stanja
predstavljajo neposredno ali posredno grožnjo za dele sistema in za delovanj e tehnološkega procesa kot
celote. Na voljo so sredstva za prav ilno vodenje in upravljanje tveganja tehni țnih sistemov in procesov,
ki jih je mogo țe enostavno uveljaviti. Proizvodna praksa rudarske industrije prepoznava potrebo po
strategijah za prilagajanje zasnove organizacije in procesov ter po izpostavitvi omenjenih problemov na
ravni ostalih upravljavski h funkcij podjetja. Realisti țna ocena trenutnega stanja analize tveganj kaže
potrebo po hitrem preoblikovanju rudarske industrije Srbije. Študija podaja predloge možnih pristopov in
izboljšav v zvezi z uveljavljanjem sodobnih standa rdiziranih svetovnih trendov (modelov in metod) za
analizo tehni țnih tveganj pri nekaterih osnovnih procesi h rudarske industrije. To delo je rezultat
raziskave procesov v srbski rudarski industriji na podro țju površinskih kopov in rafiniranja premoga, ki
je potekala v letih 2004-2008. © 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: rudarstvo, mineralna industrija, varnost, tv eganje, analiza , upravljanje
Sl. 1. Predstavitev odnosov in povezav v procesu predelave premoga, zahteve kupcev in vidiki tehni țnih
sistemov v rudarski industriji

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 28 Prejeto: 15.01.2009
UDK 658.511 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.03.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: SaTCIP Ltd., Vrnja țka Banja, Srbija, dasicp@yahoo.com SI 28 Funkcionalno in informacijsko modeliranje investicijske
gradnje proizvodnega obrata po standardu IDEF
Veis Šerifi1 – Predrag Daši ü2,* – Ratomir Je țmenica1 – Dragana Labovi ü3
1Univerza v Kragujevcu, Tehni țna fakulteta, ýațak, Srbija
2SaTCIP d.o.o., Vrnja țka Banja, Srbija
3 Visoka poslovna šola, Beograd, Srbija
Za proces modeliranja so na voljo ustrezna orodja CASE. V postopku snovanja tega procesa je
uporabljen standard za funkcionalno modeliranje IDEF0, ki se izvaja z oro djem BMWin. Družina in-
tegriranih metod IDEF predstavlja osnovno orodje nekat erih sodobnih strategij in metodologij za izbol-
jševanje poslovnih procesov kot so npr. BPR, CPI, IPD, TQM, TPM. V țlanku je podan funkcionalni in
informacijski model za »Investicijsko gradnjo proizvodnega obrata« na podlagi grafi țnega jezika IDEF0,
t.j. orodja CASE BPWin.
© 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: poslovni procesi, modeliranje procesov, IDEF
Input – Vhod Output – Izhod Control – Upravljanje Mechanism – Mehanizem
Call – Klic
Sl. 2. Osnovni koncept metodologije IDEF0

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 29 Prejeto: 09.01.2009
UDK 621.8 Tematska številka Sprejeto: 12.13.2009
*Naslov odgovornega avtorja: Oddelek za strojništvo, Univerza v Salernu, via Ponte don Melillo,
84084 Fisciano (SA), Italija, a.senatore@unisa.it SI 29Vpliv sestavljenih napetosti v mikropolarnem mazivu na
nestacionarno delovanje kon țnih mazanih ležajev
Adolfo Senatore1,* – Alessandro Ruggiero1 – Vladeta Jevremovi ü2 – Valentin Nedeff3
1 Oddelek za strojništv o, Univerza v Salernu, Italija
2 Visoka tehni țna šola za strojništvo, Trstenik, Srbija
3 Fakulteta za strojništvo, Univerza Bacau, Romunija
V zadnjem desetletju je ve ț avtorjev preu țevalo vpliv obnašanja radi alnih drsnih ležajev, mazanih
z mikropolarnimi fluidi, na dinamiko rotorskih sistemov, pri țemer je bila kot izhodiš țe vzeta Stokesova
teorija mikro kontinuuma.
Predstavljeni țlanek je plod splošnih raziskav zmogljivosti mikropolarnih maziv, ki se uporabljajo
za zmanjšanje izgub zaradi trenja pri stacionarnih obratovalnih pogojih. V njem je ilustrirana metoda za
formulacijo zaklju țenih rešitev stacionarnih/nestacionar nih sil v fluidnem filmu za neskon țno dolg in za
konțen radialni drsni ležaj, ma zan z mikropolarnim fluidom, ob upoštevanju Stokesovega modela
mikrokontinuuma. Prednost mod ela je minimalen ra țunski țas, ki je potreben za analizo dinami țnih stanj
radialnih drsnih ležajev, mazanih z mikropolarnim fluidom, brez ve țje izgube natan țnost. Analiti țna
oblika rešitev omogo ța boljšo razpoznavnost vpliva parametrov na nestacionarno obnašanje sistema.
© 2009 Strojniški vestnik. Vse pravice pridržane.
Kljuțne besede: drsni ležaji, trenje, maziva, stabilnost maziv
-0.2
-0.1
00.10.20.3
-2-10
-0.2
-0.1fr
HWL/D=1
Sl. 4. Sila v oljnem filmu f r pri rotirajo țem koordinatnem sistemu:
nestacionarni obratovalni pogo ji, razmerje dimenzij L/D=1

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 30
Osebne vesti SI 30
Osebne vesti
Zasl. prof. dr. Adolf Šostar – 75-letnik
"Družba uporablja, kar so
inženirji proizvedli. Samo redki
inženirji sledijo izklju țno svojim
idealnim predstavam. Ve țina
inženirjev ima nek cilj in ta je v
okviru naše družbe. Gre namre ț
za to, da zadovoljuje jo potrebe te
družbe. Da izdelujejo izdelke, ki
ljudem koristijo. Inženirji z ve țjo
inovativnostjo pospešujejo tehnološko spreminjanje," so bile
pogostokrat kriti țno izrețene
misli zasl. prof. dr. Adolfa Šostarja, ki te dni postaja 75-
letnik.
Po diplomi na Fakulteti za
strojništvo v Ljubljani se je leta
1959 zaposlil v Tovarni
avtomobilov v Sektorju tehnološke priprave proizvodnje in delal kot konstrukter orodja,
pozneje pa kot vodja skupine za osvajanje in
preizkušanje proizvodnje.
To je bilo obdobje, ko je s svojimi kolegi v
Društvu orodjarjev in v okviru Društva inženirjev
in tehnikov intenzivno delal na pripravi pobude za šolanje obratnih inženirjev v Mariboru. Po zelo
težavnem utemeljevanju in ostalih ovirah je bil
novembra 1959 v Ljudski skupš țini sprejet
zakon o Višji tehniški šoli v Mariboru.
Tako so bili podani pogoji za mlade
sposobne inženirje v Mariboru, da se vklju țijo v
novo izobraževalno središ țe.
Že leta 1962 je bil prof. dr. Adolf Šostar
izvoljen kot honorarni asistent pri prof. Mareku
za predmete Mehanska tehnologija, Priprava
proizvodnje in Tehnološke meritve.
Za te predmete je bil izvoljen za
predavatelja višje šole na VTŠ leta 1966 in jih je
razvijal strokovno z najvišj o stopnjo posluha za
novosti v znanosti in gospodarstvu. V tej funkciji je tudi razvil izjemno
sodelovanje VTŠ z industrijo
in pridobil sredstva za
opremljanje laboratorijev VTŠ ter gradnjo objektov VTŠ.
Leta 1971 je postal
znanstveni sodelavec Inštituta za proizvodno strojništvo
Tehniške univerze v Gradcu,
kjer je leta 1975 doktoriral in tako prițel pravo akademsko
kariero.
Z nadpovpre țnim
trudom mu je uspelo skupaj s
prof. dr. Šmar țanom opremiti
Tehnološki laboratorij in Laboratorij za tehnološke
meritve. To je bila osnova za
uspešno delo s študenti in nas mlade asistente in tehnițne sodelavce. To nam je omogo țalo
izvajanje znanstveno raziskovalnega dela, ki je
bilo primerljivo z vrhunsk imi dosežki v svetu.
Vzpodbujal nas je pri raziskovalnem delu
in nam pustil veliko svobode pri iskanju rešitev.
Pri mnogih problemih, ki smo jih reševali v obliki konkretnih projektov za razli țna podjetja, nas je s
svojimi izkušnjami usmerjal, predvsem pa
nesebițno pomagal tudi, țe je bilo potrebno
razumeti țisto osebne stiske.
Tako smo se profilirali in postali
razpoznavni na podro țjih tehnike odrezavanja,
tehnoloških meritvah in fl eksibilnih obdelovalnih
sistemov. Kot ekspert za podro țje koordinatne
merilne tehnike je bil povabljen k sodelovanju v razlițne evropske komisije pri VDI/VDE, ISO –
TC3.
Prof. dr. Šostar je zelo rad delal s študenti.
Izkušnje je prenašal v procese izobraževanja in
raziskovanja. Tako so njegovi diplomanti
dodiplomskega pa tudi podiplomskega študija

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 31
Osebne vesti SI 31 spoznavali nove trende in jih upoštevali pri
svojem bodo țem delu. Poudarjal je, da bistveno
v tehnițnem izobraževanju lahko utemeljimo
samo z avtonomnimi procesi razmišljanja. S
podajanjem tradicionalnega znanja prodira bistveno za prihodnost le redko v ospredje.
Njegova bibliografija zajema 460 enot in je
posebno bogata v poglavjih raziskovalnih in aplikativnih projektov.
Veliko svoje življenjske energije je vložil
v rast Fakultete za strojništvo in Univerze v Mariboru. Pri țel je leta 1975 kot predstojnik
strojništva na tedanji VTŠ, bil dekan Visoke
tehniške šole od 1979 do 1983, prorektor Univerze 1984/85 in od 1995 do 2001 dekan
Fakultete za strojništvo.
Kot dekan Fakultete za strojništvo se je
zavzemal predvsem za stalen dvig kakovosti
vsebin in izvajanja študijskih programov ter
oblikovanje podiplomskega študija.
Fakulteta je razvila vrsto sodobnih
študijskih smeri, kreditni si stem študija ter bila
dvakrat mednarodno eval virana z uspešno oceno.
Intenzivno je usmerjal in poglabljal mednarodno
dejavnost, zelo rad je pomagal mladim
sodelavcem pri iskanju stikov in štipendij, ki so
omogoțali študij v tujini in s tem neposredno
uveljavljenost fakultete.
Fakulteta za strojništvo je pod vodstvom
prof. dr. Šostarja postala ena izmed vodilnih in
uspešnejših fakultet naše Univerze na podro țju
znanstveno raziskovalnega dela, izvajanja projektov za gospodarstvo , znanstvenih objav in
kadrovske prenove.
To je tudi rezultat številnih poti, ki jih je
moral opraviti v Ljubljano, da je lahko v okviru
pomembnih funkcij v dejavnosti skupš țin in
komisij za šolstvo in raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije ter razli țnih ministrstvih zastopal interese stroke, fakultete, univerze,
predvsem pa študentov.
Med nekdanjimi in sedanjimi sodelavci
uživa ugled zaradi svojega ustvarjalnega
prispevka k razvoju fakultete in visokega šolstva v Mariboru. Pri statusnih spremembah je veliko
sodeloval v razli țnih organih Univerze od
sprejetja Zakona o visokem šolstvu v letu 1993 naprej. Potrebno je bilo dolo țiti akte in nova
medsebojna razmerja znotraj fakultete in za
takšno delo je v nekaterih kriti țnih trenutkih
posegel z modro presojo in rešitvijo problema v
korist fakultete, univerze in zaposlenih.
Prof. dr. Šostar je Maribor țan z dušo v
pravem pomenu besede, ki mu ni vseeno kako se
ravna z našim gospodarskim prostorom. Rodil se
je 1934, zato je doživljal vse gospodarske vzpone in padce v Mariboru.
Izkušnje je že pridobival med svojim
študijem strojništva. V razli țnih evropskih
tovarnah je opravljal prakso, kot so Steyer
Daimler Puch, Krupp Stahlbau Rheinhausen,
Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor, Philips v Eidhovenu, posebno je bil ponosen na prakso v
Götauerkenu v Göterborgu na Švedskem.
Po upokojitvi leta 2001 se je vklju țeval v
nekatere raziskovalne projekte in v razpravo o
možnostih gospodarskega razvoja Maribora in
regije.
Na osnovi izjemnih in pomembnih
dosežkov prof. dr. Adolfa Šostarja na podro țjih
visokošolskega izobraževanja, znanstveno- raziskovalne dejavnosti na Univerzi v Mariboru
in drugod ter za prenos znanja razvoju
gospodarstva in strokovnih združenj mu je Univerza v Mariboru na predlog Fakultete za
strojništvo podelila naziv zaslužni profesor.
Ob njegovem visokem jubileju mu želimo
še veliko ustvarjalnih, živ ljenjsko polnih let.
Red. prof. dr. Franci ýuš,
predstojnik Katedre in In štituta za proizvodno strojništvo

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 32
Osebne vesti
Osebne vesti SI 32 Prešernove nagrade študentom Fakultete za strojništvo v Ljubljani
UNIVERZITETNI NAGRADI
Ana Bižal
Simulacija trka prototipnega vozila Student
Roadstar
Mentor: doc. dr. Jernej Klemenc
Somentor: prof. dr. Matija Fajdiga
Po konțani Gimnaziji Vi ț se je Ana Bižal
leta 2002 vpisala na univerzitetni študij Fakultete
za strojništvo v Ljubljani. V tretjem letniku je
izbrala konstrukcijsko mehansko smer študija. V letu 2006 se je pridružila skupini študentov, ki je
v okviru Katedre za strojne elemente in razvojna
vrednotenja ter Centra za razvojna vrednotenja izpeljala projekt prototipnega vozila Student
Roadster. S tega podro țja je opravila tri
projektno-seminarske nalo ge ter raziskavo, ki jo
je prijavila na razpis za Prešernovo nagrado.
Svoje delo je predstavila tudi na svetovnem
kongresu FISITA 2008 v Münchnu in v
študentskem programu in prejela nagrado za drugi
najboljši prispevek na konferenci.
V delu za Prešernovo nagrado je ga. Bižal
s pomoțjo profesionalnega programskega paketa,
ki omogo ța simulacijo obnašanja vozila v pogojih
ekstremnih obremenitev, simulirala trk
razvijanega vozila. S pomo țjo eksperimenta je
ocenila ujemanje simulacij in dejanskih deformacij izdelkov, ki so obremenjeni z
ekstremnimi mehanskimi obremenitvami. Za
vozilo Student Roadster je ovrednotila obnašanje vitalnih elementov, ki prevzemajo energijo v
prvih fazah trka vozila. Na koncu je izvedla še
simulacijo țelnega trka celotnega vozila v
nepremițno oviro in dokazala, da razvijano vozilo
izpolnjuje relevantne standarde.
Lovro Kuš țer
Sistem za detekcijo ovir pri vožnji mobilnega
robota na osnovi kamere z vgrajenim
slikovnim procesorjem
Mentor: izr. prof. dr. Janez Diaci
Lovro Kuš țer se je rodil 19. oktobra 1983
v Novem mestu. Osnovno šolo je zaklju țil leta
1998 v Leskovcu pri Krškem. Leta 2002 je
maturiral s pohvalo na Gimnaziji Brežice. Diplomiral je na Faku lteti za strojništvo Univerze
v Ljubljani leta 2008 in tu nadaljuje tudi svoj podiplomski študij. Njegovo delo za Prešernovo
nagrado obravnava raziskave in razvoj
senzorskega sistema na osnovi laserske
profilometrije, ki omogo ța mobilnemu robotu
sprotno zaznavanje ovir med vožnjo po ravni
podlagi. Sistem, ki ga sestavljajo laserski țrtni
projektor, digitalna kame ra z vgrajenim slikovnim
procesorjem in mikrora țunalnik, lahko izmeri in
analizira v eni sekundi do 200 tridimenzionalnih
profilov objektov v prostoru pred robotom. Lovro Kušțer je samostojno razvil in implementiral
algoritem detekcije ovir na osnovi analize zajetih
profilov ter algoritma vodenja, ki omogo țata
izogibanje oviram in sledenje steni. Z razvitim
senzorskim sistemom in robotom je opravil vrsto
eksperimentov, s katerimi je demonstriral njuno funkcionalnost in analiziral njune zmogljivosti.
Pri svojem delu je ustvarjalno uporabil širok
spekter teoreti țnih in prakti țnih znanj s podro
țij
laserske tehnike, mehatr onike, digitalne
elektronike in ra țunalništva. Razviti sistem je
mogoțe uporabiti v aplikacijah na podro țju
avtomatizacije sistemov notranjega transporta v
gospodarstvu.
FAKULTETNI NAGRADI
Jani Kenda
Poliranje, kot postopek fine obdelave in
praktițna uporabnost
Mentor: prof. dr. Janez Kopa ț
Jani Kenda se je rodil v Šempetru pri
Gorici 12. septembra 1981 . V letu 2000 je
zakljuțil srednjo strojno šolo na Tehniškem
šolskem centru Nova Gorica. Na Fakulteti za
strojništvo v Ljubljani je leta 2005 diplomiral na
visokošolskem strokovnem študiju, smer:
Konstrukterstvo in gradnja strojev. Nato se je
vpisal na univerzitetni študij, smer: Proizvodne
tehnologije in leta 2008 diplomiral s temo: Strojno poliranje reducirnih țeljusti. Leta 2008 se
je vpisal na podiplomski študij in za țel kot mladi
raziskovalec sodelovati v laboratoriju za menedžment obdelovalnih tehnologij pod
vodstvom prof. dr. Janeza Kopa ța, univ. dipl. inž.
Kandidat je v raziskavi z naslovom:
Poliranje, kot postopek fine obdelave in prakti țna
uporabnost, katero je izdelal pod mentorstvom
prof. dr. Janeza Kopa ța, univ. dipl. inž predstavil

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)1, SI 33
Osebne vesti SI 33 alternativne na ține strojnega poliranja. Iz
prispevka je razvidno, da s strojnim poliranjem
lahko obdelujemo kompleksne oblike
obdelovancev poleg tega v znatno krajšem țasu in
z nižjimi stroški dosežemo potrebno kvaliteto
površine. Predstavljene so razli țne aplikacije
strojnega poliranja katere so primerne za obdelavo kompleksnih zu nanjih in notranjih
oblik, katere je nemogo țe obdelati z ro țnim
poliranjem. Poleg tega je bil izveden prakti țni
preizkus poliranja, ki je bil primerjan z numeri țno
analizo.
Andrej Škrlec
Razvoj kontrolno-merilnega sistema za
simulator vožnje v mejnih pogojih zdrsa
Mentor: doc. dr. Jernej Klemenc
Somentor: prof. dr. Matija Fajdiga
Po konțani Gimnaziji v Šiški se je Andrej
Škrlec leta 2003 vpisal na univerzitetni študij
Fakultete za strojništvo v Ljubljani. V tretjem
letniku je izbral konstrukcijsko mehansko smer
študija in se pridružil skupini, ki v okviru
Katedre za strojne elemente in razvojna vrednotenja ter Centra za razvojna vrednotenja
izdeluje prototip preskuševališ ța za simuliranje
vožnje v mejnih pogojih zdrsa. S tega podro țja
je opravil štiri projektno-seminarske naloge ter
raziskavo, ki jo je prijavil na razpis za
Prešernovo nagrado. V zadnjih letnikih študija
je dejavno sodeloval tudi pri projektu
prototipnega vozila Student Roadster.
V raziskavi za Prešernovo nagrado je g.
Škrlec pregledal razli țne možnosti merjenja in
krmiljenja kolesnih pritiskov vozila za
simulator vožnje cestnega vozila v razmerah
mejnega zdrsa. Razvil je merilno-krmilni sistem, ki omogo ța individualno merjenje
kolesnih pritiskov za vsako kolo vozila posebej
in krmiljenje kolesnih pritiskov za pare koles na vozilu (levo-desno, spredaj-zadaj). Sestavil
je elektronsko krmiljen hidravli țni sistem za
nastavljanje želenih kolesnih pritiskov. Izdelal je tudi programsko aplikacijo za upravljanje s
simulatorjem vožnje v razmerah mejnega
zdrsa.
Doktorati in diplome
DOKTORATI
Na Fakulteti za strojništvo Univerze v
Ljubljani so z uspehom zagovarjali svoje
doktorske disertacije:
dne 20. januarja 2009 :Aleš Petek z
naslovom: "Zapis stabilnega tehnološkega okna
pri inkrementalnem preoblikovanju plo țevine"
(mentor: prof. dr. Karl Kuzman);
V doktorskem delu so predstavljene raziskave
na podro țju asimetri țnega eno-to țkovnega
inkrementalnega preoblikovanja plo țevine s stališ ța
națrtovanja stabilnega procesa preoblikovanja. Torej,
potrebno je dolo țiti tehnološko okno znotraj katerega
bo postopek zanesljivo izved ljiv. Osnovna zahteva za
doloțitev takšnega okna je definiranje vpliva
procesnih parametrov na najpomembnejše izhodne spremenljivke procesa. Omenjena naloga je bile
izvedena na osnovi uporabe empiri țnega modeliranja.
Ker so takšne analize obi țajno relativno drage, sta v
nadaljevanju razvita dva modela za predhodno napovedovanje preoblikovalnega procesa, in sicer analitițni model in numeri țni model. Na podlagi
ocene kakovosti modelov je bilo ugotovljeno, da razviti modeli zadovoljivo napovedujejo rezultate preoblikovanja in da jih je mogo țe uporabiti pri
definiranju stabilnega tehnološkega okna. Kljub vsemu pa razviti modeli ne omogo țajo definiranja
mejnih vrednosti preoblikovanja, zaradi țesar je
izvedba dejanskih preizkuso v neizogibna. Zaradi tega
in zaradi izredno dolgega țasa izdelave izdelka s
tehnologijo inkre mentalnega preoblikov anja, je razvit
avtonomen sistem za sprotno identifikacijo porušitve
preizkušanca, ki predstavija vsestransko orodje za identifikacijo lokacije in țasa nastanka mejne
preoblikovalno sti brez posredovanja operaterja. Na
koncu je, glede na rezulta te izvedenih raziskav,
predstavljen postopek za definiranje stabilnega tehhnološkega okna, s țimer je omogo țen jasen
vpogled v podro țje varnega preoblikovanja.
dne21. januarja 2009 :Viktor Zaletelj z
naslovom: "Modelirno okolje za gradnjo distribuiranih proizvodni h sistemov" (mentor:
izr. prof. dr. Peter Butala);

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 34
Osebne vesti SI 34 V nalogi je identificiran a potreba po primerni
metodološki podpori in orodjih za modeliranje,
strukturiranje in kontrolo prihodnjih generacij
proizvodnih sistemov.
Predstavljen je Adaptivni Distribuiran
Modelirni Okvir (ADMO) za kolaborativno
națrtovanje in krmiljenje proizvodnih sistemov. V
proizvodnih mrežah avtonomni partnerji prispevajo k
dinamițnemu na țrtovanju proizvodnega sistema,
njegovi implementaciji in adaptaciji. V tem kontekstu
igra kolaborativno modeliranje, strukturiranje in
kontrola v mrežnem okolju odlo țilno vlogo.
Predlagani modelirni okvir predstavi skupni
modelni prostor in omogo ți vzajemno definicijo
modelirnih gradnikov, na țrtovanje modela, izvedbo
simulacij ter ponudi podporo pri operativnem vodenju distribuiranega proizvodnega sistema. Vse to se
dogaja v dinami țnem okolju, kar je realisti țna slika
globalne proizvodnje. Proto tip modelirnega okvirja je
predstavljen na realnem industrijskem primeru.
dne 23. januarja 2009 :Jože Horvat z
naslovom: "Slišna obremenitev na delovnem mestu varilca" (mentor: prof. dr. Mirko ýudina,
somentor: doc. dr. Ivan Polajnar);
Opravljene so bile meritve in analiza
rezultatov trenutne in dnevne izpostavljenosti ravni
hrupa pri varilcih, ki so varili pri spremenljivih
pogojih dela po postopku MIG/MAG.
lzhodišțne rezultate smo dobili z meritvami
ravni hrupa pri varjenju v idealnih razmerah, v
laboratoriju, ko je varilec varil po klasi țnem
postopku. Meritve hrupa se je izvedlo na dva na țina:
z namestitvijo mikrofona tik ob glavi varilca, ne da bi
to uporabljal osebno varovalno opremo (0V0), naušnike in tako da smo, kot prvi pri nas uporabili
posebne binauralne mikrofo ne in jih namestili
direktno v sluhovod, pod naušnike, s katerimi si je varilec pri delu zaš țitil sluh.
V industrijskem okolju smo nato ponovno
izvedli meritve hrupa pri enakih pogojih z uporabo in brez uporabe naušnikov. Na delovnem mestu varilca
smo ocenili še ergonomske obremenitve.
Rezultati ravni hrupa, na konkretnem
delovnem mestu varilca. izmerjeni za osemumi
delavnik, z mikrofonom tik ob glavi varilca, so v
slišnem obmo țju nad zgornjo opozorilno vrednostjo
izpostavljenosti. Pri varilcih, ki so si pri delu zaš țitili
sluh z naušniki, je raven hrupa v dovoljenih mejah, torej pod spodnjo opozorilno vrednostjo. Pri poskusih so varilci za zaš țito sluha
uporabljali naušnike treh razli țnih proizvajalcev, ki
po izmerjenih rezultatih kažejo na to, da je njihova
uținkovitost dušenja signi fikantna, ter znižajo raven
hrupa pod dopustno raven.
DIPLOMIRALI SO
Na Fakulteti za strojništvo Univerze v
Ljubljani je pridobil naziv univerzitetni
diplomirani inženir strojništva:
dne 29. januarja 2009 :
Jaka MOZETI ý z naslovom: "Krmilje
stroja za rezanje z abrazivnim vodnim curkom" (mentor: prof. dr. Mihael Junkar).
Na Fakulteti za strojništvo Univerze v
Mariboru so pridobili naziv univerzitetni
diplomirani inženir strojništva:
dne 29. januarja 2009 :
Mitja KRAJNC z naslovom: "Razvoj
sistema za praznjenje bagrske izkopne zajemalke"
(mentor: izr. prof. dr. Bojan Dolšak, somentor: viš.
pred. dr. Marina Novak);
Aleš ŠIMENKO z naslovom: "Primerjava
sistemov za ogrevanje sanitarne vode" (mentor:
izr. prof. dr. Jure Marn).
Na Fakulteti za strojništvo Univerze v
Mariboru so pridobili n aziv diplomirani inženir
strojništva:
dne 29. januarja 2009 :
Robert ýERMELJ z naslovom:
"Postavitev proizvodnega procesa razreza ploțevine v trakove" (mentor: prof. dr. Andrej
Polajnar, somentor: izr. prof. dr. Borut
Buchmeister);
Saša POTO ýKI z naslovom: "Modeliranje
preprostih gumarskih orodij z uporabo
UNIGRAPHICS NX6" (mentor: izr. prof. dr. Bojan Dolšak, somentor: asist. mag. Jasmin
Kaljun);
Matjaž RAŠL z naslovom: "Uporaba
industrijskih robo tov v avtoli țarstvu" (mentor:
izr. prof. dr. Ivan Pahole, somentor: izr. prof. dr. Miran Brezo țnik);
Robert RUTNIK z naslovom: "Tehnološka
zasnova namenskega obdel ovanega CNC stroja
za obdelavo zadnje preme vozila" (mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Ivan Pahole, somentor: prof. dr. Jože Bali ț).

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 35
SI 35 Navodila avtorjem
ýlanki so v Strojniškem vestniku od leta
2008 objavljeni samo v angleškem jeziku s slovenskim naslovom, p ovzetkom ter sliko s
podnaslovom v dodatku. Avtorji so v celoti
odgovorni za jezikovno lektoriranje țlanka. V
kolikor recenzent oceni, da jezik ni dovolj
kakovosten, lahko uredništvo zahteva ponovno
lektoriranje usposobljenega lektorja ter potrdilo o opravljenem lektoriranju.
ýlanki morajo vsebovati:
– naslov, povzetek, klju țne besede,
– besedilo țlanka,
– preglednice in slike (diagrami, risbe ali
fotografije) s podnaslovi,
– seznam literature in
– podatke o avtorjih, odgovornega avtorja
in njegov polni naslov.
ýlanki naj bodo kratki in naj obsegajo
približno 8-12 strani.
ýlankom so lahko priložene tudi dodatne
rațunalniške simulacije ali predstavitve,
pripravljene v primerni obliki, ki bodo bralcem dostopne na spletni strani revije.
VSEBINA ýLANKA
ýlanek naj bo napisan v naslednji obliki:
Naslov, ki primerno opisuje vsebino
țlanka.
– Povzetek, ki naj bo skrajšana oblika
țlanka in naj ne presega 250 besed. Povzetek
mora vsebovati osnove, jedro in cilje raziskave,
uporabljeno metodologijo dela, povzetek rezultatov in osnovne sklepe.
– Uvod, v katerem naj bo pregled
novejšega stanja in zadostne informacije za razumevanje ter pregled rezultatov dela,
predstavljenih v țlanku.
– Teorija.
– Eksperimentalni del, ki naj vsebuje
podatke o postavitvi preskusa in metode, uporabljene pri pridobitvi rezultatov.
– Rezultati, ki naj bodo jasno prikazani, po
potrebi v obliki slik in preglednic.
– Razprava, v kateri naj bodo prikazane
povezave in posplošitve, uporabljene za
pridobitev rezultatov. Prikazana naj bo tudi pomembnost rezultatov in primerjava s poprej
objavljenimi deli. (Zaradi narave posameznih raziskav so lahko rezultati in razprava, za jasnost
in preprostejše bral țevo razumevanje, združeni v
eno poglavje.)
– Sklepi, v katerih naj bo prikazan en ali
veț sklepov, ki izhajajo iz rezultatov in razprave.
– Literatura, ki mora biti v besedilu
oštevilțena zaporedno in ozna țena z oglatimi
oklepaji [1] ter na koncu țlanka zbrana v seznamu
literature.
OBLIKA ýLANKA
Besedilo țlanka naj bo pripravljeno v
urejevalniku Microsoft Word. ýlanek nam
dostavite v elektronski obliki (lahko po
elektronski pošti). Ne uporabljajte urejevalnika
LaTeX, saj program, s kateri m pripravljamo
Strojniški vestnik, ne uporablja njegovega
formata. Ena țbe naj bodo v besedilu postavljene
v loțene vrstice in na desnem robu ozna ț
ene s
tekoțo številko v okroglih oklepajih.
Enote in okrajšave
V besedilu, preglednicah in slikah
uporabljajte le standardne ozna țbe in okrajšave
SI. Simbole fizikalnih veli țin v besedilu pišite
poševno (kurzivno), (npr. v, T, n itn.). Simbole
enot, ki sestojijo iz țrk, pa pokon țno (npr. ms-1,
K, min, mm itn.).Vse okrajšave naj bodo, ko se
prviț pojavijo, napisane v celoti, npr. țasovno
spremenljiva geometrija ( ýSG). Vse veli ține
morajo biti navedene, ko se prvi ț pojavijo, v
besedilu ali za ena țbo.
Slike
Slike morajo biti zaporedno oštevil țene
in oznațene, v besedilu in podnaslovu, kot sl. 1,
sl. 2 itn. Posnete naj bodo v lo țljivosti, primerni
za tisk, v kateremkoli od razširjenih formatov, npr. BMP, JPG, GIF. Diagrami in risbe morajo
biti pripravljeni v ve ktorskem formatu, npr.
CDR, AI.
Vse slike morajo biti pripravljene v țrno-
beli tehniki, brez obrob okoli slik in na beli
podlagi. Lo țeno pošljite vse slike v izvirni
obliki.

Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical E ngineering 55(2009)2, SI 36
SI 36 Pri oznațevanju osi v diagramih, kadar je
le mogoțe, uporabite ozna țbe velițin (npr. t, v,
m itn.). V diagramih z ve ț krivuljami, mora biti
vsaka krivulja ozna țena. Pomen oznake mora
biti pojasnjen v podnapisu slike.
Preglednice
Preglednice morajo biti zaporedno
oštevilțene in ozna țene, v besedilu in
podnaslovu, kot preglednica 1, preglednica 2 itn. K fizikalnim veli ținam, npr. t (pisano poševno),
pripišite enote (pisano pokon țno) v oglatih
oklepajih.
Seznam literature
Vsa literatura mora biti navedena v seznamu na
koncu țlanka v prikazani obliki po vrsti za
revije, zbornike in knjige:
[1] Wagner, A., Bajsi ü, I., Fajdiga, M.
Measurement of the surface-temperature field in a fog lamp using resistance-based temperature detectors. Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering, February 2004, vol. 50, no. 2, p. 72-79.
[2] Boguslawski L. Influence of pressure
fluctuations distribution on local heat transfer on flat surface impinged by turbulent free jet. Proceedings of International Thermal Science Seminar II,
Bled, June 13.-16., 2004.
[3] Muhs, D. et al. Roloff/Matek mechanical
elements, 16th ed. Wiesbaden: Vieweg
Verlag, 2003. 791 p. Translation of:
Roloff/Matek Maschinenelemente. (v nemšțini) ISBN 3-528-07028-5
SPREJEM ýLANKOV IN AVTORSKE
PRAVICE
Uredništvo Strojniškega vestnika si
pridržuje pravico do odlo țanja o sprejemu
țlanka za objavo, strokovno oceno recenzentov
in morebitnem predlogu za krajšanje ali
izpopolnitev ter terminološke korekture.
Avtor mora predložiti pisno izjavo, da je
besedilo njegovo izvirno delo in ni bilo v dani
obliki še nikjer objavljeno. Z objavo preidejo avtorske pravice na Strojniški vestnik. Pri
morebitnih kasnejših objavah mora biti SV
naveden kot vir.
Plațilo objave
Avtorji vseh prispevkov morajo za objavo
plațati prispevek v višini 180,00 EUR (za țlanek
dolžine do 6 strani), 220,00 EUR (za țlanek
dolžine do 10 strani) ter 20,00 EUR za vsako
dodatno stran. Prispevek se zara țuna po
sprejemu țlanka za objavo na seji Uredniškega
odbora. Po objavi prejme avtor țlanka 25
separatov țlanka.