Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017 [630056]

UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ENGINEERING MASTER DISSERTATION Project coordinator Student: [anonimizat]. Bujor Pavaloiu Vlad Mihai Stoica Bucharest 2017

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UNIVERSITY “POLITEHNICA” OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ENGINEERING How Internet of Things Can Improve Business Growth and Lifestyle Project coordinator Student: [anonimizat]. Bujor Pavaloiu Vlad Mihai Stoica Bucharest 2017

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
“POLITEHNICA” UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ENGINEERING Approved Director of department: Prof. dr. ing. George DRAGOI MASTER DISSERTATION THEME FOR: Mihai Vlad STOICA 1. Dissertation title: How Internet of Things can improve business growth and lifestyle 2. Initial design data: Who started to see the advantages of IoT? Connected cars 3. Student: [anonimizat]: Study about IoT concepts Study about ways to improve public transportation In-depth analysis about IoT in traffic and how can this improve our transport timers 4. Compulsory graphical material: Block scheme, functioning diagram, graphs, design diagrams 5. The paper is based on the knowledge obtained at the following study courses: Event Driven Dynamic Systems Financial Management Industrial Marketing Strategic Management Technology Entrepreneurship 6. Paper development environment: F.I.L.S faculty 7. The paper serves as: Didactic purposes 8. Paper preparation date: June 2017 Project coordinator Student: [anonimizat]. Bujor Pavaloiu Vlad Mihai STOICA

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
Academic Honesty Statement Academic Honesty Statement I,Vlad Mihai Stoica , hereby declare that the work with the title “How Can Internet of Things Can Improve Business Growth and Lifestyle”, to be openly defended in front of the master dissertation examination commission at the Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, as partial requirement for obtaining the title of M.Sc. in Management and Engineering is the result of my own work, based on my research. The dissertation, simulations, experiments and measurements that are presented are made entirely by me under the guidance of the scientific adviser, without the implication of persons that are not cited by name and contribution in the Acknowledgements part. The dissertation has never been presented to a higher education institution or research board in the country or abroad. All the information used, including the Internet, is obtained from sources that were cited and indicated in the notes and in the bibliography, according to ethical standards. I understand that plagiarism is an offense and is punishable under law. The results from the simulations, experiments and measurements are genuine. I understand that the falsification of data and results constitutes fraud and is punished according to regulations. Vlad Mihai Stoica 29.06.201

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
Table of Contents Figures and tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1. Who started to see the advantages of IoT? ………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.1 Is The Internet of Things a Good Investment? …………………………………………………………….. 6 1.2 IoT for Internet Service Providers …………………………………………………………………………….. 8 1.3 How IoT can improve our life? …………………………………………………………………………………. 9 2. IoT – The Industrial Revolution …………………………………………………………………………….. 13 2.1 Can we compare IoT with introduction of electric power? ………………………………………….. 14 1.2 IoT’s economic diffusion depend on the strength of four factors ……………………………. 15 1.2.1 Business commons …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 1.2.2 Take-off factors ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 2.2.3 Transfer factors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 2.2.4 Innovation dynamo …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 2.3 Five ways to win ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16 2.3.1 Play to a country’s strengths …………………………………………………………………………………. 16 2.3.2 Create a chain reaction across industries ………………………………………………………………… 16 2.3.3 Combat resource deficiencies ……………………………………………………………………………….. 16 2.3.4 Join the dots to connect and collaborate ………………………………………………………………… 16 2.3.5 Shorten the investment lag …………………………………………………………………………………… 17 2.4 Connected Cars ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 2.5 Socio-Economic Relevance …………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 2.6 The social potential of the trend …………………………………………………………………………….. 23 2.6.1 Market adoption of more advanced connected car applications requires large-scale investments in infrastructure ………………………………………………………………………………………… 23 2.6.2 Investments in infrastructure are needed to bring v2i applications to the market and enable autonomous driving …………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3. Connected Vehicles …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25 3.1 Connected Busses ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 3.2 IoT in Data Center ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 3.2.1 Juniper Data Center Architecture …………………………………………………………………………… 28 3.2.2 Virtual Chassis Fabric ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 29 3.2.3 Multi-chassis Link Aggregation ………………………………………………………………………………. 30 3.2.4 VXLAN in Virtualized Data Center Networks ……………………………………………………………. 31 3.2.5 Problems VXLAN Addresses in Virtualized Data Center Networks ………………………………. 31 3.2.6 What Can You Do with VXLAN in Virtualized Data Center Networks? …………………………. 31 3.2.7 How Does VXLAN Work in Virtualized Data Center Networks? ………………………………… 32 3.3 GPS location from phone to server …………………………………………………………………………. 32 Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37 References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39 Glossary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

Figures and tables Figure 1: Types of opportunities Figure 2: Cars and traffic lights connected to Internet Figure 3: ITRON Annual Bookings and Backlog Figure 4: Smart Light City Network Figure 5: Nest Learning Thermostat Figure 6: Fitbit devices Figure 7: Kwikset Home Connect system Figure 8: Belkin’s WeMo Figure 9: IoT is improving our lifestyle Figure 9: IoT is improving our lifestyle Figure 10: Cumulative GDP impact of IIot (US $ trillion) Figure 11: IIoT GDP & IIoT GDP with additional measures impact Figure 12: Vehicle interactions Figure 13: Market Size Figure 14: Market size per domain Figure 15 VCF Spine-and-Leaf Architecture Figure 16: VXLAN Figure 17: Everything connected

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
1 Introduction It was called Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, Machine to Machine communications and Industrial Internet, but in fact all these names signify the same thing, everything connected to internet, each appliance will be from now one a „smart” one. All this can change how we do business and how do we leave. Everything will be simpler and will be made with simple clicks. Internet of Things gives you the ability to administer physical things electronically making viable to enhance performance of structures and procedures, saving in this way time for people, money for companies and improving in this way lifestyle or quality of life. With IoT one can monitor devices in production, tracking cars or ships at sea. With sensors, companies can see exactly their machines state, in this improving their lifetime and also remodel them to have better performances. Nowadays are many wearable devices like smart watches and fit bracelets which can intensely increase health condition. Companies that have already implemented IoT are now trying to make other investments in fields like tracking of assets remotely, power, navy organization and safety. Internet of Everything is definitely not something from the future, but for sure is not something accessible off the cuff. This technology is not new, most of it is well-known. When we think about assembling a new IoT application, we think about the selection of multiple gears: modules of telecommunications, sensors and of course a well-designed network. From these devices to all devices connected to internet we are talking about something very big, cloud computing, integration in the core systems and procedures modification. If we take here as an example smart cities, we can say that in some cities there are already multiple sensors with different functions and traffic monitoring and other things like that, but when we thinking about connecting all these together is a huge responsibility. The Internet of Things (IoT) could generate an impressive economic growth in the next fifteen years. These impressive economic growth has also risks because neither government nor companies are investing enough in this new technologies. There are people who want a better comfort and are ready to pay for it. This can be translated in profit for companies. Internet of Things permits a new digital facilities and business ideas based on smart devices and machines connected between them. This thing is expected to enhance the economy growth and in the same time to help people to have a better life. The risk is that the companies does not invest enough in IoT and they do not see the long term approach, they are only thinking at the short time profit. In order to improve your business, you have to take into account an upcoming investment that can be damped in the near future, thinking in the same time if this investment can increase your profit.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
2 Internet of Things could help company to improve productivity and to reduce costs. In figure 1, I presented different opportunities that can be developed using IoT.
Figure 1: Types of opportunities′" All the things presented above can be seen or controlled by people from their personal phones or laptops. You can see in real time where a bus is, see images from a hospital with your beloved friend, connect to your house and turn off the lights, music, and gas etc. If you are on the road, a GPS can predict if the traffic will switch to red and tell with what speed to circulate, see the weather condition from a specific place, and check your personal office. There are also many things that can be done using IoT, but I can’t present all of them. All these technologies are based on IP, because everything is connected to internet. The most advantaged companies in this business are the telecommunication ones, which provide wireless internet connection. When IoT will be implemented, everything will be easier. The problem here is that many jobs will disappear, but others will be created instead. We won’t see in the near future anymore a postman, or someone who reads your water and gas counter in your flat. It will be someone who will receive tones of data, which stands in front of a PC and just manages them with simple clicks. What I presented so far can be implemented in states like U.S, Romania, Switzerland, Netherlands, but are also countries like Indonesia and Brazil which have a weaker support conditions. Here we can involve limited infrastructure, and weaker technologies. The government should come with helpful laws and help companies invest in the IoT.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
3 These new concepts can significantly enhance the efficiency and growth of the business economy, but the absence of support hold many countries back. Companies must be hand in hand with the government, in order to create new opportunities for companies. 1. Who started to see the advantages of IoT? IoT makes the users to believe in innovations such as fitness bands which follow your daily activity, self-driving cars, in all kind of appliances connected to internet and of course in systems of security. Producers, small business and huge business like oil and gas companies started to see the advantages of IoT and made a huge investment in these technologies. Companies that provide technology are developing also an IoT based strategy in order to facilitate customer’s project, apply and manage complex structures. There are 3 companies that are investing a lot in IoT in order to build for us the smart cities. There are governments that started to update cities infrastructures. They want to develop smart roads, smart traffic lights and buses connected internet. We can see in figure 2 how cars and traffic lights will be connected to internet using wireless technology.
Figure 2: Cars and traffic lights connected to Internet[2] I will describe three big companies that can transform our cities. The first company that can improve our cities and in the same times our life is called ITRON. They offer many solutions for city modernization. This company was founded 40 years ago as a corporation based on electricity meter technology. Nowadays they offer end-to-end combined solutions, having a very good network infrastructure, data gathering servers, meter-data administration programs

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
4 and other software solutions. ITRON offers programmer’s instruments necessary to project, to authorize and to create IoT applications. These instruments can have many applications in domains like water supply and administration, energy supply and delivery, IP connected traffic lights and solar monitoring. This software will work on devices connected through wireless or 3G, 4G radio connection. They provide on their sites kits necessary for the developers. These kit used for development has an ITRON Riva board and instruments for cloud based analysis and monitoring sensors for network status. They can be used over WiFI, Ethernet, power line carrier (PLC), IPv4 and IPv6 interconnections. ITRON has stated that their annual bookings and backlog has increased in the last years. Figure 3: ITRON Annual Bookings and Backlog [3] SOURCE: ITRON 2014 10-K. In production it used frequently the term backlog, which means work that isn’t ready yet or when we talking about customers, orders that were received but are not complete yet. While the company’s production is higher, that doesn’t transform into higher revenue. When a client tells you that he will invest money in your product is called “booking”. When the services are actually provided revenue happens. Even the ITRON revenue hadn’t increased yet, looking at the booking and backlog terms, we can assume that their revenues will increase in the next years. Another Company which provides also IoT solutions is called Acuity Brands. They provide lighting resolutions not only outdoor but also indoor. The Acuity Brands Company made a business associate agreement with Sensity Systems, which provide a solution for the Light Sensor Network, a lighting solution connected to internet which improves energy consumption based on real time analysis. There are a lot of applications for smart cities, for instance lighting improvement, smart parking and circuit monitoring. These solutions are at an incipient stage, because there are not so many users ready to pay for them. Acuity success has increased over the years, earning a large share in the 2013 and 2014. In 2014 they reported the net sales of $2.4 billion, which represent an increase of 15% compared with the net sales from 2013. The third company is called Silver Spring Networks and offers a base on which these new elegant and clever cities can be built. They announced that they signed a partnership with Acuity in order to modernize the smart lighting lights used in cities. According to what they say, if government invests in a new lighting system, they can reduce the energy costs by 40%, more than that, if they change also the light bulbs with LED lamps, they can save up to 60% electric energy, and improving in the same time the efficiency of the street lights.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
5
Figure 4: Smart Light City Network [4] The company stated that in 2014 they signed a contract with the France government to light up the Paris streets and traffic lights. This was a huge contract and great way for them to come into the light, considering on the Paris name “City of Lights”. They deliver resolution for well-known cities around the world, adding here Melbourne”, Sao Paolo”,“Singapore” and Copenhagen. It is stated that this company is a leader in this industry, taking into account that they went on the market in 2013, which means that they are pretty new on the market and therefore doesn’t exists previous financial results. Silver Spring had a backlog growth of 5% in 2014 compared with 2013, this indicator telling us that the success of the company is not guaranteed in the near future. IoT seems to the next big project in the following years, but many huge industry giants are not ready to put their money in this market. Although IoT can create huge revenues for businesses, it has also greater security problems in his infrastructure. Who else is investing in Internet of Things? IBM, Intel and Cisco are other huge corporates that invest in IoT. Amazon is also interest in IoT, because it hopes that using this solution will overtake its competitors in the cloud domain. A huge investment was made in 2012; more exactly $752 million was invested around the world on IoT. Most of this money was invested in Cloud and Big Data plans.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
6 1.1 Is The Internet of Things a Good Investment? Each investor has the same question: Is it valuable to invest in IoT? The number of corporations and people that invest in this domain seem to suggest that it is. Nowadays it exists a huge unused market for smart devices, from vehicles that communicate between them in order to avoid traffic jams and crashes to devices that consume power during the peak hours. There are predicted up to 25 billion devices in 2020, from almost 5 billion nowadays. IoT of things is not the only innovations. There is also cloud computing and social media in which is worth to invest. The currently option for the IoT funs is to invest in the individual stocks. This depends on each user acceptance for risk. But if you can find a company that grows and has a good price, the advantage definitely is there and of course is worth to invest in it. Let’s take some examples of companies that made smart devices. Nest Labs, which are making the widespread Nest Learning Thermostat is possessed by Google. In figure 5, you can see this smart thermostat.
Figure 5: Nest Learning Thermostat [5] Fitbit is a company that makes wearable fitness-tracking devices. If you thought about it few years ago it seems to be the perfect company to invest in, but now it faces many competitors and they are losing market share.
Figure 6: Fitbit devices [6] Microsoft has also started to commercialize health wearable smart devices that checks user heart rate, calorie rate and sleep characteristics. And of course we can mention here also Apple, Samsung and the strongly Chinese company called Huawei.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
7 Kwikset propose a different approach, from my point of view is very useful, because this system can help you to close or to open the door from just using your phone.
Figure 7: Kwikset Home Connect system [7] What you need is internet connection and an application. We can see how this device looks like in Figure 7. Belkin’s WeMo propose a different system that helps you to control from any internet connected device to reduce the energy consumption. The WeMo has a sensor that detects motion up to 10 feet away, then it transmit a notification to the WeMo switch to turn on or off devices. It comes also with an application that permits you to turn on or off from remote location. In figure 8 is presented how it works.
Figure 8: Belkin’s WeMo[8] If one wants to invest in something big, one shouldn’t watch at the simple consumers. Industrial companies are ready to reduce their expenditures and handle their resources more cost-effectively, and for that they represent a better market user for IoT. There are also other industrial suppliers that invest in IoT. We can mention here Monsanto, an agriculture giant which invested in a technology that helps farmer predict the weather. General Electric is another example of company that invested $1.5 billion in smart devices used in industry. Is it practical lead to invest in IoT, aiming companies ready for the IoT expansion, but one should be taking some risks and wait enough time for the comeback? Taking these into account, investing in IoT can be a cleaver decision.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
8 1.2 IoT for Internet Service Providers We spoke so far about sensors, different companies and different technologies that can improve our life. In order to dig deeper, we should solve a more important problem. How can all these devices be connected? First of all, we should remember that the IPv4 addresses are ending. We know that we can use the NAT technology, which can translate thousands of private IPv4 addresses into one public IPv4 address. It is an internet rule that say only IPv4 public addresses can travel through internet. The private addresses like 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16 can be reused, but the rest of IPs, which represent private IPs, will be consumed in the next 5 years. Imagine what means that each devices to be connected to internet and I mean here everything, watches, mugs, windows, doors, TVs, washing machines, refrigerators, cars and the examples can go further. In many communication service provider’s companies, the migration to the IPv6 has begun. The current infrastructure of a Service Provider is not ready for the IoT. They are updating their transport links and their equipment, but that takes time and money. The transition is not easy. Imagine millions of devices connected to internet and all the data that they generate. All this data must be transported somewhere. There should be implemented good QoS policies, which will provider to high link availability and a minimum guaranteed internet speed. On the other hand, all this data that will pass through the internet service provider network will represent money. I mean here a lot of money. Imagine that in Romania are on the mobile telecommunication field four companies that provide inclusively internet. Romania has 20 million people and this is also the exact number of SIMs that these four companies provide. I want you to take a break from reading and make a simple imagination exercise. What you think will happen in the next 10 years when almost everyone will have many devices connected to internet. I will tell you what will happen. It will be a “boom”. The market telecommunication market will explode. The 20 million SIM number will double in the next years. This translates into a better economy and thus more jobs in telecommunication and IT field. Companies have to work closely with the internet service provider in order to link the sensor technology to the network layer, in order to create a stable business. This partnership will not come easy to any parts. The internet communication consumers can fail to notice the problems associated with conceiving the perfect correlation mandatory to establish the complete advantage of IoT. There was a predisposition between the internet service provider companies to contest the fact that they provide only “silly pipes”, something that disproved the businesses scientific superiority. Who started to invest in IoT in Romania from the service provider field? Orange, Vodafone, Telekom, UPC and Digi started to fill up the cities with wireless devices which let the company customers to connect to internet. These wireless devices are provided by Cisco Meraki. They have different characteristics. For example, Orange has an application that provides to its customers, statistics about the number of users that were in a specific place during a specific period of time. Telekom is using wireless devices on taxis, letting the taxis customers to access free the internet. For this service pays the taxi company. In the near future they will have an application that will let you to see each taxi from a specific area and more than that you can reserve your taxi between specific hours and pay the command before at a preferential price. Digi has wireless devices all around the country, but especially in Bucharest. They permit to its customers to connect free to internet in the area deserved by that wireless.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
9 Vodafone has a service called M-Pesa that permits you to transfer virtual money all around the world using a internet connection. M-Pesa lets utilizers to withdraw, deposit, transfer money and pay for different services very easy using a mobile device. This service will be taken by many internet providers in the near future, because it is possible that money to virtualize, being cheaper to transfer $1million using internet connection than to use a value transfer service. In the next few years, 30% of data that pass every day through internet will be initiated from a smart device. Telecommunication companies’ purpose is to support this ecosystem development, helping the market to grow and in the same time to keep their clients. They want to provide data protection and privacy, which translates into total data control to customers. A fact is sure; Internet of Things will bring a lot of money to the telecommunication companies. In this way becoming one of the pylons of the future economy. 1.3 How IoT can improve our life? The IoT is improving day by day appliances that encompassing our houses, work environments, streets and cities. Coffee-machines and refrigerators will never be the same. We will have smart home in which everything will be controlled from our smart phones. I am asking myself for how long would we use the word “smart”? Will this word “smart” become the most used word in the near future? It will be our lives better or we will become dumber and dumber every day? This is the thing that most people are afraid of. They are afraid of losing their jobs. The jobs of people that reads your electric and gas counter won’t exist anymore. From my point of view the transformation will take a lot of time and this expansion will happen first in developed country, where people leave very well. Everything will be connected to internet and that can transform IoT in a multi-billion dollar industry in the near future. But, can everyone take advantage of this money? Of course, like in each capitalist industry, it will be a group of people that will make a lot of money, around 98% of the wealth in world will be held by this small group of people. In fact if we want to know if our general wealth will increase, the answer is very difficult, because we will leave in better condition and things will be done in a simple and faster manner, but we have to work more, in order to have money for all this things. IoT will help us to keep a better evidence of our general health, we can better select what to eat and we can keep an account of our calorie intake. We hope that in the near future won’t be any more traffic jams and the traffic transportation it will look more civilized. We can reduce the energy consumption. Though, business can have more benefits from IoT than consumers. IoT might help user in achieving day by day purposes by improving their decision-making aptitudes. Most of us were raised without computers, phones, smartphones and tablets with multiple applications. These new devices changed our life forever and it will never be the same again. But this is not the end. We can leave even better as before. The life expectancy has improved compared to the 20th century. But we should pay more attention, because from now on we will face many changes: Faster computers, artificial intelligence and maybe cyborgs. In 15 years when we will look back we will ask our self how we can leave with such prehistoric technology. I think the difference between 2030 and today will be bigger than today and 90’. According to Google’s director predictions, in 2030 we will face computers smarter than human beings and in 2045 we will have computer billion times more powerful than all human brains on Earth.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
10 Once that happen, the civilization will change radically. A fact is sure, evolution is unpredictable and irreversible. How will be our lives? I can just hope that will be better and that this evolution will help us to leave longer and happier. What is the real problem? I think the real problem is that people are introverts and technology is not the cause of this. Twenty years ago they read newspaper instead of speaking with each other. Now they use the smartphone or tablets all day for reading, playing games or watching videos. This is the real problem, that we become more and more addicted to technology. Another problem is that jobs are dissolving faster that they are created. This process will speed-up when the technology will progress. This can translates into social instability. All the wealth in the world will belong to 1% of the population. All work will be performed by different applications and technologies. In the future won’t exist anymore the cheaper products produced in China, the cheaper products will be in future created by robots. Of course that the products will be better. I think this will lead to a decreasing in the human population. From my point of view, this is definitely a nightmare. Lucky for us that in the engineering companies, technology is not use to replace human beings, but to make the employees more productive. In this way the economic production will increase. We can avoid all this if we are smart enough, having a simpler life in which we will leave healthier. It will exist systems that will control air pollution. The air pollution is one of the biggest problem nowadays in Asia and Europe. There will be computers that will plant trees and will inform you in case of forest fires. Having all this in mind, the new connected world will bring essential changes to humanity and to customers. Identifying nearby environment, we can say that IoT will improve our world and our life, improving our comfort, health and security, while at the same time reducing energy consumption. Internet of things will transform our actual lives and the general wealth will increase. IoT will introduce a bigger transformation than Internet itself. When we are going to ask our children how the world before internet was, they won’t be able to imagine. They don’t know how could people send messages or even live without internet. In ten years it will happen the same thing with IoT. The young population will be the most affected. We will be related to the permanent stream of data provided by our smart phones, wearable devices and other smart appliances. We will take smarter decision based on data provided by this smart devices. The work time will be reduce and the efficiency will be increased. In figure 9 we can see how everything in our house can be controlled using a smart phone. IoT can really change our lives.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
11 Figure 9: IoT is improving our lifestyle [9] The digitization of machines, vehicles, and other elements of the physical world is a powerful idea. Even at this early stage, the Internet of Things is starting to have real impact. The Internet of Things is changing how goods are made and distributed, how products are serviced and refined, and how doctors and patients manage health and wellness. By examining the proliferating uses of the Internet of Things in specific settings, we have been able to estimate the magnitude of potential economic impact from IoT applications over the next ten years. Capturing that potential will require innovation in IoT technologies and business models, and investment in new capabilities and talent. With policy actions to encourage interoperability, ensure security, and protect privacy and property rights, the Internet of Things can begin to reach its full potential.
Figure 10: Number of devices by 2020[10]

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
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Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
13 2. IoT – The Industrial Revolution In the previous chapter I spoke about IoT and how these new „smart” devices will make our lives easier. This will be a new industry and can be used as a horizontal integration for many companies in order to extend their clients and to increase their profits. We saw that there are many ways to improve the traffic in order to avoid traffic jams. There also a lot of devices which will help us to consume less electrical energy. There are devices which helps us getting fit. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been called the next Industrial Revolution — it will change the way all businesses, governments, and consumers interact with the physical world. Demand for the first generation of Internet of Things products (fitness bands, smart watches, and smart thermostats, for instance) will increase as component technologies evolve and their costs decline. A similar dynamic occurred with the rise of smartphone usage. Consumer demand for smartphones jumped from about 170 million devices sold annually just four or five years ago to more than a billion devices in 2014. The increase in orders coincided with a steep decline in the price of critical smartphone components. In the shift from an industrial to a digital economy, many countries are targeting the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) as a means to deliver faster growth. But without establishing the right enabling conditions, they will not fully capture the opportunity. To make this happen, countries need to understand their “national absorptive capacity” (NAC)—their ability to weave innovations into their economic and social fabric— and how that influences their ability to grow. The IIoT has the potential to deliver trillions of dollars in economic growth in the coming decades. It can boost productivity, drive the emergence of new markets, and encourage innovation. To understand what is at stake, I modeled the IIoT’s potential impact on the gross domestic product (GDP) of 20 developed and emerging economies that generate over three-quarters of the world’s economic output. My analysis shows that, based on current policy and investment trends, the IIoT could add around US$10.6 trillion to the cumulative GDP of these economies over the next 15 years. In 2030, under these conditions, the IIoT could result in GDP being 1 percent higher than it otherwise would be (under trend forecast). However, my analysis shows that the potential for growth could be even greater. By taking additional measures to improve their capacity to absorb IIoT technologies and increase IIoT investment, countries could generate up to an estimated US$3.6 trillion in additional value over and above the indication of current trends, for a total of US$14.2 trillion. For the countries I studied, this could lift real GDP by 1.5 percent in 2030 over trend projections. In the 20 countries I analyzed, current policy and investment trends in IIoT products and technologies point to cumulative real GDP contributions of US$10.6 trillion by 2030. With greater investment and the enactment of key measures to absorb IIoT technologies, that figure could rise to US$14.2 trillion.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
14 Figure 11: IIOT GDP & IIoT GDP with additional measures impact[11] 2.1 Can we compare IoT with introduction of electric power? Optimism regarding the IIoT’s potential to drive economic growth at the global level is relatively high. However, the prospect of growth becomes less certain at the national level, where some countries have historically outperformed others when it comes to capitalizing on the economic potential of new technologies. The introduction of electric power in the industrialized world at the turn of the 20th century offers a clear example of this dynamic in action. While many countries stood at about the same technological starting line in this race, the US became the world leader in electrification. Why? Because it more rapidly embedded the new technology in the wider economy and altered production and organizational structures to take advantage of it. Many governments today hope that the IIoT can have a similarly transformative effect on their economies. But such growth will only materialize if governments and businesses can create the right enabling conditions to cascade that technology across the wider economy. These enabling conditions are captured in a country’s NAC—a measure of its ability to turn a new technology to its economic advantage.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
15 2.2 IoT’s economic diffusion depend on the strength of four factors 2.2.1 Business commons The “business commons” describes the business climate and pool of resources on which companies can draw to carry out their operations. Key components of the business commons include an educated workforce, a reliable financial system, and a robust network of suppliers and distributors— all bounded by good governance policies and rule of law. 2.2.2 Take-off factors “Take-off factors” help to transform a technological advance into usable applications, products and services beyond niche markets and players. The presence of hi-tech firms, the strength of the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce, government support for R&D in IIoT technology, coupled with the degree of urbanization and the growth rate of the middle class, are all factors that will play a role in the IIoT’s “take-off.” 2.2.3 Transfer factors “Transfer factors” enable a technology to become far more deeply ingrained in an economy—inducing wider changes in the behavior of businesses, consumers and society. Key transfer factors include the exchange of knowledge as well as shifts in social and company norms that make harnessing the new technologies possible. 2.2.4 Innovation dynamo The “innovation dynamo” is when a technology produces self-sustaining innovation and development. Companies’ market strategies, the health of the research ecosystem and presence of technology clusters, as well as the strength of entrepreneurialism are all factors that contribute to the innovation dynamo.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
16 2.3 Five ways to win What will it take to succeed in an IIoT-driven economy? Every country must take specific actions based on its national absorptive capacity (NAC). In addition, there are some guiding principles that can help nations to get a head start in IIoT-led growth. 2.3.1 Play to a country’s strengths In emerging markets with large agricultural sectors, the IIoT will look quite different than in a mature industrialized economy such as Germany or Japan. The former can make use of IIoT technology to monitor environmental conditions that improves crop yields, while the latter will likely want to find IIoT solutions that streamline manufacturing processes. 2.3.2 Create a chain reaction across industries Building product-service ecosystems rather than one-off IIoT products will be a key growth area in the IIoT. As a result, policymakers need to encourage businesses to look beyond their own industries and build new partnerships that enable the creation of new products, services and business models. 2.3.3 Combat resource deficiencies Deficiencies in skills, capital, and technology may confront policymakers trying to integrate the IIoT into their economies. Policy leaders can follow “make-or-buy” strategies to counter resource gaps. For example, governments can create incentives for investment in home-grown IIoT technology solutions. But it may be more expedient in some cases to encourage technology transfer via foreign direct investment in the country. 2.3.4 Join the dots to connect and collaborate To spur innovation in the IIoT, governments can draw on their powerful networks of stakeholders (such as industry, academia and non-government organizations) to share ideas and leading practices, and identify areas of mutual interest for further research. Governments can also play a part in increasing collaboration and partnerships among global and large regional companies, small and medium enterprises, and start-ups.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
17 2.3.5 Shorten the investment lag While 79 percent of the business leaders have surveyed to develop strategies for the IIoT, just a little over one-third are investing in them. Business and policymakers can work to turn strategy into reality by promoting experimental, pilot and demonstration projects in IIoT applications. For nations seeking breakthrough growth in the digital age, the advent of the IIoT could be a game-changer. But without the critical enabling conditions, that opportunity may not materialize. Nations can make the right start by understanding the pillars of national absorptive capacity (NAC) and how they can catalyze IIoT-led economic growth. Armed with such knowledge, they can set their economies on a better path for economic progress and prosperity. 2.4 Vehicles Interconnections I will present further a IoT industry in which I have a big interest. I can say is one of my favorite industry and I think this domain can revolutionize the way we are living. With fast mobile internet access becoming widely available and countless wireless connectivity solutions being adopted on the market, new opportunities emerge for products and services that enable the connected car to come to full fruition. The connected car is able to digitally connect and interact with its surroundings. This not only includes connectivity with other cars (vehicle-to-vehicle), but also connectivity with infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure) and with other devices (vehicle-to-devices). As such, this ability gives way to a new suite of applications such as advanced safety features, personalized driving and entertainment experiences, and even autonomous driving. The new opportunities that the connected cars provide translate well into its business potential. Although global market size is already estimated to be over EUR 31 billion in 2015, it is predicted to nearly quadruple in size by 2020 to an impressive EUR 115.26 billion in revenue worldwide. Growth will be primarily driven in the market segments of safety features, autonomous driving, and entertainment. Key stakeholders of the trend primarily include businesses in the telecom, automotive and the ICT industries. With the connected car becoming the standard for new cars in the next 10 years, the automotive industry will drive the demand for chips in the near future. From a societal perspective, connected cars can help increase safety, productivity, and energy efficiency. Advanced safety features help drivers anticipate dangers and can even prevent collisions. Moreover, with access to information on current traffic conditions on the road, connected cars can dynamically optimize routes, limiting traffic congestions and freeing up time to do other things. The intelligent systems can also help increase fuel economy, e.g. through avoiding traffic jams. The development and uptake of connected cars solutions in the coming years is driven by an increase in embedded connectivity in cars. In addition, current megatrends on connected devices, energy efficiency, security, and health further drive growth in the segment. Besides this, the uptake can benefit from the realignment of short term milestones with a clear long

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
18 term vision, from continuous innovation efforts, from the cooperation between different types of actors coming from different industries, and from large scale investments in infrastructure. Key barriers faced on the market relate to the absence of or lack of clarity on current regulation and legislation. Furthermore, there are privacy and data security concerns among end-users, who fear that the collected data will give too much insight into their behaviour or that data may be compromised and cause damage, for instance through identity theft or insurance fraud. Although Europe is well positioned to establish itself as a leader in this trend, policymakers need to bring clarity to the current legislative and regulatory framework. While recent efforts have allowed a degree of autonomous driving, it still requires drivers to take full control over the vehicle if necessary. This effectively prevents initiatives, like the Google car from coming to the European market. In addition, market uptake can be boosted through pilot demonstrators and investments in public infrastructure. Pilot demonstrators can help show end-users the benefits of connected car solutions. Furthermore, they may bring focus to efforts from stakeholders to invest in the required infrastructure to deploy the technology. Similarly, investments in public infrastructure can drive growth in the vehicle-to-infrastructure applications. The buzzword in the automotive industry is unmistakably the “connected car”. Also leading companies from other sectors, especially the telecom and semiconductor industries, are jumping on the band-wagon that is hailed to be one of the biggest drivers of growth for their business for the coming five years. To the typical consumer, the connected car appears to be much like the futuristic car – K.I.T.T. – from the 1980s television hit series Knight Rider. This fictional car operated autonomously thanks to Artificial Intelligence and was loaded with computer electronics and sensors that enabled the car to interact with its surroundings. Nearly 25 years later, the reality is still not quite like K.I.T.T. Nevertheless, the market is rapidly moving towards electronically highly sophisticated and even autonomously operating cars. The connected car in its current state is best described as a platform that enables the exchange of information between the car and its surroundings, either through local wireless networks or via the internet. The interactions made possible by this connectivity can roughly be divided in three categories: • Vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) interactions, i.e. cars interacting with other cars; • Vehicle-to-infrastructure (v2i) or infrastructure-to vehicle (i2v) interactions, i.e. cars interacting with (roadside) infrastructure and vice versa; • Vehicle-to-device (v2d) interactions, i.e. wireless communication to any device.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
19 Figure 12: Vehicle interactions [12] Regardless of the type of interaction, the key word of this multi-billion business trend is connectivity. Albeit simple in concept, connectivity gives way to applications both for consumers and businesses previously unheard of. The connected car segment is composed of seven distinct product categories. • Mobility management. Applications that focus on improving traffic flow and that allow drivers to reach a destination quickly, safely and in a cost-efficient manner. Examples include advanced navigation systems, traffic coordination systems, traffic assistance and parking lot or garage information systems. • Vehicle management. Applications that aid the driver in reducing operating costs and improving ease of use. Examples include dynamic vehicle service reminders, vehicle condition information, remote operation and transfer of usage data for instance for analysis by insurance companies, tax authorities, car rental agencies, or by owners interested in analyzing this data on their home computer or portable device. • Entertainment. Applications that are related to entertainment of passengers and drivers. Examples include embedded WLAN hot spots, music/video streaming, social media integration and a smartphone interface. • Safety. Applications that protect driver, passenger and road user safety. These applications can be split up in hard safety applications that aim to avoid imminent crashes and/or minimize damage when they cannot be avoided, and soft safety applications, which respond to safety concerns that do not require immediate reaction. Examples of hard safety applications include blind spot warning systems and forward collision warning systems. Examples of soft safety systems include warning systems for icy roads up ahead, traffic jams, or adverse weather conditions.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
20 • Autonomous driving. Functionality involving partially or fully automatic driving. Examples of applications include operational assistance or autopilot in heavy traffic, keep-your-lane systems, automated parking systems and advanced (i.e. adaptive) cruise control systems. • Well-being. Applications that impact a driver’s comfort, ability and fitness to drive. Examples include fatigue detection systems and alert calls for medical assistance. • Home integration. An emerging application area that integrates vehicle systems with those at home. This allows drivers or passengers to enable functionality within their house, such as changing the thermostat or turning off the burglar alarm when the car gets close to home. Although the full potential of the business trend is expected to materialize over the next five years, it should be noted that the technology underlying the connected cars concept is not all new. Connected car services first emerged in the mid- 1990s when a number of leading automotive industry players began to employ telematics in their vehicles. Applications which enable connectivity in vehicles that may be considered less revolutionary by today’s standards are in fact still part of the trend, with integrated Bluetooth car kits being a prime example. In addition, more revolutionary connected cars services, such as keyless car sharing applications and cloud connected fleet management, are already commercially available. This case study therefore focuses on the current applications in the connected care market whilst providing an outlook for what is to come in the near future. The company cases included in this case study have been selected to reflect various market segments of the connected car trend. The European companies have all developed solutions that are already on the market, but are also well positioned to benefit from the market potential we foresee towards 2020. • NXP’s solution brings car-to-x communications, telematics, invehicle networking and wireless technologies into the car. The solutions NXP offers work towards improved vehicle access, Near Field Communication (NFC), and multistandard digital broadcast reception. NXP is also working to deliver advanced technologies such as car radars. • Keyzee developed a car sharing solution that is fully integrated on a smartphone. This virtual key solution from which the company derived its name provides employees with instant access to the keys to every car in a company's fleet • Veniam developed networking technologies which can turn vehicles into mobile hotspots for Internet access, which can bring car data to the cloud, and which can form a vehicle mesh network that can be used for business, leisure and safety applications, as well as Machine-to machine data delivery • Cloud Your Car developed a fleet management system that is targeted at small businesses. The application can collect data from vehicles, including start-up, shutdown, location, speed and fuel economy. The data can be used to e.g. minimize operating expenses.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
21 2.5 Socio-Economic Relevance The market for connected cars is booming and it is expected to grow explosively between now and 2020, underlying the staggering growth rates in its various segments. The market potential of the trend is explored in more detail below. With wireless technology and high speed internet access rapidly gaining ground, the connected car trend is on the verge of a breakthrough. Indeed, the global market size for connected car components is estimated to equal EUR 31.88 billion in 2015 and it is expected to roughly quadruple in size to EUR 115.26 billion by 2020. This staggering increase is mostly driven by growth in the application areas of safety and autonomous driving. Particularly safety technologies are expected to remain the biggest market for connected car products as consumers highly value safety features in their cars. Market solutions will most likely include new safety packages from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) that deploy early warning systems for dangers ahead or even autonomous braking features through the use of sensor technology. This market segment is expected to quadruple from EUR 12.18 billion in 2015 to EUR 47.34 billion in 2020. Demand is expected to be the strongest in the United States, with China and Western Europe to follow behind.
Figure 13: Market Size [13] The autonomous-driving market segment, rapid technological advances will drive growth exponentially in the coming five years. New applications, paired with a strong consumer demand will push a five-fold surge in global sales from EUR 7.49 billion in 2015 to EUR 35.66 billion in 2020.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
22 Other segments of the connected car market are also projected to experience significant growth. Entertainment systems are expected to remain popular in the coming five years, with sales in the connected car market more than doubling from EUR 4.93 billion in 2015 to EUR 13.18 billion in 2020. Furthermore, in-car well-being applications are projected to see sales surge threefold from EUR 2.13 billion to EUR 7.13 billion, driven by an ageing society. Moreover, vehicle management systems and mobility management systems are projected to see sales climb from respectively EUR 3.01 billion and EUR 2.12 billion in 2015 to respectively EUR 5.22 billion and EUR 6.67 billion in 2020. The relatively new application area of home integration is expected to remain the smallest connected car market segment, with global sales increasing from EUR 20 million in 2015 to EUR 60 million in 2020. The connectivity technology that is expected to be embedded in new cars is also expected to significantly increase. Whereas in 2014 only 5% of all new cars sold worldwide contained embedded connectivity, and 15% of these contained mobile-device tethered connectivity, in 2019 already 57% and 60% of new cars sold are expected to contain embedded and mobile-device tethered connectivity respectively. By 2024, 89% of new cars sold are projected to include both embedded and mobile device tethered connectivity, which translates into 48% of passenger vehicles in the world that will have embedded connectivity by 2024.12 Although particularly the United States have seen growth in embedded connectivity, Europe is expected to become the largest market for it, with 11.5 million vehicles shipped annually by 2018.13 This will clearly result in a significantly larger potential user base of connected car applications. Finally, developments in the connected car market will drive growth in the chip industry. Indeed, demand forecasts show that the automotive industry will be the most important driver of demand for chips, with an average annual growth of 10.4% between 2013 and 2018. The connected car trend evidently also impacts other segments of the economy.
Figure 14: Market size per domain[14]

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
23 2.6 The social potential of the trend Connecting vehicles to the Internet gives rise to many new possibilities and applications, both from a business perspective and from a consumer perspective as well as from a public-safety perspective. For one, connecting cars can make driving safer and reduce traffic congestion, as cars can recognize and anticipate risk and dynamically calculate optimal routes. Connected cars can also drive more energy efficiency by incorporating weather predictions, information on traffic congestions, and specific infrastructural locations in routing and driving behavior. In addition, connected cars can contribute significantly to road safety by incorporating safety features, such as the European eCall (emergency call) system that automatically alerts the nearest emergency center in case of an accident. Increased road safety and reduced traffic congestion can have strong macro-economic benefits that are related to public health expenditure and productivity. With a reduced number of road accidents, also the related public health costs will fall. Moreover, with less time being spent in traffic jams and with car connectivity allowing better solutions for working on-the-go, productivity within society is expected to increase. The trend also supports job creation. Although estimates for Europe are not yet available, market research shows that in the United States the connected vehicle industry is expected to create a total of 400,000 new jobs. 15 With many initiatives in Europe that relate to connected cars, the trend shows great potential for Europe in terms of job creation in the continent. The connected car trend will also provide work for the high skilled labor force, even in the short-term. In the current market, indeed, many technical challenges still need to be addressed, and this requires in particular high-skilled engineers and software developers. As there are many different industries and actors involved in the trend, it will also bring about substantial indirect effects. The European automotive industry, which provides 13 million jobs in Europe, is considered to be one of the key beneficiaries of the trend. New connected cars standards introduced by the European Commission help to position the European car industry advantageously for the development of the next generation of cars. Other sectors which are expected to benefit from the market uptake of the trend include the telecom industry, which will take advantage of the explosive growth in mobile data that is expected with the trend. 2.6.1 Market adoption of more advanced connected car applications requires large-scale investments in infrastructure While the market is advancing relatively well on v2v (vehicle to-vehicle) and v2x (vehicle-to-device) solutions, v2i (vehicle to-infrastructure) solutions require significant upgrades to infrastructure before companies can tap into their potential. Connectivity with infrastructure allows numerous new applications for the connected car market. These applications range from advanced safety and traffic control features up to localized weather warning systems, stop sign violation warning systems or electronic road-toll systems, such as Toll Collect in Germany and Liber-T in France. 32 From a technology perspective, companies like NXP and Veniam are developing cutting-edge solutions to enable connectivity in cars. NXP is at the forefront of the development of all sorts of connectivity solutions, such as car-to-x communications, telematics, in-vehicle networking, and Near Field Communication. With Veniam’s technology, vehicles can be turned into WIFI hotspots, enabling further connectivity. However, for interaction with infrastructure, both companies are dependent on the ability of infrastructure to communicate

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
24 with the (integrated) solutions in the cars. Moreover, other companies that could e.g. develop software or content that is based on v2i solutions also require that the infrastructure is able to provide them a platform for this. The automotive industry is even reported to be reluctant to add such new features to cars as long as the necessary infrastructure is not being built by public authorities.33 The absence of investments in advanced infrastructure therefore impedes further growth in this segment. 2.6.2 Investments in infrastructure are needed to bring v2i applications to the market and enable autonomous driving In order to take advantage of the trend and position Europe as a leader in the market, investments in infrastructure are required. These investments are particularly needed to allow for vehicle-to-infrastructure (v2i) communication, which in turn allows for the deployment of radical new features such as cars responding to road signs, traffic lights and car parks. A key challenge with respect to infrastructure is that these investments are unlikely to come from industry. As the majority of the public infrastructure is not under the responsibility of industrial actors, public authorities need to step up in order to encourage the connected car to reach its full potential. It is essential for some of the more advanced upcoming features that cars are able to communicate with the infrastructure. Public actors can accelerate the process by investing in connected infrastructure features, such as integrating red light violation warning systems at busy intersections and curve speed warning systems at dangerous roads. The recently announced Investment Plan for Europe, a joint initiative from the European Commission and the European Investment Bank, could enable some of these investments. A Task Force has been set up to look into potential barriers and to screen potential projects that will be financed within the EUR 21 billion initiative. 38 Specific attention could be devoted to a number of projects that will bring the infrastructure for connected cars to a new level. Furthermore, through the Horizon2020 framework, financial support may be provided for pilot demonstrations that specifically focus on the development and deployment of v2i applications. This will both showcase the possibilities to end-users as well as set an example for other regions to dedicate investments in infrastructure that enable v2i-communication.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
25 3. Connected Vehicles By connected vehicles I refer here to everything that we are using for transportation, busses, trains, metros, cars, bicycles and probably things that we didn’t discover yet. New car technologies are transforming the automotive sector, with major implications for industry players and consumers alike. Today’s car has the computing power of 20 personal computers, features about 100 million lines of programming code, and processes up to 25 gigabytes of data an hour. Yet while automotive digital technology has traditionally focused on optimizing the vehicle’s internal functions, attention is now turning to developing the car’s ability to connect with the outside world and enhance the in-car experience. This is the connected car—a vehicle able to optimize its own operation and maintenance as well as the convenience and comfort of passengers using onboard sensors and Internet connectivity. I can estimate that while the total cost of ownership of vehicles will remain stable for consumers, the dramatic increase in vehicle connectivity will increase the value of the global market for connectivity components and services dramatically. While technological advances have driven the automotive sector for decades, this dramatic acceleration as a result of connectivity has the potential to significantly alter the competitive landscape. Companies from the software and telecommunications sectors are already entering the automotive market, and a new report finds that original-equipment manufacturers need to act now to secure control over critical industry sectors. In our country, we can see Orange investing in a developed program of public transportation in Cluj. For that, they are using beacons in order to know the exact position of the buss. In that way, the buss position will be always known an you may never miss a buss from now on. At the same time, players must adapt to changing consumer needs. From my investigation, I can say that 13 percent of buyers are no longer prepared to even consider a new vehicle without Internet access, and more than a quarter already prioritize connectivity over features such as engine power and fuel efficiency. Yet while drivers are eager for the benefits of car connectivity, they also express concerns that may obstruct its rapid and broad adoption. First, consumers worry about digital safety and data privacy. An average of 37 percent of respondents would not even consider a connected car, although there were major regional differences. That regional variation was lower, however, when it came to fears about vehicles being hacked, where significant concerns were evident in all markets. Second, consumers indicated limited willingness to pay for car connectivity features. For instance, only 35 percent of new-car buyers said they would spend an additional $100 for smartphone integration, and just 21 percent said they would be willing to pay for subscription-based connectivity services. New-car buyers are broadly concerned about data privacy and the possibility of hacking when it comes to car connectivity.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
26 The fact that consumers demand connectivity, have security concerns regarding it, and are only marginally willing to pay for it leaves industry players in an interesting position. Even as the trajectory of the technology-enabled car points toward ever-greater connectivity, companies will face both tough and delicate decisions in the years ahead. 3.1 Connected Busses Day by day, more people come to live in the Bucharest metropolitan area. Most of them choose to live here because instead in rural areas, because the fare takes to much. This is happening because most people choose to come at work with their personal car, instead of choosing public transportation. I can’t blame them, because even if the public transportation is safer, cheaper and safest for our planet, it is much worse for them. Probably the fair time is double if they choose public transport. Besides that, busses, metro and trams are overcrowded. From my point of view, our public transport system has to be connected to a high-speed mobile-broadband network. This could mean a significant decrease of the city’s energy utilization and a depleting of the total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. The Connected Bus is an important element in urban transportation. Why I thought to this problem? Because I want to have A better ride, including here a reliable and safe journey, less time on the ride, less traffic jams, a lower carbon footprint, and information access with few hours or days before the journey. What I would like to see from this project? I would be glad if a this or a similar project will be implemented in Bucharest and in the near future in the rest of the Romanian cities. In Bucharest for example there is a population of 2.1 million people according to the National Institute of Statistics. There are 1 million cars registered in Bucharest. In order to solve the traffic jams problem, a better public transportation system has to be implemented. As cities grow, traffic congestion increases, imposing huge costs on local and global economies, and impacting both the environment and quality of life for citizens. Attempts to reduce carbon emissions by cutting consumption of greenhouse-gas-producing fuels have been largely unsuccessful and viewed, by many, as counterproductive to economic growth—such measures are difficult to implement and impossible to enforce. Developing a new approach to the problem is critical, given the urgency posed by rapid climate change. In today’s knowledge-based society, people often require mobility to gather information or collaborate with others. Moving information to people and conducting virtual collaboration are increasingly possible under this architecture. In this way, people and goods can move freely and safely while preserving the environment and ensuring economic vitality and quality of life. In order to function, this connected busses have to use advanced LTE technology for Internet connectivity. Base on this, one may have access inside the buss to free Wi-Fi, touch screens that may give information about the buss position, waiting timers, weather forecast and of course access to a panic button that will inform the buss driver about a possible incident. The Vision about the Connected Busses is to create a smart transportation system that would boost the customer experience when using public transportation in the Bucharest, in that way attracting more riders. This idea is thought to provide passengers with real-time information prominently presented and available on the bus—such as the status of changing lines at merging points—allowing travelers to reach their destinations for sure. More than that, I want that

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
27 busses this system to help at the decreasing of the carbon footprint of the city, by reducing the number of travelers that use their personal car. An enhanced transit experience, combined with operational efficiencies and “green” benefits derived from a unique configuration of technologies, positions The Connected Bus as a transit breakthrough that—if deployed broadly—can reduce carbon emissions significantly in Bucharest and other cities in which could be implemented. We can see that from year to year, the population of Bucharest is increasing with a mean of 5%. Hence, taking this statistic into consideration, the population of Bucharest may double its number in the next 15 years. I am going to propose a business model now, which can improve our lifestyle and can increase the profitability in the telecommunication domain. What does this model need to work? • A Centralized Management System; a Data Center with multiple servers connected to it and a lot of servers that process data sent by the busses. • A phone inside each buss which can be connected to the internet using an LTE module • Data coverage around the city • A program that will gather the GPS location and other information related to the traffic. This program has to be installed on the buss internal computer and has to send data to the servers. 3.2 IoT in Data Center The Internet of Things (IoT) has a potential transformational effect on the data center market, its customers, technology providers, technologies, and sales and marketing models. Gartner estimates that the IoT will include 26 billion units installed by 2020, and by that time, IoT product and service suppliers will generate incremental revenue exceeding $300 billion, mostly in services. IoT deployments will generate large quantities of data that need to be processed and analyzed in real time. Processing large quantities of IoT data in real time will increase as a proportion of workloads of data centers, leaving providers facing new security, capacity and analytics challenges. Basically, Connected Vehicles or Connected Busses means IoT. This concept is based on remote connection between resources, in our case busses, and offers a stream of information among the resources and centralized management systems. Those resources can then be assimilated to the new and present administrative processes to offer data about location, functionality, center of interest and so on. Real-time data permits more correct identification of position, and it increases utilization and efficiency through boosted utilization and more exactly resolution support. Business and information investigation offer understanding into the business necessities information gather from the IoT ecosystem and is going to predict the instabilities of IoT-developed information and data. The immense number of appliances, connected with the absolute size, structure and velocity of IoT information, generates challenges, predominantly security areas, information, storage

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
28 management, servers and in data center network, meaning that real-time business processes could be in danger. Data center executives should create a more revolutionary capability administration in these areas to be capable to meet in real time the business precedence connected with IoT. The significance of network interconnections and information linked with the IoT are going to speed-up a distributed data center administration attitude that asks for contributors to propose professional platforms for system management. IoT impends to engender massive volumes of input information from sources that are worldwide dispensed. Relocating the wholeness of that information to a sole location for processing will not be technologically and economically feasible. The current tendency to concentrate applications to decrease costs and increase security is mismatched with the IoT. Organizations will be compelled to cumulate information in various dispersed mini data centers where original processing can happen. Pertinent information will then be proceeded to a central site for supplementary processing. This latest structural design will present operations works with considerable tests, as they will need to handle the whole environment as a harmonized unit while being capable to observe and manage singular locations. Moreover, backing up this quantity of information will present possibly difficult governance questions, such as network bandwidth and isolate storage bandwidth, and ability to maintain all raw data is probable to be too expensive. Therefore, organizations will have to mechanize particular backup of the information that they consider will be appreciated/needed. This examining and organization will create supplementary Big Data processing loads that will devour supplementary processing, storage and network supply that will need to be organized. Data center operations and supplier will have to use additional forward-looking capacity management platforms that can comprise a data center infrastructure management (DCIM) system approximate of aligning IT and operational technology (OT) standards and communications protocols to be capable to proactively supply the manufacture capability to develop the IoT data points founded on the significances and the business requirements. By this time in the data center planning stage, throughput models result from statistical capacity management boards or infrastructure ability toolkits will comprise business applications and related data streams. Those complete situations will influence pattern and architecture variations by pushing in the direction of virtualization, along with cloud services. This will decrease the difficulty and boost on-demand ability to produce trustworthiness and business endurance. 3.2.1 Juniper Data Center Architecture I chose to do that, because I work for Juniper in the Data Center technology department. It is a technology that I know very well and I think that is going to boost this business. The Virtual Chassis Fabric is one of the Data Center feature that I’ll need to successfully implement my project. Another feature that is used for high redundancy and high availability is the Multichassis Link Aggregation (MC-LAG) feature. Over all this feature of high availability, the VXLAN protocol is implemented.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
29 3.2.2 Virtual Chassis Fabric The Juniper Networks Virtual Chassis Fabric (VCF) provides a low-latency, high-performance fabric architecture that can be managed as a single device. VCF is an evolution of the Virtual Chassis feature, which enables you to interconnect multiple devices into a single logical device, inside of a fabric architecture. The VCF architecture is optimized to support small and medium-sized data centers that contain a mix of 1-Gbps, 10-Gbps, and 40-Gbps Ethernet interfaces. A VCF is constructed using a spine-and-leaf architecture. In the spine-and-leaf architecture, each spine device is interconnected to each leaf device. A VCF supports up to twenty total devices, and up to four devices can be configured as spine devices. See Figure 15 for an illustration of the VCF spine-and-leaf architecture.
Figure 15: VCF Spine-and-Leaf Architecture [15] Each spine device must be a QFX5100 device. In an optimal VCF configuration, the leaf devices are also QFX5100 devices. You can, however, also create a mixed VCF by configuring QFX3600, QFX3500, and EX4300 switches as leaf devices. A VCF provides the following benefits: Latency—VCF provides predictable low latency because it uses a fabric architecture that ensures each device is one or two hops away from every other device in the fabric. The weighted algorithm that makes traffic-forwarding decisions in a VCF is designed to avoid congestion and ensures low latency by intelligently forwarding traffic over all paths within the VCF to any destination device., ensuring predictable low latency for all traffic traversing the VCF. Resiliency—The VCF architecture provides a resilient framework because traffic has multiple paths across the fabric. Traffic is, therefore, easily diverted within the fabric when a device or link fails. Flexibility—You can easily expand the size of your VCF by adding devices to the fabric as your networking needs grow. Investment protection—In environments that need to expand because the capabilities of a traditional QFX5100, QFX3600, QFX3500, or EX4300 Virtual Chassis are maximized, a VCF

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
30 is often a logical upgrade option because it enables the system to evolve without having to remove the existing, previously purchased devices from the network. Manageability—VCF provides multiple features that simplify configuration and management. VCF, for instance, has an auto-provisioning feature that enables you to plug and play devices into the fabric after minimal initial configuration. VCF leverages many of the existing configuration procedures from a Virtual Chassis, so that you can configure and maintain a VCF easily if you are already familiar with the procedures for configuring and maintaining a Virtual Chassis. 3.2.3 Multi-chassis Link Aggregation Load-balancing of network traffic between MC-LAG peers is 100 percent local bias. Load-balancing of network traffic between multiple LAG members in a local MC-LAG node is achieved through a standard LAG hashing algorithm. Layer 2 networks are increasing in scale mainly because of technologies such as virtualization. Protocol and control mechanisms that limit the disastrous effects of a topology loop in the network are necessary. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is the primary solution to this problem because it provides a loop-free Layer 2 environment. STP has gone through a number of enhancements and extensions, and although it scales to very large network environments, it still only provides one active path from one device to another, regardless of how many actual connections might exist in the network. Although STP is a robust and scalable solution to redundancy in a Layer 2 network, the single logical link creates two problems: At least half of the available system bandwidth is off-limits to data traffic, and network topology changes occur. The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) reduces the overhead of the rediscovery process and allows a Layer 2 network to recon verge faster, but the delay is still high. Link aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad) solves some of these problems by enabling users to use more than one link connection between switches. All physical connections are considered one logical connection. The problem with standard link aggregation is that the connections are point to point. Multi-chassis link aggregation groups (MC-LAGs) enable a client device to form a logical LAG interface between two MC-LAG peers (QFX3500 and QFX3600 devices). An MC-LAG provides redundancy and load balancing between the two MC-LAG peers, multihoming support, and a loop-free Layer 2 network without running the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). On one end of an MC-LAG, there is an MC-LAG client device, such as a server, that has one or more physical links in a link aggregation group (LAG). This client device does not need to have an MC-LAG configured. On the other side of the MC-LAG, there are two MC-LAG peers. Each of the MC-LAG peers has one or more physical links connected to a single client device. The MC-LAG peers use Interchassis Control Protocol (ICCP) to exchange control information and coordinate with each other to ensure that data traffic is forwarded properly.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
31 Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) is a subcomponent of the IEEE 802.3ad standard. LACP is used to discover multiple links from a client device connected to an MC-LAG peer. LACP must be configured on all member links for an MC-LAG to work correctly. 3.2.4 VXLAN in Virtualized Data Center Networks In data centers, VXLAN is the most commonly used protocol to create overlay networks that sit on top of the physical network, enabling the use of a virtual network of switches, routers, firewalls, load balancers, and so on. The VXLAN protocol supports the virtualization of the data center network and addresses the needs of multi-tenant data centers by providing the necessary segmentation on a large scale. 3.2.5 Problems VXLAN Addresses in Virtualized Data Center Networks Data centers have rapidly increased their server virtualization over the past decade, resulting in dramatic increases in agility and flexibility. Virtualization of the network and decoupling the virtual network from the physical network makes it easier to manage, automate, and orchestrate. 3.2.6 What Can You Do with VXLAN in Virtualized Data Center Networks? Creating a virtual overlay network benefits the physical, or underlay network, which can be a simple IP network that is concerned with delivering packets to destinations. An overlay network adds simplicity, resiliency, and scale to the physical network.
Figure 16: VXLAN [16]

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
32 3.2.7 How Does VXLAN Work in Virtualized Data Center Networks? VXLAN is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates Layer 2 Ethernet frames in Layer 3 UDP packets, enabling you to create virtualized Layer 2 subnets, or segments, that span physical Layer 3 networks. Each Layer 2 subnet is uniquely identified by a VXLAN network identifier (VNI) that segments traffic. The entity that performs the encapsulation and decapsulation of packets is called a VXLAN tunnel endpoint (VTEP) and resides in hypervisor hosts. In the following figure, when VTEP1 receives an Ethernet frame from Virtual Machine 1 (VM1) addressed to Virtual Machine 3 (VM3), it uses the VNI and the destination MAC to look up in its forwarding table for the VTEP to send the packet to. VTEP1 adds a VXLAN header that contains the VNI to the Ethernet frame, encapsulates the frame in a Layer 3 UDP packet, and routes the packet to VTEP2 over the Layer 3 network. VTEP2 decapsulates the original Ethernet frame and forwards it to VM3. VM1 and VM3 are completely unaware of the VXLAN tunnel and the Layer 3 network between them. 3.3 GPS location from phone to server Nowadays, there are a lot of programs that can predict your location based on the GPS and internet connectivity. The application that I propose here will be different. Like many of phone application, it will send a phone location to a server located somewhere in a data center. From that data center, location is pulled to another phone. Why is this application so different and how it works? It will have an internal data base with two type of users, bus drivers and clients. Each client can access a bus driver location based on a specific pattern. For example, he wants to see all the busses and trams that in an area with a radius of 2km and which has as centrum its location. Or he may want to see all “601” busses in the city. Now raise the following problem, how may I convince the bus drivers to use this application. There are multiple ways. One of them is to pay them. And how can I make money to pay them? From commercials that the clients will access during the utilization of the application. Another way is to convince the government to implement this platform. In order to create this project, I need some good programmers ready to create the application. I am network engineer and I am specialized on data center, cloud, virtualization and orchestration. I am ready to help the high amount of data to be processed. I may say that Waze is application is a model for me, but this application we will be created strictly for public transportation. This is a dream of mine since I was in high school and I am ready to invest in it. From my point of view, in the near future a networking solution or a technology similar with this can be implemented to solve the traffic jams problem. Could you imagine how would look like an ordinary day in Bucharest without traffic jams? In figure 17 it is shown a picture from Bucharest in the middle of a day.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
33 Figure 17: An ordinary day in Bucharest We can think about the roads as the links of a network topology and we can compare cars with data packets that travels through the internet. Imagine that all cars will be connected and they can be routed through the city as the packets are routed through the Internet. This can happen only if the cars are connected to internet. Certainly some cars has higher importance than other cars. For this cars we should ensure the best route to their destination. Think about the firemen or the police for example, for sure they should take the fastest route and to have the waiting time as small as possible, is like a voice packet compared to a data packet (different QoS for each car). But if we want to connect all the cars to the internet, we should also connect all the traffic lights. In order to offer to the cars the best possible route, firstly we should analyze the position and destination of the rest of the cars and to see which the average speed on each street is. At the beginnings it will be hard but not impossible to have cars that are driven by themselves. So using a navigation system we can use the indication given by the car driver about its destination and its current location (which can be automatically taken). With this information, a server can provide to all car drivers the best route available in that moment, considering the average speed on each possible route (or in other words an LSP or a traffic tunnel). Something similar it is shown in figure 19, which was generated using google maps. Using the information from the server, the car driver can decide which route to take.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
34 Figure 19 There are 3 possible routes, but only one is the best The cars can be observed all the times and in case of an accident the police and the ambulance will be immediately alarmed. Or when the cars broke down an intervention team can come soon. The drawback here is that the server or the servers which have all this information, regarding the current location of the cars and the average speeds on each street, must be a really powerful one.

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
35 3.4 A future proposed application We can’t connect all the cars in the same time, it will be practically impossible, the car drivers will be skeptical at the beginning. I think firstly we should connect the cars with a higher priority in traffic, as fireman, police, ambulances and public transportation. In the figure 20 are shown the most important service’s cars that must be connected to the internet.
Figure 20: Public Transport and Other Important Cars I will take as example the public transportation. Imagine if we know exactly the position and the average speed of a bus in traffic. We can predict the exact time when the bus will arrive in a station. What can we do with this information? As a passenger, you can stay more in house and wait less in the station. This is exemplified in figure 21, 22 and 23 and the star represent a specific bus at different moments of time. Figure 21: Position at moment ‘t’ of a Bus and its average speed Figure 22: Position at moment ‘t + 20s’ of a Bus and its average speed

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
36 Figure 23: Position at moment ‘t + 40s’ of a Bus and its average speed The manager of the public transportation company can see if the car driver respects the schedule. In the case of public transportation is very simple, the buses, trams and minibuses has a specific route which can’t be modified. The only think that we should do is to put a smart phone or a similar system which can give the exact position of the bus. This system will give the exact position of the bus at a specific amount of time. Using the difference between the positions (2 or more) of the bus and the specific amount of time between updates (2 or more), we can know the average speed of the bus on that street. Using a mobile application we can offer the position of a bus and its average sped to customers. In order to implement this system, we will need a smart phone (on each bus, trams or minibus), a server (or more servers) to collect all the information and mobile application (to offer information to customers) and internet connection to each bus. From my point of view in the near future each car will be connected to internet and our purpose as engineers will be to find a way to make the life of the other humans easier. In the City of the Future all cars will be connected to internet. Something similar is shown in figure 24.
Figure 24: City of the Future

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
37 Conclusions In the next years, IoT will go towards the industrial automation and productivity improvement. Consumer products will be less affected. The main companies that are investing in IoT are Microsoft, Intel, IBM, Amazon, Vodafone and some giants from the agriculture industry. They started to see the advantages and a future profit. All IoT developments are focused towards R&D divisions of technology industry’s colossuses right now. The entire new groundbreaking set of machineries is upcoming in the nearby future. Prepare for objects to “talk” to each other in the next 1-5 years. Notwithstanding that all the investment in the R&D, IoT industry is at the beginning. There are a multiple separate projects created by the main companies from the industry, but also startups that are investing, nonetheless there are yet no main stream products, processes or standards. The life cycle for the IoT industry is in development period. When the industry does grow, it won’t be about B2C, although everyone believes that it will be about smart homes or refrigerators. IoT is going to be an industrial business. B2B it will be more than 80% of the market. IoT will mean a web of sensors. All object will contain smart sensors, which simply means that a sensor can’t only trigger or measure something, but also could transmit information to a server. This will result in a network that creates a big data process. IOT is going to be used: • Prediction (cars, airplanes, machinery) • Urban area(smart cities) • Agriculture (there will be sensors on the animals and on the field) • Big Data (Marketing and Sales) • Manufacturing (a new wave of “smart” manufacturing technologies is coming)
Figure 15: Everything connected

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
38 According to the 2016 IoT congress, by 2020, 90% of cars will be connected, human participation in driving will be reduced, and eventually eliminated. IoT will improve our lifestyle and it will help the main industries to a better growth, creating in this way a better and easier life for us. In the final, I have only one question. Are we going to be happier in an industrialized world or not?

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
39 References [1] – www.luxcapital.com/blog/internet-of-things-needs-a-new-interface [2] – https://www.google.ro/imghp?gws_rd=ssl [3] – www.itron.com [4] – www.silverspringnet.com/ [5] – https://nest.com/thermostat/meet-nest-thermostat/ [6] – https://www.fitbit.com [7] – http://www.kwikset.com/ [8] – http://www.belkin.com/us/Products [9] – http://www.business2community.com/tech-gadgets/without-identity-internet-things-just-noise-01135947#aVRb7pkqLkwsHEUL.97 [10] – www.investopedia.com [11] – https://newsroom.accenture.com/subjects/management-consulting/industrial-internet-of-things-will-boost-economic-growth-but-greater-government-and-business-action-needed-to-fulfill-its-potential-finds-accenture.htm [12] – http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/11/01/3-companies-using-the-internet-of-things-to-build.aspx [13] – http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/future-tech/5-ways-society-will-be-affected-by-cognitive-technology.htm [14] – https://www.quora.com/Technology/What-technological-advancements-will-most-affect-our-lives-in-the-semi-near-future [16] – http://www.bbvaopen4u.com/en/actualidad/how-can-internet-things-improve-our-lives-check-out-these-seven-practical-applications [17] – http://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en101/keynote/1605-the-internet-of-things-will-change-our-world [18] – https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Dualpub_18/Accenture-Executive-Summary-Growth-Game-Changer-Industrial-Internet.pdf#zoom=50 [19]- http://dupress.com/articles/internet-of-things-iot-in-automotive-industry/ [20] – : Mark Lengton, Diederik Verzijl & Kristina Dervojeda, PwC Netherlands, and Laurent Probst & Laurent Frideres, PwC Luxembourg, “Connected Cars” [21] – www.silverspringnet.com/ [22] – https://nest.com/thermostat/meet-nest-thermostat/ [23] – https://www.fitbit.com [24] – http://www.kwikset.com/ [25] – http://www.belkin.com/us/Products [26] – http://www.business2community.com/tech-gadgets/without-identity-internet-things-just-noise-01135947#aVRb7pkqLkwsHEUL.97 [27] – www.investopedia.com [28] – https://newsroom.accenture.com/subjects/management-consulting/industrial-internet-of-things-will-boost-economic-growth-but-greater-government-and-business-action-needed-to-fulfill-its-potential-finds-accenture.htm [29] – http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/11/01/3-companies-using-the-internet-of-things-to-build.aspx [30] – http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/future-tech/5-ways-society-will-be-affected-by-cognitive-technology.htm [31] – https://www.quora.com/Technology/What-technological-advancements-will-most-affect-our-lives-in-the-semi-near-future

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
40 [32] – http://www.bbvaopen4u.com/en/actualidad/how-can-internet-things-improve-our-lives-check-out-these-seven-practical-applications [33] – http://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en101/keynote/1605-the-internet-of-things-will-change-our-world [34] – www.telekom.ro [25] – https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Dualpub_18/Accenture-Executive-Summary-Growth-Game-Changer-Industrial-Internet.pdf#zoom=50 [36]- http://dupress.com/articles/internet-of-things-iot-in-automotive-industry/ [37] – : Mark Lengton, Diederik Verzijl & Kristina Dervojeda, PwC Netherlands, and Laurent Probst & Laurent Frideres, PwC Luxembourg, “Connected Cars” [38] – www.silverspringnet.com/ [39] – https://nest.com/thermostat/meet-nest-thermostat/ [40] – https://www.fitbit.com [41] – http://www.kwikset.com/ [42] – http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/consulting-thought-leadership/what-we-do/industry-practices/public-sector/our-practice/urban-innovation/connected-urban-development/further-cud-information/thought-leadership/tcb.html [43] – http://www.business2community.com/tech-gadgets/without-identity-internet-things-just-noise-01135947#aVRb7pkqLkwsHEUL.97 [44] – www.investopedia.com [45] – https://newsroom.accenture.com/subjects/management-consulting/industrial-internet-of-things-will-boost-economic-growth-but-greater-government-and-business-action-needed-to-fulfill-its-potential-finds-accenture.htm [46] – http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/11/01/3-companies-using-the-internet-of-things-to-build.aspx [47] – http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/future-tech/5-ways-society-will-be-affected-by-cognitive-technology.htm [48] – https://www.quora.com/Technology/What-technological-advancements-will-most-affect-our-lives-in-the-semi-near-future [49] – www.juniper.net

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
41 Glossary B2B – Business to Business B2C – Business to Customers IoT – Internet of Things IIoT – Industrial Internet of Things GSM – Global Positioning System WiFI – Wireless Fidelity PLC – Power Line Carrier LSP – Labeled Switched Path LED – Light Emitting Diode IP – Internet Protocol SIM – Subscriber Identify Module GDP – Gross Domestic Product NAC – National Absorptive Capacity STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics V2I – Vechicles to Infrastructure V2V – Vechicles to Vechicles V2D – Vechicles to Devices ICT – Information and Communication technology NFC – Near Field Communication OEM – Original Equiment Manufacturers eCall – Emergeny Call LTE – Long Term Evolution DCIM – Data Center Infrastructure Management OT – Operation Technology MC-LAG – Multi Chassis Link Aggregation VXLAN – Virtual Extended Local Area Network VCF – Virtual Chassis Fabric ICCP – Inter Chassis Control Protocol STP – Spanning Tree Protocol RSTP – Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol LACP – Link Aggregation Control Protocol VTEP – VXLAN Tunnel End Point VM – Virtual Machine QoS – Quallity of Service

Dissertation, Vlad Mihai Stoica, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, UPB, 2017
42