Dificultati Si Solutii In Traducerea Corespondentei de Afaceri

Economie

Dificultati Si Solutii In Traducerea Corespondentei de Afaceri

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

Dificultăți și soluții în traducerea corespondenței de afaceri (studiu de caz)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFICIAL STYLE

I.1. The characteristics of the official style

I.2. Functional differences between the official style used in Romanian and English business documents

II. ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

I have performed the practice in translation from November 10, 2014 till December 12, 2014 at the Polytechnical College of Chișinău, as a translator of the English, Spanish and Romanian languages.

The objectives of the practice were the following:

The application of theoretical knowledge in practice. Although we obtained theoretical knowledge at the university it is far from enough to embrace the profession of translator or interpreter. This knowledge constitutes only the basic layer. To become a successful professional, it is important to invest in yourself and assimilate information from various sources, as well as video and audio materials, and to be exposed to the environment where it will be necessary to implement your knowledge.

The development of my theoretical background and practical skills in translation. One of the things I achieved during my practice of translation is that to produce good translation it is not enough to have a superficial acquaintance with another language. One must have a thorough knowledge of both languages and the ability to deal with semantic differences.

The enhancement of my conversational skills. I have always emphasized oral communication as a means of making yourself heard, understood and getting what you want. For me it is important to know English at an advanced level and sound like a native because this is a good way to predispose people, they have the tendency to believe and trust you and what you say.

The understanding and observance of ethical-professional rules. During this practice I realized the importance not only of a rapid and qualified translation but also the significance of keeping ethical relationships with colleagues and employers.

The goals of the practical training were the following:

to improve my translation abilities;

to work with new terms from different scientific fields;

to improve the quality of translation;

to improve the observance of the professional norms;

to develop the skills of quick and qualitative written translation of different documents.

The topic of my license project is Difficulties and Solutions in Translating Business Correspondence (Case Study). My interest in the problem of drawing up contracts and the transfer is not accidental. At present, more and more people become involved in the world of business relations. As a result, businesses are in need of specialists with knowledge of the English language.

Any serious event can be achieved through contracts and agreements. Written agreement is a guarantee that the various people, such as buyers and sellers, will cooperate in accordance with the specific business strategy and their interests will be taken into account partners.

The contract clearly stipulates the amount of products, the quality and price, delivery time and procedure, etc. Contracts are required for carrying out successful transactions. The set out the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and defines their mutual responsibilities. Thus, each stage of a commercial transaction should be based on a legal background and, being framed by the rules of formal business style.

This licence project is devoted to the investigation of the features of the written translation of the official business documents, in particular the analysis and consideration of the peculiarities to be taken into consideration when translating the contracts.

This work consists of an Introduction, Sections 1 – Considerations on the Characteristics of the Official Style, Section 2 – Analysis of Difficulties in Translating Business Correspondence, Conclusion, Bibliography and Annexes.

I. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFICIAL STYLE

I.1. The characteristics of the official style

Official style serves extremely important areas of human relationships: the relationship between the state and the people, between countries, between enterprises, organizations, institutions, between the individual and society. on one hand, the official-business style, given its great importance, must exclude any ambiguity and misunderstandings. On the other hand, this style is characterized by a more or less limited range of topics. These two features of the official business style helped it consolidate the traditional, well-established means of linguistic expression and development of certain forms and techniques of building speech. In other words, this style is characterized by: high regulation of speech (a certain stock of means of expression and ways of their construction), official character (the severity of presentation, the word is usually used in its direct meaning) and impersonal tone (the official business speech avoids specific and personal remarks).

The official style is divided into two types or subgenres – the official documentary substyle and the everyday business style. The former includes the language of diplomacy (diplomatic acts) and the language of laws, while the latter includes the official correspondence and business papers.

The official documentary substyle. The language of diplomacy is unique due to its own system of terms, which has much in common with other terms. In addition, there is another feature – the saturation with international terms. In the Middle Ages in Western Europe the diplomatic language was Latin, then French (XVIII – the beginning of XIX century. The syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, verbal participle phrases, infinitive constructions, introductory expressions.

The language of law is the language used by the government officials when addressing the people. The language of law requires, above all, accuracy. No ambiguous expression is allowed. The accuracy of expression is the feature that counts most. Another important feature of the language of law is the generalized expression. The lawmaker seeks to achieve highest generalization, avoiding the particulars and details. The language of law is also characterized by a complete lack of individualization of speech presentation. The law refers not to a single, specific person, but to all people or groups of people. Therefore, the language of law is abstracted from the individual speech characteristics of people and therefore is based on stereotypical presentation principles.

The everyday business substyle. The commercial correspondence refers to everyday business correspondence. The main feature of the commercial correspondence consists in its telegraphic character, characterized by the utmost rationality in the construction of syntax. It contributes to ensure the compactness of the speech. Another essential feature of this substyle lies in its high standardization. The content of business letters follows the format of specific business writing patterns (application, CV, receipt, service agreement, bill, money order, certificate, licence, memo, report, resolution, written report of the work). This substyle is characterized with the elimination of the complex structures. In addition, each new idea should start with a new paragraph. All the words are written in full, except for common abbreviations.

Generally speaking, a specific feature of the language of business correspondence is the availability of standard language clichés (e.g. client-centered, strategic, teamwork, user-focused, game changer).

Thus, the basic requirements for the business style are the following:

accuracy – all the provisions from the Source Text (ST) must be conveyed in the Target Text (TT);

brevity – all the provisions of the ST should be stated briefly and concisely in the TT;

clarity – the brevity and conciseness of the TT should not prevent the clear and understandable presentation of the content of the ST;

literacy – the translation must conform to the generally accepted standards of literary language.

The abbreviations in the ST should be translated using their equivalents in the Target Language (TL). The abbreviations that are impossible to translate or are mostly known in their Source Language (SL) spelling are kept as such.

There are cases when the words from the ST are conveyed into the TT by means of transcription, i.e. by using the spelling of the SL. That is the case of:

foreign names;

the names of foreign firms, companies, corporations, joint stock companies, holdings, centers, societies etc.;

car brands, brand name appliances, chemicals, manufacturing, products, materials;

names of streets, sea and river vessels, hotels, restaurants, and other proper nouns.

According to the classification of R.G. Lozinskaya there are several types of business documents:

1. personal documents: statement, power of attorney, autobiography, resume, efficiency report;

2. administrative and organizational documents: regulation, rule, instruction, contract;

3. regulatory documents: order, disposal, designation;

4. background documents: reference, memorandum explanatory note, memorandum, act, business letter, minutes [2, p. 68].

Considering the above list, we can conclude that there are many types of business documents, including the contract, which is included among the administrative and organizational documents.

I.2. Functional differences between the official style used in Romanian and English business documents

The official business language as a special functional style of speech is characterized by well-known international features that are a consequence of the universality of its objectives – as a tool of business communication, a means of documenting the official management and service information. At the same time, the Romanian official business communication has certain national characteristics that are most clearly visible on the background of today’s world dominance by the American English.

Semantic unambiguous statements often depend on the accuracy of word usage that involves the use of tokens in their direct, denotative meanings. In the Romanian business communication it is not recommended to use jargonisms, colloquial language, archaisms, historicisms and idioms.

The difficulties in the perception of the Romanian official business text can cause unjustified use of borrowed words. The Romanian language, in contrast to many other languages (e.g. Finnish, Hungarian, Chinese etc.), has always been open to borrowings (from the Greek, Latin, German, Dutch, French, English, Turkic languages). Some borrowings ousted native words; others could not stand the test of time, and came out of the turn. The transition of the Republic of Moldova to the market economy is one of the main reasons for the new wave of active penetration of foreign words and terms (mainly of American English origin) in the Romanian language, including in the official business style. However, among the recent borrowing there are words, naming new concepts:

En. merchandiser, developers, marketing

Ro. merchandiser, developers, marketing

Sp. merchandiser, developers, marketing.

Such borrowings are fully justified and are actively used in the Romanian language, as they are motivated by the emergence of new realities in the political and economic life of the country.

Sometimes borrowings develop synonyms in the Romanian language. Thus some English words and collocations are translated into Romanian in the form of duplicates:

En. price list, Sales Manager

Ro. listă de prețuri, manager de vânzări

Sp. lista de precios, Director de ventas.

Some borrowings (e.g. merchandiser, developer, etc) are often simply caused by the desire to “neophytes” who recently started en mas some English words and collocations are translated into Romanian in the form of duplicates:

En. price list, Sales Manager

Ro. listă de prețuri, manager de vânzări

Sp. lista de precios, Director de ventas.

Some borrowings (e.g. merchandiser, developer, etc) are often simply caused by the desire to “neophytes” who recently started en masse to learn English and are regularly abroad as often as possible for them to use new words instead of Romanian equivalents so that they have nearly come close to dominating in the modern business community. It is obvious that the flow of such loans – barbarisms – only pollutes the Romanian language; that is why it has caused justified protests from both linguists and the general public, who appeal to the state bodies with the requirements of a more purposeful policy in the sphere of language.

In the syntax of contemporary Romanian official and business language there is an increased frequency of passive, impersonal and definitely-personal sentences. N.A. Burmistrova posits that the comparative studies of language have shown that the scope of the use of assets and liabilities in a particular language are directly related to its synthetic or analytical systems, but not with the “active” or “passive” carrier of that language. In modern English the passive has more functions, and thus is more common than in Romanian, although in the second half of the twentieth century, Americans have made great efforts to “drive out” from its versatile use. In the Romanian official business letters the reasoned use of passive constructions is based on a sense of modesty, the manifestations of which is observed at all language levels [1, p. 87]. Out of diffidence, the speaker often chooses the impersonal constructions, if the Romanian language gives him a choice between the personal and impersonal forms, for example:

Ro. Urmează să fiu contactat.

En. I am expecting a call.

Sp. Espero ser contactado.

In the Romanian communicational behaviour, the requirements and requests take a different categorical form, when the speaker replaces the personal pronoun ‘I’ with the softer impersonal form. The personal pronoun ‘I’ does not occur in speech but is understood:

Ro. Aș putea vorbi cu dl. Vrînceanu?

En. I would like to speak to Mr. Smith.

Sp. Me gustaría hablar con el Señor Smith.

There is a more frequent use of the impersonal expression ‘It seems to me that …’ translated into Romanian as ‘Mi se pare că…’. The impersonal constructions are preferred due to the fact that in Romanian business individual options are considered too straight, self-cantered, and therefore unethical. In addition, the Romanian business correspondence indicates a regular omission of personal pronouns ‘eu’, ‘tu’, ‘noi’, ‘voi’; thus, instead of ‘Eu rog…’ is used ‘Rog…’. According to the traditions of local business etiquette, in the formulation of requests, inquiries, suggestions, opinions, etc. the accepted form of expression is within the construction using the first person plural: ‘Oferim spre atenția dvs…’ etc. In English, the very possibility of such a choice is not possible and we always see the capital “I – a symbol of national self-interest” [1, p. 98]. In Romanian business communication, the pronoun referring to the speaker is not written with a capital letter. In this case it is easy to see the manifestations of modesty in the Romanian business communication. In accordance with the phenomenon of modesty of Romanian pronouns, the 1st person pronoun and pronominal adjective in singular, ‘eu’, ‘al meu’ is regularly substituted in English by the 1st person pronoun and adjectival pronoun in plural ‘we’, ‘our’: ‘in our department’ instead of ‘in my department’. In the modern English-speaking world such a rule is available, but is less respected.

In conclusion, under the influence of the American English in a globalized practice, the Romanian business communication has the tendency to blur the stylistic normalization of the used lexical and grammatical language means.

II. ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

In what follows I will bring some fragments (Source Text – ST; Target Text TT) from the social texts that I translated during my translation practice and I will analyze some of the translation difficulties I had to face.

ST: Contracting parties

Legal entity: the Polytechnical College of Chișinău

(identification data of the employer)

duly represented by the Director Vasile Vînceanu

(position, name, surname)

hereinafter referred to as “Employer” (…).

TT1: Părțile contractului

Persoana juridică: Colegiul Politehnic din Chisinau

(datele de identificare ale angajatorului)

în persoana Directorului Vasile Vrinceanu

(funcția, prenumele, numele)

denumit în continuare „Angajator” (…).

TT2: Las partes contratantes

Persona jurídica: el Colegio Politécnico de Chisinau

(datos de identificación del empleador)

en persona el director Vasile Vinceanu

(posición, nombre, apellido)

e lo sucesivo nombrado “Empleador” (…).

When translating ST1 into TT1, I used the following translation techniques:

the word-for-word translation technique:

En. (position, name, surname) / Ro. (funcția, prenumele, numele)/ Sp. (puesto, nombre, apellido);

the calque or blueprint translation technique:

En. Legal person: the Polytechnical College of Chișinău / Ro. Persoana juridică: Colegiul Politehnic din Chișinău / Sp. Persona jurídica: el Colegio Politécnico de Chisinau.

The challenge that I faced while translating this fragment focused mainly on the translation of the adverb ‘hereinafter’. Since this term is an archaism it is obscure and it is not frequently used in everyday speech. Given that, I am dealing with a specialized term from a specialized vocabulary; I could only find it in a legal dictionary. As the term from the ST cannot be substituted with a single-word term in the TT1, the size of the text has increased. Another word that presented a difficulty during the translation was the polysemous lexeme ‘parties’ that is a common word but in this situation acquires an uncommon meaning because it is used in the legal domain.

Please consider the following ST and its translation below:

ST: (…) in accordance with Article 112, Article 113, paragraph 2 and Article 115 of the Labour Code of the Republic of Moldova, to grant an annual leave during the period 03.02.2014 – 02.03.2015, 21 calendar days, starting from 08/04/2014 up to 08/24/2014.

TT1: (…) în conformitate cu art. 112, art. 113 alin. 2 și art. 115 al Codului Muncii al Republicii Moldova a se acorda concediu ordinar pentru perioada 03.02.2014-03.02.2015, 21 zile calendaristice începînd cu data de 04.08.2014 pînă la 24.08.2014.

TT2: (…) conforme el párrafo 2 del Artículo 112, Artículo 113, y el Artículo 115 del Código de Trabajo de la República de Moldavia, recibirán una vacación anual a partir del 03.02.2014 – 02.03. 2015, 21 días naturales, a partir del 08/04/2014 hasta el 08/04/2014.

I used the technique of literal translation while translating the above fragment. As for the Romanian translation of the nominal phrase ‘Labour Code’, the terms switched their places due to the left-to-right translation.

ST: The document issued by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry or any other authorized body of the country where force majeure circumstances (circumstances of irresistible forces) take place shall be a competent evidence of such circumstances.

TT1: Documentul emis de Camera de Comerț și Industrie sau orice alt organ autorizat din țara în care circumstanțele de forță majoră (circumstanțe de forță irezistibilă) au loc, este o dovadă suficientă a unor astfel de împrejurări.

TT2: El documento expedido por la Camera de Comercio e Industria u otro organismo autorizado del país donde las circunstancias de fuerza mayor tienen lugar, será una prueba válida de tales circunstancias.

Since this is an English legal text, the repetition of words occurred because of the absence of anaphoric reference. Since means of personal pronouns are avoided such text keeps repeating the same words that are referring to the same concepts in order to avoid ambiguity and to emphasize. As a result, I kept two out of three words while translating and substituted the last one with their synonym. A small difficulty presented the translation of this sentence because of its length requires to be attentive at the meaning in the TT and the placement of the parts of speech. The technique I used for the translation of the above fragment is the calque or blueprint translation.

Please consider the ST and its translation below:

ST: Compania „ABC-Prim” SRL – producător autohton de mobilă, specializat în producerea mobilierului pentru instituțiile de învățământ preșcolar, școlar, universitar. Compania prestează servicii de cea mai înaltă calitate, în conformitate cu standardele de stat, în intervale de timp rezonabile.

TT1: The LLC “ABC-Prim” is a local furniture manufacturer, specialized in producing furniture for preschool, secondary and higher educational institutions. The company provides services of the highest quality in accordance with the State standards within reasonable deadlines.

TT2: La LLC “ABC-Prim” – fabricante de muebles autóctonos, especializados en producir muebles para centros de educación preescolar, escuelas, universidades. La empresa presta servicios de alta calidad, de conformidad con las normas estatales, en intervalos razonables.

In the ST above the English proper name ‘ABC-Prim’ could not be translated because it is a name of a Moldovan company; that is why I used the borrowing technique in its translation. Generally speaking, the main translation technique used in the TTs above is the calque or blueprint translation. I translated the Romanian ‘SRL’ abbreviation, which stands for ‘Societate cu raspundere limitata’, into ‘LLC’ which means ‘Limited Liability Company’.

In the TTs below, I used mainly the reformulation translation technique, which is rather appropriate and convenient in this case:

ST: “Dear Sir,

We have read about your enterprise in the latest issue of “The Economist”, and would be very pleased to establish business relations with you.

Our firm is interested in importing sugar from you. Please send us a sales offer, including price per ton and delivery terms. Depending on your offer we will get back to you with a firm request, specifying quantity, payment and full references” [10, online].

TT1: Stimate domn,

Luând cunoștință de firma dumneavoastră din ultimul număr al revistei „Economistul”, am fi foarte interesați să stabilim relații de afaceri cu dumneavoastră.

Firma noastră este interesată în importul de zahăr. Vă rugăm să ne trimiteți o ofertă care să includă prețul pe tonă și condițiile de expediere. În funcție de oferta dumneavoastră vom reveni cu o cerere fermă, specificând cantitatea cerută, condițiile de plată și referințe complete.

TT2: Estimado Sr.

Hemos leído de su empresa en la más reciente edición de “The Economist” y nos complacería mucho de establecer una relación de negocios con usted.

Nuestra firma está interesada en la importación de azúcar. Por favor, envíanos una oferta de venta, incluyendo el precio por tonelada y las condiciones de entrega. Dependiendo de su oferta, nos comunicaremos con usted, especificando la cantidad, los pagos y las referencias completas.

Please consider the ST and its translation below:

ST: Subject of the Contract

1.1. The Seller undertakes to deliver, and the Buyer undertakes to accept and pay for the equipment, spare parts and other goods, in assortment and under the prices according to the Specifications attached, being the integral part of the Contract hereof.

TT1: Obiectul Contractului

1.1. Vânzătorul se angajează să livreze, iar Cumpărătorul să accepte și să plătească pentru echipamente, piese de schimb și alte bunuri, în asortimentul și la prețurile specificate în Specificațiile anexate fiind parte integrantă a prezentului Contract.

TT2: El Vendedor se compromete a entregar, y el Comprador se compromete a aceptar y pagar el equipo, piezas de recambio y bienes, en estuches y los precios según las especificaciones adjuntadas que forman la parte integral de este Contrato.

The technique used mainly in translating the above ST is the calque or blueprint translation technique. The specific feature of the above fragments is the use of the official style expressed via a long detailed sentence.

Please consider the following ST and its translation below:

ST: Suntem o firmă importatoare și de desfacere în domeniul articolelor pentru cadouri. Ne interesează produsele noi și am fi bucuroși să primim informații asupra mărfurilor pe care sunteți disponibili să le exportați. Suntem dispuși să funcționăm ca reprezentanți unici sau să importăm și să comercializăm produsele în mod direct.

TT1: We are an import and marketing company established in the giftware industry. We are interested in new products and would be glad to receive informtaion on the products you are ready to export. We are prepared to act as sole agents or to import and market products directly.

TT2: Somos una empresa de importación y de mercadeo en la industria de los regalos. Somos interesados en nuevos productos y estaremos encantados de recibir información sobre los productos que estén listos para la exportación. Somos preparados para actuar como único representante o importar y comercializar directamente los productos.

The technique used for translation of this fragment is the calque or blueprint technique which is the most suitable.

The technique used in the fragments below is the calque or blueprint translation technique.

ST: Stimate domnule,

Va mulțumim pentru scrisoarea dvs. din 05 ianuarie 2015 și vă anexăm, cotația de preț pentru acele articole solicitate care sunt în producția noastră curentă.

TT1: Dear Sir,

Thank you for your letter of 05 January 2015 and please find enclosed the price quotation for those items required which are in our current production.

TT2: Estimado Sr.

Agradezco su carta de fecha y le adjuntamos la cotización de precio para aquellos productos requeridos que se encuentran en nuestra producción actual.

ST: Am dori să primim ultimele dvs. cataloage referitoare la aceste articole și lista dvs. de prețuri în condiții de livrare C&F Dubai precum și alte amănunte.

Vă mulțumim anticipat.

TT1: We would like to have your latest catalogues of these items 'together with your price list for C&F Dubai delivery terms as well as other details.

We thank you in advance.

TT2: Nos gustaría ver sus últimos catálogos de productos junto con la lista de precios para las condiciones de entrega de C&F Dubai, así como otros detalles.

The main challenge that I faced was finding the appropriate translation for the terms that belong to the business correspondence texts and in order to make good translation I had to consult a specialized dictionary.

Thus, having analysed several contracts, I have identified the following features of a contract writing style that must be taken into consideration in the translation process:

lexical features: the use of standard collocations and clichés;

grammatical features: the use of indefinite and perfect forms of verbs;

stylistic features: consistency, conciseness, brevity of information.

CONCLUSION

My practice in translation has been performed at the Polytechnical College of Chișinău. During this practice I had to find solutions for various difficulties in translation.

As a future translator I can say that translation plays a very important role in our lives, because its principal aim is to ensure the communication between people. So it is very important to be an objective person, to possess extensive knowledge in various fields, in order to make adequate translations. In my opinion the profession of translator seems very difficult: you need to consult a lot of sources and dictionaries, you need to keep in mind the translation of lots of words. Every day you have the chance to improve your skills and vocabulary and also to know a lot of people, their ideas and opinions.

It is important to study the culture of the target readers. Often, ideas and even words are particular to specific cultures. It is not enough to have superficial knowledge of the TL to produce good translations. A translator must have complete understanding of both SL and TL, as well as possess the ability to deal with differences in their meanings. The cultural ideas that I have encountered in the process of translation involve not only memorizing lots of details about words but also require an insight of the culture. It is important to take into account factors like tone or intentions when a word has no translation into the language you are translating. Many cultures have similar behaviours or traits; yet, the techniques they use to express them are different. That is something that can be challenging but requires years of experience.

In general, the work of a translator includes reading documents, writing and editing copies, preparing summaries, consulting clients, developing contacts and using translation computer programmes. More specifically, a translator has to read the text if he wants to gain an overview of its content. In doing so, he/she has to note the key words and terms used in the ST and to research their meanings and usages. Then follows the stage of the translation itself. After the initial translation is thoroughly and systematically checked word by word, phrase by phrase, sentence by sentence, the translator has to be sure that nothing misses and nothing is miscalculated. The TT is refined and improved step by step. Ideally, the translator is reviewing the translation on the second day in terms of quality and carries out the final proofreading the TT. The translator may give the translated text to another translator or a native speaker for a final review.

During the translation practice, I had the possibility to assess the level of my theoretical training in the field of translation and to apply my knowledge in the process of translation of business texts. I have come to the conclusions that the theoretical background is but a starter in the vast professional activity of a translator. When translating, I managed to understand some linguistic and extralinguistic subtleties in the English, Romanian and Spanish languages. I have also learnt to observe the specific nature of the source and target texts and to find appropriate translations for the terms from the business field.

In conclusion, it is important to underline that being a translator is exciting, especially now when translation is one of the most required jobs in today’s society. As language is constantly changing, it will take years before an intelligent computer program appears to translate and understand as well as humans do. As a result, translators’ job will be greatly valued for the years to come.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Бурмистрова Н.А.; Котляр В. Английский язык для эффективного менеджмента. Москва: Технологическая школа бизнеса, 1994. 264 с.

Лозинская Р.Г. Документ как тип текста и его стилистические характеристики. / Тезисы к 7-му зональному совещанию Восточно-Сибирского региона. Часть I. / Иркутск: ИГУ, 1983. 170 c.

Dictionaries

Bantaș, Andrei. Dicționar englez-român. București: Teora, 1996. 366 p.

Focșeneanu, Eleodor. Dictionar spaniol-român și român-spaniol. București: Teora, 2007. 489 p.

Hornby, Albert S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 1326 p.

Plăcintar, Emilia; Bertea, Mircea. Dicționar englez-român, român-englez. Chișinău: Știința, 2000. 710 p.

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Dicționar economic român-englez, available at http://bestdictionary.ro (visited 15.05.2015).

Dicționar online pentru 27 de limbi străine, available at http://ro.bab.la/ (visited 18.05.2015).

Hallo Dicționar Online, available at http://hallo.ro/ (visited 13.05.2015).

Model de scrisoare comercială, available at http://profadeengleza.com/model-de-scrisoare-comerciala-scrisoare-de-solicitare/ (visited 06.05.2015).

Online English Explanatory Dictionary, available at http://dictionary.reference.com/ (visited 29.04.2015).

Thesaurus English Dictionary Online, available at http://thesaurus.com/ (visited 10.05.2015).

Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/ (visited 14.05.2014).

Word Reference Dictionary, available at http://.wordreference.com/ (visited 07.05.2015).

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1. Equipment Sale Contract

(Source Text)

Contract CN15012010A

Dated 20th of January2015

_Shandong Chencan Machinery Incorporated Company___ hereinafter referred to as the Seller, in the person of __Liu zhichen____, acting under ____Director Hua shengqin____ in 20 January 2015, and “Antichi Mobila” SRL hereinafter referred to as the Buyer, in the person of project director Slobodeniuc Anatolie , acting under the power of attorney dated 20January 2015, and together referred to as the Parties, have concluded the present Contract in regard to the following:

1. Subject of the Contract

1.1. The Seller undertakes to deliver, and the Buyer to accept and pay for the equipment, spare parts and other goods, in assortment and at the prices according to the Specifications attached being an integral part hereof.

2. Total Amount of the Contract

2.1. The total amount of the Contract is 14700 (fourteen thousand seven hundred) US dollars.

2.2. In case of an increase or decrease in the quantity of supplement, the total amount of the Contract can be changed by agreement between the parties.

2.3. The prices of each consignment of the Goods include the price of the Goods, the price of export packing, marking, all applicable taxes and export dues, outlays for custom service, delivery in the port, Invoice issued by the Seller.

3. Dates and Terms of Delivery

3.1. The loading port for each consignment shall be agreed in the Specification.

3.2. The contract and all the documents, connected with the contract fulfilment shall be sent by e-mail or facsimile.

3.3. The Seller is to submit to the Buyer by e-mail the following list of documents within 14 working days after the shipping of the goods form the port of discharge: invoice, packing list, specification to the contract. Within 5 working days after the actual acceptance of goods, the Buyer is to accept the documents of the Seller by signing the invoice for the goods and sending the copy of the signed invoice to the Seller’s address by e-mail.

3.4. Within 2 working days after the signing of the present contract, the Seller is to send it via DHL service to the Buyer.

4. Terms of Payment; property right passing

4.1. The Buyer shall pay 100 per cent of the order price for the goods to the Seller within not later than 180 calendar days from the arrival of goods on the territory of the Russian Federation. Advance payment is allowed.

4.2. In case of partial delivery of the goods, the payment shall be effected proportionally to the volume of partial delivery, according to the Seller invoices.

4.3. The currency of the contract is U.S. dollar.

4.4. Payment shall be made by telegraphic transfer in US dollars.

4.5. In case of advance payment, the delivery of each consignment is arranged within 40 days from the date of advanced payment. In case of non-delivery of goods, the Seller shall reimburse the advance payment within 50 days from the date of the performance of the advance payment.

4.6. The property right shall pass from the Seller to the Buyer upon delivery of the goods to the ocean port, stated in the Invoice.

5. Packing and Marking

5.1. The packing of the goods shall exclude the possibility of accidental damage, spoilage, loss of quality under long-term. The proper transportation, storage and handling shall be made according to the Buyer’s request.

6. Delivery and Acceptance of production

6.1. The Seller shall be obliged to provide the goods together with all the necessary documents (including invoices, packing lists) and shall be responsible for their proper contents and issuing.

7. Warranty

7.1 The claims may be made within twenty days after receipt of the goods at the buyer’s warehouse for the quality of the production if it does not conform to the quality stipulated in the present Contract. The buyer shall have the right to lay claims to the Seller in respect of the quantity, within ten days from the date of the receiving. The claims shall contain the specification of the goods as well as the content of the claim. The claim shall be forwarded by a registered letter, enclosing all the necessary documents, justifying the claim.

8. Force-Majeure

8.1. The Parties shall be released from responsibility for partial or complete nonfulfillment of their liabilities under this Contract, if such nonfulfillment is caused by Force-Majeure circumstances, such as: fire, flood, earth-quake, provided that such circumstances have directly affected the execution of this Contract.

In such case, the period of fulfilment of the contractual obligations shall be extended for the period of such circumstances.

8.2. The Party which is not in a position to meet its obligations under the Contract should notify immediately in writing (by cable, telex of fax) the other Party of the beginning and cessation of the above-mentioned circumstances.

8.3. The written evidence issued by the respective Chambers of Commerce will be a sufficient proof of the existence and duration of the above-mentioned circumstances.

8.4. If these circumstances last longer than 6 months, the Parties shall jointly consider a possibility of execution of this Contract and determine new terms and conditions in accordance with the situation which has arisen.

9. Arbitration

9.1. In case of disputes and difficulties between the Parties under the present agreement and in connection herewith, the Parties shall take all the necessary measures in order to settle the said disputes and difficulties by way of negotiations.

9.2. If the parties do not come to an agreement during 10 (ten) days, the case shall be settled in Arbitration in the country of the respondent.

10. Other Conditions

10.1. This Contract comes into force from the date of signing and shall remain valid until 08.01.2016.

10.2. Neither Party has the right to transfer its rights and obligations under this Contract to a third Party without the written consent of the other Party.

10.3. Any amendments and supplements to this Contract shall be valid only if made in writing and signed by the authorized representatives of the both Parties.

11. Legal Addresses of the Parties and bank details

The Buyer The Seller

Stamps and signatures of the parties

THE BUYER: THE SELLER:

_____________________ _____________________

Project Director Project Manager

Contract Nr. CN15012010A

din 20 ianuarie 2015

(Translated Text)

Shandong Chencan Machinery Incorporated _Company denumită în continuare Vânzător, reprezentată de__Liu zhichen____, acționând cu acordul Directorului Hua shengqin la 20 ianuarie 2015, și “Antichi Mobila” SRL denumită în continuare Cumpărător, reprezentată de directorul proiectului Slobodeniuc Anatolie , acționând în baza peocurii din 20 ianuarie 2015, și împreună denumite în continuare Părți, au încheiat prezentul Contract, după cum urmează:

1. Obiectul Contractului

1.1. Vânzătorul se angajează să livreze, iar Cumpărătorul să accepte și să plătească pentru echipamente, piese de schimb și alte bunuri, în asortimentul și la prețurile specificate în Specificațiile anexate fiind parte integrantă a prezentului Contract.

2. Valoarea totală a Contractului

2.1. Valoarea totală a Contractului este de 14700 (paisprezece mii șapte sute) de dolari SUA.

2.2. În caz de creștere sau scădere a cantității suplimentului, valoarea totală a Contractului poate fi modificată prin acordul părților.

2.3. Prețurile pentru fiecare lot de Bunuri includ prețul Bunurilor, prețul de ambalaj de export, marcarea, toate taxele aplicabile și taxele de export, cheltuielile pentru serviciul vamal, livrare în port, factura emisă de Vânzător.

3. Date și Termeni de livrare

3.1. Portul de încărcare pentru fiecare expediere se stabilește în Specificații.

3.2. Contractul și toate documentele, aferente îndeplinirii Contractului sunt valabile în e-mail sau copii facsimile.

3.3. În termen de 14 zile lucrătoare de la trimiterea bunurilor din portul de descărcare Vânzătorul va prezenta Cumpărătorului prin e-mail următoarea listă de documente: factura, lista de ambalare, Specificații la Contract. În termen de 5 zile lucrătoare de la acceptarea bunurilor Cumpărătorul va accepta documentele Vânzătorului semnând factura pentru bunuri și expediind copia facturii semnate la adresa Vânzătorului prin e-mail.

3.4. În termen de 2 zile lucrătoare de la semnarea prezentului contract, Vânzătorul îl va transmite Cumpărătorului prin intermediul serviciului DHL.

4. Condiții de plată, transmiterea dreptului de proprietate

4.1. Cumpărătorul plătește pentru bunuri Vânzătorului în cuantumul de 100 procente din valoarea comenzii nu mai târziu de 180 de zile calendaristice de la intrarea bunurilor pe teritoriul Federației Ruse. Se permite plata în avans.

4.2. În caz de livrare parțială a bunurilor, plata se efectuează proporțional cu volumul livrării parțiale, conform facturilor Vânzătorului.

4.3. Valuta contractului este dolarul american.

4.4. Plata se efectuează prin transfer telegrafic în dolari.

4.5. În caz de plată în avans livrarea se efectuează în termen de 40 zile de la data de plată în avans. În cazul în care bunurile nu sunt expediate, Vânzătorul returnează avansul în termen de 50 zile de la data plății în avans.

4.6. Dreptul de proprietate trece de la vânzător la cumpărător în momentul livrării bunurilor la portul oceanului, a declarat în factură.

5. Ambalare și Marcare

5.1. Ambalarea bunurilor trebuie să excludă posibilitatea unui prejudiciu accidental, alterare, pierdere în calitate în condiții de durată, transport adecvat, depozitare și manipulare care corespunde cerințelor Cumpărătorului.

6. Livrarea și Acceptarea producției

6.1. Vânzătorul este obligat să furnizeze produsele, împreună cu toate documentele necesare (inclusiv facturi, liste de ambalare) și este responsabil pentru conținutul și emiterea adecvată.

7. Garanție

7.1 Pretențiile pot fi prezentate în termen de douăzeci de zile de la primirea bunurilor la depozitul Cumpărătorului pentru calitatea producției în cazul în care aceasta nu corespunde cu calitatea prevăzută în prezentul Contract. Cumpărătorul are dreptul să înainteze pretenții Vânzătorului în ceea ce privește cantitatea, în termen de zece zile de la data primirii; pretențiile trebuie să conțină bunurile, precum și natura pretenției. Pretențiile se vor transmite printr-o scrisoare recomandată, anexându-se toate documentele necesare, care să le justifice.

8. Forță Majoră

8.1. Părțile vor fi exonerate de răspundere pentru neîndeplinirea parțială sau totală a obligațiilor lor în temeiul prezentului Contract, dacă această neîndeplinire a fost cauzată de circumstanțe de forță majoră, și anume: incendii, inundații, cutremure de pământ, cu condiția că aceste circumstanțe au afectat în mod direct executarea prezentului Contract.

În acest caz, perioada de îndeplinire a obligațiilor contractuale se prelungește pentru perioada egală cu cea a acestor circumstanțe.

8.2. Partea pentru care a devenit imposibil să-și îndeplinească obligațiile în temeiul Contractului, trebuie să notifice imediat în forma scrisă (prin cablu, telex de fax) cealaltă Parte despre începutul și încetarea circumstanțelor de mai sus.

8.3. Dovezile scrise emise de Camerele de Comerț corespunzătoare vor servi drept dovadă suficientă a existenței și duratei circumstanțelor de mai sus.

8.4. În cazul în care aceste circumstanțe durează mai mult de 6 luni, Părțile vor găsi împreună o posibilitate de executare a prezentului Contract și vor determina noi termeni și condiții, în conformitate cu situația care a apărut.

9. Arbitraj

9.1. Dacă între Părți apar dispute și dificultăți în temeiul prezentului Contract și în legătură cu acesta, Părțile vor întreprinde tate măsurile necesare pentru soluționarea disputelor și dificultăților menționate prin negocieri.

9.2. Dacă Părțile nu vor ajunge la un acord comun timp de 10 (zece) zile, cazul va fi soluționat de Arbitrajul din țara respondentului.

10. Alte Condiții

10.1. Prezentul Contract intră în vigoare de la data semnării și este valabil până la 08.01.2016.

10.2. Niciuna dintre Părți nu are dreptul de a transfera drepturile și obligațiile care îi revin în temeiul prezentului Contract unei părți terțe fără acordul scris al celeilalte Părți.

10.3. Orice modificări și completări la prezentul Contract vor fi valabile numai în cazul în care vor fi efectuate în scris și semnate de către reprezentanții autorizați ai ambelor Părți.

11. Adresele juridice ale părților și detaliile bancare

Cumpărătorul Vânzătorul

Ștampila și semnăturile Părților

CUMPĂRĂTORUL : VÂNZĂTORUL:

_____________________ _____________________

Director Proiect Manager Proiect

ANNEX 2. Examples of terms from business correspondence texts

STATEMENT*

regarding the originality of the contents of the Licence’s Project

I, the undersigned …………………………………………… in my capacity of graduate of Free International University of Moldova, Faculty of …………………………, specialty………………………………………………, year of graduation……………………………………, declare on my own responsibility that the Licence’s Project entitled ……………………………………………… ……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………, which has been elaborated under the supervision of Mr. / Mrs. ………………………………… and is to be presented to a committee, is original and I am the sole author.

I hereby declare that I have not plagiarized any Licence Projects, monographs, specialized works, articles, etc.; published or posted on Internet, as well as other biographical sources consulted in the process of the thesis elaboration for awarding Licence Title.

I declare that I agree to my Licence Project being checked in any legal ways in order to assess its originality, thereof its content being introduced in a database for such purpose.

Date………………………………. Student’s signature………………………………

*The student shall fill out this statement form in blue ink with a ballpoint or fountain pen. This statement form shall be inserted at the end of the student’s final paper as an integral part of such paper.