Corresponding Author: Vladimir POTOP Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference 3rd Central &… [602987]

http://dx.doi.org/
Corresponding Author: Vladimir POTOP
Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference

3rd Central & Eastern European LUM EN International Conference
New Approaches in Social and Humanistic Sciences |
NASHS 2017 | Chisinau, Republic of Moldova | June 8 -10, 2017

Analysis of Physical Training Influence on the
Technical Execution of Yurchenko
Handspring Vault
Vladimir POTOP1*, Sanda TOMA URICHIANU2
Abstract
This paper is intended to show the influence of the specific physical training on the technical
execution of Yurchenko handspring vault at junior gymnasts ag ed 12 to 15 years. A number of 7
tests of motricity were used in this study: 3 tests for strength -speed of lower and upper limbs, 3 tests
for complex, abdominal and back muscles strength and 1 test of specific endurance. The
biomechanical analysis was carr ied out by means of Physics ToolKit program and movement
postural orientation method, monitoring the key elements of the sports technique of Yurchenko
handspring vault. The results of the study reveal the level of specific physical training of the junior
gymnasts aged 12 -15 years, the kinematic and dynamic analysis of sports technique key elements
in terms of body segments trajectories, angular speeds and force momentum in Yurchenko
handspring vault; there is also shown the dynamics of sports performances a chieved in competitions.
Also, the assessment of the specific physical training consistent with the biomechanical analysis of
sports technique in Yurchenko handspring vault at junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years prove
their influence on the technical train ing and the performances achieved in competition
Keywords: Handspring vault , biomechanics , physical training , correlation , performance .

1 Ecological University of Bucharest/ Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest,
Romania, [anonimizat].
2 Ecological University of Bucharest/ Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest,
Romania, [anonimizat] .

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1. Introduction
At the present moment the artistic gymnastics has a new level of
development since the modifications in the Code of Points have entailed
significant changes in the content and construction of the exercise and in the
composition requirements as well. Meanwh ile, gymnastics has made
remarkable progress and has demonstrated that it develops in line with the
trends of high performance sport [ 1], [24].
In gymnastics polyathlon, the handspring vaults are the most
dynamic, athletic and shorter event [27]. In performance sports activity, a
special attention is paid to the acrobatic features of the vaults and the
combination of these ones, while the difficult y and value of the vaults is
assessed according to the height and length of the flights – especially the
second one – and als o depending on the twists performed in various axes
during the flights [1], [13], [32].
One of the main tasks of physical training is to increase the
effectiveness which entail s a higher technicity of movement execution. In
the practi cal activity of artistic gymnastics, the physical training has two
form s [32]: general physical training and specific physical training . Hence a
poor physical training of the female gymnasts leads to a n incorrect and faulty
technique and consequently to a failure in competition. Also, a good
technical and physical training not supported by proper mental training leads
to modest performances [11].
2. Problem Statement
According to the Code of Points of W omen’s Artistic Gymnastics ,
the handspring vaults are divided into 5 groups [5]; the round -off stretched
salto backward vault (Yurchenko) belongs to group IV. All handspring
vaults have one thing in common, determined by the phases that compose
their full development, namely: runnin g, hurdle onto springboard, first flight,
support with hands on table (handspring), second flight and landing [10],
[12], [28], [32].
Physical training is one of the most important factor s of sports
training in the achiev ement of high performance . The main objectives of
physical training are the increase of athlete’s physiological potential and the
development of the biometric characteristics up to the highest level [4], [16],
[29].
Physical training represents a process of educating the motor skills
required by the correct acquisition of elements, connections and

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combinations, as well as by the entire exercis es in artistic gymnastics. It is
strictly related to the technical, psychological, artistic, tactical and theoretical
training [ 20].
An importa nt part of physical training is the increase of athlete’s
possibility to apply the motor skills in training conditions and in the sports
competitions. To this end, it is necessary to ensure the specific level of
physical training, the interdependent connection of force and sports
technique, the activity of the vegetative nervous system and the ideal
development of the other motor skills [9], [20], [31] .
The knowledge of the biomechanical characteristics and
physiological stress of the body in gymnastics requires an accurate
assessment of the effort made by athletes [ 6], [19], [29] .
At the present moment, the issue of technical execution corr ectness
in gymnastics is the main criterion for the inclusion of performances on a
continuously ascending curve. The complexity of current gymnastics
technique requires the use of a new „technology” able to decipher the
internal mechanisms of the movement in order to know and use them for
increasing performances. The modern trends come from the field of
biomechanics as a scientific branch whose main target is the very discovery
of these mechanisms [7], [30].
Handspring vaults are the event with a single bas ic technical
structure and variants thereof, the handspring rollover. That is why in the
most numerous studies and researches on the biomechanical issues of
handspring vaults , the authors [3], [17] examine the elastic parameters of the
springboard, the par ameters of contact with the floor, the handspring and
the landing parameters, also the correlation between the mechanical
variables and the score of the vault.
In terms of Yurchenko vaults, most authors [14, [15], [18], [21], [25],
[26] address various bi omechanical aspects regarding the biomechanical
comparison of Yurchenko vault and two associated teaching drills, the
improvement of sports technique key elements based on biomechanical
analysis, the kinematics of springboard phase, the e -learning by compu ter
video analysis of the key elements of sports technique , the us e of e-training in
mathematic al modeling of Yurchenko vault biomechanical characteristics etc.
3. Research Questions /Aims of the research
The purpose of the research is to highlight the dynamics of physical
training and its influence on the biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko
handspring vault in junior gymnasts aged 12-15 years.

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Hypothesis of the study. We believe that the correlative analysis of the
physical training indicator s and the biomechanical features of Yurchenko
vault will show the level of connection between the indicator s and their
influence on the performances achieved in competition .
4. Research Methods
The resea rch was carried out from 2012 to 2014 and included 7
athletes of 12 -15 years old , all of them component s of junior national team
of Romania . Met hods of research used : theoretical -methodical analysis of
specialized literatur e, met hod of tests, video compute rized method [8], [23]
using the biomechanical analy sis program : ”Kinovea ” and ”Physics
ToolKit ”, method of movement postural orientation and evaluation of the
sports technique key elements with complex coordination of movement
structure [9], [24] , statistic al method by means of ”KyPlot” program .
For highlighting the influen ce of physical training on handspring
vaults technical execution, we analyzed 10 Yurchenko type handspring
vaults(3 Yurchenko stretched salto YSS, 4 – YSS with 360° turn and 3 – YSS
with 720° turn) in competition conditions, du ring Romanian National
Championships , Bucharest 2014.
The control tests were applied as follows :
A. Strength -speed:
1. Test 1 – standing long jump (2 attempts, cm);
2. Test 2 – standing high jump (2 attempts, cm);
3. Test 3 – rope climb with no leg support (seconds) .
B. Strength:
4. Test 4 – rib stall hanging leg raise in 30 seconds (no of reps);
5. Test 5 – prone trunk extension in 30 sec. (no of reps);
6. Test 6 – handstand on the beam (2 attempts, no of reps);
C. Specific endurance:
7. Test 7 – handstand hold on the balance beam (2 attempts,
seconds ).
5. Findings
The phasic structure of the control exercises within the research
focused on the biomechanical analysis of key elements of Yurchenko round –
off vault with backward stretched salto, taking into account the functional
structure and the causes as a whole , which are characteristic of the

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translational movement with rotation of body segments around GCG axis
(fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Key elements of Yurchenko vault sports technique
(Round -off, flic k-flack on – stretched salto backwards)

Note: in preparatory phase – launching posture of the body (LP1), flip off of the
springboard (preparatory movement) and multiplication of posture of the body – the 1st
flight, half back rollover (MP1) and handspring on apparatus, flip off of th e table (LP2); in
basic phase – multiplication of posture of the body (MP2), the 2nd fligh t that highlights the
shape of salto and the momentum of maximum height of GCG (1 ½ stretched salto
backwards, 1 ½ stretched salto backwards with 360° and 720° turn); final phase –
concluding posture (CP) of the body, moment of sticking the landing

Table 1. Results of physical training level of the female gymnasts aged 12-15
years
Control tests Statist ical indicators
SD Cv% t р
IT FT IT FT IT FT
Force –
Speed Test 1(cm) 189.28 197.57 12.24 11.07 6.47 5.60 9.021 <0.001
Test 2(cm) 31.71 36.28 2.87 1.79 9.05 4.96 9.505 <0.001
Test 3(sec) 17.08 12.26 3.75 2.07 21.96 16.93 5.473 <0.01
Force Test 4( no of rep s) 19.50 20.71 1.26 0.76 6.45 3.65 3.545 <0.05
Test 5( no of rep s) 33.71 35.71 1.70 0.76 5.06 2.12 4.099 <0.01
Test 6( no of rep s) 14.14 16.86 3.28 2.79 23.24 16.58 4.214 <0.01
S. End. Test 7(sec) 49.14 61.43 29.24 21.81 59.49 35.50 4.199 <0.01
Note: S. End. – Specific Endurance ; no of reps – number of repetitions; IT – initial testing;
FT – final testing ; parametric t- Test: Paired Comparison for Means

Table 1 shows the results of physical training level in the gymnasts aged 12
to 15 in terms of force- (explosive) speed of the lower limbs , force of
abdominal muscles, back muscles and scapular belt muscles and specific
endurance of the sense of balance.
x

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Table 2. Correlation of physical training indicators with Yurchenko vault
biomec hanical characteristics and the performances achieved in competition
(n =10)

№

Indicator s Force – Speed Force Specific
Endur.
Test 1
(cm) Test 2
(cm) Test 3
(sec) Test 4
(reps no) Test 5
(reps no) Test 6
(reps no) Test 7
(sec)
1 IR (kg·m2) **.821 *.654 -.353 ***-.943 .062 .412 .408
2 RM,
(m)
toes .326 -.096 .368 *-.676 .101 .284 .430
3 should .204 -.278 .299 -.237 .238 .170 .181
4 arms .189 -.074 .438 -.404 .-142 -.009 -.026
5 KE,
(deg)

LP1 .484 .195 .071 -.545 -.283 .519 .329
6 MP1 -.563 -.571 .603 .209 -.198 -.187 -.027
7 LP2 .066 .081 -.005 -.288 -.611 .579 .421
8 MP2 .078 .388 -.304 -.167 -.406 .197 .115
9 CP -.297 -.456 .368 .296 -.089 -043 -098
10
LP1 should,
m x -.608 -.144 -.032 *.709 -.526 -.287 -.468
11 y ***.890 *.647 -.466 **-.856 .210 .454 .404
12
MP1 GCG,
m x -.247 -.279 .233 .242 *-.643 .342 .052
13 y .388 .500 -.378 -.335 .324 -.241 -.141
14
LP2 Toes,
m x *-.653 -.321 .127 *.690 -.178 -.441 -.437
15 y ***.919 **.768 -.563 *-.681 .213 .344 .259
16
MP2 GCG,
m x -.240 -.019 -.009 .074 .283 -.422 -.150
17 y **.856 **.829 *-.661 *-.713 .357 .139 .139
18
CP Should,
m x .395 .528 -.433 -.404 .526 -.274 -.033
19 y -.105 -.571 .547 .185 .373 -.174 -.128
20 LP1 Should rad/s -.041 .410 -.458 .291 -.080 -.290 -.384
21
MP1 Should rad/s .255 .501 -.584 -.184 .074 .170 .198
22 Toes rad/s -.148 .206 -.491 .249 .214 -.259 -.152
23 LP2 Toes rad/s -.571 *-.726 **.777 .209 -.497 .174 .182
24
MP2 Should rad/s -.179 -.252 .561 -.045 -.024 -.352 -.224
25 Toes rad/s -.154 -.290 .129 .531 .248 -.397 -.535
26 CP Should rad/s .010 .429 -.085 -.394 -.165 -.225 .019
27 Toes rad/s -.206 .205 .093 -.197 -.306 -.202 .008
28 LP1 N .269 .542 *-.696 -.201 .009 .225 .213
29 MP1 N .349 .060 .192 -.609 .134 .149 .278
30 LP2 GCG, N .337 .407 *-.683 -.219 .141 .441 .419
31 MP2 N .002 -.398 .500 -.005 .354 -.237 -.150
32 CP N .439 **.813 -.497 *-.641 -.322 .108 .104
33 Results comp.(points) .322 *.675 *-.652 -.252 -.012 -.002 -.015
Note: Parametric test linear correlation Pe arson’s; *** – p<0.001; ** – p<0.01; * – p<0.05

Table 2 presents the results of the correlation of physical training indicators
with the biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault and
the performances achieved in competition by the gymnasts of 12 to 15 years

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old. We used ”KyPlot ” program for statistical calculation , Pearson ’s linear
correlation parametric test , as follows :
1) Biomec hanical indicators necessary for analysis : inertia of rotation
(IR, kg ∙m2), ra dius of movement (RM, m) of body segments .
2) Angular characteristics of sports tech nique key elements (fig. 1):
LP1 – launching body posture 1 – angle between joints of ankle – shoulders;
MP1 – multiplication of body posture 1 – angle between toes – shoulders;
LP2 – launching body posture 2 – angle between hand joint – foot 2; MP2
– multiplication body posture 2 – angle between hip – torso; CP –
concluding body posture, landing – angle between hip – torso .
3) Spatial characteristic s of body segments movement trajectory (m):
LP1 – shoulders , MP1 – GCG, LP2 – toes, MP2 – GCG and CP –
shoulders .
4) Characteristics of angular speed (rad/s ): LP1 – shoulders , MP1 –
shoulders and toes , LP2 – toes, MP2 – shoulders and toes and CP –
shoulders .
5) Characteristic s of force resultant of GCG (N ) displacement in all
key elements of vault phases .
6) Results obtained in competition in all -around finals and apparatus
finals (handspring vault s) in the Women’s Artistic Gymnastics National
Championships of Romania , Buc harest, 2014.
6. Discussions
The comparativ e analysis of physical training le vel in 12 to 15 years
old gymnasts was made by calculating the most usual statistical indicators
and the significance of the differences between the averages of the research
initial and final testing (2012 and 2014) by means of the parametric t –
Student method.
The evaluation of force -speed development was made by applying 3
tests which pointed out the following values (table 1):
Test 1, force of lower limbs , evaluated by standing long jump , has
an average of 189.28 cm in the initial testing with an increase by 8.29 cm in
the final testing (194. 9 cm), coe fficient of variation (Cv%) – 6.47% and
5.60%, significant differences between tests at p˂0.001 (t=9. 021);
Test 2, force of lower limbs , evaluated by standing high jump , has
an average of 31.71 cm in initial testing and an increase by 4.57 cm in final
testing (36.28 cm), Cv – 9.05% and 4.96%, significant differences between
tests at p˂0.001 (t= 9.505 );

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Test 3, force of upper limbs , evaluated by rope climb ing with no leg
support , has an average of 17.08 sec in initial testing and an improvement by
4.82 sec in final testing (12.26 sec), Cv – 21.96% and 16.93%, significant
differences between tests at p˂0.001 (t= 5.473 ).
The evaluation of force development was made by applying 3 test s
that highlighted the following values :
Test 4, abdominal force , evaluated by rib stall h anging leg raise in 30
seconds; it has an average of 19.50 reps in initial testing and an increase by
1.21 rep s in final testing (20.7 1 reps), Cv – 6.45% and 3.65%, significant
differences between tests at p˂0.05 (t=3. 545);
Test 5, back force , evaluated by torso extension in 30 sec, has an
average of 33.71 reps in initial testing and an increase by 2 rep s in final
testing (35.71 reps), Cv – 6.06% and 2.12%, significant differences between
tests at p˂0.01 (t= 4.099 );
Test 6, complex force , evaluated by power handstand on balance
beam , has an average of 14.14 reps in initial testing and an increase by 2.72
reps in final testing (16.86 reps), Cv – 23.24 % and 16.58%, significant
differences between tests at p˂0.01 (t= 4.214 ).
The evaluation of specific endurance development was made by
applying only one evaluation test that highlighted the values as follows :
Test 7 , sense of balance , evaluated by keeping the handstand
position on balance beam ; it has an average of 49.14 sec in initial testing and
an increase by 12.29 sec in final testing (61.43 sec), Cv – 59.49 % and
35.50 %, significant differences between tests at p˂0.01 (t=4.1 99).
During the correlative analysis there were select ed 33 biomechanical
indicators considered importan t for highlighting the influen ce of the correct
technical execution of Yurchenko handspring vault . The data of the
kinematic and dynamic characteristics indicator s of Yurchenko handspr ing
vault were processed by means of Physics Toolkit and Kinovea video
computerized analysis programs in conformity with the analysis method of
movement postural orientation sports technique [Boloban, 2013].
The results of the correlative analysis point out strong connections
between (table 2):
– Test 1 and LP1 indicators (shoulders – Y, m) r=.890 and LP2 (toes
– Y, m) r=.919 at p<0.001, IR (kg•m2) and MP2 (GCG – Y, m) r=.856 at
p<0.01 and LP2 (toes – X, m) r=.653 at p<0.05;
– Test 2 and LP2 indicators (toes – Y, m) r=.768, MP2 (GCG – Y,
m) r=.82 9 and CP (GCG – F, N) r=.813 and p<0.01; IR (kg•m2) r=.654,
LP1 (shoulders – Y, m) r=.647, LP2 (toes – rad/s) r= -.726 and the result in
competition (points) r=.675 at p<0.05;

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– Test 3 and IR (kg•m2) indicators r=-.943 at p<0.001, LP1
(shoulders – Y, m) r= -.856 at p<0.01 , RM (toes, m) r= -.676, LP1 (shoulders
– X, m) r=.709, LP2 (shoulders – Y, m) r= -.681, MP2 (GCG – Y, m) r= –
.713 and CP (GCG – F, N) r= -.641 at p<0.05;
– Test 4 and MP1 indic ator (GCG – X, m) r= -.643 at p<0.05 .
In terms of moderate connections between the analyzed indicat ors, it
is also observ ed that there are more 23 cases with values of r=.500 -.611 and
the other indicators show poor or even non -existing insignificant differe nces
at p>0.05.
7. Conclusions
The comparative analysis of physical training level of the female
gymnasts aged 12-15 years highlights the dynamics of the explosive force of
lower limbs and of force -speed of upper limbs, the abdominal and back
force and the sense of balance .
The influence of physical training indicator s on the kinematic and
dynamic characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault executed by
gymnast s of 12-15 years old shows the connection between the analyzed
indicators and their influence on the performances achieved in competition.
8. Acknowledgement
This case study is part of the pedagogical experiment of the post –
doctoral thesis; it is included in the research plan in the field of National
University of Physical Education and Sport from Ukraine, with the subject
matters: 2.11 (Dynamic static stability as a basis for technical training of
those involved in sports gymnastics views), 2.32 (Technical training of
qualified athlete based on competitive exercises technique rationalization)
and p lan of research for 201 7-2018 of the Faculty of Physical Education
and Sport, Ecological University of Bucharest. I hereby declare under my
own responsibility that the subjects participating in the research have been
informed of the voluntary nature of pa rticipation in the research, of the
understanding of the information received and of the understanding that
withdrawal can be done at any time, without any negative consequences on
the participant. The research respected the ethical standards of the resear ch,
the participants / the next of kin of the participants gave their consent to
take part in the research.

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