Corresponding Author: Vladimir POTOP Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference 3rd Central &… [602416]

http://dx.doi.org/
Corresponding Author: Vladimir POTOP
Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference

3rd Central & Eastern European LUM EN International Conference
New Approaches in Social and Humanistic Sciences |
NASHS 2017 | Chisinau, Republic of Moldova | June 8 -10, 2017
Analysis of the Influence of Sensor imotor
Coordination Development on the Technical
Execution of Balance Beam Dismounts
Vladimir POTOP1*, Valeriu JURAT2, Ion CARP3
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to reveal the influence of sensorimotor coordination development on the
technical executi on of balance beam dismounts in the case of junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years. To
achieve the purpose and objectives of the research, we used the following methods: review of specialized
literature; pedagogical observation method; pedagogical experiment method; tests method; video
computerized method of biomechanical analysis; method of movement postural orientation; statistical –
mathematical method and graphical representation method. In this study we used 3 tests of assessment
of sensorimotor coordinatio n development: test 1 – stuck landing; test 2 –”Briuk” test, static balance
and test 3 – static-kinematic stability. The biomechanical analysis was made by means of Physics
ToolKit Version 6.0 program, monitoring the key elements of sports technique used i n the dismounts
off balance beam. The study findings show the level of sensorimotor coordination development in terms
of spatial -temporal orientation, vestibular coordination and balance, kinematic and dynamic analysis
of sports technique key elements rega rding body segments trajectories, angular speeds and force
momentum during dismounts off balance beam. As for the correlation of sensorimotor coordination
indicators with performance results on balance beam, there are significant differences which confirm the
influence of the sensorimotor coordination on junior gymnasts’ technical training on this apparatus .
Also, the evaluation of sensorimotor coordination consistent with the biomechanical analysis of sports
technique of dismounts off balance beam in the case of junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 highlights their
influence on the technical training and performances achieved in competitions .
Keywords: Balance beam; dismount; sensorimotor coordination; technique; performance .

1 PhD in science in Physical Training and Sport, Ecological University of Bucharest, Ro mania,
[anonimizat] .
2 Doctor in pedagogical sciences, State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau,
Republic of Moldova, [anonimizat] .
3 PhD in pedagogical sciences, State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau,
Republic of Moldova, ioncarp6351@ya hoo.com .

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1. Introduction
Artistic gymnastics cu rrently registered remarkable progresses,
characterized by motor coordination, emotional balance, resistance to stress,
focused attention, vestibular balance etc. Balance beam, the third event
specific to women’s artistic gymnastics, is characterized by both physical and
mental balance. In conformity with the regulations, the exercise on balance
beam must include a mount, the content with difficult elements belonging to
different structural groups and a dismount [ 1], [21], [27] . The dismount is
the most imp ortant moment of each routine because the last impression
depends on it. In the table of difficult elements on balance beam included in
the Code of Points [ 7], the dismount is the 6th group of elements and
includes 7 types of dismounts, with different valu es of difficulty (A, B, C, D,
E, F and G).
With regard to the forms of manifestin g the coordination capacity
(skill) in artistic gymnastics, a number of ”senses” or psychomotor skills are
included , namely [1 4]: sense of balance; sense of orientation in spa ce; sense
of coordination of the movements made by the mobile segments; sense of
coordination of the large muscle groups; sense of decomposition and
analysis of movements; sense of rhythm; sense of assessment of distance,
direction, velocity, amplitude and degree of strain.
The coordinative capacity is largely dependent on the efficiency of
the analyzers that influence directly the process of movement guidance and
control. These analyzers cooperate and complement each other as follows
[5],[1 5]: static -dynamic (vestibular) analyzer; kinesthetic analyzer; touch
analyzer; sound analyzer; optical analyzer.
Biomechanics research in artistic gymnastics can be made both by
methods of biomechanics and methods taken from other fields of
knowledge (pedagogical, mecha nical, physiological, psychological, medical
field etc.) with the main target to point out th e core features of the
movement [1], [6], [1 3].
According to the current compositional requirements and the
specific of the apparatus ( balance beam), women’s artis tic gymnastics must
contain culminating points create d by connectin g two or several acrobatic,
gymnastics or mixed elements [27] As the dismount is not a compulsory
technical requirement it must be consistent with the difficulty of the entire
exercise and the specific demands of the contest [20].
The knowledge of the correlative connections between the
sensorimotor coordination indicators, the biomechanical ones and the
performance s on balance beam achieved by junior female g ymnasts of 12 –
15 years old and also the significance of these connections can contribute to

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the more efficient development of the modern didactical programs of
learning .
2. Problem Statement
The coordinative skills of athletes are quite different and specific to
each sports branch. Ho wever they can be distinguished according to the
particularities of manifestation, criteria of evaluation and conditioning
factors. In training and competition real practice, all coordinative abilities are
not manifested separately but in a complex interac tion [16]. In terms of
sense of balance and body posture, the vestibular analyzer plays an
important role [8], [23].
Thus, the coordinative abilities designate a complex of predominantly
psycho -motor skills including the ability to learn fast new movements , to
adapt quickly and efficiently to various conditions, specific to different types
of activities, by reconfiguration of the motor background [10].
According to Blume (1981), quoted by Manno, the coordinative
abilities are organized under the form of a system, taking into consideration
the inter -conditioning of components and their purposes [ 11]. The
manifestation forms of the coordinative abilities can be defined as follows
[12]: general coordinative abilities, specific coordinative abilities and
coordi native abilities under the conditions of other motor skills.
According to Berstein (1991), the optimal operation of the sensitive
vestibular system has a great importance for achieving high results in
different branches of sport [22], primarily in those sp orts in which the
athlete must have a very good sensory -motor coordination. The increasing
sports mastery and competitive programs difficulty require a specialized
analysis to reveal the influence of different factors upon the vestibular
analyzer and also the influence of the mechanical forces resulted from the
inertial forces in linear and angular accelerations[2] , [9].
In terms of physiology, the coordination capacity can be defined as a
complex psycho -motor quality based on the correlation between the c entral
nervous system and the skeletal muscles during the performance of a
movement [5].
The regulation of body posture – aspiration of the body to
functional order, to the updating and coordination of human body units in
balance – is an effective solutio n to define the motor tasks [3].
The review of specialized literature certifies the importance of the
research on gymnastics exercises technique and its learning, taking into

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account the body postures and positions and the synchronized key e lements
of sport technique [19],[24].
The coordinative capacity is a psychomotricity component included
in a complex aptitude with a very important role in the life of a human,
therefore of a gymnast [14]. This capacity interfer es with other aptitudes too,
even with motor skills and abilities [25], [26] .
Because coordination is a natural inherited capacity, the specific
methods to develop it are quite few in comparison with other bio -motor
capacities. During the coordination development stages, the coach m ust try
to use exercises of progressive increasing complexity. The difficulty and
complexity of a skill can be enhanc ed by using situations, different sports
equipment and facilities [4].
3. Research Questions /Aims of the research
This paper aims to highli ght the influence of sensorimotor
coordination development on the technical execution of balance beam
dismounts in the case of junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years .
Hypothesis of the paper . We believe that the assessment of sensorimotor
coordination is cons istent with the biomechanical analysis of sports
technique of the balance beam dismounts executed by junior gymnasts of 12
– 15 years old . We shall show its influence on the technical training and the
performances achieved in competition .
4. Research Meth ods
The following methods have been used to achieve the tasks of the
research: theoretical analysis and generalization of specialty literature data ;
pedagogical observation ; pedagogical experiment; method of tests (testing of
sensorimotor coordination) [2]; video computerized method of
biomechanical analysis, by the "Kinovea" program for analy zing the angular
characteristics of sports technique key elements of the dismounts off
balance beam and the "Physics ToolKit" program for analyzing the
kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the dismounts; method of
movement postural orientation [3] , [21] ; statistical -mathematical and
graphical methods using the KyPlot programs.
A number of 3 tests for assessment of the sensorimotor
coordination were used in this stu dy [17], [18] :

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1. Test 1 – “Briuk” test, static balance, test for maintaining body
balance on tiptoe with eyes closed and arms along the body (holding at least
15-20 sec.).
2. Test 2 –static -kinematic stability – 5 forward rolls in 5 sec. with 10
in-place jumps with eyes closed, in the centre of the graduated circle
(maximum deviation 35 cm).
3. Test 3 – stuck landing, in -depth salto from the higher bar (uneven
bars), assessed by penalties for the execution mistakes 0.1 -1.0 points; 3
attempts were granted.
This scientific approach involved the organization of an
experimental study, as part of a postdoctoral research, conducted from 2012
to 2014, with a group of 8 gymnasts of 12 to 15 years old, members of the
Olympic Team of Izvorani in that period.
During the research we analyzed 6 dismounts (3 with back salto
layout with 720ș twist – BSL720ș, 2 – BSL900ș and 1 with double back salto
piked – DSP) in 2012 and 8 dismounts (3 – BSL720ș, 2 – BSL900ș, 1 –
BSL1080ș, 1 – DSP and 1 – double back salto tucked – DST) in 2014 .
5. Findings
Table 1. Results of sensorimotor coordination development of junior
gymnasts aged 12 to 15, (n=8)
Statistics
indicators Test 1 (s) Test 2 (cm) Test 3 (points)
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
x
14.89 18.54 24.38 21.25 9.28 9.49
SD 1.94 2.38 3.29 1.91 0.14 0.06
t 4.223 3.216 4.822
р <0.01 <0.05 <0.01
Table 1 shows the results of the sensorimotor development of junior
female gymnasts of 12 -15 years old in terms of static balance, static –
kinematic stability and stuck lan ding.
In table 2 are presented the results of the angular characteristics of
sports technique key elements used in the balance beam dismounts
performed by junior female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years concerning the
preparatory movement – launching posture (L P), the basic movement –
multiplication of body posture (MP) in the maximum height of GCG flight
and the final movement phase – concluding posture (CP) – the landing.

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Table 2. Results of the angular characteristics of sports technique key
elements of the di smounts with twisting back salto layout executed by junior
female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years (2012, n=5; 2014, n=6)
Statistics
indicators LP (degrees) MP (degrees) CP (degrees)
toes – should thigh -torso thigh -torso thigh -torso
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
104.4 98.17 188.2 205.5 158.2 165.67 106.2 132.67
SD 2.07 3.97 17.22 6.77 5,27 5.16 24.09 5.57
t 3.151 2.278 2.302 2.634
р <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Note: t -Test (Assuming Equal Variances) Unpaired Comparison for Means; LP – launching posture; MP –
multiplication of body posture; CP – concluding posture (final) – landing.

Fig. 1. Graph of GCG trajectory during execution of the back salto layout
with 720 degrees twist dismount, gymnast B.A. (12 -14 years old)
Figure 1 shows the graph of GCG trajectory of the back salto layout
with 720 degrees twist (BSL720ș) dismount executed by the gymnast B.A.
(12-14 years old) during the Ro manian National Championships of
Women’s Artistic Gymnastics 2012 -2014, in terms of dynamics of the key
elements of sports technique.

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a) Angular velocity b) Resultant of GCG force
Fig. 2.Kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the back salto layout with
720 degrees twist dismount, gymnast B.A. (12 -14 years old)
In table 3 are presented the results of linear correlation of the
sensorimotor coordination, biomechanical indicators and performances
achieved in the balance beam events.
Table 3. Results of t he linear correlation between sensorimotor
coordination indicators, biomechanical indicators and performances
achieved in balance beam events by junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 (n=8)
Note: SMC –sensorimotor coordination, Perf.- performances, IR – inertia of rotation, RM – radius movement,
should. – shoulders, KE – key elements, LP – launching posture, CP – concluding posture, Diffic. – Difficulty;
Exec. – Execution; FS – final score; df = N-2, p<0.05 , r=0.707; p<0.01, r= 0. 834. No. Indicators* SMC Biomechanics indicators Performances
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
SMC Test 1, (sec) – .615 .117 – – – – – – – –
2 Test 2, (cm) -.288 – – – .060 .074 .194 .402 .114 .153 .116
3 Test 3, (points) – -.438 .039 – – – – – – – –
4
Biomechanics indicators IR(kg·m2) – -.499 – .552 .717 .217 .067 – .289 .292 .351
5
RM,
(m) toes -.540 – -.443 – .745 .774 .610 .491 .818 .556 .772
6 should -.109 -.510 – – .397 .426 – .487 .457 .562
7 arms -.371 -.037 – – – .358 .648 .939 .422 .710
8 KE,
(degrees) LP -.275 -.498 – – – – .469 .228 .567 .552
9 CP -.472 -.227 -.302 – -.007 – – .576 .282 .455
10
Perf. Diffic. (points) -.548 -.191 – – – – – – .286 .623
11 Exec. (points) -.107 -.367 – – – – – – – .928
12 FS (points) -.301 -.374 – – – – – – – –

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6. Discussions
The assessment of the sensorimotor coordination development of
junior female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years was made using three tests for
static balance, static -kinematic stability and stuck landing [1 7], [18]. The
results of the compara tive analysis reveal the following matters (table 1,
x ;
±SD): in test 1 an average of 14.89; ±1.84 cm in initial testing and an
increase of the balance holding duration by 3.65 sec in final testing with
significant differences between averages at p<0.01; i n test 2 an average of
24.38; ±3.29 cm in initial testing and improvement of static -kinematic
stability by 3.13 cm (diminution of deviation) in final testing with significant
differences between averages at p<0.05; in test 3 an average of 9.328 0.14
points in initial testing and an increase by 0.21 points of landing stability in
final testing and significant differences at p<0.01.
The results of the comparative analysis between the angular
characteristics of sports technique key elements in the dismounts with
twisting back salto layout executed by junior gymnasts aged 12 -15 years
highlight the following matters (table 2, n=6, x;±SD): the launching posture
(LP) was measured from two angles: the toes -shoulders angle has an average
of 104.4; 2.07 degrees in initial testing and an improvement of the posture
by 6.23 degrees in final testing and significant differences at p<0.05. The
thigh -torso angle has an average of 188.2; 17.22 degrees in initial testing and
an increase by 17.3 degrees in final testing and significant differences
between tests at p<0.05; the multiplication of body posture (MP) at
maximum height of GCG flight (angle between thigh and torso) has an
average of 158.2; 5.27 degrees in initial testing and an improvement of the
posture (increase of the angle) by 7.47 degrees in final testing and significant
differences between the average values at p<0.05; in concluding posture
(CP) – landing (x; ±SD) the thigh -torso angle has an average of 106.2; 24.09
degrees in initial testing and an improvemen t of posture angle by 26.47
degrees in final testing and significant differences of the average values
between tests at p<0.05.
The results of the comparative analysis of the individual
biomechanical indicators of the 720 degrees twisting back salto layou t
dismount (BSL720ș) executed by the gymnast named B.A. (12 -14 years old)
highlight (fig. 1): the increase of the height of GCG flight from 1.026 m by
0.385 m in final testing (1.411 m); at the same time the dismount length
increased from 1.329 m by 0.383 m in final testing, having the end of the
beam as a point of reference.
Regarding the kinematic characteristics of the BSL720ș dismount
executed by the gymnast B.A. (12 -14 years old) , in terms of angular velocity

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of body segments rotation around GCG , one can observe the following (fig.
2a): at launching posture (LP) there is a higher value of arms angular
velocity , namely 20.718 rad/s related to shoulders and toes and a smaller
value compared to year 2012 (22.88 rad/s), ensuring the optimum angle of
flyaw ay off balance beam; during multiplication of body posture (MP) at
maximum height of GCG flight there is a higher value of the angular
velocity of 19.322 rad/s at toes level and close values of 11.9 and 11.972
rad/s in shoulders and arms , ensuring the body rotation around hip axis; in
the concluding posture (CP) – landing, we notice a higher value for
shoulders – namely 3.702 rad/s, 0.956 rad/s for arms and 0.504 rad/s for
toes, ensuring the completion of landing.
As for the values of the resultant of the comparative force of GCG
movement during the dismount by BSL720ș performed by the gymnast B.A.
(12-14 years), these ones reveal the following (fig. 2b): in LP a value of 2340
N in initial testing (2012) and a diminution of 2140 N in final testing; in MP
– 2310 N in initial testing and an increase of 2410 N in final testing; in CP –
3320 N in initial testing and a decrease of 2947 N in final testing.
All these changes of the spatial -temporal characteristics, angular
velocity and force resultant within the phasic description of sports technique
of the BSL720ș dismount helped to improve the key elements by optimizing
the flyaway angle, increasing the height of GCG flight, increasing the length
of the stuck landing, while ensuring a correct execution in accord ance with
the technical requirements of the International Code of Points.
These significant differences reveal the improvement of sports
technique key elements of the dismounts with (720 -1080 degrees) twisting
back salto layout due to the implementation of the learning macro -methods
during the training of junior gymnasts [20], [21].
The results of the linear correlative analysis between the
sensorimotor indicators, the biomechanical indicators and the performances
obtained in the balance beam events by the junior gymnasts of 12 -15 years
old reveal strong connections at p<0.01 between the radius of movement
(RM) of arms and the final score, between the execution score and the final
score; at p<0.05 between the RM of toes and the RM of shoulders, arms,
difficu lty and final score. The other indicators reveal moderate and poor
connections between them .
7. Conclusions
The results of the study emphasize the improvement of the
sensorimotor coordination by increasing the duration of static balance

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maintaining, dimin ution of deviation of the static -kinematic stability and
improvement of the stuck landing.
The video -computerized biomechanical analysis consistent with the
method of movement postural orientation highlights the improvement of
the sports technique key ele ments of balance beam dismounts executed by
junior gymnasts of 12 -15 years old based on the indicators of the kinematic
and dynamic characteristics and the performances achieved in competition.
The results of the linear correlative analysis point out stron g
connections between the indicators of the sensorimotor coordination and
the performances obtained in the balance beam events and moderate
connections between some biomechanical indicators.
Also, the assessment of sensorimotor coordination consistent with
the biomechanical analysis of sports technique used in balance beam
dismounts in the case of junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 highlights its
influence on the technical training and performances achieved in
competitions.
8. Acknowledgment
This case study is an advanced stage of the pedagogical experiment
of the post -doctoral thesis; it is included in the research plan of National
University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine, with the subject
matters: 2.11 (Dynamic static stability as a basis for tech nical training of
those involved in sports gymnastics), 2.32 (Technical training of skilled
athlete based on competitive exercises technique rationalization) and in the
plan of research for 2016 -2017 of the Faculty of Physical Education and
Sport, Ecologi cal University of Bucharest.
We express our gratitude to the Romanian Gymnastics Federation
and especially to Missis Anca Grigora ș Mihailescu – federal coach and to the
coaches of the Olympic Team of Izvorani who helped us to conduct this
research .
I hereby declare under my own responsibility that the subjects
participating in the research have been informed of the voluntary nature of
participation in the research, of the understanding of the information
received and of the understanding that withdrawal can be done at any time,
without any negative consequences on the participant.
The research respected the ethical standards of the research, the
participants / the next of kin of the participants gave their consent to take
part in the research.

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