Completely isolated duplication cyst with malignant transformation in the retroperitoneum: Case report [311034]
Completely isolated duplication cyst with malignant transformation in the retroperitoneum: [anonimizat]:
1
2
William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 W 13 [anonimizat], Michigan, 48073
[anonimizat]
[anonimizat]
[anonimizat]
[anonimizat]
RETROPERITONEAL COMPLETELY ISOLATED DUPLICATION CYST WITH
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION: [anonimizat]. It is an uncommon variant
of true duplication cyst with no connection to the gastrointestinal tract and a
dedicated vascular pedicle. They are predominantly intraabdominal.
Our 64-year-old female patient presented with complaints of abdominal pain and
was found to have a [anonimizat],
present next to the kidney. [anonimizat]. It was confused with a renal cell
carcinoma on imaging.
[anonimizat]. It has a high risk of
transformation to malignancy if left untreated. Also unlike true duplication cyst it is
surgically resected without disturbing the adjacent bowel. Hence, [anonimizat].
[anonimizat], presence of smooth muscle in
the wall and their attachment to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall.[1] There is an
extremely rare variant of this lesion (approximately 1 in 10000 live births), which
does not have any connection with the GI tract and has a dedicated vascular pedicle.
It is termed as completely isolated duplication cyst (CIDC).[2] These are more
commonly seen in males and within the first year of life. They are mostly
intraabdominal and can affect any structure throughout the alimentary tract.
[anonimizat] a CIDC.
Hereby, we present a case of a non- communicating, [anonimizat].
CASE REPORT
A 64-year-[anonimizat]. The pain was localized to the left lower quadrant. [anonimizat]. These were
thought to be exophytic masses arising from the kidney. [anonimizat]. [anonimizat].
[anonimizat], excised with the adjacent left kidney. [anonimizat]. The blood supply was noted to be originating
from the renal artery and various other smaller parasitic vessels.
On gross examination, a 1mm fibroconnective tissue separated the unilocular cyst
from the kidney.[Figure 1] Another thin septum of fibrous band divided the cyst into
two halves, superior and inferior. The inferior cyst (8.0 x 7.0 x 6.2 cm) showed
friable, green- tan excrescences in the lower portion, whereas the superior cyst (8.2
x 7.0 x 6.0 cm) showed multiple smaller cysts, divided by incomplete septations. On
histopathological examination, the cyst had the small intestine- like epithelium with
smooth muscle layer in the underlying wall and was therefore, diagnosed as enteric
duplication cyst. Another pertinent finding was the transformation of benign
heterotopic mucosa into high grade dysplasia, with further progression into
carcinoma in situ and eventually mucinous adenocarcinoma in the inferior cyst
wall.[Figure 2,3] It was associated with necrosis. The cyst was separated from the
kidney by a thin fibro connective tissue septum.[Figure 4] The carcinoma was
positive for CK7, P504S, CK20, CDX2 and PAX8; and negative for ER and WT-1. On
regular follow up, the patient has been free of any symptoms, including pain.
DISCUSSION
True enteric duplication cysts are rare congenital abnormalities, accounting for 1
per 4,500- 10,000 live births.[3] They are more common in males, and were first
described by Wendel et al in 1911.[4] The non-communicating enteric duplication
cysts are even more unusual, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Both
these entities are commonly noted in children, frequently within the first year of life,
who usually present with the complaints of abdominal pain, palpable abdominal
masses, obstruction or bleeding. Bleeding or hemorrhage can be attributed to the
heterotopic presence of gastric mucosa and mass effect can cause obstruction. They
are uncommon in adults. But if they remain asymptomatic, they are generally
diagnosed incidentally in the later years of age.[2,5]
These malformations are found to be present anywhere along the entire GI tract,
from the mouth to anus, frequently involving the ileocecal region (35%), followed
by esophagus (19%), jejunum (10%), stomach (9%) and colon (7%).[2] It is mostly
intraabdominal (75%), 20% cases are intrathoracic and 5% thoraco-abdominal. Our
case was present in the retroperitoneum, next to the kidney.[6] The true duplication
cysts are firmly attached to the wall of the adjacent GI segment and also share a
common blood supply with the native bowel. They are mostly present on the
mesenteric side of the GI tract. On the other hand, CIDCs are completely
independent from the digestive tract and possess a separate vascular pedicle, as
seen in our case. They do not have any luminal communication with the adjacent
alimentary tract segments.[2]
The etiology for these congenital malformations is still not clear, but has been
attributed to the abnormal recanalization of the embryonic bowel wall i.e. failure in
the transition of fetal bowel from solid to tubular form between 6-8 weeks of
gestational period, persistence of embryologic diverticula or aborted Gemini and the
‘intrauterine vascular accident theory’.[2,7] The differential diagnosis includes other
cystic lesions of the abdomen, like Meckel’s diverticulum, mesenteric cyst.[7]
It appears as a cystic lesion with overlying mucosa which is lined by the
gastrointestinal tract mucosal epithelium, resembling anywhere from the gastric to
the rectal mucosal epithelium. Below the mucosa, are underlying layers of smooth
muscle similar to that seen in the alimentary tract. This is diagnostic of a typical
enteric duplication cyst.
Complications like bleeding, fistula formation and inflammatory lesions can be
associated with these malformations. The most dreaded and rare complication is the
malignant transformation of the otherwise benign GI cystic wall. They are more
commonly reported in adults between 26-88 years of age, with benign cysts
diagnosed in children. Carcinomas have been seen in enteric duplication cysts like
carcinoid tumors, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.[7] They tend to
originate from the underlying mucosa and commonly develop into adenocarcinoma.
They are more common in the small bowel compared to colon, rectum or stomach
duplications. Malignancies are extremely rare in non-communicating duplication
cysts, with only one case of adenocarcinoma, originating from a CIDC reported by
Shin et al.[2] Hence, our case represents the second case of malignant
transformation and first of its kind arising in the retroperitoneum. And similar to
the first case reported by Shin et al, our case also did not have any normal mucosa.
Only heterotopic mucosa was found, transforming into high-grade dysplasia and
eventually into mucinous adenocarcinoma. Gastric or pancreatic origin was not
confirmed. Another case of transformation of the infected ileal CIDC into mucinous
cystadenoma has also been reported.[5]
The rarity of the lesion and non-specific presentation in adult patients renders the
diagnosis of malignancy at a later stage, which increases the likelihood of metastasis
and also worsens the prognosis. Therefore, an early and appropriate management of
these anomalies is essential.[2, 7] The early diagnosis can be made on imaging,
which shows a cyst wall with classic two-layered wall of the cyst, also called as the
Gut signature sign. It corresponds to the mucosa surrounded by two muscle layers.
But this is not specific for this entity. Treatment of the usual enteric duplication
cysts involves the removal of the entire cystic lesion along with the communicating
gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, CIDC can be safely treated by simple
resection of the cystic lesion without affecting the adjacent bowel segment.[2,6,7]
CONCLUSION
Being a rare entity, with unusual presentation and high risk of malignant
transformation, the awareness of these congenital malformations is essential. Early
and appropriate management of these otherwise benign, and treatable lesions
should be advocated. Simple resection can be performed without affecting the
alimentary tract, which tends to decrease the complications and also improve the
quality of life of the patients.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of
this article.
Yadav KS, Sali PA, Bhole B, Tampi C, Mehta H. Ileal duplication cyst in the
elderly complicated by appendicitis: A rare case report and review of
literature. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016; 27:24-7.
2. Shin SY, Cho MY, Ryu H, Kim JW, Kim, HS, Kim JM et al. Adenocarcinoma
originating from a completely isolated duplication cyst of the mesentery in an
adult. Intest Res. 2014;12(4):328-32.
3. Chiu AS, Bluhm D, Xiao SY, Waxman I, Matthews JB. Enteric duplication cyst
of the pancreas associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. J
Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18:1054-8.
4. Gumus M, Kapan M, Gumus H, Onder A, Girgin S. Unusual noncommunicating
isolated enteric duplication cyst in adults. Gastroenterol Res Pract.
2011;2011:1-3.
5. Collaud S, Bayerl C, Wille G, Zehnder A, Grieder F, Meili S et al. Mucinous
cystadenoma arising in a completely isolated infected ileal duplication cyst.
SAJS. 2012; 50:45-6.
6. Udiya AK, Shetty GS, Chauhan U, Singhal S, Prabhu SM. Multiple isolated
enteric duplication cysts in an infant- a diagnostic dilemma. J Clin Diagn Res.
2016; 10(1): 15-6.
7. Blank G, Konigsrainer A, Sipos B, Ladurner R. Adenocarinoma arising in a
cystic duplication of the small bowel: case report and review of literature.
World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2012;10:55-8.
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Figure 1: Serially sectioned kidney (left) with adjacent opened cystic mass
(right).
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Figure 2: Section showing transformation of normal cyst wall epithelium to
high-grade dysplasia. Underlying the epithelium is smooth muscle layer.
(100X)
Figure 3: Section showing adenocarcinoma associated with necrosis. (200X)
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Figure 4: Section showing a thin fibroconnective tissue septum separating
the cyst wall (above) from the adjacent kidney parenchyma (below). (40X)
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