Combating Terrorist Financing

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UNIVERSITY OF ……………….

FACULTY OF EUROPEAN STUDIES

SPECIALIZATION: TRANSATLANTIC STUDIES

LICENCE/DISSERTATION PAPER

Scientific coordinator:

Prof. univ. dr.

NAME:

Surname :

Student:

NAME:

Surname :

………., 2018

UNIVERSITY OF ……………….

FACULTY OF EUROPEAN STUDIES

SPECIALIZATION: TRANSATLANTIC STUDIES

LICENCE/DISSERTATION PAPER

Title: Combating terrorist financing

Scientific coordinator:

Prof. univ. dr.

NAME:

Surname :

Student:

NAME:

Surname :

………., 2018

THIS PAGE WAS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

§Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….

§Chapter I. General consideration……………………………………………………….

History of terrorism…………………………………………………………………..

§ChapterII. European and Romanian legislation…………………………

§ChapterIII. Case study: Countering the support of terrorist activity……………………………………………………………………..…

3.1. Boko Haram

3.2.ISIS

3.3.The Taliban

3.4.Al-Qaeda

3.5.Al-Shabaab

3.6.Measures and tactics

Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………….

Refferences…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Combating terrorist financing

§Introduction

§Chapter I. General consideration

History of terrorism

Terrorism is an old phenomena but it has new features. In some options, it seems clear that individuals and organizations have used millennium terrorism, while others insist that real terrorism has remained for decades. Both camps are correct – up to one point. Arms, methods and targets of terrorists are constantly changing, but the main features have remained since the first moments. Clodius Pulcher, the Roman patrician who used killer gangs to intimidate his opponents; the Sharisans of Judea, hoping to provoke a war with the Romans; the murders of the twelfth century that killed and terrorized their Muslim rivals; Medieval scholars who have quoted the Scriptures to justify the killing of rulers – all these examples of acts of terrorism and all are bringing the word "terrorism" into revolutionary France. Since the 1790s, terrorism has been used by Italian secret societies hoping to create a democratic liberal state, Russian revolutionaries eager to introduce European socialism and anarchists eager to eliminate all governments. American workers have intimidated industrialists with terrorism, while German fascists have used it to pave the way for a semi-legal confiscation of power. Zionists and Arabs used it in trying to win the state in Palestine. Cults hoped to trigger apocalypse, and environmental extremists sought to save the wilderness. More recently, an American exploded a federal building in Oklahoma City out of disgust for his government. And ten Arabs so loved by death that they piloted planes in American landmarks, killing three thousand people. All these actors and events are unique, but each belongs to the history of terrorism.

There are some examples of terrorism in the ancient world that would translate into introducing into a history of the subject if we were limited by most modern definitions of the phenomenon. As soon as we begin to talk about terrorism as a symbolic violence aimed at reaching users' goals indirectly through fear or intimidation, then we can begin to see many pre-modem antecedents of what otherwise seems to be a purely modem phenomenon. If we recognize that the term "terrorism" is often used by the dominant political and cultural authorities of society to condemn the forms of violence considered fundamentally illegitimate, then we can distinguish even more pro-terrorism in the pre-modern world. Finally, if one wants to trace the emergence of many common traits associated with terrorism, then it would be good to be surprised at how much continuity exists between the ancient and the modern world. In other words, if "terrorism", as we know it, does not exist for the ancients, certainly many features would have seemed very familiar. Bodyguard for police bureaucracy; Unfair government table agents were recalled and executed; And when the Assyrian enemies and their rulers opposed or rebelled, they were tortured and cruelly murdered.

For the first time in recorded history, these ads have been published to alert potential enemies; In the shadows, Assyrians are often quoted as the first practitioners of psychological warfare. Emperor Assumasirpal II has been softened by the way he has skinned leaders alive, hesitant, burned, mutilated, blinded and beheaded, as well as many rebels, citizens of the city. "All the rest of the survivors let them die of thirst in the desert "he wrote:" This brutal treatment has been eliminated with such regularity that the word "Assyrian" was synonymous with cruelty to neighboring states. The assistant was eventually dismantled by their own methods In the seventh century, then when the burden of the low level of living under them became so great that the native auxiliary troops revolted.The Assyrian neighbors took advantage of this opportunity and overthrew the empire.The Assyrians were probably the most violent people in the world Their empire in the 9th Century -VII, BC was the greatest of his days and the most militarized society ever seen in the world. Faced with a lack of resources, Assyrians have demanded those with material assets and large populations and then led their empire to vast powers over various peoples through systematic terror. The army was organized to frighten its enemies, using large formations of chariots and knights, designed to amaze them so much that they destroy. The King has pledged protection, unfair government agencies have been recalled and executed. When the Assyrian enemies and their rulers opposed or rebelled, they were tortured and killed.

For the first time in recorded history, these acts remain recorded in antiquity to alert potential enemies; In fact, Assyrians are often quoted as the first ones psychic warriors. Emperor Assumasirpal II scorned how he skinned, suffocated, burned, mutilated, blinded and beheaded the leaders and many citizens of the rebellious city. In an insecure epoch, surrounded by many strong and powerful neighbors, as well as by aspirants willing to enlarge the country, the Romanian voivodes have not only defended themselves with the sword, but also with the help of real intelligence and secret information. WikiLeaks published the CIA director's emails after their account. The Middle Ages were unsafe even for the most powerful people of the time. Besides cure-free diseases, the life of the sovereign could be shortened by the dagger or poison of the assassins, or, worse, by the plot of the pretenders at the throne. If in regiments such as France or England the succession to the throne was apparently quite well-established by the famous Salic law, which offered the right to the throne only to legitimate successors on the masculine line of the sovereign, in the Romanian Lands, a law of permissive succession allowed even the bastards to issue claims to reign. It was precisely because of this that the days of the Romanian voivodes were full of hardships and continuous struggles, either with the powerful Polish monarchs or Hungarians who wanted to seize the rich Romanian principalities, either with the Turkish traveler, but especially with the hordes of contenders at the throne, supported by interest by a group of boyars or another. Under these circumstances, the voivodes often defended themselves with the sword, but most often they managed to survive not because of the bravery, but rather of a well-developed intelligence and counter-intelligence system. Enticing people, paid with heavy money and very faithful, went under the mask of the messengers or even the shepherds and thieves through the neighboring countries or even at Instambul to provide precious information about potential candidates, boyar plots or even military invasions. It is a little known history of the Romanian principalities. Burgundy's soil plundered by Moldovan spies One of the first episodes on the existence of a spying service well established by the Romanian rulers is recorded during the reign of Alexander the Good. Thus, the burgundy knight Guillebert de Lannoy comes to Moldova as a spy duke of Burgundy to prepare the ground for a new crusade in the early fifteenth century. He carried a series of secret letters. This, hoping for a possible naivety of the Moldovans, pretends to be a simple land that traveled to the White Fortress and asked for directions. Not only did the voivode have given him a man to watch him permanently, but he was curious as to what secret messages led the burgundy soil. Thus, on the way, the burgundy soil is robbed by nine robbers. They are quickly captured by the people of the Moldavian voivode. Moreover, they had stolen only the secret letters of the burgundy. As much as the Moldavian voivode to look at these documents. In his account, the burgundy says the nine robbers were sentenced to hanging, but it was news that they were actually left on the back door. These "robbers" were in fact part of the Moldovan voivode's counter-intelligence service. "The Moldovan Voivode had representatives who kept him in touch with the actions against him, with the political events on the European continent. Thus, we remember that in the court of the great Lithuanian prince Vitold there were Moldovan soldiers sent probably by Alexandru cel Bun, and through Poland, under various pretexts, soldiers and merchants whose secret duties were not alien to the ruler of Moldavia, "wrote Ion Bodunescu in the paper his "Description of an Unknown History", devoted to the Romanian spy of the medieval period. Shambla, Muha and Bore spies and stirrs of Stephen the Great But the one that will lead to this high-level spy service and counter-intelligence service will be the prince Stephen the Great. It is supposed that he learned the necessity of recruiting the spies with the murder of his father, Bogdan II, in Răuseni, who did not know about the plot of Peter Aron, his brother. Moreover, as a series of letters addressed to the Bolsheviks before 1457, Stephen the Great prepared the taking of the throne from Peter Aron, with the help of spies and agitators. They would have raised the population and would have convinced the boyar to pass on his side when he entered the country. At the same time, even the metropolitan would have been among the platoons. The existence of a well-organized espionage service is confirmed by a series of documents of the time. For example, Wallachian ruler Radu the Beautiful, the Turk's man and the enemy of Stephen the Great, reproaches the people of Brașov in a letter dated March 6, 1470 that they "have peace and understanding with the same Stephen King, they keep their spies, sell their weapons, they like it. " And he urges them not to keep the "spies and the evil doers of the Moldavian voivode. "The shepherds who wore their flocks on the shores of the mountains, native or foreign merchants," walkers ", border guards and messengers who did not always enjoy diplomatic immunity were all included in the intelligence service of the Moldovan ruler," wrote Ion Bodunescu . At the same time, since the time of Stephen the Great, there have also been names of potential spies. First of all, it is about Ion Țamblac, who went on a diplomatic mission to Venice in 1477 and carried out espionage missions in the area, plus secret meetings for organizing an anti-Ottoman coalition. It was known as the "brilliant ground" of Prince Stephen the Great. His presence is recorded by the secret department of the Republic of Venice, being the carrier of strictly secret information. At the same time, in 1490, it is suspected that two spies and agitators of the Moldavian voivode triggered a revolt in Pocuția, a province for which there is a dispute between Moldova and the kingdom of Poland. More precisely, the Polish kings had been pledged to the Moldovan princes for a large sum of money. As the money was only partially paid, the Moldovans had pretensions to the Fear. In this way, in order not to intervene military, Stephen would have used two people to trigger a riot in the region against the Polish feudalists. More specifically, in 1490, Muha and some Andrei Borul raised, according to Russian chronicles, 10,000 peasants to a general uprising. The Moldovan-German chronicle presents this Muha as a sure Moldovan and spy of Stephen the Great. After the defeat of the rebellion, Stephen offered to keep Muha in Suceava closed. After one year, however, he is released and put in the head of a new uprising. The tradition of spies and special missions is continued by Petru Rareș, the illegitimate son of voivode Stefan cel Mare, who will benefit from the services of Logan Toader Bubuiog from Humorului. He is sent as a spy near Aloisio Gritti, a Venetian but a Turk, sent to Transylvania and the mysterious mission of submitting Moldavia and Wallachia through plotting. Petru Rareș finds out from other spies placed in Constantinople, the mysterious mission of the Venetian, and sends his best spy on Bubuiog to take care of Gritti. "Toader Bubuiog receives a mysterious mission besides the adventurer who wanted to build a Turkish Transylvania and install his sons on the seats in Suceava and Bucharest. About Toader Bubuiog's mission knew only the one who had entrusted it, the voivode of Moldova. This consisted of the permanent surveillance of the adventurer and his eventual immobilization if it became dangerous for Moldova, "wrote Ion Boduneascu. It is also supposed that Bubuiog gave Gritti to the Hungarians who had prepared a deadly death, and the Moldovan assassins killed them and sons. Terrorism is certainly the most serious form of crime against peace and freedom, communities and peaceful people, against life. In the last decades, this scourge has seen an unprecedented globalization, and if it were to turn itself to genocide, then our whole planet would be conquered by anarchy and chaos. On a land favorable to its development, terrorism has escalated into a geometric progression, bringing hatred, suffering and death to the rank of supreme duty and honor. Although there is no international consensus on the definition of terrorism, many countries have tried to conceptually delimit their own interests and values by resorting to their own The notion of "terrorism" was used for the first time at the second Conference of Unification of Criminal Law in Brussels in 1930, and was defined as follows: "The intentional use of means capable of producing a common danger is acts of terrorism which consist of crimes against persons' lives, freedom and physical integrity or directed it is against private or state property. "According to the current Security Strategy of Romania, terrorism in general and international terrorism structured in cross-border networks, in particular, represent the most serious threat to human life and liberty, democracy and other values fundamental principles on which the democratic community of the Euro-Atlantic states is based. Terrorism is another type of war – new in intensity but old as origin – a war of guerrillas, rebels, assassins, a war driven by ambushes, not by fighting, by infiltration, not by aggression, where victory is achieved through erosion of the enemy and not by engagement. "According to Law 535 of 25 November 2004 on the prevention and combating of terrorism – terrorism represents the whole of actions and / or threats that pose public danger and affects the national security, having the following characteristics: a) remedied by terrorist entities motivated by extremist conceptions and attitudes, hostile to other entities against whom they act by violent and / or destructive means b) aim at achieving specific, political objectives c) target human factors and / or material factors within the public authorities and institutions, the civilian population or any other segment belonging to them, d) produce situations with a strong psychological impact on the population, aimed at drawing attention to the aims pursued. Terrorism promotes interests, ambitions and messages based on the use intimidation, threats, violence and violence. Terrorism is the conscious exploitation of terror, the degree of fear is generated by the very nature of the crime, its mode of committing, or its apparent absurdity and uselessness. The sphere of action of terrorism is virtually limitless, manifesting itself in almost all areas of political and social life. As a general rule, if the observer approves the violent actions of an individual, then he considers him to be a "fighter for freedom"; if he disapproves of such actions, the same individual is perceived as a terrorist. If an organization is categorized as a terrorist group or not, it depends on the perspective of the approach, the perception of each person. In spite of all the difficulties, we can say that terrorism consists in the deliberate and systematic use of means capable of provoking terror in order to achieve the most diverse purposes which ultimately have a political purpose. Obtaining the political independence of a state; changing or maintaining the economic or social structure of a state or even a particular region. If in the previous centuries the course of history was largely determined by the events that took place in certain regions of the world, today, in the 21st century, the future of mankind is born and shaped in the most diverse and unimaginable areas. This is due to the continuously expanding network of determinations and influences. Globalization leaves little chance for states to live isolated. On the one hand, their populations feel the need to be represented and led on the international stage, and on the other, developments in a part of the world have a rapid, surprisingly rapid impact on another. What distinguishes the current model of globalization is the intensity and if it can be said its globalism (in the sense that the phenomenon of globalization no longer leaves any virgin islands in relation to its effects – it is a global and all-encompassing phenomenon). Applying diplomatic sanctions; the application of economic sanctions; increasing the internal costs of terrorism – supporting by the democratic states engaged in the fight against terrorism groups opposed to the regime existing in the sponsoring states of international terrorism; use or threat of use of armed force; the use of military retaliation. Until recently, terrorism was considered an exotic phenomenon, and terrorists were described as sociopaths or psychopaths, and often confronted with the assassins of political figures from the 1980s, rather a new phenomenon drew attention – state-sponsored terrorism or state terrorism . In its simplest form, it occurs when certain nation-states, for their own reasons, finance, prepare and support terrorist groups and movements. It has become an insidious component of the struggle for power globally, its limitation requiring a complex of factors. Democratic states must adopt in their antiterrorist struggle a defensive attitude, defending the whole system (of their citizens and their countries) of the actions the terrorist structures have already undertaken or intend to undertake in different parts of the world. It is a defensive action, but by way of exercise, it is offensive. And that's why defense territoriality is replaced by the ability to design power at a distance. The complexity of terrorism, its forms of manifestation, the increase in the number of groups and terrorist organizations, the diversity of their orientations, implicitly implies a proper evolution of the goals pursued. In particular, they could be grouped as follows: a) Achieving political goals such as: resolving the problems of survival and affirmation of ethnic or nationalities, determining radical changes in the political life of a state, slowing or stopping political processes , tightening the relations between states, b) Attracting the attention of the domestic and international public opinion to the "noble goal" pursued, the need to solve in a way the conflicting problems of a region, an ideology, the "injustices and persecutions" subject to a social group. In fact, public opinion is the main force to which eternal terrorism is addressed propaganda and psychology. Sensitizing even a small segment of the population, terrorism causes a polarization of society; On September 11, 2001, there was an unprecedented change of a world-class disaster. It is still difficult to determine the exact nature and predicts consequences for the future of international relations and Western democracy. Given the events of that day, public opinion was marked. But even today, the sequence of events and their causality is uncertain. No comprehensive study has yet been carried out independently of these events. Both the official investigation of the Congress and the September Inquiry Commission, some critics say, lamentably failed to report on the events and the accurate identification of all those responsible. Thus, the ability of the US government to anticipate and prevent these terrorist attacks still a part of the mystery. Certainly, the world has changed forever, but not necessarily, present most commentators of the academic environment and the media. We can deplore the lack of critical insight into the terrorist attacks on the United States of 11 September 2001. So far, few studies have focused on studying the failure of the US National Security Services and the International Military Intelligence Network, which have not been able to anticipate and prevent the September 11 attacks. Effectively, therefore, it is difficult to understand the wider context of this failure in terms of the structures, means and policies of the US National Security Apparatus as modeled by the political actors under successive governments. These gaps in knowledge affect other levels, such as the US's complex security policy relations (including, of course, several operational areas, both nationally and internationally) targeting global terrorist networks as well as other states or nations can be defined in varying degrees, also to American interests. In order to understand correctly the failure of the US national security apparatus against September 11, it is imperative to understand the political and institutional framework of domestic and foreign policy motivated by national security. To some extent this would lead to the analysis of US foreign policy issues with diplomatic or hostile partners in coordinating national and international security as well as to assess the impact on the activities and motivations of terrorist networks, course. Al Qaeda and September 11 attacks. In response to al-Qaeda's attacks, the United States has rushed to the Islamic world, striking down mostly Afghanistan and Iraq. The purpose was to demonstrate the capabilities and scope of the US, but these operations were yet another disarmament attack. Their goal was not to defeat an army and occupy a territory, but to stop al-Qaeda and create chaos in the Muslim world. But creating chaos is a short-term tactic, not a long-term strategy. Recovery after spending and exhaustion imposed by this effort will consume the United States over the next ten years. The first step – the return to a policy of maintaining power balances in each region – has to be done starting with the main US military intervention, a theater of war that stretches between the Mediterranean and the Pacific Ocean. Generally, in the last half of the last century. in this area there were three separate power balances – between Arabs and Jews, between India and Pakistan, and between Iran and Iraq. Firstly, as a result of US policy, these balances are now unstable or no MIA at all. in the region, then in American politics in a more general sense, will require over the next decade the completion of steps that will surely stir controversy. One solution would be that the US has to distance itself discreetly from Israel. It must help strengthen (or at least overcome weakness) Pakistan. In the spirit of Roosevell's interference with UR55 during the Second World War and Nixon's talks with China in 1971, SIJA must reach an unpleasant agreement with Iran, whether or not it attacks the nuclear units of of this state. These steps will require a subtle exercise of power than we have seen from the most recent presidents. Of course, China also requires attention. In any case, the current concern about the Chinese expansion trend will fade away if the country's economic miracle is to be accomplished. The economic rhythm will slow down, China becoming a mature mature economy – and, we might notice, a more mature economy with more than a billion people living in lucky poverty. US efforts will focus on true power in North-East Asia: Japan, the third world economy and the nation with the most important fleet in the region. A global strategy of the regions represents the fundamental interests, the influence of the alliances consisting in the physical security of the United States and an economic system almost without constraints. If we look at the current state of the global economy, it does not in any way involve a free trade regime in the sense that free market ideologies mean simply an international system that allows the vast American economy to interact with most , if not with the whole world. A quarter of the world's economy can not develop through an isolationist policy, nor can the consequences of an action be reduced to the economic sphere. The American economy is built on technological and organizational innovation, going beyond what economist Joseph A. Schumpeter calls "creative destruction": a process by which the economy is self-destructing and constantly rebuilding, notably by developing destructive (jump) technologies, having no a rival to global hegemony, the president has to look at the world as a series of separate regions and thus begin to create power balances in these regions, coalition partners and intervention plans if necessary. The strategic goal must be to prevent the rise of any power that could resist the United States in every corner of the world. The corollary of the United States is that only two countries in the region have ever been strong enough and strong enough to control the Arabian peninsula: Iraq, capable of occupying Arabia and protecting the flow of oil the United States followed the classic strategy of an empire, encouraging rivalry between Iran and Iraq and neutralizing its power. This strategy preceded the fall of Iran's chess when the US encouraged a conflict between Iran and Iraq, and then negotiated an agreement between them to maintain tension in the region in the 1990s. The security void has moved from the Balkans (the old geopolitical conception of the Middle East's "Continent of the World" – the import of strategic resources in this region in the struggle for hegemony.) From "states in a critical state", transformation into "states providing security and warfare to the terrorist war, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have become at many key moments of the international political stance of the US position, with the risk of weakening EU cohesion or seeing affected by the status of fresh members or candidates for accession to the EU – (short-term interest because of the fear of becoming "the object of preventive action" – hence the hegemony stakes, which sowed panic at the level of " NATO and, at the same time, among the totalitarian Arab states and the traditional supporters of the terrorists, adopt a pro-terrorist, in some cases either and principle) – Joining hegemony "prevent actions', these Siat conferred new legitimacy de facto process, which America opposed a criticism of the great powers. At the same time, the PC unit that Europe's builders proposed it was seriously tested (Commissioner Verheugen saying that the pro-attitude of the eastern states does not affect EU accession negotiations). America's new security concept affects the long-term relationship of Eastern Europe with the western part, against the backdrop of the lack of common European institutions (defense, foreign policy), speculates the lack of common will, national governments and the great powers (France, Germany) how many feel the heart of a potential competitor (EU) pole of Romania and Bulgaria are important for the US. in the opinion of Janusz Bugajski (East European Project Director for the East European Center for Strategic and International Studies) for several reasons: NATO membership of these countries creates conditions for greater operability between potential US allies and partners the major security coalitions – offer direct routes to the Middle East through the Black Sea, – have a strategic importance for the US in the context of regional conflicts that provoke US security interests, – have democratic governance, a free market, engage in -a policy of integration into international structures. Politicians of the blur of terrorism emphasize the desire of the states small and medium-sized states, candidate countries to build a "democratic Europe, opposed to the" aristocratic one.) If Europeans do not build a unitary identity, not separated from NATO, they will not develop the second pillar of the EU (CFSP) will institutionalize this pillar. The Union can be asserted as a credible power pole in front of the US to counterbalance it in an effective manner. The vision unit, the abandonment of national pride, the political will is the absolutely necessary condition for the EU Member States and for the candidate states to build a credible power pole in the 21st century. On the other hand, US officials (after the events in Iraq) have been justified by the problem of installing military bases in the Eastern European region, as having lower costs than in Western Europe. This project is also agreed due to the favorable opinion of the governments and the local populations in favor of involvement in this area of the USA: but also due to the proximity of these countries (Romania, Poland, Bulgaria) to the potential conflict zones At national level, in Romania exclusive competence investigation and prosecution of trafficking and illicit drug use, belongs to the specialized prosecutors within the Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism (DICOT), which have criminal investigations through officers and policy agencies specially designated for this purpose by the Minister of Interior and Administrative Reform, with the favorable opinion of the General Prosecutor of the Prosecutor's Office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice. Jurisdiction to judge these crimes at first instance lies with the court. The designated police officers and law enforcement agencies perform only those criminal investigations ordered by the prosecutors of the Directorate for the Investigation of Organized Crime and Terrorism, under their direct supervision and direct control. The acts drawn up by officers and judicial police officers from the written order of the prosecutor are drawn up on his behalf. According to Article 221 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the general methods of referral of the prosecution bodies are complaint, denunciation and ex officio referral. If during the carrying out of the specific investigation activities, the police officers find that the deed which is the subject of the case is one of the offenses provided by the Law no. 143/2000. they have an obligation to immediately forward the work of the competent prosecutor. Regionalism becomes a concept that requires organization, a social movement that carries an ideology. All regionalisms are aspirations, types of organization, and strong political manifestations with some support from the masses, through political mobilization, pressures and violence (terrorism, etc.), trying to emphasize and strengthen the region's influence against the centralizing state and its authorities. Representatives of regionalist movements demand self-determination, self-government, institutional decentralization, certain prides, respect for traditional culture itself. To describe the evolution of the "small" nations in Eastern Europe, from political regionalisms, we achieve results that will allow the beginning of a differentiation between peripheral ideologies and cultural regionalities. The eruption of the European integration, the accentuation of the globalization of the markets produce a cumulation of very hard competition in the field of investments and jobs. The financial pressures on the state lead to the transfer of state power to a part of it, local and regional processes Hierarchical integrative processes controlled by the administration and bureaucracy of the center and may be replaced by a logic of competition Moving from a logic of an integrative organization to a competitive type induces changes and conflicts between institutions existing regions between cities, cities and the national state The new structure of opportunities centers on the weight of the term "region" in the region. A more nuanced scenario attempts to explain regionalism through the region's nationalism as an invention, fiction. For the idea of a region as a place belonging to a population and population belonging to this place to have important significance and influence is that the traits giving unity, historical individuality, respect to that region are plausible enough. These traits can be found in language, tradition, religion, institutions, mechanisms of communication and interpretation, inclusion and exclusion, etc. Through Rokkan's instrumental model, it is difficult to explain why political-regional, nationalist movements only appear in regions where there is some potential, narrative-historical places of collective memory that can be integrated into a common history convincing. This kind of scenario fails to capture the specificity of regionalism precisely because it has a unilateral narrative about its term of comparison: nationalism.

§ChapterII. European and Romanian legislation

§ChapterIII. Case study: Countering the support of terrorist activity

3.1. Boko Haram

3.2.ISIS

3.3.The Taliban

3.4.Al-Qaeda

3.5.Al-Shabaab

3.6.Measures and tactics

Conclusions

Refferences

Appendix

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