Chiriac Afases 2018 V2 [626952]

PROCEDURE OF DETERMINING THE MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
WITH LAND & SEA DYNO -MAX DATA ACQUISITION
SOFTWARE AND TEST BED

Rareș -Lucian CHIRIAC*, Anghel CHIRU **, Ovidiu Andrei Condrea***

* ”Transilvania” University, Brașov, Romania
** ”Transilvania” University, Brașov, Romania
*** ”Transilvania” University, Brașov, Romania

Abstract: The aim of the article is to present and evaluate the results of a internal combustion
engine with the Dyno -Max Software and the test bed, which has a high applicability in the field of
internal combustion engines and automobiles as well as the peripheral related equipment. For
research it was used a Chevy 350 engine with a 350 cubic inch (5.7 -liter) small block V8 with a
4.00 and 3.48 inch bore a nd stroke. The base version of this engine makes 195 horsepower and
features an 8.5 compression ratio.

Keywords: combustion engines, Dyno -Max Software, test bed

1. INTRODUCTION

Dynos Software and equip ment it is used in field of automotive (auto engine, axel –
hub engine, chassis, kart, motorcycle, tractor, truck – heavy duty, see FIG.1), marine,
industrial but also for manufacturing prototypes of products custom made.

(a) heavy -duty (20”roll) AWD systems for
multi -axle trucks (b) single -axle, dual -axle, and even AWD tri -axle
dynos
FIG. 1. Land & Sea’s DYNOmite Truck Chassis Dynamometer Systems combine super -duty frames
and rollers with DYNO -MAX™ software for sophisticated industrial diagnostics and power testing.

“Pro” Docking Station Dynos (right) include: stationary heavy -duty steel absorption
frame, quick -clamp engine cart with adjustable mounts, telescoping driveshaft with U –
joints and hinged guard, 13" toroidal flow water -brake absorber, CW starter (accepts
optional second CCW starter), electronic auto -load servo, DYNOmite data -acquisition
computer, bidirectional full -bridge load cell, battery compartment, “Pro” console,
stainless -braided hoses, engine -temperature thermistor, thermostatic coolant tower,
illumin ated wiring/coolant and wiring subsystem with full -function data harness. (AC
absorber optional.)

DYNO -MAX™ software option creates a full engine dynamometer lab on your
Windows PC. Features include: real -time trace graph display, adjustable voice/color l imit
warnings, pushbutton controls, plus user configurable analog and digital gauge ranges.
Publication -quality color graphs and detailed reports are available for printing or even
importing into other programs. With appropriate automated electronic loadin g and throttle
control hardware options, operators can easily execute complex race simulations and
engine test cycles, see FIG 2. [1]

(a) Stationary Test Stand Dynos (b) Mobile Test Stand Dynos
FIG. 2. The Test Stand Dynos

The Chevrolet small -block engine is a series of automobile V8 engines built by the
Chevrolet Division of General Motors. The par ticularity of this engine genera tion is that
the General Motors are using the same basic engine block. [2] The Chevy 350's V8 block
is one of the most pro ductive engines in history with many variants. On this type of
engine it can be performed representative tests. [3]

2. THEORETICAL ASPECTS

The typical engine dynamometer test cell example it consists from CO Detector ,
windows , sound -bloc wall , load control valve, PC Cameras, air compressor, absorber
return line, engine cooling tower, water -brake absorber, supply -water tank, sump pump,
water -pressure regulator, bladder surge tank, centrifugal supply pump, fuel tank. (FIG. 3)
[4]

FIG. 3. The typical engine dynamometer test cell

In Table 1 are de tailed the components of the typical engine dynamometer test. This
configuration can be achieved in a high performance test with the test bed. Similar
opportunities for optimally matc hing components and streams exist in considerably more
complex systems for power and torque test. [5]

Table 1. Main parts of the typical engine
dynamometer test

Nr. Label Specification
1 CO Detector Carbon monoxide alarm digitally monitors the cell's CO levels
and sounds an alarm above safe limits. Place low to floor for
earliest warnings against dangerous exhaust leaks.
2 Windows Sound -rated windows feature multiple panels of thick (1")
laminated fire -rated safety glass with solid -concrete fil led steel
frames.
3 Sound -Bloc
Wall Sound -absorbing acoustical -lined chambers in thick (8" -12")
concrete block and sand -filled cores, provide great sound
attenuation, reduced echoing and excellent fire rating.
4 Load Control
Valve Manual or electronic servos valves control the absorber's fill
level (loading) during testing.
5 PC Cameras Networked cameras provide extra control -room eyes, with
optional recording, into test cell activities.
6 Air Compressor Air-compressor and storage tank provide regulated air for
pneumatic service tools and other equipment – in both test cell
and general shop.
7 Absorber
Return Line Unsubmerged drain line(s) from absorber to sump tank or city
sewer.
8 Engine Cooling
Tower Cooling -tower assemblies provide thermostatic controll to
maintain precise engine temperature with minimal water usage
9 Water -Brake
Absorber Water -brake dynamometer absorbers are the most cost effective
loading devices available for engine testing.
10 Supply -Water
Tank Unpressurized w ater storage tank
11 Sump Pump High -volume high -temperature sump pump – used to transfer
absorber discharge water from a small gravity -drain tank to a
verticaly -higher main supply tank.
12 Water -Pressure
Regulator Very -high-volume pressure reducing valve limits pressure to
load-control valve to 60 -PSI maximum
13 Bladder Surge
Tank Air-charged bladder tank, prevents "water hammering" as load
control valve rapidly opens and closes.
14 Centrifugal
Supply Pump High -volume low-pressure pump delivers 40 to 60-PSI to load
control valve.
15 Fuel Tank Small -volume fuel cell provides safe storage of test fuel.

The standard document has been produced by the Society of Automotive Engineers
to provide a standard method of obtaining repeatable measurements that accurately reflect
real world engine performance. The software has a equation background and some of the
basics mathematical. Calculation model and validation is made after many formulas like:

min]/ [60] [] [] [2] [revNmxrpmxNradkWPTorqued EngineSpee Power
   (1)
42Stroke er BoreDiametSweptVolum 
(2)

4] [)] [(] [2
3 mms mmbmm VSwept 
(3)

swept swept VN VPessure ffective BreakMeanE Pr
(4)

Gravity Specific Fuel v Fuelof Density v owRate FuelMassFl fuel fuel _ _ _ _. .
 
(5)

fuelfuel fuel v hrkg m . .
]/[
(6)

Pmion elComsumpt SpecificFufuel.

(7)

]/[]/[
….
hrkg mhrkgmAFRmmio AirFuelRat
fuelairfuelair

(8)

lRatio tricAirFue Stoichiomeio AirFuelRatLambda
(9)

tsNSpeed MeanPiston2
(10)

For calculation of engine friction, the Chen -Flynn Friction model is used. The
equation used to calculate friction is given below:

2]) ( ) ( ) ( [12
max
stokeRPM SS Q S C PB A FMEP
factncyyl
i i fact cf i fact cf cf cf
 
(11)

where: A cf, B cf, C cf, Q cf need user input according to parameters of the calculation
engine (the value of FMEP is modified using the test data for this study); P max is
maximum cylinder pressure; RPM is cycle -average engine speed; stroke is cylinder
stroke. [6]

For calculation of the power correction factor it will be used the formula:

)]18.0]}[15.29815.273][({] [9918.1][ [ ] [ 



 KC T
kPapkW P kW Po
air
airobserved corrected

(12)

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A mainly used in applications that require a high power output and a reliable, small
size and lightweight power producing system. One of these applications it can be made
with the Dyno -Max Software and the test bed. After a demonstrative feature of the tested
engine it can be seen hat the all the need parameters are monitored and analyzed . On
Table 2 are more detail on the engine model. [7]

Table 2. Engine Model used for the test

Engine Model 350 Chevrolet
Engine Description Crate Engine
Bore 4,000 inches
Stroke 3,480 inches
Air temp 55 degree F
Barometric pressure 38,25 in Hg
Weight 3450 lbs
Descrintion 1988 Chevrolet Coivette Coupe

The results demonstrated the accuracy and precision that it proves especially when
raising the power needs to enrich high performance. Results from the engine model 350
Chevrolet used for the test show exactly the same quantitative performance guaranteed by
the manufacturer. Table 3, FIG. 4 [8]

Table 3. Results from the engine model 350 Chevrolet used for the test

RPM
(RPM) Hp(Hp) Torque(ft -lb)
1700 119.9 360.9
1000 125.9 368.0
1900 137.2 379.5
2000 145.2 381.0
2100 149.9 374.8
2200 156.7 374.3
2300 166.8 380.8
2400 175.1 382.8
2500 187.2 393.5
2600 195.5 394.5
2700 197.9 384.9
2800 204.6 384.2
2900 214.3 383.7
3000 221.3 386.9
3100 230.2 390.7
3200 235.8 386.0
3300 242.1 385.8
3400 246.8 380.9
3500 253.0 379.8
3600 255.2 371.7
3700 258.9 367.6
3800 262.3 363.0
3900 271.0 365.0
4000 276.8 363.4
4100 273.5 350.2
4200 275.3 344.4
4300 270.2 329.3
4400 268.1 320.0

FIG. 4. Diagram of the results from the engine model 350 Chevrolet

Even if due to the fact that the test parameter can may vary slightly on a tolerance
of 2-3% but no more, that fact is assumed by the variables like medium temperatur e, air
pressure. During the study on a test bench in the form of a chainsaw the acoustic
characteristics and the hydraulic resis tances of the created silencers were determined.
According to the obtained results of the research the most effective method is to use the
same fuel, to repeat the test in the same period of time. [9]
The propo sed solutions are experimental. It can be seen that the higher peak of the
test it is at the 4000 PRM were we have 276 HP and 363,4 ft-lb. The analysis of scientific
literature indicates the absence of a common approach regarding the internal efficiencies.
[10] But m odeling results for the internal ef ficiencies are up to 90%. The designed
process and with an assumed maximum cylinder pressure of 150 bar simulation, the
process can achieve an effective efficiency of more than 90%. [11] This results can be
produce which at lower costs than other systems. [12]
In some case the calculation are made also to simulated steam mixtures is between
2 m/s and 8 m/s at a pressure of 1 bar. [13]
In FIG. 5 it can be seen the software interface of the Dyno Software while testing
the engine parameters running though the test.

(a) DYNO -MAX “Pro” features numerous
built-in consoles (b) DYNO -MAX powerful graphing and
data presentation tools
FIG. 5 . The typical software interface of the Dyno Software while testing the engine parameters

4. CONCLUSIONS

With the DYNO -mite Dynamometer Software and data acquisition it is possible to
test applications for the following domains like automotive, industry and also
manufacturing more types of dynamite dynamometer systems than any other company –
in the world. Pr oducts include: outboard, marine, or PWC prop -shaft hydraulic
dynamometer , kart, RC, and snowmobile dyne kits, tractor -PTO trailer and towing (drag)
dynamometers, data -acquisition, do -it-yourself dynamometer plans, and used dynes.
Another advantage would be the ease of use of software and logistics equipment.
The results obtained are processed in the most efficient way possible and in the shortest
time and the accuracy of data acquisition has minimal deviations.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank t he company Land & Sea, Inc ., New Hampshire , United States
of America and “Transilvania” University , Brașov, România for sup port.

6. REFERENCES

[1] www.dynomitedynamometer.com
[2] Chevrolet, Light Duty Truc k 10 to 30, Service Manual, ST 330 -81
[3] Sherman, Don , The 10 Best Engines of the 20th Century, Ward's AutoWorld. Retrieved October 1,
2016.
[4] K. Coban, Application of thermodynamic laws on a military helicopter engine, Jour. Advanced Energy
Technologies in Aviation , 2016
[5] A. Bejan, D.L. Siems, The need for exergy analysis and thermodynamic optimization in aircraft
development, Exergy Int J , 1 (2001), pp. 14 -24
[6] J.Goldings, Internal Combustion Engine Performance Characteristics, Combusti on Chamber Design,
and Gas Exchange Process Thermofluids, Thermofluids and Turbomaschinery
[7] M. Zheng, G.T. Reader, J.G. Hawley, Diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation —a review on advance and
novel concepts, Energy Convers Manag, 45 (6) (2004), pp. 883 -900
[8] Z. Yang, Effects of injection mode on the mixture formation and combustion performance of the
hydrogen internal combustion engine, Energy, Volume 147, 15 March 2018, Pages 715 -728
[9] R. G.I. Pavlov, P.V. Nakoryakov, E.A. Sukhovaya, Development of Silencer for Low -Power Internal
Combustion Engines, Procedia Engineering, Volume 206, 2017, Pages 1690 -1695
[10] A.I. Komkin, Development of modern methods for the calculation and design of automobile silencer
with the desired characteristics, Doct.Diss., St. Petersburg, 2012.
[11] R. Johannes Haller, Thomas Link, Thermodynamic concept for an efficient zero -emission combustion
of hydrogen and oxygen in stationary internal combustion engines with high power density,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 42, Issue 44, 2 November 2017, Pages 27374 –
27387
[12] G. Herdin, Wasserstoff als Antriebsenergie für konventionelle Ottomotoren (Hydrogen as a fuel for
conventional SI engines), Wasserstoff Expo, (2001) Jenbacher AG, Hamburg, 2001
[13] M. Kuznetsov , R. Redlinger, Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen -oxygen -steam mixtures at
elevated temperatures and pressures, Proc Combust Inst, 33 (1) (2011), pp. 895 -903