Characters In Campus Novels By David Lodge Changing Places And Small World

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UNIVERSITATEA „OVIDIUS” DIN CONSTANȚA

FACULTATEA DE LITERE

SPECIALIZAREA: ENGLEZĂ – FRANCEZĂ

BACHELOR’S THESIS

COORDONATOR ȘTIINȚIFIC

LECT. UNIV. DR. LUCIA OPREANU

ABSOLVENT

IUSTINA BUJOR

CONSTANȚA

2017

CHARACTERS IN CAMPUS NOVELS BY DAVID LODGE: „CHANGING PLACES” AND „SMALL WORLD”

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. THE CAMPUS NOVEL: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT

1.1. DAVID LODGE’S CAMPUS TRILOGY: CHANGING PLACES, SMALL WORLD, NICE WORK

2. OVERVIEW OF THE PLOT AND PROTAGONISTS IN CHANGING PLACES

2.1. THE ANALYSIS OF PHILIP SWALLOW

2.2. THE ANALYSIS OF MORRIS ZAPP

3. OVERVIEW OF THE PLOT AND PROTAGONISTS IN SMALL WORLD

3.1. THE ANALYSIS OF PHILIP SWALLOW TEN YEARS LATER

3.2. THE ANALYSIS OF MORRIS ZAPP TEN YEARS LATER

CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION

The academic, university, campus or college novel, belongs to the genre of academic satire, which emerged in the early 1950’s, in the United States and in Great Britain. Academic novel’s classification is connected to American literary theorist and historian John O. Lyons, The College Novel in America (1962), who considers the academic novel as a novel about academic life where higher education is treated with attention, the main characters being students and teachers. Lyons begins his survey with Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Fanshawe (1828) and ends it with Louis Simpsons Riverside Drive (1962). Like Lyons, in his view The American College Novel: an Annotated Bibliography, Kramer presents the genesis of the academic novel from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Fanshawe until Gordon Weber’s The Great Buffalo Hotel (1979).

Lodge has a similar opinion about the position of the academic novel in the literary system as an institution that begins with the relationship between the author and his audience. He stated that theoretically, everyone argues against of academic novels, as being natural and common, although there is an important audience for them.1

The development of the academic novel as a genre is classified in four categories, such as : satire as a literary procedure that comes out of the plot, characters and narrative procedures of the academic novel; stereotype between low and intellectual literature; autobiography as a relation between reality and fiction with the tendency of the didactic and the use of the literary procedure characteristic for a classical, modern and contemporary academic novel.

The Genre of Campus fiction is popular and read in academic background as well as off campus. Nearly 200 titles of campus fiction were published in Britain

1M. Moseley & S. Dale, David Lodge: How Far Can You Go?, San Bernardino, CA: Borgo, 1991: 8.

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between 1945 – 1979 and 400 novels in the United States. Lucky Jim was within two years after its first publishing reprinted 15 times. These numbers represent evidence of campus novel popularity. David Lodge explains the secret of campus novels success, that were the academic conflicts, separated from the real world and its concerns.

In the fifties, when the genre originated universities were a responsive background for solving social and political problems, which appeared in British society. These were places where educational standards and cultural values were evaluated and a more tolerant society was formed. At the end of the seventies, the campus novel became a typical novel genre, characterized by satiric humor. The genre was not constant in its form; it has naturally changed with development of society and universities.

This thesis will analyze two of the novels which compose Lodge’s Campus Trilogy. Most of the attention will focus on the main characters, professors Phillip Swallow and Morris Zapp, as well as their families. Following a brief overview I will describe the main characters of the novels and their relationships, also the universities and places they lived. The final section of the thesis will focus on other characters of the Academic Trilogy, that Phillip Swallow and Morris Zapp interact with.

In this analysis I will illustrate the definition of the campus novel and its importance for British literature, concentrate on David Lodge’s campus fiction and the relationship in which the main characters are involved.

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1. THE CAMPUS NOVEL: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT

The campus novel represents a novel where the principal action is settled down near the campus of a university. This subgenre dates from the 1940s, as it describes the reaction of the socio – cultural perspective to new social attitudes. The campus novel “integrates an institution of higher learning as a crucial part of its total setting which includes, among its principal characters, graduate or undergraduate students, faculty members, administrators and other academic personnel.”2

The Groves of Academe by Mary McCarthy is one of the first examples of this subgenre, written in 1952, but for others, C.P. Snow’s The Masters (1951) is the first example of this subgenre. Randall Jarrell's Pictures from an Institution (1954) gave a further thrust to the genre, although Vladimir Nabokov had already written Pnin (1955) when it appeared. The three novels have in common a pastoral campus setting, a small world free from the modern urban life, in which social and political behaviour can be observed in the interaction of characters whose intellectual requirements are disappointed by their human weaknesses. The campus novel was from the beginning in the hands of the latter exponents like Alison Lurie and Malcolm Bradbury, an essentially a comic subgenre, in which serious moral issues are treated in a ‘light and bright and sparkling’ manner.”3

According to the The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, a campus novel is a comic or satirical novel where the action takes place within an enclosed university world and highlights the academic life.4

2 J. E. Kramer, The American College Novel: An Annotated Bibliography, Ed. Garland, New York: 1981: 9.

3 D. B. Johnson, Lodge on Nabokov, Exiles in a Small World, The Guardian, 2004.

4 C. Baldick, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990: 30.

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Many novels have presented nostalgic evocations of college days, but the campus novel in the usual modern sense dates from the 1950s: Mary McCarthy’s The Groves of Academe (1952) and Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim (1954) started a significant tradition in modern fiction including John Barth’s Giles Goat-Boy (1966), David Lodge’s Changing Places (1975) and Robertson Davis’s The Rebel Angels (1982).

Showalter observes that campus novel has risen since about 1950, when post-war universities were growing, to include the returning veterans and to take in a larger percentage of the population. The nature of higher education in America and Britain had to do with it, as most universities created a complete society on the campus with housing, meals, medical and social life care, provided institutionally. They foster personal relations between students and faculty. The curriculum usually includes a program in creative writing; in conclusion, faculties include professional writers who can remark the tribal rites of their colleagues from an insider’s perspective.

In English, the term campus novel is used to designate the work of fiction that takes place in a college or university, which is concerned with the lives of university teachers, as they are known in America as dons or academic staff in England and their relationships with the students. In the campus novel, students are perceived by teachers as objects, rather than subjects from whose point of view the story is told. This focus on the teachers rather than on their students is a specific feature of the campus novel, which started in the twentieth century.

Before that period, there were different novels that described students life, as university education is an important incident in novels, that are named the Bildungsroman by German criticism. It represents the novel of a young man’s psychological and emotional development, that appeared after the Second World War.

Another designation for the campus novel is academic novel, that is more inclusive, but campus novel is more expressive of the background which characterizes the genre.

It is important that the campus is still considered remote from most

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people’s lives that the inscription ‘pastoral’ is considered suitable, describing a separated society from the lives of ordinary people.

Campus is an American word and David Lodge makes the difference between the campus and varsity novel, the second being set at Oxbridge, usually among students. He claims Kingsley Amis's Lucky Jim (1954), the first British campus novel.

Lodge explains the standard elements and sustains that the English comic novel tradition, from Evelyn Waugh and Dickens to Fielding, represents an element of farce, elaborated by Tom Sharpe in Porterhouse Blue or by Howard Jacobson in Coming From Behind (1983).

The campus novel progresses in a community and addresses a public which is able to appreciate the different elements of literary parody. The campus novel is characterized as a satirical comedy with strong elements of parody. The novels’ background is in a provincial university town, in the English department. The principal character is a teacher of humanities, English literature, history or sociology. He gives a public lecture in which he tells what leading to conflict or has disagreements with his students. A feature of his academic life represents his adventurous erotic life, the relationship with the wife of the department head and the range of uncomfortable social situations connected with the teachers’ job.

The campus, university, college or academic novel started in the mid 20th century, but “there are some 19th century precursors. Anthony Trollope's masterpiece Barchester Towers (1857) is the great narrative of academic politics, even if it is about the provincial Anglican clergy over evangelical reform. Trollope's wrangling, rivaling Victorian clerics remind us of contemporary academics, with assistant professors, deans, and provosts standing in for curates, deacons, and bishops; many authors of academic fiction, from CP Snow have been Trollope scholars.”5

5 E. Showalter, Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and its Discontents, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005: 6.

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1.1. DAVID LODGE’S CAMPUS TRILOGY: CHANGING PLACES, SMALL WORLD, NICE WORK

Changing Places, Small World and Nice Work are considered to be a trilogy, as all the three novels are partially set at the imaginary University in English Rummidge.

The campus novel Changing Places: The Tale of Two Campuses (1975) was a great success when it appeared and one of Lodge’s best novels, focused on the relationship between the campus of the academy and the literary world outside. It emphasizes Lodge's relation to these campuses, which he belongs to. He wrote:

I have always regarded myself as having a foot in both camps – the world of academic scholarship and higher education, and the world of literary culture at large, in which books are written, published, discussed and consumed for profit and pleasure in all senses of these words.6

The background of the story is in 1969, as two teachers, Morris Zapp and Philip Swallow changed places at each other’s universities. Swallow goes to Zapp’s University in California and Zapp goes to Swallow’s University of Rummidge in England. On the first page the narrator describes it as a duplex chronicle.

The whole novel is created on binary oppositions, as Lodge uses the contrast between Zapp and Swallow, who meet in the end of the novel, to continue the comic effect of oppositions: English and American academia, the Midlands and the Bay Area .

6 D. Lodge, After Bakhtin: Essays on Fiction and Criticism, Routledge, London, 1990: 37.

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As for Philip Swallow and Morris Zapp, Lodge declared:

…had originally represented two academic cultures, and I thought they could now represent two different positions in the controversy about literary theory. I thought they would be minor characters, but as things worked out, they assumed more important roles. My main problem was to maintain continuity in a very different kind of novel without it becoming bizarre. But also, it’s a different kind of novel, much more playful, with more literary allusion in it.7

The novel explores the experiences of two professors and their wives, who become aware of their life style and set of values, recognized as national identity and character. Literary criticism is an uncommon feature of national identity. Swallow observes the Americans as being wealthy without having a suitable life than the English. They are cynical and he is embarrassed with the occupation of their own ends above everything. Zapp observes England as poor and boring, linked to prosperity solidarity of the power of free enterprise. He is impressed by family relationships, the tenderness of human bonds and the survival of moral principles. In the background students are rebel, feminism is beginning, US consumerism is starting and the English prosperity state become deteriorated. In the foreground the comparison between the two worlds of Academe, English and American, becomes an universe for the two nations as a whole.

In the novel Small World (1984), Euphoric State University is an invented institution with conference delegates whose journeyings and meetings form the basis of the plot. Like Euphoric State University, Rummidge is in this novel a minor locale, being at the end of the third novel, Nice Work (1988), that Euphoric State University plays any part, offering through Professor Zapp, to the novel’s heroine,

7 J. Haffenden, Novelists in Interview, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1985: 155.

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Robyn Penrose, a book contract and a job; Rummidge has resumed institutional centre stage in this book, as it is set in Mrs. Thatcher’s Britain.

The auxiliary creations are limited to the novel Small World, there are universities at Darlington, Limerick, Queensland and in Ankara. There is also an important UNESCO chair of literary criticism, paying US $ 100,000 a year salary, promising generous provisions of office staff. UNESCO represents the place where Lodge suggests the University is going.

The UNESCO chair, is signified by Zapp’s analysis of the developing university. He declares that the day of the static campus is over, when there are telephone accesses, Xerox machine and a conference donation fund, that are plugged into the global campus. Such a campus has no place on it for students or teachers, although Zapp confesses that he sometimes goes into his existing university except to teach his courses. By the time the heroes get to the UNESCO chair, the academic function has vanished. The Chair represents the top of academic achievement because of the wealth and privilege the chair is confering on the man who occupies it and of the envy of those who did not.

Philip Swallow’s Rummidge University, the one he shares with Robyn Penrose, is at the other end of the scale, although by the third novel there are some convergence, for Swallow has embarked on the conference trail and has unrealistic hopes to get the UNESCO chair. Students at Rummidge are less well taught because of financial stringency, as their teachers are becoming more involved in research, writing and technology, which divert them from teaching. Robin Dempsey has gone to an industry and technology related, university of Darlington, spends his time with an analytical computer that reduces literary criticism to verbal analysis and provides him personal advice: the machine is his academic and personality support system. He do not relies upon his intuition and intellect to exercise his profession or on the counsel of other human beings for his life.8

8 D. Lodge, Small World: An Academic Romance, Secker & Warburg, London, 1984: 182, 186.

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Lodge points out that there is a continuing English university emphasis upon teaching. Zapp is impressed to read Swallow’s review of his students, "describing their emotional, psychological and physiological peculiarities … in intimate detail'. 'What kind of man was this that seemed to know more about his students than their own mothers? And to care more, by the sound of it."9

Lodge’s next and third campus novel, Nice work (1988), deals with the story of industrialist Vic Wilcox and his relationship with the Marxist, Feminist and Post-Structuralist academician Dr Robyn Penrose. The novel is set in the industrial background of Thatcherite Britain in the early 1980s. The Managing Director of an engineering company, Vic Wilcox and a university lecturer, Dr Robyn Penrose are brought against their will. The Industry Year “Shadow Scheme” is a government scheme to help thinkers from the academic world to comprehend the practical side of the industrial world. Vic Wilcox is assigned Robyn Penrose from the University of Rummidge for a semester and initially they do not like each other, particularly because Vic was expecting a man. Robyn Penrose starts disturbing Vic when she interferes with a human resourcing problem, which results in industrial action. Gradually they begin to like each other in their point of view and it becomes a case of unlike poles attract. Vic has never come across anyone in his life like Robyn and he becomes obsessed with her, particularly after an official visit to Frankfurt, where her linguistic skills facilitate him to obtain an important business contract. They both require to organize their complex lives and the consequences of the ‘Shadow Scheme’ help them to perceive things from a different approach and make significant decisions about their life.

In Lodge's novels the relationship between university and society is dominated by money. Lodge’s universities are all state institutions, as they are subjected to state control.

9 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Penguin, New York, 1979: 63.

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2. OVERVIEW OF THE PLOT AND PROTAGONISTS IN CHANGING PLACES, BY DAVID LODGE

All David Lodge’s novels contain parody, which is in connection with his critical concern in literature. He can analyse and imitate other authors’ styles; in his campus novels imitation becomes a popular instrument to ridicule. His parody is not restricted to comic imitation of others’ styles, as parody becomes the background of his novels.

The book from 1976 includes reviews on Changing Places, the novel being depicted as entertaining, comic novel, funny or a funny comedy, as Malcolm Bradbury said. Lodge justifies the success of his novel saying: “there is something funny about people convinced to perfection and standards making mistakes.”9

Changing Places is based on satirical comparison of two cultures with their representatives. Lodge uses excesses, ridiculous confidence and juxtapositions of Universities and characters. He assigned satirical evaluations identically, without substitutes for British university or American Euphoria. The stories of characters started in the period of hippie movement, students demonstrations of the sixties and the seventies. Professor Swallow gets familiar with miniskirts and students demonstrations, in the period when Morris struggles with notice board and central heating. Conventional exchange between universities results in exchange of wives. He assigned satirical evaluations identically for British university and American Euphoria, as Rummidge is traditional and Euphoria University is much modern.

Therefore, the conventional exchange between the universities results in exchange of wives; it represents a plot and a comical exploitation of the campuses opposite characteristics on other continents.

9 B. E. Lambertsson, Campus Clowns and the Canon, Umea University Press, Stockholm, 1993: 37.

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In the first chapter the author depicts a comic episode in contrast to American and British collapse law. Zapp obtains the plane ticket to Europe from a student and after a boring flight he realized that in the aircraft, there were no male passenger except him. He was a part of package tours that operates from United States to Britain:

Morris Zapp realized what’s bugging him about his flight. The descovery is a consequence of walking the length of the plane to the toilet and strikes him, as he concludes his business. On his return he checks his suspicion, verifying every row until he reaches at the front of the aircraft. He sits down, crosses his legs and plays a complex percussion with his fingernails. Every passenger on the plane is a woman, except him.10

Unlike Amis, whose interest was in academic characters, Lodge ridiculed the University as an institution. In one description of Rummidge University, he assigns to notice board an old form:

The noticeboard remembered Morris of R. Rauschenberg’s work: a montage of various scraps of paper, notepaper memo sheets, compliment slips, pages from college notebooks, inverted envelopes, reversed invoices, fragments of wrapping paper, bearing messages from faculty to students about courses, assignments and books, scribbled with pencil, ink and coloured ball- point.11

10 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Trowbridge & Esher Press, Great Britain , 1976: 22.

11 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Trowbridge & Esher Press, Great Britain , 1976: 51.

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Lodge criticizes and ridicules things that he knows from his experience, therefore all his novels are valuable. As Lodge said, academic problems are harmless in comparison with real world, which represents the reason that the campus novels and university world attract readers, students or academics and people from outside.

His novels, Changing Places and Small World are compared with Lucky Jim. In the novel Campus Clowns and the Canon, Lodge admits that he was inspired by Amis’ works: “I experience a strange community of feeling with Amis, my tastes and career echoing his.”12

The narrator depicts the novel Changing Places as a double chronicle, because it has a background of binary oppositions. The novel represents the story of the exchanges among two universities and depicts the diversities between American and English cultures and lifestyles.

American Euphoria is a small city on Western America, which is considered by cosmopolitan experts as the most pleasant places in the world because of its beauties of nature. The Euphoria University is the most remarkable and important american university. By contrast, Rummidge is cold industrial city situated in England, at a traffic intersection; the Rummidge University is an insignificant complex. The thing that unites these universities, different in character and separated in space is the feature, which portrays both of them is the duplicate of Leaning Tower of Pisa. Lodge depicts both universities in a comical way. British universities are traditional and the American universities are modern.

The main characters of the novel are two professors of literature, who changed their jobs for six months, Philip Swallow, moves from the provincial university in Rummidge to Euphoria University.

12 E. B. Lambertsson, Campus Clowns and the Canon, Umea University Press, Stockholm, 1993: 36.

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Morris Zapp had published articles in PMLA at graduate school and achieved the status of a full professor, being respected scholar with impressive list of publications. Zapp always sustained that: “he represents an authority on the literature of England, because he never visited the country,”13 flied to Europe to put behind divorce with his wife. Philip Swallow is doubtful and susceptible, with love of literature, without a specific domain of interest; he published only essays and reviews. Gordon Masters sent Swallow to Euphoria University because he wished to promote a younger member of the Department.

David Lodge is a literary theoretician and in his campus novels there are references to other works; Lodge is interested in Jane Austen and her work, the same as main characters in Changing Places. Morris Zapp had published four books on Jane Austen at thirty, he joined on an ambitious critical project and has to write an analysis of Jane Austen’s work. Philip Swallow wrote his MA thesis on the Jane Austen’s youth, the last project he has ever finished.

The book is divided into six chapters: The first chapter, Flying; the second chapter, Settling; the third chapter, Corresponding; the fourth chapter, Reading; the fifth chapter, Changing and the final chapter, Ending. According to Hilary, Philip’s wife, the chapter Corresponding represents an epistolary novel, as it is presented in letters from teachers and theirs wives, although nobody’s done that since the eighteen century. The chapter Reading is composed from different newspaper articles, advertisements about life of both universities. Final chapter is composed as a film script: as Philip is astonished, the camera stops. The novel ends without a solution, of what will happen to the main characters Morris, Philip and their wives.

13 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Ed. Trowbridge & Esher, Great Britain, 1976: 30.

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The subsection which deals with basic overview of the plots of the selected campus novels by David Lodge functions as a background for further analysis of the individual protagonists and their characteristics considering the cultural studies of the nationalities. To begin with a summary of the plot, there is a statement in Showalter's book that introduces the book accurately: "Lodge himself is an experienced novelist, a critic, and literary theorist of distinction, and Changing Places reflects his fascination with narrative theory and its binaries."14

Changing Places (1975) is the story divided into six chapters with titles, for instance "Flying", the first chapter presenting the professors heading to their new destination or "Reading", a chapter consisting of the newspaper articles. As to the plot, this humorous novel explores lives of two professors of English Literature who change their lectureship for one semester. Philip Swallow, from the University of Rummidge in England, goes to the State University of Euphoria in America and professor Morris J. Zapp from Euphoric State goes to the University of Rummidge. The novel describes the cultural and habitual differences and controversies between the English and the American educational system and life in England and America in general. The story starts on January, 1st 1969 with the describing of the journey of professors to their host countries, the two protagonists are typical stereotypes of their home countries and completely different from each other. There are different reasons why they accepted this exchange: Philip Swallow needs a change from his everyday life in Rummidge and by the money offered by the exchange programme, therefore leaves his wife Hilary and the children in England. Morris Zapp uses his trip to think over his life and the marriage with his wife Désirée who wants to get a divorce. Further description can be found in Showalter who depicts Morris :

14 E. Showalter, Faculty Towers: the academic novel and its discontents, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005: 77.

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Morris Zapp, the American, is one of the academic fiction's most hilarious and revolutionary characters, an academic who approaches the university as if it were a corporation, aims for financial and sexual success, loves power and is not despised or punished for being crass, sexist, competitive, hedonistic.15

The description that is provided by Showalter can be understood as the nature of Morris Zapp.

When the two professors arrive in England and America they recognize that life at home is different from their new homes. Nevertheless, they get used to the daily lives in host countries fast and they get involved in university life. On parties they get to know each others wives and families and after some time Morris Zapp moves into Philip Swallow’s house, together with Swallow’s wife Hilary and Swallow moves into Zapp’s house together with Zapp’s wife Désirée and have affairs with each other’s wives.15 The whole storyline is enriched with subchapters and hints about relationships with other professors, students and friends they know from their home universities. As the plot proceeds the protagonists get to know about their affairs and, despite the open ending, the novel ends with the situation when the professors and their wives sit in a hotel room, discussing the future and the consequences of what has happened. Whole novel is a satire on the university life both in England and in America accompanied by daily situations of both protagonists.

15 E. Showalter, Faculty Towers: the academic novel and its discontents, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005: 78.

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2.1.THE ANALYSIS OF PHILIP SWALLOW

Philip Swallow is a British university teacher, aged 40, a comic figure, six feet tall, very skinny, not self- confident, his hair is receding at his temples and he smokes pipe often. He represents a stereotype of conservative British middle- aged man.16

He is very shy and lacks that self- confidence in his private and professional life. Usually there is something wrong about his personality or appearance, as he is never satisfied with the way he looks and what he does. This can be observed in initial chapter of Changing Places when in a plane, first doubts arrived when hearing noises around the engine, wondering about the size of the plane considering the number of passengers and last doubts when eating served meal, being nervous as travelling without his family. This feeling of being unsatisfied with his life continues after his arrival to Euphoria, when he feels that he is too old. He starts to envy young people, their age, clothes, life style, freedom and the way they behave. "He envied them the world of thrilling possibility in which they moved, a world of exposed limbs, sex manuals, erotic music and frontal nudity on stage and screen.”17 As Lambertsson specifies: “He is only nostalgically longing for something he can observe but in which he cannot fully participate.”18 However, he envies and observes the students and the teachers at the Euphoric State as well. This is caused by the fact that the professors look as if they were as young and sociable as their students. All of these factors influence Philip's mentality and his physical appearance. As a reaction to the youth surrounding him, Philip changes his clothing and his behavior to try to come closer to the young students. Because he lives in Euphoria it does not make him look as ridiculous as it would back in Rummidge.

16 Z. Bartoňová, Characters in Campus Novels by David Lodge, B.A. Brno, Muni, 2006: 18.

17 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Ed. Trowbridge & Esher, Great Britain, 1976: 22.

18 E. B. Lambertsson, Campus Clowns and the Canon, Almquist & Wiksell Int., Stockholm, 1993: 100.

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There is his weak chin that he cannot stand and therefore he camouflages it by growing a beard which turns out to suit him. One of the other positive changes in his appearance is when he gives up smoking, together with Désirée, Morris' wife. Giving up that habit causes he gains a few pounds and is not so slim .

To proceed with general description of Philip Swallow, it should be mentioned that he has a family, wife Hilary and three children: Amanda, Robert and Matthew. His family can be considered as a traditional type; he is the breadwinner and Hilary is the housewife. Philip believes and claims his marriage is successful and happy although it is obvious that their relationship is stereotypical without any affairs or breakdowns. This particular event can be observed in chapter "Corresponding" in Changing Places when Hilary informs Philip about daily matters like washing machine and is also very surprized when she received flowers without any special occasion:

Dearest, a man from Johnson's came around this morning with a huge bunch of red roses which he said you had sent by Interflora. I said there must be some mistake because it wasn't my birthday or anything. (…) Philip, is anything the matter? (…) PS. The noise from the washing-machine is getting worse.19

During his exchange at the university in America, he finds out the unsuccessful and unsatisfactory sides of his relationship with Hilary. And this concerns especially the sexual aspect and experiments of their marriage. It can be observed when Swallow reflects his past experience with Hilary that they have not tried to change their sexual life, as it has not played a major role in their lives. Hilary as a proper wife never refused him, but she did not invite him into an adventure or challenge.

When the sexual revolution outbroke and Philip got anxious about all the panties and freedom.

19 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Ed. Trowbridge & Esher, Great Britain, 1976: 104- 105.

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As a lector he saw more disadvantages in this revolution because "it tired them out, distracted them from their work; they got pregnant and missed their examinations, or they went on the Pill and suffered side-effects."20 This abstract demonstrates one of the qualities of Philip Swallow and that would be his complex and binary, so typical for Lodge, personality. In the novel Changing Places he struggles against the envy of the youth while adhering to his tutor side disapproving the revolution, freedom and sexual adventures, favouring the education rather than enjoying the possibilities of the world outside. That is one of the options to look at this struggle of him. Another way to understand it is that he does not have any other choice. In his forties he consider himself to be past his apogee and therefore not allowed to taste any adventures that the present offers. "In short, if Philip Swallow felt sensually underpriviliged, it was in a strictly elegaic spirit. It never occurred to him that there was still time to rush into the Dionysian horde."21 Nevertheless, while getting used to America, after initial resistance he does not hesitate to join that community.

Philip Swallow's job and career

Philip Swallow does not represent entirely the prototype of a British professor. Although he is the conservative type his field of research is not specified; his character seems to be that kind of person who reads every book, needs to know about every topic and generally tries to handle more than he can. This fact leads to the result that he does not do anything properly. One of the discussion in Changing Places provides a statement that Philip is a typical output of the British educational system, which Lodge frequently tends to criticize in his work.

Lodge can afford this kind of attitude as he speaks from his own experience. He knows the problem from the inside because he underwent the process himself as a student of a British university. Swallow is very intelligent but he lacks any ambitions; as a result

20 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Ed. Trowbridge & Esher, Great Britain, 1976: 22.

21 Ibid, p.23.

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he has never published a book. Philip has reached his peak at the Bachelor’s degree. Until that moment he had to experience and pass examinations and tests to achieve the Bachelor’s Degree. Being a postgraduate student in Britain is not very popular trend. In this part of the book, Lodge do not focus his critique on the qualities that the characters possess, but on the ones they do not possess, in this case, Philip's degree. He tries to make his readers conscious that the British society does not value education as high as PhD. This way Lodge introduces Swallow in his youth as a prototype of a British student who does not want to obtain a PhD.

The paradoxes and complex situations surrounding Philip Swallow is the fact that he is asked to go to the USA because the head of the English Department in Rummidge, Gordon Masters, wants to promote another professor, Robin Dempsey. Only one of the professors can get the promotion and Robin Dempsey deserves the promotion for publishing several books, although Philip is a senior member of the staff. Gordon assumes that moving Swallow to America will simplify promoting Robin for him. Contrary, Gordon Masters is forced to retirement due to mental disorder and the new Head of the Department, Rupert Sutcliffe, who decides, after the reference, recommendation and pressure of Morris Zapp, to give the promotion to Philip. The promotion causes Philip's life starts to go in the right direction and after few years he is offered a position of the Head of the English Department. As to his publishing progress, he writes one book on literature, that is a big disappointment for Philip right after he published it, not because of the book’s quality. Because of the publisher's mistake the book was never distributed and Philip never learns about it. The book becomes very successful later and Philip is grateful to Morris as he was the one who previously read the book to tell if it is any good.

Another paradox appears with the fact that the book is rather conservative and Morris despises it. If the book and Philip Swallow should be compared, the book would represent the personality of Philip, therefore according to Martin Hilský, the book and Philip Swallow become examples of the traditional English literary criticism.

This traditional English school is an opposite to the modern thinking about structuralist theories, which are the fields of Morris Zapp and professors with their thinking are set to be opponents. Most of the characteristics mentioned are based on the

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novel Changing Places, as the storyline focuses only on the two protagonists and their concerns. That way a reader gets to know everything about them and in Small World he is able to make his own opinions on different subjects. All the traveling is the main plot of the novel Small World which talks about the changing universities. Hilský considers Small World very similar to the genre of Arthurian legend in his work Současný britský román. Nevertheless, a reader has to take into consideration the parody that is included in the novel by David Lodge. With this on mind the professors at conferences are compared to the knights and the quest for Grail is represented as their quest for knowledge and wisdom. By means of this movement to conference, Philip Swallow, as one of the knights, searching for the Grail, discussing the work of Hazlitt, becomes more popular in a word of academics.

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2.2.THE ANALYSIS OF MORRIS ZAPP

Morris works at the university and except for his age that he shares with Philip he presents an opposite personality to Swallow. His main qualities are shown in situations like the one in a plane when he discovers that the young girl next to him is going for an abortion or when he is kidnapped. In those moments, when he insults the young girl, the statement “Morris Zapp never apologized”22, becomes justified instead of any apologizes he reacts by giving a “famous Zapp Stare, guaranteed to stop any human creature.”23 He is not scared of planes and air transport in general, but he has never flown across the ocean and he can not swim, therefore he feels uncomfortable on the plane. He starts looking for a life jacket on the plane and became nervous when he cannot reach to touch it under his seat. In this moment another quality of Morris is revealed, the necessity to stay dignified on every occasion and "only his reluctance to strike an undignified pose before a blonde with outsize spectacles in the next seat had dissuaded him from getting down on hands and knees to make a thorough check."24 In this particular point consists the main difference between Zapp and Swallow. It is a question self- confidence and ability to deal with uncomfortable situations. Morris Zapp always tries to be casual first although he might feel embarassed, but Philip Swallow gets nervous and overthinks situation. Zapp publishes articles while still in graduate school, Philip Swallow does not have that will and ambition, the professional instinct which Zapp possessed. After a while on the plane Morris decides to introduce himself to his neighbor, the girl named Mary Makepeace and as the story proceeds he helps her out many troubles, proving that he is not as cruel and insensitive to women as his wife thinks.

22 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Ed. Trowbridge & Esher, Great Britain, 1976: 9.

23 Ibid

24 Ibid

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Having mentioned his wife, Morris also has a daughter from his first marriage who uses the name of her mother, Melanie Byrd, who does not want to be associated with Morris Zapp as she studies at the same university where he works. He is married to Désirée, a woman who has an open mind, ideas and tongue too. She has decided to divorce him because of his affairs with girls from university and to take part in the Women Liberation Movement.

Morris is not happy about the divorce so he tries to convince her to wait for him six months and then decide about the situation. In the end she accepts but claims that she will divorce him no matter how long she is going to wait. Together they raise two twins, Elizabeth and Darcy, their names are affected by Morris’s scholarly interests, as he is a Jane Austen man.

Morris Zapp’s career

Morris Zapp is highly respected personality in his field although he decides to change his specialization throughout the two novels. He starts as a Jane Austen expert but gets to know and examine a new direction, deconstruction and becomes expert in it. Lodge claims that Morris is a perfect prototype of an American scholar as it can be seen in the following quote from Changing Places:

In this respect both men were characteristic of the educational systems they had passed through. In America it is not too difficult to obtain a bachelor’s degree. The student is left very much to his own devices, he accumulates the necessary credits at his leisure, cheating is easy, and there is not much suspense or anxiety about the eventual outcome.25

25 D. Lodge, Changing Places, Ed. Trowbridge & Esher, Great Britain, 1976: 12.

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It was difficult for them to obtain the bachelor's degree and therefore the students are left to enjoy things other than school. They are allowed to give attention to the usual interests of late adolescence, such as sport, entertainment and the opposite sex. The fact that he spent time and money in the educational process causes that any career other than an academic one has become unbelievable. He published his first articles when still at the graduate school and has written five books on Jane Austen. The fact that he was offered his first job right at the university of Euphoria, one of the most prominent American Universities, supports his high personal status. The biggest dream of his has always been to become the best paid tutor in the world and the possibility of obtaining the UNESCO Chair appears. Although he is regarded as one of the professors with the biggest salary, when he finds out that he could now realize his dream he becomes interested in the chair. Without any doubts, Morris Zapp is one of the prototypes of scholar.

To proceed to Small World, David Lodge moves his focus from the literary critics and novel reading to the linguistic field, theory of deconstruction and leaves literature behind. Lodge is not the only one who moves to the linguistic sphere, Morris Zapp becomes attracted by the theories. This time Morris Zapp follows the direction of the period and the fashion and therefore abandons his previous interests. The theme of Jane Austen is not topical and Morris gives up his dream of writing about Jane Austen, as the linguistic topics are more attractive in academic society. As opposite, Philip Swallow never enters the discussion on the linguistic issues and structuralism, as he keeps reading literary works because he enjoys their meaning.

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